Learning Goals Vocabulary Fundamental Theorem Path Independence Conservative Fields

Math 213 - Fundamental Theorem for Line

Integrals

Peter A. Perry

University of Kentucky

November 15, 2019

Peter A. Perry University of Kentucky

Math 213 - Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals
 Learning Goals Vocabulary Fundamental Theorem Path Independence Conservative Fields

Reminders

• Homework C7 is due tonight

• Thanksgiving is coming!

Peter A. Perry University of Kentucky

Math 213 - Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals
 Learning Goals Vocabulary Fundamental Theorem Path Independence Conservative Fields

Unit IV: Vector Calculus

Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals

Green’s Theorem
Curl and Divergence
Parametric Surfaces and their Areas
Surface Integrals
Stokes’ Theorem, I
Stokes’ Theorem, II
The Divergence Theorem

Review
Review
Review

Peter A. Perry University of Kentucky

Math 213 - Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals
 Learning Goals Vocabulary Fundamental Theorem Path Independence Conservative Fields

Goals of the Day

• Learn the Vocabulary for Section 16.3

• Learn the Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals
• Learn what it means for a line integral to be independent of path
• Learn how to tell when a vector field F is conservative and how to
find the function f with ∇ f = F

Peter A. Perry University of Kentucky

Math 213 - Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals
 Learning Goals Vocabulary Fundamental Theorem Path Independence Conservative Fields

Vocabulary - Open Regions

open region A region D of R2 or R3 where for every point P
in the region, there is a disc or sphere centered at P
contained in D

Which of the following regions is open?

{( x, y) : x > 1} {( x, y) : x2 + y2 ≤ 4} {( x, y) : x2 + y2 > 4}

Peter A. Perry University of Kentucky

Math 213 - Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals
 Learning Goals Vocabulary Fundamental Theorem Path Independence Conservative Fields

Chain Rule Puzzler

If f ( x, y, z) is a function and r(t) = h x (t), y(t), z(t)i is a parameterized curve, what is

d
[ f ( x (t), y(z), z(t))]
dt
in terms of ∇ f and r0 (t)?

Peter A. Perry University of Kentucky

Math 213 - Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals
 Learning Goals Vocabulary Fundamental Theorem Path Independence Conservative Fields

Chain Rule Puzzler

If f ( x, y, z) is a function and r(t) = h x (t), y(t), z(t)i is a parameterized curve, what is

d
[ f ( x (t), y(z), z(t))]
dt
in terms of ∇ f and r0 (t)?

Answer: ∇ f (r(t)) · r0 (t)

Peter A. Perry University of Kentucky

Math 213 - Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals
 Learning Goals Vocabulary Fundamental Theorem Path Independence Conservative Fields

Remember the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus?

What is Z b
d
F (t) dt ?
a dt

(Remember the Net Change Theorem?)

Peter A. Perry University of Kentucky

Math 213 - Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals
 Learning Goals Vocabulary Fundamental Theorem Path Independence Conservative Fields

Remember the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus?

What is Z b
d
F (t) dt ?
a dt

(Remember the Net Change Theorem?)

Answer: F (b) − F ( a)

Peter A. Perry University of Kentucky

Math 213 - Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals
 Learning Goals Vocabulary Fundamental Theorem Path Independence Conservative Fields

Line Integral of a Gradient Vector Field

Suppose F = ∇ f for a potential function f ( x, y, z)

Suppose r(t), a ≤ t ≤ b is a parameterized path C.

Is there a simple way to compute

Z b Z b
d
Z
F · dr = ∇ f (r(t)) · r0 (t) dt = ( f (r(t))) dt
C a a dt
like the one-variable “net change theorem”?

Peter A. Perry University of Kentucky

Math 213 - Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals
 Learning Goals Vocabulary Fundamental Theorem Path Independence Conservative Fields

Line Integral of a Gradient Vector Field

Suppose F = ∇ f for a potential function f ( x, y, z)

Suppose r(t), a ≤ t ≤ b is a parameterized path C.

Is there a simple way to compute

Z b Z b
d
Z
F · dr = ∇ f (r(t)) · r0 (t) dt = ( f (r(t))) dt
C a a dt
like the one-variable “net change theorem”?

Answer: You bet!

Peter A. Perry University of Kentucky

Math 213 - Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals
 Learning Goals Vocabulary Fundamental Theorem Path Independence Conservative Fields

Line Integral of a Gradient Vector Field

Theorem Suppose that F(r) = ∇ f (r) is a gradient vector field, and C is

a path parameterized by r(t), a ≤ t ≤ b. Then
Z
F · dr = f (r(b)) − f (r( a))
C

Peter A. Perry University of Kentucky

Math 213 - Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals
 Learning Goals Vocabulary Fundamental Theorem Path Independence Conservative Fields

How to think about the Fundamental Theorem for

Line Integrals

The figure at the left shows a curve C and a con-

90
tour map of a Rfunction f whose gradient is con-
80 tinuous. Find C ∇ f · dr.
70
60
Hint: Think of f as a height function, and the
30
40 contour plot as a contour map. The gradient
gives the magnitude and direction of the great-
est change in height at any given point.
x

Peter A. Perry University of Kentucky

Math 213 - Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals
 Learning Goals Vocabulary Fundamental Theorem Path Independence Conservative Fields

Vocabulary - Paths and Vector Fields

path A piecewise smooth curve
closed path A curve whose initial and terminal points are the same

conservative A vector field F which is the gradient of a scalar function f ,

vector field called the potential, so that F = ∇ f

Which of the following is not a closed path?

y y y

x x x

A B C

Peter A. Perry University of Kentucky

Math 213 - Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals
 Learning Goals Vocabulary Fundamental Theorem Path Independence Conservative Fields

y
At left is the contour plot for a function
f whose gradient is continuous.
90
80 Compute the following:
70
60
50
40
30

Peter A. Perry University of Kentucky

Math 213 - Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals
 Learning Goals Vocabulary Fundamental Theorem Path Independence Conservative Fields

y
At left is the contour plot for a function
f whose gradient is continuous.
90
80 Compute the following:
70
• C ∇ f · dr
R
C1 60
50 1
40
30

Peter A. Perry University of Kentucky

Math 213 - Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals
 Learning Goals Vocabulary Fundamental Theorem Path Independence Conservative Fields

y
At left is the contour plot for a function
f whose gradient is continuous.
90
C2 80 Compute the following:
70
• C ∇ f · dr
R
C1 60
50 1
40
• C ∇ f · dr
R
30 2

Peter A. Perry University of Kentucky

Math 213 - Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals
 Learning Goals Vocabulary Fundamental Theorem Path Independence Conservative Fields

y
At left is the contour plot for a function
f whose gradient is continuous.
90
C2 80 Compute the following:
70
• C ∇ f · dr
R
C1 60
50 1
40
• C ∇ f · dr
R
30 2

• Does it matter what path

connects the endpoints?
x

Peter A. Perry University of Kentucky

Math 213 - Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals
 Learning Goals Vocabulary Fundamental Theorem Path Independence Conservative Fields

y
At left is the contour plot for a function
f whose gradient is continuous.
90
C2 80 Compute the following:
70
• C ∇ f · dr
R
C1 60
50 1
40
• C ∇ f · dr
R
30 2

• Does it matter what path

connects the endpoints?
x

R
Definition A line integral C F · dr is independent of path in a domain D f
Z Z
F · dr = F · dr
C1 C2

for any two paths C1 and C2 that have the same initial and terminal points.

Peter A. Perry University of Kentucky

Math 213 - Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals
 Learning Goals Vocabulary Fundamental Theorem Path Independence Conservative Fields

Path Independence and Closed Paths

y
If Z Z
F · dr = F · dr
C1 C2
C2 and we reverse the direction of C2 . . .
C1

Peter A. Perry University of Kentucky

Math 213 - Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals
 Learning Goals Vocabulary Fundamental Theorem Path Independence Conservative Fields

Path Independence and Closed Paths

y
If Z Z
F · dr = F · dr
C1 C2
and we reverse the direction of C2 . . .
C1 −C2
Then Z
F · dr = 0
C
where C is the closed loop path that starts with
x C1 and ends with −C2 .

Peter A. Perry University of Kentucky

Math 213 - Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals
 Learning Goals Vocabulary Fundamental Theorem Path Independence Conservative Fields

Path Independence and Closed Paths

y
If Z Z
F · dr = F · dr
C1 C2
and we reverse the direction of C2 . . .
C1 −C2
Then Z
F · dr = 0
C
where C is the closed loop path that starts with
x C1 and ends with −C2 .

R
Theorem The integral C F · dr is independent of path for all paths in a
R
domain D if and only if C F · dr = 0 for every closed path in D.

Peter A. Perry University of Kentucky

Math 213 - Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals
 Learning Goals Vocabulary Fundamental Theorem Path Independence Conservative Fields

Vocabulary - Connected Regions

connected region A region D of R2 or R3 where any points P and Q
can be connected by a path contained in D
domain An open, connected region of R2 or R3

Which of these regions is not connected?

Peter A. Perry University of Kentucky

Math 213 - Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals
 Learning Goals Vocabulary Fundamental Theorem Path Independence Conservative Fields

Vocabulary - Connected Regions

connected region A region D of R2 or R3 where any points P and Q
can be connected by a path contained in D
domain An open, connected region of R2 or R3

Which of these regions is not connected?

P Q

Peter A. Perry University of Kentucky

Math 213 - Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals
 Learning Goals Vocabulary Fundamental Theorem Path Independence Conservative Fields

Vocabulary - Simply Connected Regions

simple curve A curve that doesn’t intersect itself
simply connected A connected region so that every simple closed curve in D
surrounds only points of D

Which of these regions is not simply connected?

{( x, y) : 1 ≤ x2 + y2 ≤ 2} {( x, y) : ( x, y) 6= (0, 0)}
{( x, y) : x2 + y2 ≤ 4}

Peter A. Perry University of Kentucky

Math 213 - Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals
 Learning Goals Vocabulary Fundamental Theorem Path Independence Conservative Fields

First Theorem of the Day

Theorem Suppose F is a Rvector field that is continuous on an open, sim-

ply connected region D. If C F · dr is independent of path in D, then F is a
conservative vector field on D; that is, there is a function f so that ∇ f = F

How do you find the function f (two dimensions)?

• Pick a point ( a, b) in the domain D

• Compute
Z ( x,y)
f ( x, y) = F · dr
( a,b)

• In fact, you can show that this function f satisfies

∂f ∂f
F( x, y) = ( x, y)i + ( x, y)j
∂x ∂y

Peter A. Perry University of Kentucky

Math 213 - Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals
 Learning Goals Vocabulary Fundamental Theorem Path Independence Conservative Fields

How You (Almost) Tell when F is Conservative

Key Observation If F = ∇ f then
∂f ∂f
F( x, y) = P( x, y)i + Q( x, y)j = ( x, y)i + j
∂x ∂y

Compute ∂P/∂y and ∂Q/∂x as a second derivative of f :

Peter A. Perry University of Kentucky

Math 213 - Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals
 Learning Goals Vocabulary Fundamental Theorem Path Independence Conservative Fields

How You (Almost) Tell when F is Conservative

Key Observation If F = ∇ f then
∂f ∂f
F( x, y) = P( x, y)i + Q( x, y)j = ( x, y)i + j
∂x ∂y

Compute ∂P/∂y and ∂Q/∂x as a second derivative of f :

∂P ∂ ∂f ∂2 f
= =
∂y ∂y ∂x ∂y∂x

Peter A. Perry University of Kentucky

Math 213 - Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals
 Learning Goals Vocabulary Fundamental Theorem Path Independence Conservative Fields

How You (Almost) Tell when F is Conservative

Key Observation If F = ∇ f then
∂f ∂f
F( x, y) = P( x, y)i + Q( x, y)j = ( x, y)i + j
∂x ∂y

Compute ∂P/∂y and ∂Q/∂x as a second derivative of f :

∂P ∂ ∂f ∂2 f ∂Q ∂ ∂f ∂2 f
= = = =
∂y ∂y ∂x ∂y∂x ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂x∂y

Peter A. Perry University of Kentucky

Math 213 - Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals
 Learning Goals Vocabulary Fundamental Theorem Path Independence Conservative Fields

How You (Almost) Tell when F is Conservative

Key Observation If F = ∇ f then
∂f ∂f
F( x, y) = P( x, y)i + Q( x, y)j = ( x, y)i + j
∂x ∂y

Compute ∂P/∂y and ∂Q/∂x as a second derivative of f :

∂P ∂ ∂f ∂2 f ∂Q ∂ ∂f ∂2 f
= = = =
∂y ∂y ∂x ∂y∂x ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂x∂y

So, by Clairaut’s Theorem, for a conservative vector field:

∂P ∂Q
=
∂y ∂x

Peter A. Perry University of Kentucky

Math 213 - Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals
 Learning Goals Vocabulary Fundamental Theorem Path Independence Conservative Fields

Find the Conservative Vector Field

Theorem If F( x, y) = P( x, y)i + Q( x, y)j is a conservative vector field,

and P, Q have continuous first-order partials on a domain D, then through-
out D
∂P ∂Q
=
∂y ∂x

Which of the following vector fields are definitely not conservative?

1 F( x, y) = −yi + xj
2 F( x, y) = x3 i + y2 j
3 F( x, y) = ye x i + (e x + ey )j
−y x
4 F( x, y) = i+ 2 j, ( x, y) 6= (0, 0)
x 2 + y2 x + y2

Peter A. Perry University of Kentucky

Math 213 - Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals
 Learning Goals Vocabulary Fundamental Theorem Path Independence Conservative Fields

There’s One in Every Crowd

−y x
F( x, y) = i+ 2 j
x 2 + y2 x + y2 1 Does F satisfy the “conservative vector
2 field” condition?

1 2 Suppose
R C is the circle x2 + y2 = 1. What
is C F · dr for the vector field shown?
0

3 Is the domain
−1
{( x, y) : x2 + y2 6= 0}
−2 simply connected?
−2 −1 0 1 2

Peter A. Perry University of Kentucky

Math 213 - Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals
 Learning Goals Vocabulary Fundamental Theorem Path Independence Conservative Fields

Second Theorem of the Day

Theorem Let F = Pi + Qj be a vector field defined on an open, sim-

ply connected region D. Suppose that P and Q have continuous partial
derivatives and
∂P ∂Q
=
∂y ∂x
throughout D. Then F is conservative.

Which of the following vector fields are conservative?

1 F( x, y) = −yi + xj
2 F( x, y) = x3 i + y2 j
3 F( x, y) = ye x i + (e x + ey )j
−y x
4 F( x, y) = i+ 2 j, ( x, y) 6= (0, 0)
x 2 + y2 x + y2

Peter A. Perry University of Kentucky

Math 213 - Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals
 Learning Goals Vocabulary Fundamental Theorem Path Independence Conservative Fields

How to Find the Potential f

Recall that if F = Pi + Qj = ∇ f , then

∂f ∂f
P= , Q=
∂x ∂y

Example Find f if F( x, y) = (y2 − 2x )i + 2xyj

Peter A. Perry University of Kentucky

Math 213 - Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals
 Learning Goals Vocabulary Fundamental Theorem Path Independence Conservative Fields

How to Find the Potential f

Recall that if F = Pi + Qj = ∇ f , then

∂f ∂f
P= , Q=
∂x ∂y

Example Find f if F( x, y) = (y2 − 2x )i + 2xyj

∂f
1 = y2 − 2x so taking antiderivatives in x
∂x
f ( x, y) = y2 x − x2 + C (y)
where C (y) is a constant that may depend on y

Peter A. Perry University of Kentucky

Math 213 - Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals
 Learning Goals Vocabulary Fundamental Theorem Path Independence Conservative Fields

How to Find the Potential f

Recall that if F = Pi + Qj = ∇ f , then

∂f ∂f
P= , Q=
∂x ∂y

Example Find f if F( x, y) = (y2 − 2x )i + 2xyj

∂f
1 = y2 − 2x so taking antiderivatives in x
∂x
f ( x, y) = y2 x − x2 + C (y)
where C (y) is a constant that may depend on y

∂f
2 From the answer we found in step 1, = 2xy + C 0 (y) = 2xy so C 0 (y) = 0
∂y

Peter A. Perry University of Kentucky

Math 213 - Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals
 Learning Goals Vocabulary Fundamental Theorem Path Independence Conservative Fields

How to Find the Potential f

Recall that if F = Pi + Qj = ∇ f , then

∂f ∂f
P= , Q=
∂x ∂y

Example Find f if F( x, y) = (y2 − 2x )i + 2xyj

∂f
1 = y2 − 2x so taking antiderivatives in x
∂x
f ( x, y) = y2 x − x2 + C (y)
where C (y) is a constant that may depend on y

∂f
2 From the answer we found in step 1, = 2xy + C 0 (y) = 2xy so C 0 (y) = 0
∂y

3 Finally, f ( x, y) = xy2 − x2 + C

Peter A. Perry University of Kentucky

Math 213 - Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals
 Learning Goals Vocabulary Fundamental Theorem Path Independence Conservative Fields

Line Integrals of Conservative Vector Fields

Recall that if F = Pi + Qj = ∇ f , then

∂f ∂f
P= , Q=
∂x ∂y
R
Example: Find C F · dr by finding f so that ∇ f = F if:

F( x, y) = (1 + xy)e xy i + x2 e xy j
C : r(t) = cos ti + 2 sin tj, 0 ≤ t ≤ π/2

Peter A. Perry University of Kentucky

Math 213 - Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals