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Learning MEANING: Learning is acquiring new or modifying existing knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, or preferences and may involve
ve synthesizing different types of information. The complex way in which the human beings behave is all learned. Practically all human behavior is either directly or indirectly affected by learning. For example, a workers skills, mode of dress, his attitude or his way of speaking are all learned Definitions In a layman's view, Learning is something we did when we went to school. In reality each of us are continuously learning. According to E.R. Hilgard, Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of a prior experience Nature of learning 1. Change in behavior 2. Change in behavior must be relatively permanent 3. Change must be based on some Experience, practice or training. 4. Reinforcement 5. Learning is reflected in behaviour Principles of Learning Educational psychologists and pedagogues have identified several principles of learning, also referred to as laws of learning, which seem generally applicable to the learning process. These principles have been discovered, tested, and used in practical
situations. They provide additional insight into what makes people learn most effectively. 1. Readiness: Readiness implies a degree of single-mindedness and eagerness. Individuals learn best when they are physically, mentally, and emotionally ready to learn, and they do not learn well if they see no reason for learning. Getting students ready to learn, creating interest by showing the value of the subject matter, and providing continuous mental or physical challenge, is usually the instructors responsibility. 2. Exercise: The principle of exercise states that those things most often repeated are best remembered. It is the basis of drill and practice. It has been proven that students learn best and retain information longer when they have meaningful practice and repetition. The key here is that the practice must be meaningful. It is clear that practice leads to improvement only when it is followed by positive feedback. 3. Effect: The principle of effect is that learning is strengthened when accompanied by a pleasant or satisfying feeling, and that learning is weakened when associated with an unpleasant feeling. 4. Primacy: the state of being first, often creates a strong, almost unshakable, impression. Things learned first create a strong impression in the mind that is difficult to erase. For the instructor, this means that what is taught must be right the first time. For the student, it means that learning must be right. 5. Recency: The principle of recency states that things most recently learned are best remembered. Conversely, the further a student is removed time-wise from a new fact or understanding, the more difficult it is to remember. For example, it is fairly easy to recall a telephone number dialed a few minutes ago, but it is usually impossible to recall a new number dialed last week. The closer the training or learning time is to the time of actual need to apply the training, the more apt the learner will be to perform successfully.
6. Intensity: The more intense the material taught, the more likely it will be retained. A sharp, clear, vivid, dramatic, or exciting learning experience teaches more than a routine or boring experience 7. Requirement: The law of requirement states that "we must have something to obtain or do something", it can be an ability, skill, instrument or anything that may help us to learn or gain something. Learning Process Kolbs model (based on experiential learning theory) identifies four modes in the learning cycle: 1. Concrete Experimentation - Doing something 2. Reflection: Thinking about it 3. Abstract Conceptualization: Doing some research, Talking with others and applying what we already know to the situation 4. Active Experimentation: Doing something new or doing the same thing in a more sophisticated way based on our learning
Organizational Reinforcement Systems Reinforcement plays a central role in the learning process. According to the law of effect, reinforcement can be defined as anything that both increases the strength of the response and tends to induce reputations of the behavior that preceded the reinforcement. Reinforcement strengthens the response preceding it and induces repetitions of the response. There are four basic types of reinforcements in organizations: 1. Positive reinforcement: It is a reward for a desired behavior
2. Negative reinforcement: This strengthens and increases behavior by the termination or withdrawal of an undesirable consequence. 3. Extinction: is eliminating any reinforcement that is maintaining a behavior. 4. Punishment: this involves delivering an unpleasant consequence contingent upon the occurrence of an undesirable behavior

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Learning MEANING: Learning is acquiring new or modifying existing knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, or preferences and may involve

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