Outline of Degree

SEMESTER-I
COURSE: Foundations of Education

Credit Hours: 3
Introduction: This course will focus on the ideological, philosophical, psychological, socio-
economic and historical foundations of education. The major focus will be on developing an
understanding of the participants how different philosophical theories affect education. The course
will also include historical development of education of the Pakistan. Emphasize will be given on
analyzing various sociological, political, economic and ideological forces that influence the
process of education in our culture context. This course will also be used to develop the ability in
prospective teachers to interpret knowledge within its historical, philosophical, ideological, and
social contexts, which will lead to produce critical perspectives on education both within, and
outside of, schools
Objectives
The students will be able to:
Explain the important features of foundation of education
Specify the role of educational thinkers in education
Discuss the modes of education
Discuss historical development of Pakistan
Evaluate the issues and problems of education.
Course Content
Unit 1 Ideological Foundation of Education
Islamic Foundations
Islamic concept of Peace
Other religions and Islam
Ideology and teacher
Unit 2 Philosophical Foundations of Education
Philosophy and Education
Main Philosophical Thoughts
Idealism
Realism
Pragmatism
Re-constructionis
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Unit 3. Psychological Foundations of Education
Learning and Maturation
Individual Differences
Self Concept
Academic Aptitude
Instructional Strategies and Psychology
Unit 4. Socio-Economic Foundations of Education
Concept of Society and Culture
Social Conditions and Education
Economic Conditions and Education
Politics and Education
Unit 5. Historical Foundations of Education in Pakistan
Pre-Pakistan Period (712 A.D. to onward)
Period from 1947-1958
Period From 1959-1971
Period from 1972-1979
Period from 1980 -1991
Period from 1992 – to date
Unit 6 Aims of Education
Aims, Goals and Objectives
Taxonomies of Objectives
Aims and Objectives of Education in Pakista
Unit 7 Problems and Issues in Education in Pakistan
Universalization of Primary Education
Literacy
Medium of Instruction
Diversification of Education
Environmental Education
Gender and Education
Islamization of Education
Special Education
Health Education / Drug Education
HIV / Aids, STIs, Hepatitis
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Evaluation Criteria
Examination Type Marks
Internal Examination Sessional Work 15%
Mid-Semester 25%
External Examination Final Semester 60%
Recommended Book
Canestrari, A. (2009). Foundations of Education. New York: Sage Publications
Eugene, F.P. (2005). Critical issues in education: Anthology of reading. New York: Sage
Publications.
Goldblatt, P.F., & Smith, D. (2005). Cases for teacher development. New York: Sage Publications.
Holt, L.C. (2005). Instructional patterns: Strategies for maximizing students learning.
Murphy, D. (2005). Foundations/Introduction to Teaching. USA: Allyn & Bacon, Inc.New York:
Sage Publications.
Semel, S. F. (2010). Foundations of education: The essential texts. USA: Routledge.
Pachauri, A. (2006). Foundations of education. New Delhi: Pragun Publications.
Kneller, G. (1971). Foundations of education. New York: Wiley.
Gruber, F. (1957). Foundations of education. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
3
Course: General Methods of Teaching
Credit Hours: 3
Introduction: The purpose of course is to prepare prospective teachers in learning and using
different method and techniques of teaching in order to make teaching learning process effective.
Various aspects of instructions are highlighted to help teacher practice different teaching
strategies successfully.
Objectives
After completion of this course students will be able to:
Explain the basic concepts of teaching.
Demonstrate the essential attributes of the effective teacher.
Describe the importance and types of teacher planning
Practice different teaching methods in classroom.
Organize classroom discussion and demonstrate its appropriate use.
Apply various techniques to motivate students
Select appropriate audio visual aids in classroom teaching
Prepare lesson plans.
Course Content:
Unit 1 Introduction
1.1. Definitions of Teaching
1.2. The concept of Effective Teaching
1.3. Role of teacher for conducive learning environment
1.4. Personal Characteristics of an Effective Teacher
1.5. Professional Characteristics of an Effective Teacher
1.6. The concepts of Teaching Methods, Strategies and Techniques
Unit 2 Lesson Planning in Teaching
2.1. The Need for lesson Planning
2.2. Approaches to lesson Planning
2.3. Weekly Planning
2.4. Daily Planning
2.5. Unit Planning
2.6. Course Planning
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Unit 3 Steps in Lesson Planning
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Presentation
3.3. Generalization
3.4. Application
3.5. Recapitulation
3.6. The Lesson Plan Format
Unit 4 Pedagogy by Level
4.1. Pedagogy of early childhood education
4.2. Pedagogy of elementary education
Unit 5 Inquiry Method
5.1. The Inductive Method
5.2. Deductive Method of inquiry
5.3. Scientific Method
5.4. The Problem Solving Approach
5.5. Advantages and Limitations of Inquiry Method
Unit 6 Activity Methods & Cooperative learning
6.1. Individual Project
6.2. Group Project
6.3. Research Projects
6.4. Cooperative learning
6.5. Techniques of cooperative learning
6.6. Advantages and Limitations of activity & cooperative Method
Unit 7 Demonstration Method
7.1. What is Classroom Discussion
7.2. Planning the Discussion
7.3. Organizing the Discussion
7.4. Practicing in asking questions
7.5. Practicing in answering the questions
7.6. Assessing the discussion
7.7. Advantages and Limitations of Discussion Method
Unit 8 Student Motivation
8.1. Concept of Motivation
8.2. Intrinsic Motivation
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8.3. Extrinsic Motivation
8.4. Theories of Motivations
8.5. Strategies to Motivate Students
Unit 9 Teaching Skills
9.1. Set induction
9.2. Presentation
9.3. Identify learning difficulties of students
9.4. Prepare lesson according to individual needs
9.5. Students Evaluation
Unit 10 Teaching Tools
10.1. Selecting the Audio Visual Material
10.2. Planning To Use the Materials
10.3. Preparing For the Audio Visual Activity
10.4. Kinds of AV Materials
White Board / Marker
Charts, Posters, Maps, Graphs & Models
Text Books
Hand Outs
Projectors
Multimedia
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Recommended Books
Allen, Mendler, (2009).”Motivating Students Who Don't Care”: Successful Techniques
for Educators. Amazon.com
Arends, R.I. (2007) “Learning to Teach” (7th Edition, McGraw Hill International
Edition). Boston: McGraw Hill.
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Bhatt, B. D. (1995). Modern methods of teaching: Concept and techniques. New
Delhi: Kanishka.
Borich, G. D. (2000). Effective teaching methods. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Merrill.
Cruickshank, D. R., Jenkins, D. B., & Metcalf, K. K. (1995). The act of teaching. New
York: McGraw-Hill.
Ellington, H et al. (2005) “Handbook of Educational Technology” (3rdEdition).

London: Kogan Page Limited.
Feldman, J. A., & McPhee, D. (2008). The science of learning & the art of teaching.
Clifton Park, NY: Thomson Delmar Learning.
In Peterson, A. D. C. (1965). Techniques of teaching. Oxford: Pergamon Press
Kochhar, S. K. (1967). Methods & techniques of teaching. Delhi: Sterling Publishers.
Marzano, R. J. (2007). The art and science of teaching: A comprehensive framework

for effective instruction. Alexandria, Va: Association for Supervision and
Curriculum Development.
Singer, A. J. (2003). Teaching to learn, learning to teach: A handbook for secondary

school teachers. Mahwah, N.J: L. Erlbaum Associates.
Wellington, J. J., Ireson, G., & Wellington, J. J. (2008). Science learning, science
teaching. London: Routledge.
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ENGLISH-I (LANGUAGE IN USE)
CREDIT HOURS: 3
1. BASICS OF GRAMMAR I
Recommended Book:
Oxford Practice Grammar by John Eastwood Oxford University Press. Published 2005.
 Unit No. 76, 77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90. (ARTICLES)
 Unit No. 98, 99, 100, 101, 102 103. (PRONOUNS)
 Unit No. 104, 105, 106, 107, 110, 111, 112. (ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS)
 Unit No. 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127. (PREPOSITIONS)
 Unit No. 150, 151, 152, 153. (LINKING WORDS)
 Appendix 3 Page No. 372
2. READING COMPREHENSION AND SUMMARIZING SKILLS
Recommended Book:
Focus on Comprehension Book 4 by Peter Ellison Learners Publishing Pte. Ltd. Singapore, 2009.
 Section 1. Unit No. 1.
 Section 2. Unit No. 2, 3, 4, 5. Practice Unit 1.
 Section 3. Unit No. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. Practice Unit 2.
3. PARAGRAPH WRITING I
The students are required to know basics of Paragraph Writing with an emphasis on Topic sentence
and Supporting sentences and a possible Concluding sentence. (Word Limit Up to 120 words)
Recommended Book:
Paragraph Development: A Guide for Students of English as a Second Language by Martin L.
Arnaudet, Mary Ellen Barrett. Pub. Prentice Hall College Div. 1981 (Page 1-32)
4. LISTENING AND SPEAKING SKILLS
This unit will lead up to the teaching and evaluation of “Oral Presentation Skills” in the following
semesters also.
Recommended Book:
 Unit No. 34, 35, 36, 38, 39.
5. VOCABULARY BUILDING SKILLS
GAT HIGH FREQUENCY WORDS (GAT Word List) Page No. 143-152
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Recommended Book:
Guide for GAT General Test. SMART BRAIN. GRE (General, Local) by Muhammad Idrees. Pub:
Dogar Brothers. 2010-2011 edition.
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TITLE: BOTANY-I (PLANT DIVERSITY)
CREDIT HOURS: 3
Syllabus Outline:
Comparative study of the different plant groups with representative examples, including
Viruses, Bacteria, Algae, Fungi, Lichens, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes and
Gymnosperms.
Plant Diversity:
Comparative study of life form, structure, reproduction and economic signification of.
1. Viruses (RNA and DNA types) with special reference to Tobacco Mosaic Virus
(TMV).
2. Bacteria and Cyanobacteria (Nostoc, Oscillatoria)
3. Algae; (Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra, Chara, Pinnularia, Ectocarpus and
Palysiphonia)
4. Fungi (Mucor, Penicillium, Phyllactinia, Ustilago, Puccinia and Agaricus),
their effects on crop production and industrial applications
5. Lichens (Physcia)
6. Bryophytes
a. Riccia
b. Ant hoceros
c. Funaria
7. Pteridophytes
a. Fossils and fossilization
b. Psilopsida (Psiatum)
c. Lycopsida (Selaginella)
d. Sphenopsida (Equisetum)
e. Pteropsida (Marsilea)
f. Seed Habit
8. Gymnosperms (Cycas, Pinus, Ephedra)
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
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Books Recommended:
1. Lee, E. R. (2007).Phycology (4th Ed.) Cambridge University Press U.K.
2. Sambamurty, A.V.S.S. (2005).A Textbook of .Btyophytes, Pteridophytes,
Gymnosperms and Paleobotany. 1K. International Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, Bangalore,
Mumbai. 573 P,
3. Agrios, G.N. (2004).Plant Pathology (8th Ed.), Academic Press London.
4. Prescott, L.M., Harley, J.P. and Klein, A.D. (2004).Microbiology, (3rd Ed.) WM.
C. Brown Publishers.
5. Mauseth. J.D. (2003).Botany: and Introduction to Plant Biology (3rd Ed.) Jones
& Bartlett Pub.UK.
6. Biswas, C, and John, G.M. (1999). The Gymnosperms. Narosa Publishing
House. New Delhi and London.
7. Alexopoulos, C.J., Mims, C.W. and Blackwell, M. (1996).Introductory
Mycology (4th Ed.) John Wiley and Sons, UK.
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TITLE: BOTANY-LAB-I (PLANT DIVERSITY)
CREDIT HOURS: 1
Syllabus Outline:
Culturing, preservation and staining of microorganisms. Study of morphology and
reproductive structures of the plant types mentioned in theory. Identification of various
plant types mentioned from prepared slides and fresh specimens.
Syllabus:
1. Culturing and staining of microbial types
2. Maintenance and preservation of cultures of microbes (Bacteria/ Cyan bacteria
/ Algae / Fungi)
3. Identification of various types mentioned in the syllabus from fresh and,
preserved specimens and prepared slides.
4. Study of morphology and reproductive structures of the type mentioned in
theory (Specimens/prepared slides)
Assessment Strategies (Practical) :
The student will be assessed according to the following criteria
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Books Recommended:
1. Lee, E. R. (2007).Phycology (4th Ed). Cambridge University Press U.K.
2. Sambamurty, A.V.S.S. (2005). A Textbook of Bryophytes, Pteridophytes,
Gymnosperms and Pale botany. l.K. International Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, Banglore,
Mumbai.
3. Agrios, G.N. (2004). Plant Pathology (8th Ed.), Academic Press London.
4. Nlauseth. J.D. (2003). Botany and Introduction to Plant Biology (3rd Ed.) Jones
& Bartlett Pub UK.
5. Prescott, L.M., Harley, J.P. and Klein, A.D. (2004).Microbiology, (3rd Ed.) WM.
C. Brown Publishers.
6. Giswas, C, and John, G.M. (1999).The Gymnosperm&Narosa Publishing
House. New Delhi and London
7. Alexopoulos, C.J., Mims, C.W. and Blackwell, M. (1996).Introductory
Mycology. (4th Ed.) John Wiley and Sons, UK.
11
CHEMISTRY-I (PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY)
CREDIT HOURS: 3
COURSE OBJECTIVES
The objective of the course is for students
1. Understand and apply the laws of thermodynamics and kinetics.
2. Understand the role that thermodynamics and kinetics play in chemical

equilibrium.
3. Understand how mathematics, models and approximations are used to explain

chemical phenomena and fundamental properties of matter.
4. Use concepts of thermodynamics/kinetics/equilibrium to make predictions and give

explanations about chemical systems and fundamental properties of matter.
5. Develop skills in making decisions in the lab, in data acquisition, and critical
evaluation of data.
6. Appreciate the role physical chemistry plays in chemical (physical, biological, etc.
systems.
COURSE CONTENT:
1. STATES OF MATTER
A. Gases:
Law of equipartition of energy, Collision diameter, collision number, collision
frequency and mean free path; Viscosities of gases, measurements, effect of
temperature and pressure on viscosities of gasses; Critical phenomenon of gases and
experimental determination of Pc, Vc and Tc; Concept of molecular velocities of
gasses according to Maxwell’s distribution law and comparison of various velocities.
B. Liquids:
The properties of liquids like surface tension, viscosity, refractive index and dipole
moment; Parachor, reheochor and molar refraction as additive and constitutive
properties; Measurement of refractive index and dipole moment; Magnetic
susceptibility and its measurement by Gouys balance.
C. Solids:
Symmetry operations and Bravis lattices; Concept of X-Ray diffraction, Bragg’s
equation and crystal structure analysis; Powder method of crystal structure analysis;
X-ray crystallography of sodium chloride crystal; Heat capacities of solids.
2. CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS:
Heat capacity as Cp and Vc; Difference in Cp and Cv and ration of Cp and Cv
towards atomicity; Temperature dependence of heat capacities; Quantitative effect of
temperature over enthalpy change and internal energy change; Types of
thermodynamical processes; Isothermal reversible expansion of ideal gases; Adiabatic
process of ideal gasses; Second law of thermodynamics, Carnot cycle, efficiency of
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heat engine and concept of entropy; Thermodynamics scale of temperature entropy for
phase transition, spontaneity and reversibility; Entropy change in reversible and
irreversible processes; Temperature dependence of entropy, Variation of entropy with
pressure and volume; Concept of free energy; Derivation of Gibbs and Helmholtz
equation; standard free energy of formation; Partial molar quantities, Chemical
potential, variation of chemical potential with pressure and temperature fugacity;
Thermodynamic of equilibrium, Reaction isohore; Calusius-Clapeyron equation;
Molecular basis of entropy and probability.
3. CHEMICAL KINETICS:
Derivation of kinetic expression of zero order, first order, second order (with same
and different concentration) and third order reactions (with same concentrations) with
suitable examples; Equation for half life periods and determination of rate constants;
Methods of measurements of order of reactions giving examples with different
techniques; Derivation of Arrhenius equation and measurements of Arrhenius
parameters, Measurement of slopes of Arrhenius plots for some important reactions
Bimolecular collision theory of reaction rates and its failures; Collision theory of uni-
molecular, gas phase reactions (Lindeman mechanism); Introduction transition state
theory of reaction rates.
4. SOLUTION:
Thermodynamics derivation of colligates properties as lowering of vapor pressure,
elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point; Relationship between
lowering of vapor pressure with ∆Tb and ∆Tf; Osmotic pressure an their
determination; Concept of semi permeable membrane, Isotonic solution, theory of
osmotic pressure, relationship between vapor pressure and osmotic pressure,
Abnormal colligative properties describing association and disassociation of solutes;
Fractional distillation and idea of azotropes in detail; Concept of colloids;
Classification of Colloids; their properties with reference to dialysis, electro dialysis,
sedimentation, precipitation, ultra filtrations, Suspensions and gels; Tyndal cone
effect; Macromolecules and micelles.
5. SURFACE CHEMISTRY:
Introduction to adsorption; Difference between physical and chemical adsorption;
Adsorption of gases by solids; Different types of adsorption isotherms with special
reference to Langmuir adsorption isotherm and its applications; Freundlich adsorption
isotherm giving some important applications; Brief introduction to catalysis; Theories
of Catalysis; Activation energy for catalyzed reactions; Kinetics of enzyme catalysis;
Theories of catalysis; Activation energy for catalyzed reactions; Kinetics of enzyme
catalysis.
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
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Recommended Books:
1. Adamson A. W. “Understanding Physical Chemistry” 3rd Ed., Benjamin
Cummings Publishing Company Inc.
2. Akhtar M.N.& Ghulam Nabi, “Textbook of Physical Chemistry”, ilmi Kutab
Khana, Lahore.
3. Bhatti H.N. and K.Hussain, “Principles of Physical Chemistry”; Carwan Book
House, Lahore.
4. Maron S.H. & B. Jerome, “Fundamentals of Physical Chemistry”, Macruthan
Publishing Co., Inc. New York. (Also published by National Book Foundation).
5. Atikins P.W.& M.J.Clugston, “Principles of Physical Chemistry” Pitman
Publishing Company (1988).
6. Moore W.J. “Physical Chemistry”, 5th Ed. Longmans Publishers.
7. Jones M. “Elements of Physical Chemistry” Addison-Sesky Publishing Company.
8. G.M.Barrow, International six Edition “Physical Chemistry”.
9. IRA. N. Levine fourth edition “Physical Chemistry”
10. Alberty and Danials, “Physical Chemistry”
11. Castallon, “Physical Chemistry”
12. Laidler & Meiser “Physical Chemistry”
13. Friemental “Chemistry in Action”
14
CHEMISTRY LAB-I (PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY)
CREDIT HOURS: 1
1. Determination of percentage composition by surface tension, viscosity and
refractive index method.
2. Determination of heat of solution for solids and liquids.
3. Quantitative measurement of colored salt of KMnO4, K2Cr2O7 in colorimeter.
4. Study of first order reaction:
a) Study of hydrolysis of methylacetate
b) Measurement of rate constant
5. Measurement of molecular weight by; Depression of freezing point.
6. Determination of transition temperature of Na2SO4 10 H2O ; Na2CO3 10 H2O;
MgSO4 7 H2O
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Recommended Books:
1. Crocleford H.D., H.W.Biard, F.W. Getzen & J.W. Nowell, “Laboratory Manual
of Physical Chemistry”, 2nd Ed., John Wiley & Sons London.
2. Das R.C. and B. Behera, “Experimental Physical Chemistry”, Tata McGraw Hill
Publishing Company Limited.
3. Levitt B.P., “Findlay’s Practical Physical Chemistry”, 9th Ed., Longman Group
Limited.
15
ZOOLOGY I ANIMAL DIVERSITY-I (CLASSIFICATION, PHYLOGENY AND
ORGANIZATION)
CREDIT HOURS: 3
Aims and Objectives:
The course is designed to provide students with:
a. concepts of evolutionary relationship of animal kingdom.
b. knowledge about animal kingdom, emphasizing their phylogenetic relationships

and simple to complex mode of animal life.
c. The common processes of life through its chemistry, biochemical and molecular
processes.
Introduction
Classification of organisms; definition, concept, evolutionary relationships and tree
diagrams; patterns of organization.
Animal-Like Protists: The Protozoa:
Evolutionary perspective; life within a single plasma membrane; symbiotic life-styles.

Protozoan taxonomy: (up to phyla, subphyla and super classes, wherever applicable).
Pseudopodia and amoeboid locomotion; cilia and other pellicular structures; Nutrition;
Genetic Control and reproduction; symbiotic ciliates; further phylogenetic
considerations.
Multicellular and Tissue Levels of Organization:
Evolutionary perspective: origins of multicellularity; animal origins. Phylum porifera:

cell types, and skeletons; body forms; maintenance functions, reproduction. Phylum
cnidaria (coelenterata) the body wall and nematocysts; alternation of generations;
maintenance functions; reproduction and classification up to class. Phylum
ctenophore; further phylogenetic considerations.
The Triploblastic, Acoelomate Body Plan:
Evolutionary perspective; phylum platyhelminthes: classification up to class; the free-

living flatworms and the tapeworms; phylum nemertea; phylum gastrotricha; further
phylogenetic considerations.
The Pseudocoelomate Body Plan: Aschelminths:
Evolutionary perspective; general characteristics; classification up to phyla; Feeding

and the Digestive System, other organ systems; Reproduction and Development of
phylum phylum rotifera and phylum nematoda; phylum kinorhyncha. Some
important nematode parasites of humans; further phylogenetic considerations
Molluscan Success
Evolutionary perspective: relationships to other animals; origin of the coelom;

molluscan characteristics; classification up to class. The characteristics of shell and
associated structures, feeding, digestion, gas exchange, locomotion, reproduction and
16
development, other maintenance functions and diversity in gastropods, bivalves and
cephalopods; further phylogenetic considerations.
Annelida: The Metameric Body Form
Evolutionary perspective: relationship to other animals, metamerism and tagmatization;

classification up to class. External structure and locomotion, feeding and the digestive
system, gas exchange and circulation, nervous and sensory functions, excretion,
regeneration, reproduction and development, in polychaeta, oligochaeta and hirudinea;
further phylogenetic considerations.
Arthropods: Blueprint for Success
Evolutionary perspective: classification and relationships to other animals;

metamerism and tagmatization; the exoskeleton; metamorphosis; classification up to
class; further phylogenetic considerations.
Hexapods and Myriapods: Terrestrial Triumphs
Evolutionary perspective; classification up to class. External structure and locomotion,

nutrition and the digestive system, gas exchange, circulation and temperature
regulation, nervous and sensory functions, excretion, chemical regulation, reproduction
and development in hexapoda; insect behavior; insects and humans; further
The Chemical Basis of Animal Life
Atoms and elements: building blocks of all matter; compounds and molecules:
aggregates of atoms; acids, bases, and buffers; the molecules of animals: fractional
account of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleotides and nucleic acids based on their
structural aspects.
Energy and Enzymes: Life’s Driving and Controlling Forces
Energy and the laws of energy transformation; activation energy; enzymes: structure,
function and factors affecting their activity; cofactors and coenzymes; ATP: how cells
convert energy? An overview.
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Books Recommended
th
Campbell, N. A. (2002). Biology (6 ed). Menlo Park, California: Benjamin/Cummings
Publishing Company, Inc.
Hickman, C. P. & Kats, H. L. (2000). Laboratory studies in integrated principles of

zoology. Singapore: McGraw Hill.
th
Hickman, C.P., Roberts, L.S., & Larson, A. (2004). Integrated principles of zoology (12
ed) (International). Singapore: McGraw Hill.
17
Kent, G. C. & Miller, S. (2001). Comparative anatomy of vertebrates. New York:
McGraw Hill.
th
Miller, S. A. (2002). General zoology laboratory manual (5 ed) (International).
Singapore: McGraw Hill.
th
Miller, S. A., & Harley, J. B. (2000). Zoology (6 ed) (International). Singapore: McGraw
Hill.
th
Pechenik, J. A. (2000). Biology of invertebrates, (5 ed) (International). Singapore:
McGraw Hill.
18
ZOOLOGY LAB-I
CREDIT HOURS: 1
Course Content
1. Study of Euglena, Amoeba, Entamoeba, Plasmodium, Trypanosoma, Paramecium as
representative of animal like protists. (Prepared slides).
2. Study of sponges and their various body forms.
3. Study of principal representative classes of phylum Coelenterata.
4. Study of principal representative classes of phylum Platyhelminthes.
5. Study of representative of phylum Rotifera, phylum Nematoda.
6. Study of principal representative classes of phylum Mollusca.
7. Study of principal representative classes of phylum Annelida.
8. Study of principal representative classes of groups of phylum Arthropoda.
9. Brief notes on medical/economic importance of the following: Plasmodium,
Entamoeba histolitica, Leishmania, Liverfluke, Tapeworm, Earthworm,
Silkworm, Citrus butterfly.
10. Preparation of permanent stained slides of the following: Obelia, Daphnia,

Cestode, Parapodia of Nereis.
11. Tests for different carbohydrates, proteins and lipids.

Note: Emphasis on the concept that tests materials have been ultimately obtained from
living organisms and constituted their body.
12. Protein digestion by pepsin.
Evaluation Criteria

Mid-Semester 25%
Books Recommended
th
th
McGraw Hill.
19
th
th
Hill.
th
McGraw Hill.
20
PHYSICS 1(ELEMENTARY MECHANICS)
PRE-REQUISITE: FSc Level Physics
INTRODUCATION: CREDITE HOURS: 3

This course is one part of four that constitute the Introductory Physics program
for Physics Majors. It is a stepping stone to all the upper-level Physics courses
providing fundamental knowledge, mathematical techniques and laboratory practices.
Many of the concepts in mechanics introduced in this course will be encountered
again & expanded upon in later courses.
COURSE OBJECTIVE:
The main objective of this course is to understand the different motions of
objects on a macroscopic scale and to develop simple mathematical formalisms to
analyze such motions. This is a calculus-based introductory course with maximum
emphasis on applying the acquired knowledge to solving problems.
COURSE OUTLINE:
Basic Concepts: Units and Dimensions, SI Units, Changing Units, Scalars and
Vectors, Adding Vectors: Graphical as well as Component Method, Multiplying
Vectors: Dot and Cross Products.
Dynamics: Motion in One, Two and Three Dimensions: Position & Displacement,
Velocity and Acceleration, Motion under Constant Acceleration, Projectile Motion,
Uniform Circular Motion, Relative Velocity and Acceleration in One and Two
Dimensions, Inertial and Non-Inertial Reference Frames.
Newton’s Laws: Newton’s Laws of Motion and their Applications involving some
particular forces including Weight, Normal Force, Tension, Friction, and Centripetal
Force, Newton’s Law of Gravitation, Gravitational Potential Energy, Escape Velocity,
Kepler’s Laws, Satellite Orbits & Energy.
Work and Kinetic Energy: Work done by Constant and Variable Forces:
Gravitational and Spring Forces, Power, Conservative and Non-conservative Forces,
Work and Potential Energy, Isolated Systems and Conservation of Mechanical
Energy, Work Done by External Forces including Friction and Conservation of
Energy.
System of Particles: Motion of a System of Particles and Extended Rigid Bodies,

Center of Mass and Newton’s Laws for a System of Particles, Linear Momentum,
21
Impulse, Momentum & Kinetic Energy in One and Two Dimensional Elastic and
Inelastic Collisions.
Rotational Motion: Rotation about a Fixed Axis, Angular Position, Angular

Displacement, Angular Velocity and Angular Acceleration, Rotation under Constant
Angular Acceleration, relationship between Linear and Angular Variables, Rotational
Inertia, Parallel-axis Theorem, Torque and Newton’s Law for Rotation, Work and
Rotational Kinetic Energy, Power, Rolling Motion,
Angular Momentum: Angular Momentum for a single Particle and a System of

Particles, Conservation of Angular Momentum, Precession of a Gyroscope, Static
Equilibrium involving Forces and Torques, Determination of moment of inertia of
various shapes i.e. for disc, bar and solid sphere. Angular Momentum: Angular
Velocity, Conservation of angular momentum, effects of Torque and its relation with
angular momentum.
Evaluation Criteria

Mid-Semester 25%
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Physics Vol. I & II (extended) by Resnick, Halliday and Krane, 4th Edition,
John Wiley and Sons Inc, New York, 1992.
2. Physics Vol. I & II by Resnick, Halliday and Krane, 5th Edition, John Wiley
and Sons Inc, New York, 2002.
3. Fundamental of Physics by Halliday Resnick and Krane, 5th Edition, John
Wiley and Sons Inc, New York, 1999.
4. University Physics 8th Edition by Sears, Zemansky and Young, Addison-
Wesley, Reading (MA), USA, 2000.
5. Physics by Alonso and Finn: Addison-Wesley, Reading (MA), USA, 1999.
22
PHYSICS LAB-I (GENERAL PHYSICS-I)
1. To determine height of an inaccessible object by sextant

2. Time Measurement - The Simple Pendulum
3. To Find the Value of G by Free Fall Method
4. Verification of law of moment by using Bell Crank lever
5. To determine the frequency of A.C supply by Meld’s apparatus
6. Study the Compound Pendulum and Determine the Value of g
7. To determine the modulus of rigidity of a wire by a spiral spring
8. To Determine the Young’s Modulus of wire
9. To Determine the Modulus of Rigidity of Wire by Dynamic Method
10. To determine the modulus of rigidity of wire by Maxwell needle
Evaluation Criteria

Mid-Semester 25%
REFERENCE BOOKS:
23
Course Title: Mathematics A-I [Calculus (I)]
Course Rating: 4 Cr. Hours
Preliminaries
Real numbers and the real line
Functions and their graphs
Shifting and scaling graphs
Solution of equations involving absolute values
Inequalities
Complex numbers system. Polar form of complex numbers, De Moivr’s
theorem
Circular function, hyperbolic functions, logarithmic
Limit and Continuity
Limit of a function, left hand and right hand limits, Theorems of limits
Continuity, Continuous functions
Derivatives and its Applications
Differentiable functions
Differentiation of polynomial, rational and transcendental functions
Mean value theorems and applications
Higher derivatives, Leibniz’s theorem
L’Hospitals Rule
Intermediate value theorem, Rolle’s theorem
Taylor’s and Maclaurin’s theorem with their remainders
Integration and Definite Integrals
Techniques of evaluating indefinite integrals
Integration by substitutions, Integration by parts
Change of variable in indefinite integrals
Definite integrals, Fundamental theorem of calculus
Reduction formulas for algebraic and trigonometric integrands
Improper integrals, Gamma functions
Recommended Books
1. Thomas, B. G, Weir, D. M., Hass, J., & Giordano R. F. (2005). Thomas Calculus (11 th
Ed.) Addison Wesley Publishing Company,

2. H. Anton, I. Bevens, S. Davis, Calculus, 8th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2005
3. Hughes-Hallett, Gleason, McCallum, et al, Calculus Single and Multivariable,
3rd Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2002.
4. Frank A. Jr, Elliott Mendelson, Calculus, Schaum’s outlines series, 4th Edition,
1999
5. C.H. Edward and E.D Penney, Calculus and Analytics Geometry, Prentice
Hall, Inc. 1988
6. E. W. Swokowski, Calculus and Analytic Geometry, PWS Publishers, Boston,
Massachosetts, 1983.
24
Course Title: Mathematics B-I [Vectors & Mechanics (I)]
Vector Algebra
Introduction to vector algebra
Scalar and vector product
Scalar triple product and vector triple product
Applications to geometry
Vector Calculus
Limit, continuity and differentiability of vector point functions
Partial derivatives of vector point functions
Scalar and vector fields
The gradient, divergence and curl
Expansion formulas.
Forces
Fundamental concepts and principles
Inertial-non-inertial frames, Newton’s laws
Resultant of several concurrent forces
The parallelogram law of forces
Resolution of a forces, triangle of forces
Lamy’s theorem, polygon of forces
Conditions of equilibrium for a particle
External and internal forces, principle of transmissibility
Resultant of like and unlike parallel forces
Moment of forces about a point, Varigon’s theorem
Moment of a couple, equivalent couples, composition of couples
Reduction of coplanar forces to a force or a couple
Friction
Dry friction and fluid friction
Laws of dry friction, coefficients of friction, angle of friction
Equilibrium of a particle on a rough inclined plane
Particle on a rough inclined plane acted on by an external force
Conditions for sliding or titling
Virtual Work
Principle of virtual work
Problems involving tensions and thrust
Recommended Books
1. Thomas, Calculus, 11th Edition. Addison Wesley publishing company, 2005
2. Jafferson, B. Beasdsworth, T. Further Mechanics, Oxford University Press,
2001
3. Joseph F, Shelley. Vector Mechanics, Mc-Graw Hill Company, 1990
25
4. Murray R. Spiegel, Theoretical Mechanics, Schaum’s Outline Series, Mc
Graw Hill Book Company
5. Hwei P. HSU, Applied Vector Analysis, San Diego, New York, 1984.
7. Murray R. Spiegel, Vector Analysis, Schaum’s Outline Series, McGraw Hill
Book Company, 1959
6. D.K. Anand and P.F. Cunnif, Statics and Dynamics, Allyn and Becon, Inc.
1984
26
Semester II-Course Outlines
ENGLISH-II (ACADEMIC READING AND WRITING)

CREDIT HOURS: 3
1. BASICS OF GRAMMAR II
Recommended Book:
 Unit No. 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 16, 18, 20, 22, 23, 24, 26, 28, 29, 30 (Tenses)
 Unit No. 128, 129, 130, 131 (Phrasal Verbs)
2. READING AND CRITICAL THINKING
Recommended Book:
Focus on Comprehension Book 4 by Peter Ellison Learners Publishing Pte. Ltd. Singapore, 2009.
 Section 4. Unit No. 12, 13, 14, 15. Practice Unit 3.
 Section 5. Unit No. 16, 17, 18.
 Section 6. Unit No. 19. Practice Unit 4.
3. PARAGRAPH WRITING II
The students are required to FURTHER know of Paragraph Writing with an emphasis on Topic
sentence and Supporting sentences and a possible Concluding sentence. (Word Limit Up to 120
words)
Recommended Book:
4. STUDY SKILLS
 The students are expected to be proficient in Reading Skills like Skimming, Scanning, Speed
Reading and avoiding Faulty Reading Habits.
Recommended Book:
English Language Communication Skills for B.Ed by Nadeem Aziz. Pub: Majeed Book Depot.
(Page 139-159)
WORD ROOT METHOD Unit 1-6. Page No. 88-103.
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Recommended Book:
Guide for GAT General Test. SMART BRAIN. GRE (General, Local) by Muhammad Idrees. Pub:
Dogar Brothers. 2010-2011 edition.
1
Course: Computer (Introduction and Application)
Credit Hours: 2
Introduction
This course is designed in view of the application of computer in wide range of areas.
Operating systems is very interesting subject the student will know about operating
system its types how it works ,all important functions which it performs about computer
systems and also how it manages computer memory.
Course Content
Introduction to Operating systems
Introduction to Operating Systems, what is an operating system.

Types of Operating System. Operating Systems modes
Hardware, Software, Firmware
Introduction, Hardware, Software, Firmware.
Process Management
Introduction, Definitions of Process, process states, Process states transitions,

the process control block, Operations on process, suspend and resume, interrupt
processing.
Dead lock and Indefinite Postponement
Introduction, Examples of Deadlock. A related problem: Indefinite

Postponement, Resource concepts, Four necessary conditions for Deadlock,
Deadlock Prevention , Deadlock Avoidance and the Banker’s Algorithm. Dead
lock Detection, Dead lock Recovery
Memory Management (Real Storage)
Introduction, storage organizations, storage management, storage hierarchy,

storage management strategies, Contiguous vs Noncontiguous storage
allocation
Virtual Memory
2
Introduction Evolution of Storage organizations, virtual storage basic concepts,
multilevel storage organizations, Block mapping, Segmentations
File System Management
Directories and names, types of file systems objects, file systems functions,
information types, file system architecture,
Computer Lab / Practical
1. Installation of Windows 2000 professional : Installation from CD, installation

from network.
2. Configuring the Windows 2000 Environment: Control Panel, Management
console, Installing New Hardware
3. Managing the Desktop: Desktop setting, Accessibility Features, Local Setting
4. Managing Users: Creating Users, Disabling User Account, Deleting User
Account, Renaming User, Changing Password, Managing User Properties
5. Managing Groups: Creating Groups, Group membership, renaming Group ,
Deleting group, Local Group Properties.
6. User Profiles and hardware profiles: Local user profiles, Roaming Profiles,
Mandatory Profiles, Managing hardware profiles.
7. Managing Disks: File systems File System conversion, Disk storage, Disk
Management Utilities
8. Files and Printing Management: File and Folder Basic Management, Creating
Shares, Share Permissions, Managing Printer Properties, Sharing Printer, Printer
Permission
9. Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Recommended Books
Operating Systems by H.M. Deitel
1. Operating Systems Concepts by Silberschatz Galvin & Gagne
3
Course: Human Development and Learning
Credit Hours: 3
Introduction
This course focuses on developing effective secondary school teachers and head
teachers. The aim of the course is to make prospective teachers well acquainted with
the process of running schools in effective and efficient manner besides being well
versed with the duties and responsibilities of the teachers. The course covers
knowledge about school management; organization; function of head teachers, record
keeping and school-community relations related issues and matters.
Objectives
After studying this course, students will be able to understand:
Basic concepts in human development, growth and learning;
Process of human development and its classroom application;
Various aspects and stages of human development;
Different approaches to human learning;
Individual differences and their effect on teaching learning.
Course Content
Unit 1: Introduction
a. Definitions of Human Development and Growth
b. Difference between Growth and Development
c. General Principles of Human Development
d. Factors influencing Human Development
e. A Frame work for studying Human Development
Unit 2. Physical Development
a. Concept and definition of individuals
b. Physical Development from Infancy to Adolescence
c. Physical Characteristics of Learners of:
d. Preschool and Kindergarten
e. Primary Level
f. Elementary Level
g. Secondary Level
h. Higher Secondary Level
i. Role of Teacher in Physical Development
Unit 3. Intellectual Development
a. Intellectual Development from Infancy to Adolescence
b. Intellectual Characteristics of Learners of:
c. Preschool and Kindergarten
d. Primary Level
4
e. Elementary Level
f. Secondary Level
g. Higher Secondary Level
h. Role of Teacher in Intellectual Development
Unit 4. Social Development
a. Social Development from Infancy to Adolescence
b. Social Characteristics of Learners of:
d. Primary Level
e. Elementary Level
f. Secondary Level
h. Role of Teacher in Social Development
Unit5. Emotional Development
a. Emotional Development from Infancy to Adolescence
b. Emotional Characteristics of Learners of:
d. Primary Level
e. Elementary Level
f. Secondary Level
h. Role of Teacher in Emotional Development
Unit 6. Moral Development
a. Morality as Rooted in Human Nature
b. Morality as the Adoption of Social Norms
c. Moral Reasoning
d. Development of Morally Relevant Self-Control
e. Correlates of Moral Conduct
Unit 7. Language Development
a. What is Language?
b. Components of Language
c. The Sequence of Language Development
d. Biological and Environmental Influences on Language Development
5
Unit 8. Human Learning
a. Definition and Concept of Learning
b. Process of Learning
c. Factors Affecting Learning
d. Thorndike’s Laws of Learning
e. Transfer of Learning
Unit 9. Approaches to Learning
a. Behavioral Approach
b. Cognitive Approach
c. Social Learning Approach
d. Humanistic Approach
Unit10. Individual Differences
a. Sources and Types of Individual Differences
b. Dealing with Academic Ability Grouping
c. Differences in Learning and Thinking Styles
d. Effects of Individual Differences on Learning
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Recommended Books:
Arif, H. A. (2003) Human Development and Learning. Lahore: Majeed Book Depot.
Berk, L. E. (2006) Child Development. (7th Edition). Pearson Prentice Hall: Pearson
Education, Inc.
Dembo, M.H. (1994) Applying Educational Psychology (5th Edition). New York:
Longman.
Mehnaz Aziz (2007), Assessing children’s Development through observation,
Children‟s Global Network Pakistan.
Mehnaz Aziz (2007), Individualized teaching in ECE, Children’s Global Network
Pakistan.
Ormrod, J.E. (1998) Educational Psychology Developing learners. New Jersey:
Prentice Hall.
6
Santrock, J.W. (2001) Educational Psychology. Boston: McGraw Hill.
Vander Zanden, J. W. (1997) Human Development. (6th Edition). New York: The Mc
Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Woolfolk, A (2004) Educational Psychology (9th Ed.). Singapore: Pearson Education.
Inc.
7
COURSE TITLE: BOTANY-II (PLANT SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY &
DEVELOPMENT THEORY)
CREDIT HOURS: 3
Syllabus Outline:
Introduction to Plant Systematics, aims and objectives. History of classification,
Introduction to nomenclature, International code Morphological study of families,
Anatomical study of cell wall and the internal structure (tissues) of the plant body
Simple and complex tissues structure, function and relationship. Developmental
embryology.
Plant Systematics:
Introduction to Plant Systematics: aims, objectives and importance.
Classification:
Brief history of various systems of classification (Artificial, Natural and Phylogenetic)
with emphasis on Takhtajan’s System of Classification.
Nomenclature:
Introduction: Importance of Latin names and binomial nomenclature with an
introduction to International code of Botanical Nomenclature ICBN), St. Luis Code.
Morphology:
Brief account of various morphological characters of root, stem and leaf. inflorescence,
flower, placentaion and fruit types
Diagnostic Characters:
Economic importance and distribution patterns of the following families:
1. Ranuculaceae
2. Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)
3. Fabaceae (Leguminosae)
4. Rosaceae
5. Euphorbiaceae
6. Solanaceae
7. Lamiaceae (Labiatae)
8. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)
9. Asteraceae (Composite)
10. Liliaceae (Sen.Lato)
11. Poaceae (Graminae)
Anatomy:
Cell wall structure and chemical composition
Simple Tissues:
Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma
8
Epidermis:
Epidermis and epidermal appendages including stomata.
Complex tissues:
Xylem, Phloem
Meristem:
Types of meristem, stem and root apices, secondary meristem, vascular cambiurm and
periderm. Structure and development of primary root and stem, structure of leaf.
Developmental embryology: Capsella bursa/ pastoris, structure of anther,
microsporogenesis, Microgametophyte, structure of ovule, megasporogenesis,
Megagametophyte, Endosperm formation
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Books Recommended
1. Raven. P.H., Even, R.E. and Eichhom, S.E. (2010). Biology of Plants. W.H.
Freeman and Company Worth Publisher.
2. Stuessy, T.F. (2009). Plant Taxonomy. Columbia University Press. USA.
3. Lawrence, G.H.M. (2007). Taxonomy of Vascular Plants. (2nd Ed.). MacMillan
and Co. New York.
4. Raymond, F. and Eicbhorn, S.E. (2005). Esau’s Plant Anatomy. Meristerms
cells and tissue of the plant body, (3rd Ed.) John Wiley and Sons & Sons Inc.
5. Panday, B.P. (2004). A Text Book of Botany (Angiosperms). S. Chand and Co.
New Delhi.
6. Moore, R.C., W.D. Clark and Vodopich, D.S. (2003). Botany. McGraw Hill
Company, U.S.A.
7. Mauseth, J. D. (1998). An introduction to Plant Biology. Multimedia Enhanced.
Jones and Bartlett Publisher UK.
8. Fahn, A. (1990). Plant Anatomy. Pergamon Press Oxford.
9. Maheshawari, P. (1971). Embryology of Angiosperms. McGraw Hill. New
York.
10. Esau, K. (1960). Anatomy of Seed Plants John Wiley and Sons, New York.
9
COURSE TITLE: BOTANY LAB-II (PLANT SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY &
DEVELOPMENT THEORY)
CREDIT HOURS: 1
Syllabus Outline:
Identification of families, Technical description of the flowers, Field trips, Specimen
collection, Epidermis. Epidermal appendages, study of stomata, Study of xylem,
transverse section of leaf and stem.
Identification of families:
With the help of keys description of flower (in technical- terms) of the families
Ranunculaceae, Brassicaceae, Fabaceae Rosaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Cucurbitaceae,
Solanaceae, Lamiaceae, Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Liliaceae and Poaceae.
Field Trips:
Field trips shall be undertaken to study and collect local plants Students are required to
submit forty fully identified herbarium specimens.
Anatomy:
Study of epidermis, stomata and trichomes
Tissues:
(Study of simple tissues from fresh material and prepared slides as well. Study of
complex tissues: xylem, maceration and study of xylem from macerated material).
Stem and Leaf:
Make a transverse section of stem and leaf of angiosperm.
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Books Recommended:
1. Raven, PH. Even, R.E. and Eichhom, S.E. (2010).Biology of Plants. W.H.
Freeman and Company Worth Publisher.
2. Lawrence, G.H.M. (2007).Taxonomy of Vascular Plants. (2nd Ed.). MacMillan
and Co. New York.
3. Raymond, F. and Eicbhorn, S.E. (2005).Esau’s Plaiyt Anatomy. Meristerms
cells and tissue of the plant body, (3rd Ed.) John Wiley and Sons Inc. New York.
4. Panday, B.P. (2004). A Text Book of Botany (Angiosperms). S. Chand and Co.
New Delhi.
10
5. Moore, R.C., W.D. Clark and Vodopich, D.S. (2003).Botany. McGraw Hill
Company, U.S.A.
6. Foster. F. (2002).Practical Plant Anatomy. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
7. Mauseth, J. D. (1998).An introduction to Plant Biology. Multimedia Enhanced.
Jones and Bartlett Publisher. UK.
8. Zahur, M.S. (1992).The Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Al-Hejaz Printers. Lahore.
9. Fahn, A. (1990).Plant Anatomy. Pergamum Press Oxford.
10. Maheshawari, P. (1971).Embryology of Angiosperms. McGraw I-fill New York.
11. Esau, K. (1960).Anatomy of Seed Plants. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
11
CHEMISTRY-II (INORGANIC CHEMISTRY)
CREDIT HOURS: 3
COURSE OBJECTIVES
The program is aimed that the student should learn:
1. The Development of periodic law and properties of elements in a systematic way.
2. The principal of chemical bonding
3. The Chemistry of acid and bases
4. The Chemistry of p-block Elements
5.The Chemistry of d- block Elements
5. The fundamental principles of industrial process
COURSE CONTENT:
1. The Structure of the Atom
Inner picture of an atom: Subatomic particles, models of the atom described by

Rutherford and Bohr, Energy of an electron, Radius of an orbit, Origin of spectral
lines in different: elements. Summerfield’s modification.
2. Periodicity
Modern periodic table; Similarities and differences in first row elements, their
diagonal and vertical relationship with other elements; Electro negativity of
elements (Pauling and Mullikan scales); Polarizability and polarizing power of ions;
Periodicity in the properties of transition and inner transition elements.
3. Theories of Chemical Bonding
Nature and types of chemical bonding; Modern concept of valence bond theory
(VBT), molecular orbital theory (MOT) and their applications to homo and hetero
di-and polyatomic inorganic molecules, explaining the conventional and modified
MO diagrams; Valence shell electron pair repulsion theory (VSEPR), explaining the
shapes of inorganic molecules (i.e. AB2, AB3, AB2E, AB4, AB3E, AB2E2, AB5,
AB4E, AB3E2, AB2E3, AB6, AB5E, AB4E2) and directed valence theory
(Hybridization), Metallic bonds (detailed concept).
12
1. Acid-Base Concept
General concept of acids and bases. Detail of Lewis concept of acids and bases;
Soft and hard acid-base (SHAB) concept and its applications. Relative strength of
acids and bases based on Pk values. Reactions of acids and bases. Relationship
between redox reactions and acid base reactions. Indicators and theory of
indicators.
5. Chemistry of d-Block Elements
Electronic configuration and oxidation states of transition elements. Metallurgy of

chromium, nickel and copper. Theories of coordination compounds, valence bond
theory (VBT), molecular orbital theory (MOT) and crystal field theory (CFT) for
tetrahedral and octahedral complexes. Nomenclature and Isomerism in coordination
compounds. Chelates. Application of coordination compounds.
6. Nuclear Chemistry
Phenomena of radioactivity; Natural radioactivity, Radioactive disintegration series,
rate of disintegration and half life period, Mass defect and binding energy, nuclear
stability; measurement of nuclear radiation, Wilson cloud chamber and Geiger-
Muller counter, Carbon dating; Artificial radioactivity and nuclear transformations,
Nuclear reactions (fission and fusion), Uses of radioactive isotopes; Biological
effect of nuclear radiation.
Chemical Industries
Glass, Soda ash and Soap.
Evaluation Criteria

Mid-Semester 25%
Recommended Books:
1. Cotton, F, Albert, Goeffrey Wilkinson and Paul L. Gaus, “Basic Inorganic
Chemistry”, John, Wiley & Sons Ine, 3rd Edition (1995).
2. Lee, J.D., “Modem Inorganic Chemistry”, Champan & Hall, 5th Edition (1996).
3. Jolly, William, L., “Modem Inorganic Chemistry”, McGraw Hill, 2nd Edition
(1991).
13
4. Shriver, D.F., P.W. Atkins and C.H. Langford, “Inorganic Chemistry”, Oxford,
2nd Edition (1996).
5. Sharp, A.G. “Inorganic Chemistry”, Longman, 3rd Edition (1992).
6. Rayner Canham, Geiof., “Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry” & Co. (1995).
7. Jefferey, G.H., j. bassett, J.Mendham and R.C. Denney, “Vogel’s text book of
Quantitave Chemical analysis”, 5th Education, Benjamin Cummings, (1989).
14
TITLE: CHEMISTRY LAB-II (INORGANIC CHEMISTRY)
CREDIT HOURS: 1
PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
Separation & identification of cations/basic radicals of group I, II.A, II.B & III. Also
calculate their Rf values.
ARGENTOMETRY
MOHR’S METHOD
1) Determine the %age purity of NaCl (rock salt)
2) Determine the amount of NaCl in the commercial sample of soda ash.
VOLHARD’S METHOD
1) Determination of %age purity of HCl.
2) Determination of silver in the given sample, using KSCN or NH4SCN.
REDOX TITRATIONS (By using both internal and external indicators)
1) Determination of amount/dm3 of FeSO4.7H2O with K2Cr2O7.
2) Determination of %age purity of K2Cr2O7 by using standard solution of Mohr’s salt.
3) Determination of number of water molecules (x) in FeSO4. xH2O using K2Cr2O7.
4) Determination of Ca2+ by KMnO4.
5) Determination of %age of iron in ferric alum (NH4)2SO4.Fe2(SO4)3.24H2O using
K2Cr2O7.
COMPLEXOMETRY
1) Standardization of EDTA solution by magnesium/zinc sulfate solution.
2) Find out the amount of Ca2+ in the given sample of marble (lime stone).
3) Determination of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the sample by using EDTA.
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Books Recommended:
1. Vogel, “A.I.A. Text Book of Macro and Semi micro-qualitative Inorganic
Analysis”, Longamn Green & Co., (1995).
2. Skoog, D.A., D.M. West and F.J. Holler, “Analytical Chemistry”, 6th Edition,
Saunders College Publications, (1994).
3. Javed Iqbal, Amin, “Theory and Practice of chromatography”, Higher
Education Commission, Islamabad, (2002).
15
Course Title: A Course of Mathematics II [ Plane Curves & Analytic Geometry ]
Plane Analytics Geometry

Conic section and quadratic equations
Classifying conic section by eccentricity
Translation and rotation of axis
Properties of circle, parabola, ellipse, hyperbola
Polar coordinates, conic sections in polar coordinates
Graphing in polar coordinates
Tangents and normal, pedal equations, parametric representations of curves
Applications of Integration
Asymptotes.
Relative extrema, points of inflection and concavity
Singular, points, tangents at the origin
Graphing of Cartesian and polar curves
Area under the curve, area between two curves
Arc length and intrinsic equations
Curvature, radius and centre of curvature
Involute and evolute, envelope
Analytic Geometry of Three Dimensions
Rectangular coordinates system in a space
Cylindrical and spherical coordinate system
Direction ratios and direction cosines of a line
Equation of straight lines and planes in three dimensions
Shortest distance between skew lines
Equation of sphere, cylinder, cone, ellipsoids, paraboloids, hyperboloids
Quadric and ruled surfaces
Spherical trigonometry. Direction of Qibla
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Recommended Books
1. Thomas, Calculus, 11th Edition. Addison Wesley publishing company, 2005
2. H. Anton, I. Bevens, S. Davis, Calculus, 8th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2005
3. Hughes-Hallett, Gleason, McCallum, et al, Calculus Single and Multivariable,
3rd Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2002.
16
4. Frank A. Jr, Elliott Mendelson, Calculus, Schaum’s outlines series, 4th edition,
1999
5. C.H. Edward and E.D Penney, Calculus and Analytics Geometry Prentice Hall,
Inc. 1988
6. E. W. Swokowski, Calculus and Analytic Grometry PWS Publishers, Boston,
Massachosetts, 1983.
7. Dennis G. Zill & Patric D. Shanahan, Complex Analysis, Jones & Barlett Publishers,
2003
17
Course Title: B Course of Mathematics-II [ Mechanics (II) ]
Kinematics
Rectilinear motion of particles
Uniform rectilinear motion, uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion
Curvilinear motion of particle, rectangular components of velocity and
acceleration
Tangential and normal components
Radial and transverse components
Projectile motion
Kinetics
Work, power, kinetic energy, conservative force fields
Conservation of energy, impulse, torque
Conservation of linear ad angular momentum
Non-conservative forces
Simple Harmonic Motion
The simple harmonic oscillator, amplitude, period, frequency,
Resonance and energy
The damped harmonic oscillator, over damped, critically damped and under
damped
Motion, forces vibrations
Central Forces and Planetary Motion
Central force fields, equations of motion, potential energy, orbits
Kepler’s laws of planetary motion
Apsides and apsidal angles for nearly circular orbits
Motion in an inverse square field
Centre of Mass and Gravity
Discrete and continuous systems, density of rigid and elastic bodies
Centroid: Discrete and continuous systems, solid region, region bounded by
planes
Semi-circular regions, sphere, hemisphere, cylinder and cone
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
18
Recommended Books
1. Fowles, G.R, Cassiday, G.L. Analytical Mechanics, 7th Edition, Thomson
Brook Cole, 2005
2. Jafferson, B. Beasdsworth, T. Further Mechanics, Oxford University Press
2001
3. Murray R. Spiegel, Theoretical Mechanics, Schaum’s Outline Series, Mc
Graw Hill Book Company
4. D.K. Anand and P.F. Cunnif, Statics and Dynamics, Allyn and Becon, Inc.
1984
5. Ferdinand P.B and E.R. Johnston, Statics and Dynamics, Mc-Graw Hill Book
Company, Inc. 1977
19
Physics 2(WAVES AND OSCILLATIONS)
CREDITE HOURS: 3
This course is one part of four that constitute the Introductory Physics program
for Physics Majors. It is a stepping stone to all the upper-level Physics courses
providing fundamental knowledge, mathematical techniques and laboratory practices.
Many of the concepts in Waves, Optics and Thermodynamics introduced in this
course will be encountered again & expanded upon in later courses.
COURSE OBJECTIVE:
Thus the main objective of this course is to provide students an introduction to
the fundamental concepts of Waves, Optics, and Thermodynamics along with a
thorough grounding in the associated mathematical and laboratory techniques.
1. Describe wave motion, including differentiating between transverse vs

longitudinal waves, and standing vs progressive waves.
2. Derive and solve the equation for a propagating wave and a standing
wave.
3. Describe the energy transported by a wave and the resonance condition,
4. Explain Huygen's Principle and perform calculations involving the
Doppler effect.
5. Perform calculations related to the concept of superposition, including
interference & diffraction.
COURSE OUTLINE:
Simple and Damped Simple Harmonic Oscillation: Mass-Spring System,
Simple Harmonic Oscillator Equation, Simple Pendulum. Forced Damped Harmonic
Oscillation, Resonance.
Mechanical waves: traveling waves, wave equation and power and intensity in
wave motion, principle of superposition, Doppler Effect of sound waves
Interference: Interference from thin films, Michelson interferometer, Fresnel’s

biprism and its use,
Diffraction: diffraction from multiple slits, diffraction grating, X-ray diffraction and
structure of matter,
Polarization: description of polarization states, rotation of plane of polarization,

holography.
20
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
REFERENCE BOOKS:
21
PHYSICS LAB-II (GENERAL PHYSICS-II)
1. The Harmonic Oscillation of Helical springs-parallel and series connection of

spring
2. Measurement of the speed of sound in air
3. Coherence & width of spectral lines
4. Diffraction intensity at slit of double slit system
5. Interference of light Fresnel Biprism
6. Measurement of wavelengths of sodium light, difference of wave lengths and
thickness of thin film e.g. mica using Michelson interferometer.
7. The determination of Cauchy’s constants using spectrometer.
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
REFERENCE BOOKS:
22
ZOOLOGY II ANIMAL DIVERSITY-II (CLASSIFICATION, PHYLOGENY
AND ORGANIZATION)
CREDIT HOURS: 3
The course aims to impart knowledge and understanding of:
 different animal groups, emphasizing their phylogenetic relationships.

 The structure and function of cell organelles and how common animal cell
diversified in various tissues, organs and organ systems.
 Biochemical mechanisms eventually generating energy for animal work.
Echinoderms
Evolutionary perspective: relationships to other animals; echinoderm characteristics;

classification up to class. Maintenance functions, regeneration, reproduction, and
development in asteroidea, ophiuroidea, echinoidea, holothuroidea and crinoidea;
further phylogenetic considerations; some lesser-known invertebrates: the
lophophorates, entoprocts, cycliophores, and chaetognaths.
Hemichordates and Invertebrate Chordates
Evolutionary Perspective: Phylogenetic Relationships; Classification up to subphylum

or class where applicable; Further Phylogenetic Considerations.
Fishes: Vertebrate Success in Water
Evolutionary perspective: phylogenetic relationships; survey of super class agnatha

and gnathostomata; evolutionary pressures: adaptations in locomotion, nutrition and
the digestive system, circulation, gas exchange, nervous and sensory functions,
excretion and osmoregulation, reproduction and development; further phylogenetic
considerations.
Amphibians: The First Terrestrial Vertebrates
Evolutionary perspective: phylogenetic relationships; survey of order caudata,

gymnophiona, and anura. Evolutionary pressures: adaptations in external structure and
locomotion, nutrition and the digestive system, circulation, gas exchange, temperature
regulation, nervous and sensory functions, excretion and osmoregulation,
reproduction, development, and metamorphosis; further phylogenetic considerations.
Reptiles: The First Amniotes
Evolutionary perspective: cladistic interpretation of the amniotic lineage; survey of

order testudines or chelonia, rhynchocephalia, squamata, and crocodilia; evolutionary
pressures: adaptations in external structure and locomotion, nutrition and the digestive
system, circulation, gas exchange, and temperature regulation, nervous and sensory
functions, excretion and osmoregulation, reproduction and development; further
Birds: Feathers, Flight, and Endothermy
Evolutionary perspective: phylogenetic relationships; ancient birds and the evolution

of flight; diversity of modern birds; evolutionary pressures: adaptation in external
structure and locomotion, nutrition and the digestive system, circulation, gas
23
exchange, and temperature regulation, nervous and sensory systems, excretion and
osmoregulation, reproduction and development; migration and navigation.
Mammals: Specialized Teeth, Endothermy, Hair, and Viviparity
Evolutionary perspective: diversity of mammals; evolutionary pressures: adaptations
in external structure and locomotion, nutrition and the digestive system, circulation,
gas exchange, and temperature regulation, nervous and sensory functions, excretion
and osmoregulation, behavior, reproduction and development.
Cells, Tissues, Organs, and Organ System of Animals
Structure and functions of cell membranes; various movements across membranes;

cytoplasm, organelles, and cellular components: functional account of ribosomes,
endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, cytoskeleton, cilia
and flagella, centrioles and microtubules, and vacuoles based on their structural
aspects. The nucleus: nuclear envelope, chromosomes and nucleolus. Tissues:
diversity in epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue to
perform various functions. Structural integrations for functions in organs and organ
systems.
How Animals Harvest Energy Stored in Nutrients
Glycolysis: the first phase of nutrient metabolism; fermentation: “life without

oxygen”; aerobic respiration: the major source of ATP; metabolism of fats and
proteins; control of metabolism; the metabolic pool.
Books Recommended
th

th

McGraw Hill.
th
th
Hill.
th
McGraw Hill.
24
Semester-III
ENGLISH-III (COMMUNICATION SKILLS)
CREDIT HOURS: 3
1. FORMAL LETTERS
 The students are expected to be proficient in formal letter writing like Letters to the editor,
public officials (WAPDA, WASA etc.)
2. ADVANCED READING AND COMPREHENSION I
 The students are required to read the given prose critically and answer the questions.
Recommended Book:
The St. Martin’s Guide to Writing by Rise B. Axelrod, Charles R. Cooper. Pub. St. Martin’s
Press, 1988. (Page 18-19, 26-34, 49-55, 66-67, 77-80, 88-94, 104-105, 110-115, 129-137)
3. ORAL PRESENTATIONS
 Strategies for oral presentation.
 The students must learn how to give oral presentations and they should be able to give formal
presentations.
Recommended Book:
Effective Business Communications. 7th Edition by Herta A. Murphy, Herbert W. Hildebrandt,
Jane P. Thomas. Pub. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, 2009. (Page
384-399)
4. CONNECTED PARAGRAPH WRITING AND PICTURE DESCRIPTION
 The students are required to practice paragraph writing with an emphasis on Topic sentence
and Supporting sentences. The students are supposed to write at least 3 connected paragraphs
on a single theme (word limit: 350 words).
 The students are required to learn how to analyze and describe pictures in correct English.
Recommended Book:
WORD ROOT METHOD Unit 7-11. Page No. 103-116.
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Recommended Book:
Guide for GAT General Test. SMART BRAIN. GRE (General, Local) by Muhammad Idrees. Pub: Dogar
Brothers. 2010-2011 edition.
1
PAKISTAN STUDIES
CREDIT HOURS: 2
1. Pakistan Movement: Historical and Ideological Perspective

 Muslim Revivalist Movements in India
 The Two-Nation Theory: From Sir Syed Ahmed Khan to Allama Iqbal
 Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the Struggle for Pakistan Creation of
Pakistan: Early Challenges
2. Land an d People of Pakistan
 Physical features and Geo-Strategic Location of Pakistan
 Culture and Traditions: Regional Dimensions
 Social Issues and Challenges to Pakistan
3. History and Politics in Pakistan (1947-2008)
 Early Parliamentary Phase
 Ayub and Yahya’s Era
 Democratic Era (197 1-1977)
 Zia Era(1977-88) •
 Civil Rule (1988-99)
 Musharaf Era (1999-2008)
4. Contemporary Pakistan
 The Constitution of 1973: Salient Features
 Foreign Policy and Relations with neighboring countries
 Salient Features of Economy, Agriculture and Industry, National Resources
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Recommended Books:
1. Muhammad Raza Kazrni, Pakistan Studies Core Texts far Colleges and universities, Oxford
University Press (2006)
2. Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi, The Struggle for Pakistan, Karachi, University of the Karachi, 1974 I
3. Khalid Bin Sayeed, Pakistan the Formative Phase (185 7-1948), Karachi, Oxford University
Press, 1968.
4. Choudhary M. Au, The Emergence of Pakistan, Lahore, Research Society of Pakistan, 2001
5. S. Qalb-i-Abid, Muslim Struggle for Independence (185 7-1947), Sang-c-Med Publications,
Lahore, 1997
6. M.R. Kazimi, A Concise History of Pakistan, Oxford University Press, 2009
7. Mehmood, Safdar. Pakistan Political Roots & Development. Lahore, 1994.
2
8. Afzal, M. Rafique, Pakistan: History and Politics 1947-1971, Karachi, Oxford University Press,
2007
9. Rizvi, Hasan-Askari, The Military State and Society in Pakistan, Lahore, 2002
10. Burke, S.M., and Qureshi, S.A.D., The British Rj in India, Karachi, Oxford University Press,
1995
11. S.M. Burke and Lawrence Ziring. Pakistan’s Foreign policy: An Historical Analysis. Karachi:
Oxford University Press, 1993.
12. Akbar, S. Zaidi, Issues in Pakistan’s Economy, Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2000
13. Jinnah of Pakistan, Karachi, Oxford University Press, 1989
14. Zuifi Bhutto of Pakistan, New York, Oxford University Press, 1989
15. Shahid, M. Amin, Pakistan‘s Foreign Policy: A Reappraisal, (Second Edition), Karachi, Oxford
University Press, 2010
16. Abdul Sattar, Pakistan’s Foreign Policy: A Concise History 1947-2009 (2nd Edition), Karachi,
Oxford University Press, 2010
17. Hardy, Peter, The Muslims of British India, New Delhi, Cambridge University Press, 1998
3
Course: Critical Thinking and Reflective Practices
Credit Hours: 3
Objectives:
After- studying this course, the students will be able to:
Differentiate between 'Good' and 'Bad' bent of mind
Ask and analyze thought provoking Questions
Understand the relationship of critical thinking with reading and writing
Foster rational motivation among the students.
Apply critical thinking in different Content areas
Develop the habit of contributive thinking
Understand the concept and role of reflection and reflective practice as a tool for
raising critical consciousness
Use reflection as a tool of inquiry into practice
Course Content
Unit 01 Introduction
1.1 Introduction to the Fundamentals of Critical Thinking
1.2 Why Critical Thinking Matters?
1.3 Critical Thinking and the Process of Analysis
A. Teaching Students to Think Theoretically
B. Teaching Students to Think Empirically
Unit 02 Strategies and Techniques to develop critical Thinking
2.1 Brain Storming
2.2 Concept Mapping
2.3 Generalization and Testing the Limits
2.4 Venn Diagram
2.5 Logical Reasoning
Unit 03 Critical Thinking and Art of Questioning
3.1 Critical Thinking and Socratic Questioning
3.2
3.3 Teaching Students to Ask Good Questions & Follow up the
Implications of Thought
3.4 Teaching Students to narrate, analyze, and evaluate their own

'Points'
4
3.5 View' and of others
3.6 Open and Close ended Questions
Unit 04 Critical Thinking and its Applications

4.1 Interrogating the Text
4.2 Primary and Secondary Sources
4.3 Characteristics of Academic Text
4.4 Status of Evidence
4.5 Status of The Author
4.6 Comparing and Contrasting Different Sources
Unit 05 Introduction to Reflection
5.1 Meaning of reflection on practice/educational
issues
5.2 Significance of reflection for teacher
Unit 06 Major Proponents of Reflective Practice
6.1 John Dewey
6.2 L. Stanhouse
6.3 D,Schon
Unit 07 Process and Techniques of Reflection
7.1 Process of reflection
7.2 Major techniques and strategies (critical incident
analysis, keeping reflective journals, peer
coaching action research)
7.3 Skills for reflection

Unit 08 Application of skills and approaches to reflection
8.1 Systematic reflection throughout the coursework
8.2 Identify key questions for their own role as novice teachers
8.3 Understand the issues in becoming a reflective practitioner
5
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Recommended Books:
Ayoukarm, Govald (1989), Modern Methods and Techniques of Teachings
Philadephia. Open University press 1
Baron, J. and Sternberg, R, (Eds.) (1987) Teaching thinking skills: theory and
practice, New York: Freeman.
Barrow, R. (1990) Understanding Skills: Thinking, Feeling and Caring. London,
Ontario: Althouse.
Beyer. B. K. (1987) Practical strategies for the teaching of thinking. Boston:
Allyn and Bacon.
Chipman, S., Segat, J. and GIaser, R, (1985) Thinking and Learning Skills, Volume
2. Research and Open Questions. HiNsdale, New Jersey: Eribaum.
Crawford, A. (2005). Teaching and learning strategies for the thinking classroom.
New York, NY: International Debate Education Association.
Costa, A.L. and Lowery, L.F. (1990) Techniques for teaching thinking, Melbourne:
Hawker Brownlow.
Finn, B. (1991) Young People's Participation in Post-compulsory Education and
Training. Report of the Australian Education Council Review Committee.
Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.
Lau, J. Y. F. (2013). An introduction to critical thinking and creativity: Think
more, think better. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley.
Zwozdiak-Myers, P. (2012). The teacher's reflective practice handbook: Becoming
an extended professional through capturing evidence-informed practice.
Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
6
COURSE TITLE: BOTANY-III (CELL BIOLOGY, EVOLUTION AND
GENETICS)
CREDIT HOURS: 3
Syllabus Outline:
An introduction to morphology and functioning of cell, cellular organelles and
mechanisms of cell division. Study of genes and their inheritance patterns. Concept of
evolution.
a) Cell Biology:
1. Structures and brief description of Bio-molecules
i) Carbohydrates
ii) Lipids
iii) Proteins
iv) Nucleic Acids
2. Cell: Physico-chemical nature of plasma membrane and cytoplasm.
3. Ultra structure of plant cell with a brief description and functions of the
following organelles:
i) Endoplasmic reticulum
ii) Plastids
iii) Mitochondria
iv) Ribosomes
v) Dictyosomes
vi) Vacuole
vii) Microbodies (Glyoxysomes and Perioxisomes)
4. Nucleus: Nuclear membrane, nucleolus, ultrastructure and morphology of
chromosomes, karyotype analysis.
5. Reproduction in somatic and embryogenic cell, mitosis and meiosis, cell cycle.
6. Chromosomal aberrations; Changes in the number of chromosomes Aneuploidy
and Euploidy. Changes in the structure of chromosomes, deficiency, duplication,
inversion and translocation.
b) Genetics:
1. Introduction, Scope and brief history of Genetics. Mendelian Inheritance; Laws
of Segregation and Independent Assortment, Back Cross, Test Cross, Dominance and
Incomplete Dominance.
2. Sex linked inheritance, sex linkage in Drosophila and man (colour blindness),
XO, XY, WZ mechanisms, sex limited and sex linked characters, sex determination.
3. Linkage and Crossing Over, Definition, Linkage of Groups, Construction of
Linkage Maps, Detection of Linkage. Recombination
4. DNA Replication. Nature of gene, genetic code, transcription, translation,
regulation of gene expression
7
5. Transmission of genetic material and Bacteria: Conjugation and gene
recombination in co-transduction and transformation.
6. Principles of genetic engineering/biotechnology; Basic genetic engineering
techniques.
7. A brief introduction of Gene Mutation.
8. Evolution
9. Assessment Strategies (Theory) :
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
1. Bretscher, A. (2007).Molecular Cell Biology. W. H. Freeman and Company

2. Weaver, R.F. (2005).Molecular Biology. McGraw Hill, St. Louis.
3. Griffiths, J.F., Miller, J.H., Suzuki, D.T., Lewontin, R.C. and Gelbart, W.M.
(2003).An Introduction to Genetic Analysis. W.H. Freeman and Company.
4. Sinha, U. and Sinha, S. (2003).Cytogenesis, Plant Breeding and Evolution. Vini
Educational Books, New Delhi.
5. Strickberger, M.V. (2003).Genetics. MacMillan Press Ltd., London.
6. Karp, G. (2002).Cell and Molecular Biology. Concepts and Experiments. 4th Ed.
John Wiley and Sons. New York.
7. Gilmartin, P.M. and Bowler. C. (2002).Molecular Plant Biology. vol 1 & 2.
Oxford University Press. UK.
8. Carroll, S.B., Grenier, J.K. and Velnerbee, S.D. (2001).From DNA to
Diversity— Molecular Genetics and the Evolution of Aminal Design. Blackwell
Science.
9. Hoelzel, A.R. (2001).Conservation Genetics. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
10. Lodish. H. (2001).Molecular Cell Biology. W.H. Freeman and Company.
11. Dyonsager, V. R. (2000).Cytology and Genetics. (3rd Ed.), Tata and McGraw
Hill Publication Co. Ltd, New Delhi.
8
COURSE TITLE: BOTANY LAB-III (CELL BIOLOGY, EVOLUTION AND
GENETICS)
CREDIT HOURS: 1
Syllabus Outline:
Development of concepts about cell structure, chromosomal morphology, mechanisms
of cell division, extraction of protein, DNA, RNA from plant sources, genetical
problems related to transmission and distribution of genetic material.
a) Cell Biology:
1. Study of cell structure using compound microscope and elucidation of ultra
structure from electron microphotographs.
2. Measurement of cell size.
3. Study of mitosis and meiosis by smear/squash method and from prepared slides.
4. Study of chromosome morphology and variation in chromosome number.
5. Extraction and estimation of carbohydrates, proteins, RNA and DNA from plant
material.
b) Genetics:
1. General problems related to transmission and distribution of genetic material.
2. Identification of DNA in plant material. Carmine/Orcein staining.
Study of salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila.
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Books Recommended:
1. Bretscher, A. (2007). Molecular Cell Biology. W. H. Freeman and Company
2. Griffiths, J.F., Miller, J.H., Suzuki, D.T., Lewontin, R.C. and Gelbart, W.M.
(2003). An Introduction to Genetic Analysis. W.H. Freeman and Company.
3. Sinha, U. and Sinha, S. (2003). Cyto genesis, Plant Breeding and Evolution. Vini
Educational Books, New Delhi.
4. Strickberger, M.V. (2003). Genetics. MacMillan Press Ltd., London.
5. Karp, G. (2002). Cell and Molecular Biology. Concepts and Experiments. 4th
Ed. John Wiley and Sons. New York.
9
6. Gilmartin, P.M. and Bowler. C. (2002). Molecular Plant Biology. vol 1 & 2.
Oxford University Press. UK.
7. Lodish. H. (2001). Molecular Cell Biology. W.H. Freeman and Co.
Dyonsager, V R. (2000). Cytology and Genetics. (3rd Ed.), Tata and McGraw Hill
Publication Co. Ltd. New Delhi.
10
CHEMISTRY-III (ORGANIC CHEMISTRY)
CREDIT HOURS: 3
COURSE OBJECTIVES
1. To learn the fundamentals of organic chemistry.

2. To develop an understanding and appreciation of both structure and chemical
transformations of organic molecules.
3. Will acquire basic concepts of electronic structure and be able to apply them
to solve problems from various areas of organic chemistry, including
stereochemistry, reactivity patterns and synthesis.
4. Improvements in learning strategies, critical-thinking, and problem-solving
skills are an
expected outcome.
COURSE CONTENT:
1. Basic Concepts in Organic Chemistry
Hybridization of orbitals of carbon atoms in alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and arenes.
Hybridization of orbitals of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur atoms in various functional
groups, Localized and delocalized chemical bonding; Conjugation and hyper
conjugation; Resonance, rules of resonance, resonance energy, resonance hybrid,
factor effecting the resonance; Inductive effect, applications of inductive effect and
resonance on various properties of organic compounds; Steric effect and its
applications, Hydrogen bonding and its effects on various properties of organic
compounds, Tautomerism.
2. Nomenclature of Organic Compounds
Nomenclature of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, cycloalkanes, bicycycloalkanes,
spiroalkanes, Monofunctional and polyfunctional derivatives of open chain and cyclic
compounds; Polysubstituted benzenes; Polycyclic hydrocarbons such as naphthalene,
anthracene, phenanthrene and their derivatives; Heterocyclic compounds.
3. Hydrocarbons
a) Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
Preparation of alkanes from alkyl halides, coupling of alkyl halide and alkylboranes,
reduction of carbonyl compounds, Kolbe’s electro synthesis, Corey-house-synthesis,
hydrogenation of alkenes and alkynes.
Reactions of alkanes with halogens, their mechanism and comparison of reactivities of
halogens; combustion, isomerization, nitration and sulfonation.
Preparations of cycloalkanes by Freund synthesis, Hydrogenation of cyclic alkenes,;
Structure and stability of cycloalkanes; Reaction of cycloalkanes.
b) Alkenes and Alkynes Preparation of alkenes from elimination reaction of alkyl
halides and alcohols; Mechanism and orientation of eliminations; Dehalogenation
of vicinal dihalides with mechanism; Pyrolytic eliminations. Reactions of alkene;
11
relative stability and reactivity; Addition of halogens, additions of halogen acids and
the rules governing these reactions, hydration reactions, oxidation reactions
including epoxidation and hydroxylation, polymerization; Simon-Smith and Diels-
Alder reactions. Preparation of alkynes by carbide process, dehydrohalogenation of
dihalides and alkylation of terminal alkynes. Reactions of alkynes: addition
reactions with mechanisms, hydration reactions, oxidation, reduction,
hydroboration, formation of metal acetylides, polymerization (linear and closed
chain).
c) Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Structure of benzene, Resonance energy of benzene, Aromaticity, criteria for
aromaticity, Evidences of aomaticity; Natural sources of aromatic hydrocarbons;
Preparation of aromatic hydrocarbons by different methods.
Reaction of aromatic hydrocarbons: electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions i.e.
nitration, halogenation, Friedel-Crafts reaction and its limitations, sulfonation;
Orientation and reactivity of substituted benzenes;
Nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions; reaction such as addition, hydrogenation,
Birch reduction, and oxidation reactions of side chains.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons like naphthalene, anthracence and phenantharene,
their resonance structures and relative stabilities; Synthesis of naphthalene;
Electrophilic substitution reactions of naphthalene; Oxidation and reduction reactions;
Brief description of orientation and reactivity of naphthalene
4. Isomerism
 Conformational isomerism: conformational analysis of ethane, n-butane,
cyclohexane, mono- and di-substituted cyclohexanes.
 Optical isomerism: optical activity; chirality and optical activity; enantiomers,
diastreomers; racemates and their resolution; D, L and R, S conventions; Optical
Isomerism in cyclohexanes, biphenyls and allenes
 Geometrical Isomerism: cis and trans isomers; E-Z convention; Determination
of configuration of the isomers; Inter-conversion of geometrical isomers;
Geometrical isomerism in cyclic compounds.
5. Alkyl halides
Preparation of alkyl halides from alcohols and carboxylic acids;
Chemical reactions: Aliphatic nucleophilic substitution reactions, SN1 and SN2

mechanism, effects of the nature of substrate, attacking nuclophile, leaving group
and the nature of solvent. Elimination reactions, E1 and E2, mechanisms, orientation
of elimination ( Hoffmann and Sytzeff rules).
Grignard Reagents; synthesis, structure, and reactions with active hydrogen

compounds, carbonyl compounds such as aldehydes, ketones, esters, acid halides
and CO2; Reactions with nitriles, ethylene oxide, sulphur and oxygen.
12
6. Chemistry of Hydroxyl Group containing Compounds and Ethers
Alcohols: Physical properties; Preparation of alcohols by the reduction of carbonyl
compound,; Reactions of alcohol with metals, organic and inorganic acids; Oxidation
of alcohols; Distinction between primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols; Preparation
of diols, triols and their important reactions and uses.
Phenols: Physical properties; Synthesis of phenols; Reactions of phenols such as
acylation, Friedel-Crafts reaction, nitration, sulfonation, carbonation, formylation and
diazo coupling.
Ethers: Physical properties; Preparation of ethers from alcohols, alkyl halides and
alkenes; Reactions of ethers; Brief introduction of crown ethers and polyethers.
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Recommended Books:
1. C.K. Ingold, “Structure and mechanism in organic chemsitry”, C.B.S.
2. I.L.Finar, “Organic Chemistry”, Vol. I, Pearson Education, L.P.E.
3. I.L.Finar, “Organic Chemistry”, Vol. II, 5th Edition, L.P.E.
4. Jerry March, “Advanced Organic Chemistry, Reaction, Mechanism and
Structure”, 5th Edition, Wiley Inter Science.
5. Morison and Boyd, “Organic Chemistry”, 6th Edition, Prentice Hall.
6. Seyhan N. Ege, “Organic Chemistry Structure and Reactivity”, 3 rd Edition,
The University of Michigan, A.I.T.B.S. Publishers & Distributors (Regd.).
7. Thomas H. Lowry, Kathleen Schueller Richardson “Mechanism and Theory in
Organic Chemistry”, 3rd Edition, Harper and Row Publishers, New York.
8. Alder, Baker, Brown, “Mechanism in Organic Chemistry”, Wiley Publishers.
9. Atkins Carey, “Organic Chemistry”, A Brief Course, 2nd Edition.
10. Peter Sykes, “A guide book to mechanism in organic chemistry”, 6th Edition,
Pearson Education, Singapore.
11. Carruthers, “Modern Methods of Organic Synthesis”, Cambridge low Priced
Edition, Cambridge.
12. Harris, Wamser, “Fundamentals of Organic Reaction Mechanism”, Wiley
Publishers.
13. G. Malcolm, Dyson, “A Manual of Organic Chemistry”, Vol. I.
14. Canant Blat, “The Chemistry of Organic Compound”, 5th Edition.
15. R. Panico, W.H.Powell, Jean-Claude Richer, “A guide to IUPAC
Nomenclature of Organic Compounds”, Blackwell Sci. Publication, 1993.
13
CHEMISTRY LAB-III (ORGANIC CHEMISTRY)
CREDIT HOURS: 1
1) Compound Analysis
Identification of organic compounds containing only one functional group with
special emphasis on compounds containing following functional groups.
-COOH, -OH, C=O, -NH2, and –CONH2
2) Basic Experimental techniques used in organic chemistry

1) Filtration
2) Simple and fractional distillation
3) Solvent extraction
4) Sublimation
5) Re-crystallization
6) Column Chromatography
3) Estimations (volumetric)
1) Determination of molecular weight of a carboxylic acid.
2) Estimation of amide group and glucose.
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Recommended Books:
1. K.M.Ibne Raza, M.A. Rehman, Abdur Rehman, “Organic Chemistry”, The
Carvan Book House, Lahore.
2. B.S. Furniss, “Vogel’s T.B of Practical Organic Chemistry”, Addison Wesley
Longman, Inc. 1989.
3. Frederick George Mann and Saunder, “Practical Organic Chemistry”, The
English Language Book Society, 1960.
4. Daniel R. Palleras, “Experimental Organic Chemistry , John Willey & Sons”
Inc., 2000.
5. James A. Moore, “Experimental methods in Organic Chemistry”, Holt-
Saunders Int., 1983.
6. R.L. Shriner, R.C Fuson, D.V. Curtin and T.C Morrill “The systematic
identification of organic compounds, 6th ed. John Willey & sons, 1979.
14
ZOOLOGY III ANIMAL FORM AND FUNCTION-I (A COMPARATIVE
PERSPECTIVE)
CREDIT HOURS: 3
Objectives:
The course aims to teach the students about:
a. Animals diversity adapted in different ways for their functions through

modifications in body parts.
b. The diversity in integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous and sensory,

endocrine, circulatory, respiratory, nutritive,
c. Organ systems, their specialization and coordination with each other and
constantly changing internal and external environment, inside and outside
the animal’s body.
d. The basic structure of each system that determines its particular function.
1. Protection, Support, and Movement

Protection: the integumentary system of invertebrates and vertebrates; movement and
support: the skeletal system of invertebrates and vertebrates; movement: non-
muscular movement; an introduction to animal muscles; the muscular system of
invertebrates and vertebrates.
Communication I: Nerves
Neurons: structure and function; neuron communication: introductory accounts of
resting membrane potential, action potential (nerve impulse) and transmission of the
action potential between cells; invertebrate and vertebrate nervous systems: the
spinal cord, spinal nerves, the brain, cranial nerves and the autonomic nervous system.
Communication II: Senses
Sensory reception: baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, georeceptors, hygroreceptors,
phonoreceptors, photoreceptors, proprioceptors, tactile receptors, and thermoreceptors
of invertebrates; lateral-line system and electrical sensing, lateral-line system
and mechanoreception, hearing and equilibrium in air, hearing and equilibrium in
water, skin sensors of damaging stimuli, skin sensors of heat and cold, skin sensors of
mechanical stimuli, sonar, smell, taste and vision in vertebrates.
Communication III: The Endocrine System and Chemical
Messengers
Chemical messengers: hormones chemistry; and their feedback systems; mechanisms
of hormone action; some hormones of porifera, cnidarians, platyhelminthes,
nemerteans, nematodes, molluscs, annelids, arthropods, and echinoderms
invertebrates; an overview of the vertebrate endocrine system; endocrine systems of
vertebrates, endocrine systems of birds and mammals.
Circulation, Immunity, and Gas Exchange
Internal transport and circulatory systems in invertebrates: characteristics of
invertebrate coelomic fluid, hemolymph, and blood cells; transport systems in
vertebrates; characteristics of vertebrate blood, blood cells and vessels; the hearts
and circulatory systems of bony fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals; the
human heart: blood pressure and the lymphatic system; immunity: nonspecific defenses,
15
the immune response; gas exchange: respiratory surfaces; invertebrate and vertebrate
respiratory systems: cutaneous exchange, gills, lungs, and lung ventilation; human
respiratory system: gas transport.
Animal Behaviour
Four approaches to animal behaviour; proximate and ultimate causes;
anthropomorphism; development of behavior; learning; control of behavior;
communication; behavioral ecology; social behavior.
Evolution: A Historical Perspective
Pre-Darwinian theories of change; Lamarck: an early proponent of evolution; early
development of Darwin’s ideas of evolution and evidences; the theory of evolution
by natural selection; evolutionary thought after Darwin; biogeography.
Evolution and Gene Frequencies
The modern synthesis: a closer look; the Hardy-Weinberg theorem; evolutionary
mechanisms: population size, genetic drift, natural selection, gene flow, mutation, and
balanced polymorphism; species and speciation; rates of evolution; molecular
evolution; mosaic evolution.
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Recommended Books:
th

th

McGraw Hill.
th
th
Hill.
th
McGraw Hill.
16
Zoology Lab-III
Credit Hour: 01
Practicals
1. Study of insect chitin, fish scale, amphibian skin, reptilian scales, feathers and mammalian
skin.
2. Study and notes of skeleton of Labeo, Rana tigrina, Varanus, fowl and rabbit.
Note: Exercises of notes on the adaptations of skeletons to their function must be done.
3. Earthworm or leech; cockroach, freshwater mussel, Channa or Catla catla or Labeo or any
other local fish, frog, pigeon and rat or mouse and rabbits are representative animals
for study in dissections.
4. Study of models or preserved brains of representative animals and notes on adaptations.
5. Study of nervous system of earthworm and a fish.
6. Study of endocrine system in an insect and a rabbit.
7. Study of different types of blood cells in blood smear of rabbit.
8. Study of heart, principal arteries and veins in a representative vertebrate (dissection of
representative fish/mammals).
9. Study of respiratory system in cockroach or locust and a vertebrate representative (Model).
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Recommended Books:
th

th
McGraw Hill.
th
th
Hill.
th
McGraw Hill.
17
Physics 3(Electricity and Magnetism)
CREDITE HOURS: 3
INTRODUCTION:
Understanding electromagnetic fields is essential to our understanding the
world around us. The most fundamental processes in nature, from the forces that
determine the structure of atoms and molecules to the phenomena of light to nerve
impulses in living systems, depend on electric and magnetic fields.
It is fundamental to current and future technologies. Motors, power generation

and transmission, electronics, sensors, and communication – both wired and wireless –
involve the manipulation of electric or magnetic fields. There are few advances in
technology that can be made without the use of electronic circuits or electric and
magnetic fields.
COURSE OBJECTIVE:
The objectives of this course are to teach the laws of electromagnetism from
our everyday experience by specific examples of how electromagnetic phenomena
manifest themselves. We want to be able to:
1. Describe, in words, the ways in which various concepts in electromagnetism

come into play in particular situations
2. Represent these electromagnetic phenomena and fields mathematically in
those situations
3. Predict outcomes in other similar situations
4. The overall goal is to use the scientific method to come to understand the
enormous variety of electromagnetic phenomena in terms of a few relatively
simple laws.
COURSE OUTLINE:
Electric field of continuous charge distributions, dipole in an electric field,
Applications of Gauss’ law, calculating the field from the potential, capacitor with
dielectric, electric current density and Ohm’s law, semiconductors and
superconductors, magnetic force on a charged particle, magnetic force on a current,
torque on a current loop, magnetic dipole, Biot-Savart Law, Ampere’s law, Faraday’s
Law, Lenz’s Law, motional E.M.F, induced electric fields, Gauss’ law for magnetism,
origin of atomic and nuclear magnetism, magnetization, magnetic materials, induced
magnetic fields and displacement current, Maxwell’s equations, generating an electro-
18
magnetic wave, traveling waves and Maxwell’s equations, energy transport and the
Poynting vector.
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Physics Vol. II (extended) by Resnick, Halliday and Krane, 4th Edition, John
2. Physics Vol.II (extended) by Resnick, Halliday and Krane, 5th Edition, John
6. David J. Griffiths, “Introduction to Electrodynamics, 3rd Edition”,
19
PHYSICS LAB-III (Electricity and Magnetism)
Credit Hour: 01
Practical Work
1. To find out the equivalent resistance of unknown resistor

2. Low resistance by Carey foster bridge
3. Measurement of resistance using neon flash lamp and capacitor
4. Measurement of capacitance of capacitor using neon flash lamp and
resister
5. Conversion of galvanometer into ammeter
6. Conversion of galvanometer into voltmeter
7. Calibration of voltmeter by potentiometer
8. Calibration of ammeter by potentiometer
9. A Study of the Oscilloscope and the Audio Generator
10. To study the BH curve
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Physics Vol. II (extended) by Resnick, Halliday and Krane, 4th Edition, John
2. Physics Vol.II (extended) by Resnick, Halliday and Krane, 5th Edition, John
6. David J. Griffiths, “Introduction to Electrodynamics, 3rd Edition”,
20
Course Title: Mathematics A-III [ Linear Algebra]
Credits Hours: 4
Matrices, Determinants and System of Linear Equations

Definition of matrix. various types of matrices
Algebra of matrices
Determinant of square matrix, cofactors and minors
Laplace expansion of determinants
Elementary matrices, adjoint and inverses of matrices
Rank of a matrix
Introduction to systems of linear equations
Cramer’s rule, Guassian elimination and Gauss Jordan method
Solution of homologenous and non homogenous linear equations
Net work flow problems
Vector Spaces
Real vector spaces, subspaces
Linear combination and spanning set.
Linear independence and linear dependence, basis and dimension, row space,
Colum space and Null space
Linear Transformations
Introduction to linear transformation
Matrices of linear transformations
Rank and nullity
Eigen values and Eigen vectors
Diagonalization
Orthogonal diagonalization
Orthogonal matrices, similar matrices
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Recommended Books
1. Howard Anton and Chris Rorres, Elementary Linear Algebra Applications
Version, John Wiley and Sons Inc. 9th Edition, 2005
2. W. Keith Nicholoson, Elementary Linear Algebra, PWS-Kent Publishing
Company, Boston, 2004
3. Bernard Kolman, David R. Hill, Introduction Linear Algebra with
Applications, Prentice Hall International, Inc. 7th Edition, 2001
21
4. Stephen H. Friedberg Et al, Linear Algebra, Prentice Hall, Inc. 3rd Edition,
2000
5. Seymour Lipschutz, Theory and Problems of Beginning Linear Algebra,
Schaum’s Outline Series, Mc-Graw Hill Company, New York, 1997
22
Course Title: Mathematics B-III [ Calculus (II)]
Credit Hours: 4
Sequence and Series

Sequences, Infinite series, Convergence of sequence and series
The integral test, Comparison tests, Ratio test, Root test
Alternative series, Absolute and conditional convergence
Power series, Interval and radius of convergence
Functions of Several Variables
Functions of two variables, Graphs of functions of two variables
Contour diagrams, Linear functions, Functions of three variables
Limit and continuity of a function of two variables
The partial derivative, Computing partial derivatives algebraically
The second-order partial derivative, Local linearity and the differential
Tangent planes and normal lines
Optimization, Maxima and minima of a function of two variables
Lagrange multipliers
Various methods for finding area and volume surface of revolution
Multiple Integrals
Double integral in rectangular and polar form
Triple integral in rectangular, Cylindrical and spherical coordinates
Substitutions in multiple integrals
Moments and centre of mass
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Recommended Books
1. Thomas, Calculus, 11th Edition. Addison Wesley Publishing Company, 2005
2. H.Anton, I. Bevens, S. Davis, Calculus, 8th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, In.
2005
3. Hughes-Hallet, Gleason, McCalum, et al, Calculus Single and Multivarible, 3rd
Edition John Wiley & Sons, Inc 2002
4. Frank A. Jr, Elliott Mendelson, Calculus, Schaum’s Outline Series, 4th
Edition,1999
5. C.H. Edward and E.D Penney, Calculus and Analytical Geometry Prentice
Hall, Inc. 1988
6. E.W.Swokoski, Calculus and Analytical Geometry PWS Publishers, Boston,
1983
23
Semester-IV Course Outlines
TITLE: ISLAMIAT / ETHICS
CREDIT HOURS: 2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
ETHICS (FOR NON-MUSLIMS)
1- Definition of Ethics
2- Different concepts of Ethics (Ancient and contemporary)
3- Types of Ethics
a. Good Ethics
b. Bad Ethics
4- Importance of Ethics in Human Life
a. Individual Life
b. Family Life
c. Social Life
d. Importance of Ethics in Economic Life
e. Importance of Ethics in Politics
5- Ethical Teachings and Values in Different Religions
a. Hinduism
b. Buddhism
c. Zoroastrianism
d. Christianity
e. Judaism
f. Sikhism
g. Islam
6- Ethical Values of the above Religions
a. Truthfulness
b. Trustworthiness
c. Service to Humanity
d. Tolerance, Endurance
e. Respect for others
f. Cooperation, Mutual Help, selflessness
g. Justice (Social Justice, Economic Justice)
11
h. Equality
7- Concept of virtue and Evil in different religions.
8- Concept of “Flah” in Different Religions.
9- Attitude towards other Religions.
Recommended Books:
1- J.S. Mackeuzie, A Manual of Ethics

2- Harold H.Titus, Ethics for Today
3- B.A. Dar, Quranic Ethics
4- Hameedullah, Dr. Introduction to Islam
5- Ameer Ali Syed, The spirit of Islam
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
12
Course: Educational Leadership and Management
Credit hours: 3
Objectives
After studying the course, the students will be able to:
1. Explain the concept of school organization, management and discipline and
factors affecting school discipline
2. Organized school activities (curricular and co-curricular) affectively and
manage available resources (material, human and time) efficiently.
3. Different sheet between the concept of leadership and management utilizing
the major indicator of effective leadership management.
4. Maintain school record and activities according to the school mandate.
5. Explain the functions of basic rules of leave pay and allowances E & D, codes
of ethics
Course Content
Unit 01 Introduction to Management
1.1 Definitions of Management and Leadership.
1.2 Difference between leadership and management
1.3 Difference between general and educational management and
Leadership.
Unit 02 Process of Management
2.1 Planning
2.2 Organizing
2.3 Staffing
2.4 Communicating
2.5 Controlling
2.6 Budgeting
Unit 03 Resource Management
3.1 Human resources
3.2 Physical resources
3.3 Financial resources
3.4 Information and learning resources (Library, AV Aids and
instructional material)
Unit 04 Rules and Regulations
4.1 Rules regarding appointment, leaves, pay and allowances.
13
4.2 Efficiency & Discipline rules
4.3 Terms of reference of various personals in the school
4.4 Code of ethics
Unit 05 Records in Educational Institutions
5.1 Attendance register
5.2 Leave register
5.3 Stock register
5.4 Cash register (fee, different kind of funds)
5.5 Personal files of teachers and other staff
5.6 Other academic record (students result, staff meetings etc.)
Unit 06 Theories of Leadership
6.3 Trait Theories
6.4 Contingencies Theories
Unit 07: Leadership Style
7.1 Democratic
7.2 Autocratic
7.3 Laissaiz-faire
7.4 Leadership style and Headship
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Recommended Books
Afridi, A. (1998). School organization: Ijaz Publishers.
Bovee, C.L. et al. (1995). Management. International Edition. New York: McGraw
Hill, Inc.
Burden, R.P. (1995). Classroom management and discipline: Methods to facilitate
cooperationinstruction. New York: Longman.
Bush, T.B. et al. (1999). Educational management: Re-defining theory, policy and
practice. London: Longman.
Bush, T., & Bush, T. (2003). Theories of educational leadership and management.
London: Sage Publications.
14
Bush, T., Bell, L., & Middlewood, D. (2010). The principles of educational leadership
and management. Los Angeles: SAGE.
Farooq, R.A. (1994). Education system in Pakistan. Islamabad: Asia Society for the
Promotion of Innovation and Reforms in Education.
Lumicbry, R.P. (1995). Classroom demonstration administration, concepts and
practice. Third Edition. London:Wadsworth
(2004). School and Family Partnership. Islamabad: Children’s Resources
International.
Gamage, D., & Pang, N. (2003). Leadership and management in education. Hong
Kong: Chinese University Press.
Razik, T., Swanson, A., & Razik, T. (2001). Fundamental concepts of educational
leadership. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Merrill/Prentice Hall.
15
Course: Educational Assessment and Evaluation
Credit Hours: 3
INTRODUCTION
In this course, the students will study the theory and apply the same for test development
purposes. Thus they will understand the procedures, applications and limitations of
tests, techniques of administering individual/group tests and of interpreting assessment
instruments and profiles.
OBJECTIVES
Upon completion of this course, the student will be able to:
1. understand the concept and nature of testing & evaluation
2. develop and analyze test items for assessing different abilities of students;
3. recognize and describe the different types of measurement instruments;
4. differentiate between standardized and classroom tests;
5. define and apply introductory analytical terms and concepts, including basic
statistical knowledge;
6. analyze and explain student profiles based on various outcomes of testing;
interpret scores and results of different measurement techniques
COURSE CONTENT
Unit 01 Introduction
1.1 Nature and meaning of test, assessment, measurement and
evaluation
1.1 Distinction between test, assessment, measurement and
evaluation
1.2 Role of assessment in education
1.3 Role of evaluation in education
Unit 02 Different types of test
2.1 Concept of standardized and non-standardized test
2.2 Norm-referenced test
2.3 Criterion-referenced test
2.4 Performance assessment
2.5 Individual and group tests
16
Unit 03 Characteristics of Test
3.1 Reliability
Definition of reliability
Types of reliability
Use of reliability
3.2 Validity
Definition of validity
types of validity
Evidence of validity
Reliability and validity
Unit 04 Designing Objectives
4.1 Selection of instructional objectives
4.2 Bloom Taxonomy
4.3 Solo Taxonomy
4.5 Methods of stating instructional objectives
4.6. Preparing a table of specification
4.7 - Use the table of specification as a basis for preparing test
Unit 05 Statistical concepts related with testing
5.1 Scales of measurement
5.2 Measures of central tendency
5.3 Indices of variability
5.4 Types of distributions
5.5 Correlation
Unit 06 Types of Tests
6.1 Supply type items
-Essay type
-Short answer
-Completion
-Advantages and limitations
6.2 Rules for constructing supply type questions
6.3 Methods of improvement and effective use (Rules for scoring essay tests
etc)
6.4 Selection types test
-Multiple choice items
17
-True false items
-Matching items
-Completion items
6.5 Rules for constructing various types of objective test items
Unit 07 Item Analysis
7.1 Test construction
7.2 Test administration
7.3 Item analysis
Unit 08 Assembling, Administering and Evaluating the Test
8.1 Reviewing and editing the items
8.2 Arranging the items in the test
8.3 Preparing directions
8.4 The problem of guessing
8.5 Reproducing the test
8.6 Administering the test
8.7 Scoring the test
8.8 Building test file
8.9 Item bank
Unit 10 Grading and Reporting
10.1 Concept of grading
10.2 Types of grading
10.3 Reporting results to different stakeholders
Unit 11 New Trends and Issues
 Portfolio Assessment
 Dynamic Assessment
 Computer assisted assessment and evaluation
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
18
Suggested Books
Anastasi, Ann. (1996). Psychological Testing. New York: Macmillan
Carey, L.M. (1988) Measuring and Evaluating School Learning. Boston: Allyn and
Bacon. Columbus: Merrill Publishing Co.
Cronbach, L.J. (1984. Essentials of Psychological Testing. New York. Harper & Row
Eble, Robert. L. & Frisbic, David A. (1986) Essentials of Educational Measurement.
Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
Gay, L.R. (1985). Essential Evaluation and Measurement: competencies for Analysis
and
Grunlund N.E. & Linn R.L. (1998) Measurement and Evaluation in Teaching.
London: McMillan.
Keeves, John P. (1988). Educational Research, Methodology and Measurement:
Linn, Robert L. and M. David Miller, (2005), Measurement and Assessment in
Teaching, 9th Ed., Upper Saddle River, N.J.: (Merrill) Prentice-Hall.
Lissitz, Robert and William Schafer. (2002), Assessment in Educational Reform: Both
Means and Ends, Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Lorber, Michael A., Adel AL-Bataineh, and Barbara Meyer, (2005), Objectives,
Methods, and Evaluation in Secondary Education, New York, Pearson Custom
Publishing Co.
McMillan, J. H. (2007), Classroom Assessment: Principles and Practice for Effective
Standards-Based Instruction (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Mehran, W.A. and Lehman, I.J. Measurement and Evaluation in Education and
Oosterhof, Albert C. (1990) . Classroom Applications of Educational Measurement.
Popham, W. James, (2000), Modern Educational Measurement: Practical Guidelines
for Educational Leaders, 3rd Ed. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
19
COURSE TITLE: BOTANY-IV (PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY)
CREDIT HOURS: 3
Syllabus Outline:
a) Plant Physiology:
Water relations, Mineral nutrition, Photosynthesis, Respiration, Growth.
b) Ecology:
Introduction, Soil, Light and Temperature, Water, Wind, Population Ecology,
Community Ecology.
c) Plant Physiology:
1) Water relations (water potential, osmotic potential, pressure potential, matric
potential), Absorption and translocation of water.
2) Mineral Nutrition: Soil as a source of minerals, Passive and active transport of
nutrients. Essential mineral elements, role and deficiency symptoms of macronutrients.
3) Photosynthesis: Introduction, Oxygenic and non-oxygenic photosynthesis
Mechanism: light reactions (electron transport and photophosphorylation) and dark
reactions (Calvin cycle), Differences between C2 and C3 plants, factors affecting
photosynthesis.
4) Respiration: Definition and respiratory substrates. Mechanism of Glycolysis,
Krebs cycle. Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation. Anaerobic respiration,
Energy balance in aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
5) Growth: Definition; role of Auxins, Cytokinins, Abscisic acid and Ethylene in
controlling growth, Gibberellins
6) Photoperiodism: Definition, historical background, Classification of plants
based on photoperiodic response, Role of phytochromes, and hormones and metabolites
in photoperiodism.
7) Dormancy: Definition and causes of seed and bud dormancy; methods of
breaking seed dormancy. Physiological processes during seed germintion.
8) Plant Movements: Classification. Phototropism, Nastic movements.

Gravitropism and their mechanisms.
d) Ecology:
1) Introduction, aims and applications of Ecology.
2) Soil: Physical and chemical properties of soil (soil formation, soil texture, pH,
EC, organism and organic matter etc) and their relationship to plants.
3) Light and temperature: Quality of light, diurnal and seasonal variations,
Ecophysiological responses.
4) Water: Field capacity and soil water holding capacity. Characteristics of
xerophytes and hydrophytes, Effects of precipitation on distribution of plants.
20
5) Wind: wind as an ecological factor and its importance
6) Population Ecology: Introduction to population ecology.
7) Community Ecology,
i) Ecological characteristics of plant community
ii) Methods of sampling vegetation (Quadrat and line intercept)
iii) Succession
iv) Major vegetation types of the local area.
8) Ecosystem Ecology,
i) Definition and components of ecosystem,
ii) Food chain and food web.
iii) Biogeochemical cycles, definition, types with emphasis on Nitrogen and
Hydrological cycles.
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Books Recommended:
1. Taiz, L. and Zeiger, E. (2010). Plant Physiology. 5th Edition. Sinauers
Publishing, Company. Inc. California.
2. Illahi, I. (2009). Plant Physiology. Biochemical Processes in Plants. UGC Press.
3. Witham F.W, and Devlin. Blaydes, D.F. and Devline, R.M (1986) Exercises in
Plant Physiology. Prindle, Weber and Schmidt, Boston.
4. Schultz, E. (2005). Plant Ecology. (2nd Ed.) Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
5. Smith, R. L. (2002). Ecology and Field Biology. Harper and Row Publishers,
New York.
6. Salisbury F.B. and Ross C.B. (2002). Plant Physiology. (7th Ed.), Wordsworth
Publishing Co. Belmont CA.
7. Ricklefs. R.E. (2001). The Economy of Nature. W.H. Freeman and Company
.UK.
8. Hopkins, W.B. (2000). Introduction to Plant Physiology. 2nd Ed. John Wiley and
Sons. New York.
9. Rick, R.E. (2000). Ecology. (1st Ed.) W.H. Freeman and Company, U.K.
10. Smith R. L. (2000). Elements of Ecology. Harper and Row Publishers, New
York.
21
11. Subrahmanyam, N.S. and Sambamurthy. A.V.S.S. (2000). Ecology. Narosa
Publishing House, New Delhi.
12. Townsend, C.R., Harper, J.L. and Begon, M.E. (2000). Essentials of Ecology.
Blackwell Scientific Publications, U.K.
13. Barbour, M.O., Burke, H.J. and Pitts, D.W. (1999). Terrestrial Plant Ecology.
The Benjamin, Cumming Publishing Co. California, USA.
14. Hussain, F. (1999). Field and Laboratory Manual of Plant Ecology. National
Academy of Higher Education, Islamabad.
15. Krebs, C. J. (1997). Ecology and Field Biology. Addison Wesley Longman Inc,
New York.
16. Chapman, J.L. and Reiss, M.J. (1995). Ecology. Principles and Applications.
Cambridge University Press. U.K.
17. Odum, E.P. (1970). Basic Ecology. V/B. Saunders. Philadelphia.
22
COURSE TITLE: BOTANY LAB-IV (PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND
ECOLOGY)
CREDIT HOURS: 1
Syllabus Outline:
Water uptake by swelling seeds, loss of permeability by beet root cells, Rate of
transpiration by means of potometer, Cobalt chloride paper method, Extraction of
chlorophyll and separation of component pigments, Studies of absorption spectra,
Winkler’s method to determine oxygen utilization by a respiring plant, amylase from
germinating seeds and its effect on starch breakdown, carbon dioxide evolution during
respiration by titration method, seed germination
a) Plant Physiology:
1. Determination of uptake of water by swelling seeds when placed in sodium
chloride solution of different concentrations.
2. Determination of the temperature at which beet root cells lose their permeability.
3. Determination of the effects of environmental factors on the rate of transpiration
of a leafy shoot by means of a potometer by cobalt chloride paper method.
4. Extraction of chlorophyll from the leaves and separation of component pigments
on a paper chromatogram. Study of Absorption Spectra using Spectrophotometer.
5. Estimation of oxygen utilized by a respiring plant by Winkler’s method.
6. Extraction of amylase from germinating wheat seeds and study of its effect on
starch break down.
7. Measurement of carbon dioxide evolution during respiration of germinating
seeds by the titration method.
8. Effect of light and temperature on seed germination.
b) Ecology:
1. Determination of physical and chemical characteristics of soil.
2. Measurement of light and temperature.
3. Measurement of vegetation by Quadrat and Line Intercept Methods.
4. Measurements of wind velocity.
5. Field trips to ecologically diverse habitats.
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
23
Books Recommended:
1. Taiz, L. and Zeiger, E. (2010). Plant Physiology. 5th Edition. Sinauers
Publishing, Co. Inc. California.
2. lIlahi, I. (2009). Plant Physiology. Biochemical Processes in Plants. UGC Press.
3. Witham and Devlin. (2008) Exercises in Plant Physiology AWS Publishers,
Boston.
4. Schultz, E. (2005). Plant Ecology (2nd Ed.) Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
5. Smith, R. L. (2002). Ecology and Field Biology Harper and Row Publishers,
New York.
6. Salisbury F.B. and Ross C.B. (2002). Plant Physiology (7th Ed.), Wordsworth
Publishing Co. Belmont CA.
7. Ricklefs. R.E. (2001). The Economy of Nature W.H. Freeman and Company.
UK.
8. Hopkins, W.B. (2000). Introduction to Plant Physiology (2nd Ed.) John Wiley
and Sons. New York.
9. Rick R.E. (2000).Ecology. (1st Ed.) W.H. Freeman and Company, UK.
10. Smith R. L. (2000).Elements of Ecology Harper and Row Publishers, New York.
11. Subrahmanyam, N.S. and Sambamurthy. A.V.S.S. (2000).Ecology. Narosa
Publishing House, New Delhi.
12. Townsend, C.R., Harper, J.L. and Begon, M.E. (2000).Essentials of Ecology
Blackwell Scientific Publications, UK.
13. Barbour, M.O., Burke, H.J. and Pitts, D.W. (1999).Terrestrial Plant Ecology.
The Benjamin, Cumming Publishing Company California, USA.
14. Hussain F. (1999). Field and Laboratory Manual of Plant Ecology National
Academy of Higher Education, Islamabad.
15. Krebs, C. J. (1997). Ecology and Field Biology. Addison Wesley Longman Inc,
New York.
16. Chapman, J.L. and Reiss, M.J. (1995).Ecology Principles and Applications.
Cambridge University Press. U.K.
17. Odum, E.P. (1970).Basic Ecology V/B. Saunders. Philadelphia.
24
TITLE: CHEMISTRY-IV (GENERAL CHEMISTRY)
CREDIT HOURS: 3
COURSE OBJECTIVES
1. To learn the fundamentals of all basic concepts of chemistry.

2. To develop an understanding and appreciation of both structure and chemical
transformation, chemical and physical properties of matter.
3. Will acquire basic concepts of electronic structure and be able to apply them
to solve problems from various areas of organic chemistry, including
stereochemistry, reactivity patterns and synthesis.
4. Improvements in learning strategies, critical-thinking, and problem-solving
skills are an
expected outcome.
COURSE CONTENT:
1. Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Structure:
Elementary treatment of Compton effect and photoelectric effect; Brief discussion of
result of Bohr’s Model and its defects; Somerfield’s modification and evolution of
azimuthal quantum number; Dual nature of matter; Verification of dual nature by
Davisson and Germer’s experiment; Detail of Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle;
Postulates of quantum mechanics; Brief introduction of operators; Derivation of time
independent Schrodinger wave equation in terms of polar coordinates and derivation
of principle quantum number; Energy equation for free motion of particle in one-
dimensional box; Eigen values and Eigen functions; normalization of wave function;
Probability functions; radial distribution, probability density functions.
2. Electrochemistry:
Electrolytic conduction and its measurement; Specific, equivalent and molar
conductance, Determination of resistance; Cell content, conductance ratio, conduction
of strong and weak electrolytes; Ionic motilities and their determination; Kohlrausch’s
law and its applications; Faraday’s law (first and second) and their significance;
Transport number; Hittort’s rule; Determination of transference number by Hittort’s
method. Applications of conductance measurement; EMF of the chemical cells;
Electrode potential and its measurement with reference to Weston standard, glass
electrode, calomel electrode and quinhydrone electrode; Nerst equation;
Thermodynamics of cells; Concentration of cells with liquid junction and without
liquid junction.
3. Evaluation of Analytical Data and Essentials of Chemical Analysis:
Some fundamental concepts like mole, activity and activity co-efficient; Concepts of
mean, median, accuracy, precision, significant figures; Various types of errors, their
detection and elimination; Standard deviation; Relative standard deviation;
Confidence limits; Rounding off the analytical data. Law of mass action and its
25
applications; precipitation and solubility product; common ion effect; Co-
precipitation, fractional precipitation, concept of pH, buffers, working of indicators.
4. Spectroscopy:
Electromagnetic radiation and its interaction with matter; Nature of different
transitions possible in atoms and molecules; Electronic, vibrational, rotational and
other possible transitions by absorption of radiation by molecules and atoms.
Development of spectroscopic analytical techniques employing various transitions.
Classification of spectroscopic techniques on the basis of type of radiation,
phenomenon occurring and the nature of the matter. Basic introduction to atomic
and molecular spectroscopic techniques including flame emission,
spectrophotometry, UV, IR spectroscopy.
5. Chemistry of Carbonyl Compounds:

Preparation of aldehydes and ketones by pyrolysis of calcium salts of acids, acylation
of alkenes and arenas, reduction of acid halides and nitriles. Physical properties of
aldehydes and ketones; Structure and reactivity of carbonyl group; Comparison of the
reactivity of aldelydes and ketones; Nucleophilic additions of water, alcohols,
ammonia and its derivatives, hydrogen cyanide, bisulfite, reduction and oxidation
reactions; Aldol condensation and related reaction; Cannizaro’s reaction; Witting
reaction; Oxidation reactions, Chemical tests of aldehydes and ketones.
6. Chemistry of Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives:
Physical properties of carboxylic acids; Effects of different parameters on the acid
strengths of aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids. Chemical properties like salt
formation nucleophilic acylt substitution, reduction of carboxylic acids,
decarbonylation, Hunsdicker reaction, Kochi reaction, substitution at a-carbon.
Preparations, properties and reactions of acids chlorides, acids anhydrides, amides,
cyanides, and esters; Malonic and acetoacetic esters syntheses.
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Recommended Books:
1. Adamson A. W. “Understanding Physical Chemistry” 3 rd Ed. Benjamin
Cummings publishing company Inc.
2. Akhtar M.N. & Ghulam Nabi, “Textbook of Physical Chemistry” ilmi kutab
khana, Lahore.
3. Bhatti H.N. and K. Hussain, “Principles of Physical Chemistry”; Carwan Book
House, Lahore.
26
4. Shriver, D.F., P.W. Atkins and C.H. Langford, “Inorganic Chemistry”; Oxford,
2nd Ed. (1996).
5. Snarp, A.G. “Inorganic Chemistry”, Longman, 3rd Edition (1992).
6. Rayner Canham, Gelof, “Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry” & Co. (1995).
7. Daniel R. Pallers, “Experimental Organic Chemistry, John Willey & Sons” Inc.,
2009.
8. James A. Moore, “Experimental methods in Organic Chemistry” Holt-Saunders
Int. 1983.
9. R.L. Shriner, R.C. Fuson, D.lV. Curtin and T.C. Morrill “The systematic
Identification of organic compounds, 6th ed. John Willey & sons, 1979.
27
CHEMISTRY LAB-IV (GENERAL CHEMISTRY)
CREDIT HOURS: 1
1) Verification of first law of Faraday by electroplating of CuSo 4, NiSO4, Cr2 (SO4)3,
Ag+ CN and Au+ CN.
2) Conductometeric and potentiometric titration using conductivity bridge and pH
meter.
3) Measurement of reduction potential using of Zn, Cu, Ag, Al etc. by using calomel
electrode.
4) Verification of Langmuir Isotherm.
5) Thin layer chromatography.
Preparations:
1) Ferric Alum
2) Potassium tri-oxalato aluminate
3) Sodium Thiosulfate
4) Amm. Coppr (II) Sulphate
Iodometry:
1) Determination of iodide and Kl in the given sample solution.
2) Standardization of Na2S2O3. 5H2O solution.
3) Determination of amount/dm3 of Cu2+ in CuSo4. 5H2O using Na2S2O3 and Kl.
4) Determination of number water molecules (x) in CuSo4 xH2O.
Preparation of Organic Compounds:
Preparation and techniques of purification of tribrmophenol, nitrobenzene, aspirin,
ethyl benzoate and benzoic acid from toluene, butyl chloride, acetanilide.
Estimations (volumetric):
1) Determination of molecular weight of a carboxylic acid.
2) Estimation of amide group and glucose.
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Recommended Books:
1. Crocleford H.D. H.W. Biard F.W. Getzen & J.W. Nowell, “Laboratory Maual
of Physical Chemistry” 2nd Eddition John Wiley & Sons London.
28
2. Skoog, D.A., D.M. West and F.J. Holler, “Analytical Chemistry” 6th Ed.
Saunders College Publications (1994).
3. Javed Iqbal Amin, “Theory and Practice of Chromatography”, Higher
Education Commission, Islamabad. (2002).
4. James A. Moore, “Experimental methods in Organic Chemistry”, Holt-
Saunders Int.,1983.
5. R.L. Shriner, R.C., Fuson D.V. Curtin and T.C. Morrill “The systematic
identification of organic compounds, 6th Ed. John Willey & Sons 1979.
29
SEMESTER-V
Course: Curriculum Development
Credit Hours: 3
INTRODUCTION
In the system of education, Curriculum is designed to provide desirable learning experiences.
Curriculum is a total plan for an educational setting. Curriculum development is a process in which
choices of learning experiences are made and activated through co-ordinated activities. The
process starts from selection of Aims, Goals and Objectives, which guide the structure and provide
direction. The next stages are selection of Content and its organization, selection of instructional
strategies and evaluation.
OBJECTIVES
On the completion of the course, the student will be able to:
1. understand the concept of curriculum;
2. explain the foundations of the curriculum;
3. elaborate the needs and principles of curriculum;
4. discuss the factors affecting curriculum development;
5. understand the process of curriculum development;
6. write curriculum objectives in behavioral term;
7. examine the elements/components of curriculum development;
8. differentiate between different types of curricula;
9. Identify the problems and issues of curriculum development in Pakistan.
10. explain the concept of teaching, teaching learning strategies, and relationship among
different elements;
11. examine the role of teacher in detail;
12. use various teaching learning strategies for effective classroom learning;
13. develop appropriate lesson plans according to the nature of the subject matter;
use various teaching aids for effective teaching learning activities
COURSE CONTENT
Unit 01 Introduction to Curriculum
1
1.1 Concept of curriculum
1.2 Difference between curriculum, syllabus and text book
1.3 Need for curriculum development,
1.4 Principals of curriculum development
1.5 Elements of curriculum: Objectives, Content, Teaching methods and
evaluation.
1.6 Factors influencing curriculum development.
Unit 02 Foundations of Curriculum
2.1 Philosophical/Ideological foundations
2.2 Historical Foundations
2.3 Psychological Foundations
2.4 Socio-economic & Cultural Foundations
2.5 Political Foundations
Unit 03 Curriculum Development Process
3.1 Situation analysis
1. Need Assessment
2. Phases of need assessment
3. Conducting situation analysis
3.2 Selection of aims, goals and objectives
1. Taxonomy of educational objectives
2. Objectives of education in the current education policy
3.3 Selection of Content
1. Organization of Content
2. Selection and organization of learning experiences
3. Selection of Instructional Strategies
3.4 Evaluation
1. Types of evaluation
2. Tools of evaluation
3. Reporting
4. Evaluating curriculum and multiple textbooks
Unit 04 Curriculum Design
2
4.1 Concept of curriculum design
4.2 Criteria of selecting curriculum design
4.3 Types/ pattern of curriculum
1. Subject Centered Designs
2. Learner centered Designs
3. Problem or topic centered Designs
4. Integrated curriculum
Unit 05 Models of Curriculum Development
5.1 Tyler Model
5.2 Hilda Model
5.3 Lewis Model
5.4 Oliva Model
5.5 Wheeler Model
5.6 Dynamic Model
5.7 Skel Beck Model
Unit 06 Process and Problems of Curriculum Development in Pakistan
6.1 Curriculum development at elementary and secondary level
6.2 Curriculum revision and role of Curriculum Wing
6.3 Curriculum development at higher education level
6.4 Curriculum revision and role of HEC
6.5 Curriculum development of Adult Literacy
6.6 Role of teacher in curriculum development
6.7 Problems and issues of curriculum development in Pakistan
Unit 07 Patterns of curriculum.
7.1 Conservative liberal art
7.2 Educational technology
7.3 Humanistic
7.4 Vocational
7.5 Social re-construction
7.6 De-schooling
3
Unit 08 Instructional Process
8.1 Concept of teaching, techniques and strategies with reference to their
differences
8.2 Process of teaching
8.3 Main features/characteristics of teaching
8.4 Instructional design
Unit 09 Approaches to Teaching / Methods and Techniques
9.1 Teacher –led Approaches
1. Lecture Method
2. Demonstration Method
3. Lecture-cum- demonstration
9.2 Child centered approaches
1. Group work / Discussion
2. Problem solving strategy/Inquiry
3. Use of ICT / Computer Assisted Instructions
9.3 Questioning and feedback skill
Unit 10 Planning and Managing Teaching
9.1 Approaches to lesson planning
9.2 Types of effective lesson planning
9.3 Daily, Weekly and Yearly Plans
9.4 Time management
Unit 11 Teaching Aids and Instructional Technology
10.1 Concept of instructional technology and its importance
10.2 Selection and use of appropriate teaching aids
10.3 Projected & non Projected Aids
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
4
SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Children Resource International (2004), Child-centered Curriculum (unit 3rd), Islamabad.
2. David Minton (1997) Teaching Skills in Further and Adult Education, (revised ed.) London,
City and Guilds.
3. Farooq, R.A, (1993), Education System in Pakistan, Islamabad; Asia Society for Promotion
of Innovation and Reforms in Education, Islamabad.
4. Kelly,A.V., (1999), The Curriculum and Theory and Practice, London, Paul Chapman.
5. MS Neil J.D (1990), Curriculum: A Comprehensive Introduction,4th ed. Los Angeles: Harper
Collins.
6. Murry Print(1993), Curriculum Development and Design 2nd ed., St. Leonards, Allen and
Unwin
7. Saxena Swarup,N.R and Oberoi, S.C (1994) Technology of Teaching, Merrut, Royal Book
Depot
8. Sharma R.C. (2002), Modern Methods of Curriculum Organization. New Delhi
9. Wiles J.& Bomdi J. (1993). Curriculum Development. New York McMillan Publication
Company.
5
Course: Environmental Education
Credit Hours: 3
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this course is to provide in-depth knowledge about environment and skills to
preserve the environment.
OBJECTIVES
Upon completion of this course, the student will be able to:
After completing the course the students will be able to:
1. Understand the significance of Geography, Health, and Environment in education
2. Have awareness of the diseases and remedies
Critique the environmental problems affecting health
COURSE CONTENT
Unit 01 Understanding Geography, Health and Environment
1.1 Explaining Geography, health, and environment
1.2 Significance of geography as a subject
1.3 Importance of students’ health
1.4 Ecology and different Eco systems
1.5 Inter-defense and inter-relationship of living organisms and environment
Unit 02 Raising Awareness
2.1 The effects of wars and natural disaster on geography
2.2 Importance of raising health awareness
2.3 Method of raising health awareness
2.4 Method of protection of environment
2.5 Importance of clean environment
2.6 Methods for the protection of geography boundary
Unit 03 Environment Problems
3.1 Problems due to increase and unwise use of fertilizers and insecticides
3.2 Soil losses and its degradation
3.3 Soil conservation
6
3.4 Water logging and salinity
3.5 Vegetation
3.6 Unplanned Industrialization
3.7 Treatment plants for chemical effluents
3.8 Air pollution by smoke and chemical exhaust
Unit 04 Preservation of World life
4.1 Life span and their use
4.2 Need for preservation
Unit 05 Diseases and Preventive Measures
5.1 Types of disease and their causes
5.2 The spread of disease and preventive measures
5.3 Role of psycho-religious therapy in treating diseases:
 physical
 Mental
 Spiritual
Unit 06 Role of Education in Environmental Preservation
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Recommended Readings
Aldrich-Moodie, B., & Kwong, J. (1997). Environmental education. London: IEA Education and
Training Unit.
Azeiteiro, U. (2008). Science and environmental education: Towards the integration of science
education, experimental science activities and environmental education. Frankfurt am
Main: Peter Lang
7
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2005). The state of food insecurity in
the world, 2005: Eradicating world hunger - key to achieving the Millennium
Development Goals. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations.
Gazdar, M. N. (1987). Natural resources development and environmental management in

Pakistan. Kuala Lumpur: Open Press.
Harris, F. (2012). Global environmental issues. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.
Johnson, E. A., & Mappin, M. (2005). Environmental education and advocacy: Changing
perspectives of ecology and education. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Palmer, J., & Neal, P. (1994). The handbook of environmental education. London: Routledge.
Palmer, J. (1998). Environmental education in the 21st century: Theory, practice, progress and
promise. London: Routledge.
Sampson, R. N., Hair, D., & American Forestry Association. (1990).Natural resources for the
21st century. Washington, D.C: Island Press [in cooperation with] American Forestry
Association.
Samuel, K., & Sundar, I. (2007). Environmental education: Curriculam [i.e. curriculum] and
teaching methods. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons.
Saylan, C., & Blumstein, D. T. (2011). The failure of environmental education (and how we can
fix it). Berkeley: University of California Press.
Stevenson, R. (2013). International handbook of research on environmental education. New

York: Routledge.
Tomar, A. (2007). Environmental education. Delhi: Kalpaz Publications.
Wilke, R. J. (1993). Environmental education teacher resource handbook: A practical guide for
K-12 environmental education. Millwood, N.Y: Kraus International Publications.
Whitmore, F. C., Williams, M. E., & International Centennial Symposium of the United States
Geological Survey. (1982).Resources for the twenty-first century: Proceedings.
Washington/D.C.
8
Course: School, Community & Teacher
Credit Hours: 3
Introduction The purpose of this course is to provide Student Teachers with a strong foundation
for understanding the relationship between and among teachers, the school, and the families and
community that support the school. Basic conceptualizations of educational institutions and the
role of the teacher in relating to these institutions will be considered. Student Teachers will also
explore how cultural, social, and historical forces have shaped their understanding of the
relationship teachers have with schools, communities, and families in Pakistan. The course will
explore the social context of schooling and examine how the work of teachers is nested within
school and community. It will provide orientation to the process of socialization in schools and
how social factors affect education.
Objectives: Student Teacher are expected to have opportunity to put this knowledge into
practice in the accompanying one-credit laboratory by studying a school and its community, so
that as teachers, they can mobilize support for educational programmes and contribute positively
to their communities. Practical application of the course will be emphasized as Student Teachers
explore teaching and learning within both the school and the community. They will identify
strategies, practices, and relationships that have proven fruitful within familiar contexts, and learn
how to identify and respond to challenges in school, community, and teacher relationships. Student
Teachers will identify how culture, gender, special needs, equity and equality, and collaborative
working conditions affect the school and community.
Course Content
Society, Community, and Education
Introduction and overview of the course, Introduction to society, community, and education
Handout + Article + Discussion One page reflective note

S. B. Carrington, Home, School and Community Relationships’, in A. Ashman and J. Elkins (eds.),
Education for Inclusive and Diversity (Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson Education Australia, 2008).
9
1. Structures and functions of community and schools in Pakistan
(Article reading and discussion)
Causes of Deteriorating Standard of Education in Balochistan: A
Review of “Jabeen and Malik” (2003)
Assignment
(Article) Quality of Primary Education in Pakistan
From this article find out the answers of following questions:
What is quality?
What is the meaning of quality in the Context of EFA?
Quality of Education in Pakistan?
Which Quality Improvement Initiatives and Projects are introduced
in this article?
2. Impact of education on society
(Article) Problems in Universalization of Primary Education in
Pakistan: A Review of Khan (2010)
3. Role of education in strengthening Pakistani communities

Handout + Class compare the lists offered by Jabeen and Malik with
the one offered by Khan.
II.Understanding social interaction in schools and communities

4. Meaning of social interaction and socialization
Lecture + Discussion
Assignment
Video Sense of Self and Self-Socialization: The Development of
Self-Views on
http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/sense-of-self-and-
self-socializationthe-development-of-self-views.html
5. Levels of social interaction, Elements of social interaction
10
Social contacts, Communication, Social attitudes and values
Article reading and discussion on “Models of the
Communication Process”.
Assignment
Make posters of communication models and display these on a
wall.
6. Types of social interaction: Cooperation, Competition,
Conflict
Accommodation, Assimilation
Read ‘Assimilation Models, Old and New: Explaining a Long-
Term Process’ by Susan K. Brown and Frank D. Bean from the
University of California, Irvine
7. Social groups and individual and group behaviour
Textbook introduction to sociology such as chapter 5 of
Essentials of Sociology (8th edn) by Brinkerhoff, Ortega, White,
and Weitz (2011)
Chapter 7 of Introduction to Sociology by Cohen and Orbuch
(1990).
8. Meaning of social interaction and socialization
Peace Education: Working Paper
III. School and Culture

9. Main characteristics of culture
Pre-class reading a chapter on education in Sindh, such as R.
Qureshi, P. Pirzado, and S. Nasim, ‘Schooling in Rural Sindh,
Pakistan’
Gender and Education in Pakistan (Karachi: Oxford University
Press, 2007).
10. Elementary concepts of culture
Handout
11
11. Culture and cultural elements of Pakistani communities
Write a brief essay on how culture affects different people in
Pakistan?
12. Role of education and school in the protection and transmission

of culture
List local and public holidays and festivals.
• Why are local holidays and festivals important? For whom are
they important? • How are they celebrated? • Do schools
acknowledge these holidays and festivals? • How do schools
participate in these events? • Do schools teach about and value
these holidays and festivals? • If schools acknowledge and
celebrate local holidays and festivals, what is the impact on the
transmission and protection of culture? • If schools do not
acknowledge and celebrate local holidays and festivals, what is
the impact on the transmission and protection of culture?
13. Impact of media on school and culture
Discussion + Assignment
14. Impact of technology on school and culture
IV. Relationships Between School and Community

15. School as a social, cultural, and community institution
Pre Reading of article
G. M. Arif’s ‘Production of Cognitive Life Skills in Public,
Private, and NGO Schools in Pakistan’
Discuss the similarities and differences between the systems
in terms of their social and cultural standing in Pakistani
society. Which school system is culturally more acceptable?
Why?
12
16. Effects of schools on communities and communities on
schools
http://www.sedl.org/connections/resources/evidence.pdf
17. School as a hub for community services
Pre class reading
http://www.policyalternatives.ca/sites/default/files/uploads/pu
blications/ourselves/docs/OSOS_Summer10_Preview.pdf
18. A critical analysis of the effective roles of school and
teachers in Pakistani communities
http://www.nccrest.org/Briefs/Diversity_Brief.pdf
V. Social Institutions
19. Definition and types of social institutions
20. Educational and religious institutions
Handout
21. Critical analysis of the role of social institutions in
Pakistani schools
Handout
VI. The Teacher’s Role in School and the Community
22. Teacher as an integral part of community
Guest Lecture
23. Teacher as a change agent in Communities and Schools
Handout on ‘Overcoming Exclusion through Inclusive
Approaches in Education: A Challenge and a Vision’
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001347/134785e.pdf
24. Teachers as role models through their participation in
community activities
Handout
25. Effects of teachers and schools on individual and group
behaviour
VII. The Working Context of Pakistani Teachers
13
26. Teacher as a social activist
http://www.curriculumsupport.education.nsw.gov.au/secondar
y/pdhpe/assets/ pdf/tlsupp_004.pdf
27. Teacher’s leadership roles within and outside schools
Handout
28. Teacher’s role in establishing linkage among stakeholders
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Suggested Textbooks and References

A. Bashiruddin and J. Retallick (eds.), Becoming Teacher Educators (Karachi: Aga Khan
University-
Institute of Educational Development, 2009).
S. Hafeez, The Changing Pakistan Society (Karachi: Royal Book Company, 1991).
S. B. Kotley, The Basics of Sociology (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2008).
L. Marshall and F. Rowland, A Guide to Learning Independently (4th edn.) (French Forest,
NSW: Pearson Longman, 2006).
M. J. Abdalla and R. Qureshi, ‘Teacher Leadership for School-Based Professional Development:
A Case Study’, in R. Qureshi and F. Shamim (eds.), Schools and Schooling Practices in
Pakistan: Lessons for Policy and Practice (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2009).
R. Qureshi, P. Pirzado, and S. Nasim, ‘Schooling in Rural Sindh, Pakistan’, in R. Qureshi and J.
Rarieya (eds.), Gender and Education in Pakistan (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2007).
R. Qureshi, ‘Education for Inclusion: What Would It Take to Have an Inclusive Primary
School in Pakistan?’, Educational Awakening, 3: 20–31
R. Qureshi, ‘Colonial Legacy: Understanding the Historical Roots of Female Illiteracy in
Pakistan’, Muslim Education Quarterly, 23 (2006), 20–37.
14
R. Qureshi, ‘Is Child-Friendly School on the Agenda for School Reforms? Conversations with
Pakistani School Heads’, Paper presented and published in the Conference Proceedings of the
International Conference on the Teacher Education: Transformative Society & Teacher
Education Reform, 19–20 Sept 2008, Changchun, China, 1–10.
R. Qureshi and J. Rarieya (eds.), Gender and Education in Pakistan (Karachi: Oxford University
Press, 2007)
R. Qureshi and F. Shamim (eds.), Schools and Schooling Practices in Pakistan: Lessons for
Policy and Practice (Karachi, Oxford University Press, 2008).
M. Shaaban and R. Qureshi, ‘Teacher Leaders: Experiences of Pakistani Teachers in Leading
School Improvement Activities’, Conference Proceedings of the International Conference on
‘Quality in Education: Teaching and Leadership in Challenging Times‘, 21–23 Feb 2006,
Pakistan: Aga Khan University-Institute for Educational Development, 558–64.
15
Course: Teaching of Biology
Credit Hours: 3
Introduction: This course is designed specifically to equip the prospective science teachers with
the latest pedagogical knowledge required to teach the contents of Biology at secondary level. In
addition, the course will also provide the prospective science teachers an acquaintance with the
modern assessment techniques and use of laboratory and computers in the field of teaching of
Biology.
Objectives:
Students will be able to
Differentiate between method, technique and strategy in context of teaching.
Describe various methods for teaching of Biology.
Identify most suitable method to teach diverse topics.
Extend their knowledge of teaching to implement various methodologies.
Recognize the importance of teaching of Biology.
Demonstrate the use of low cost no cost materials for teaching of Biology.
Apply the computer technology for teaching of Biology.
Use the laboratory apparatus effectively for disseminating biological knowledge.
Course Contents
1. Teaching of Biology
Introduction
The Nature of science
Scientific literacy and its importance
Definition of sciences: Science as product and process
The products of science
Processes of science
Scientific attitudes
The nature of scientific laws, facts, concepts and theories
Physical sciences and limitations of science
Definition of Biology
Importance of Biology in everyday life
16
Why teach Biology
2. Aims and Objectives of teaching Biology
Aims of teaching Biology
Criteria for selection of aims
Objectives of teaching Biology
Writing objectives
Difference between aims and objectives
3. Methods of teaching Biology

Various methods of teaching Biology
Lecture method
Demonstration method
Heuristic method
Assignment method
Project method
Inductive method
Deductive method
Scientific method
Problem method
Choice of method
4. The Nature of Children and Science Teaching

Piagetian theory of cognitive development
Stages of cognitive development
Characteristics of individual in various stages of cognitive development
Piaget’s theory and science curriculum
Implications of Piagetian theory in facilitating learning of science
The process of learning according to Robert Gagne, Davis Ausubel and Bruner
17
5. Lesson Planning
Advantages of the Lesson Planning
Feature of a lesson plan
Steps in lesson plan
6. Teaching aids in Biology

Importance of teaching aids
Principles for selection of teaching aids
Principles for effective use of teaching aids
Different types of teaching aid material
7. Apparatus and Equipment

Introduction
Locally produces low cost equipment
Chemicals
Charts, Diagrams, Pictures and Bulletin board
Improvised Apparatus
Text books
8. The Biology Teacher

Duties and Responsibilities of a Biology teacher
Effective use of Biology Laboratory
Making Biology teaching more Interesting
9. Evaluation in Biology
Introduction
Designing of Test
Evaluation of Functional skills
The Assessment of Practical work
Recent Trends in Teaching of Biology
18
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
References
Barke, H.-D., Hazari, A., & Yitbarek, S. (2009). Misconceptions in Physics: Addressing
perceptions in chemical education. Berlin: Springer.
Eilks, I., & Hofstein, A. (2013). Teaching Physics-- a studybook: A practical guide and textbook
for student teachers, teacher trainees and teachers. Rotterdam: SensePublishers.
Eilks, I., Byers, B., Royal Society of Physics (Great Britain), & European Physics Thematic
Network. (2009). Innovative methods of teaching and learning Physics in higher
education. Cambridge, UK: RSC Publishing.
Gallagher-Bolos, J. A., & Smithenry, D. W. (2004). Teaching inquiry-based Physics: Creating
student-led scientific communities. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann
In García-Martínez, J., & In Serrano-Torregrosa, E. (2015). Physics education: Best practices,
opportunities and trends.
Niaz, M. (2008). Teaching general Physics. New York: Nova Science Publishers.
Pauling, L. (2014). General Physics. Newburyport: Dover Publications.
Peterson, A. D. C. (1965). Techniques of Teaching: Volume 1. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
19
Course: Teaching of Chemistry
Credit Hours: 3
the latest pedagogical knowledge required to teach the contents of Chemistry at secondary level.
In addition, the course will also provide the prospective science teachers an acquaintance with
the modern assessment techniques and use of laboratory and computers in the field of teaching of
Chemistry.
Objectives:
Describe various methods for teaching of Chemistry.
Recognize the importance of teaching of Chemistry.
Demonstrate the use of low cost no cost materials for teaching of Chemistry.
Apply the computer technology for teaching of Chemistry.
Use the laboratory apparatus effectively for disseminating chemical knowledge.
Course contents
1. Teaching of chemistry
Introduction
Definition of chemistry
Importance of chemistry in everyday life
20
Why teach chemistry
2. Aims and Objectives of teaching chemistry
Aims of teaching chemistry
Objectives of teaching chemistry
Writing objectives
3. Methods of teaching chemistry

Various methods of teaching chemistry
Lecture method
Heuristic method
Assignment method
Project method
Inductive method
Deductive method
Scientific method
Problem method
Choice of method

21
5. Lesson Planning
6. Teaching aids in chemistry

7>. Apparatus and Equipment

Introduction
Chemicals
Text books
8. The Chemistry Teacher

Duties and Responsibilities of a Chemistry teacher
Effective use of Chemistry Laboratory
Making Chemistry teaching more Interesting
9. Evaluation in Chemistry
Introduction
Designing of Test
Recent Trends in Teaching of Chemistry
22
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
References
Computer applications in teaching of Chemistry Barke, H.-D., Hazari, A., & Yitbarek, S.
(2009). Misconceptions in chemistry: Addressing perceptions in chemical education.
Berlin: Springer.
Eilks, I., & Hofstein, A. (2013). Teaching chemistry-- a studybook: A practical guide and
textbook for student teachers, teacher trainees and teachers. Rotterdam: SensePublishers.
Eilks, I., Byers, B., Royal Society of Chemistry (Great Britain), & European Chemistry Thematic
Network. (2009). Innovative methods of teaching and learning chemistry in higher
education. Cambridge, UK: RSC Publishing.
Gallagher-Bolos, J. A., & Smithenry, D. W. (2004). Teaching inquiry-based chemistry: Creating
student-led scientific communities. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann
In García-Martínez, J., & In Serrano-Torregrosa, E. (2015). Chemistry education: Best practices,
opportunities and trends.
Niaz, M. (2008). Teaching general chemistry. New York: Nova Science Publishers.
Pauling, L. (2014). General Chemistry. Newburyport: Dover Publications.
Peterson, A. D. C. (1965). Techniques of Teaching: Volume 1. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
23
Course: Teaching of Mathematics
Credit Hours: 3
the latest pedagogical knowledge required to teach the contents of Mathematics at secondary
level. In addition, the course will also provide the prospective science teachers an acquaintance
with the modern assessment techniques and use of modern equipment and computers in the field
of teaching of Mathematics.
Objectives:
Describe various methods for teaching of Mathematics.
Recognize the importance of teaching of Mathematics.
Demonstrate the use of low cost no cost materials for teaching of Mathematics.
Apply the computer technology for teaching of Mathematics.
Course Contents
1. Teaching of Mathematics
Introduction
Mathematical literacy and its importance
Definition of Mathematics
Importance of Mathematics in everyday life
Why teach Mathematics
2. Aims and Objectives of teaching Mathematics
Aims of teaching Mathematics
Objectives of teaching Mathematics
24
Writing objectives
3. Methods of teaching Mathematics

Various methods of teaching Mathematics
Lecture method
Project method
Inductive method
Deductive method
Scientific method
Problem solving method
Choice of best method
4. Lesson Planning
Distinguishing features of mathematics lesson plan
5. Teaching aids in Mathematics

Text books
25
6. The Mathematics Teacher
Duties and Responsibilities of a Mathematics teacher
Effective use of Mathematics Laboratory
Making Mathematics teaching more Interesting
7. Evaluation in Mathematics
Introduction
Designing of Test
Recent Trends in Teaching of Mathematics
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
References
Basserear, T. (2012). Mathematics for Elementary School Teachers: Belmont, CA: Brooks.
Donovan, S. & Bransford, J.(2005). How Students Learn: History, Mathematics, and Science in
the Classroom Washington DC: National Academies Press. Also available at
ww.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=10126#toc
Haylock, D. (2010) Mathematics Explained for Primary Teachers, CA: SAGE Publications.
26
Protheroe, N.‘What Does Good Mathematics Instruction Look Like?’ available at
http://www.naesp.org/resources/2/Principal/2007/S-Op51.pdf
National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, ‘Illuminations. http://illuminations.nctm.org
New Zealand Ministry of Education, ‘New Zealand Maths’, Curriculum.http://nzmaths.co.nz
University of Cambridge, ‘NRICH: Enriching Mathematics’.http://nrich.maths.org
Van de Walle J. A., Karp, K. & Williams, J. Bay (2013)Elementary and Middle School
Mathematics: Teaching Developmentally. Boston: Pearson Education.
27
Course: Teaching of Physics
Credit Hours: 3
the latest pedagogical knowledge required to teach the contents of Physics at secondary level. In
addition, the course will also provide the prospective science teachers an acquaintance with the
modern assessment techniques and use of laboratory and computers in the field of teaching of
Physics.
Objectives:
Describe various methods for teaching of Physics.
Recognize the importance of teaching of Physics.
Demonstrate the use of low cost no cost materials for teaching of Physics.
Apply the computer technology for teaching of Physics.
Use the laboratory apparatus effectively for disseminating physical knowledge.
Course contents
1. Teaching of Physics
Introduction
Definition of Physics
Importance of Physics in everyday life
28
Why teach Physics
2. Aims and Objectives of teaching Physics
Aims of teaching Physics
Objectives of teaching Physics
Writing objectives
3. Methods of teaching Physics

Various methods of teaching Physics
Lecture method
Heuristic method
Assignment method
Project method
Inductive method
Deductive method
Scientific method
Problem method
Choice of method

29
5. Lesson Planning
6. Teaching aids in Physics

7Apparatus and Equipment

Introduction
Chemicals
Text books
8. The Physics Teacher

Duties and Responsibilities of a Physics teacher
Effective use of Physics Laboratory
Making Physics teaching more Interesting
9. Evaluation in Physics
Introduction
Designing of Test
Recent Trends in Teaching of Physics
30
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
References
Harlen, W. (1992). Teaching of Science. London: David Falton Publishers.

Hassard, J. (1992). Minds of Science: Middle and secondary methods. New York: Harper
Collins Publishers.
Levinson, R. (2005. Teaching Science, London; Open University Press.
Monier, M. (Ed.) (1995). Learning to Teach Science. London: Falmer Press.
Postlethwaite, K. (1993). Differentiated Science Teaching. Philadelphia: Open University
Press.
31
COURSE TITLE: ADVANCE BOTANY-I (ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY)
CREDIT HOURS: 3
Syllabus Outline: Study of Environmental Factors and Pollutants with relation to Bio life.
Course Outline:
Introduction: Aim and Scope, Interdisciplinary Approach.
Natural Resources: Nature and Conservation of the following: Energy, Water, -Mineral and Land
Resources. Agriculture, Forestry, Range Land, Wild Life and Aquaculture.
Environmental Pollution: Nature and Classification.
Air Pollution: Sources and Effects of Pollutants on Plant Growth viz; Fluoride, Sulphur dioxide
(S02), Ozone, Pan + Smog, Ammonia, Chlorine, Ethylene, Dusts etc.. Nature, Causes, Prevention
and Control of Air Pollution (Vehicular Pollution and Industrial Chimney Wastes).
Water Pollution: Sources of Water Pollution, Nature of Pollutants. Ground Water and Marine
Pollution, Impacts of Water Pollution, Prevention of Water Pollution.
Radiation Pollution: Nuclear Concepts and Terminology, Comparative Radiosensitivity of
Organisms, Radiation Effects at Ecosystem level. Fate of radio-nuclides in the environment. The
Fall Out Problem, Nuclear Waste Disposal. Sources, Nature and Impacts of Solid Waste Pollution,
Noise and Thermal Pollution.
Pesticides and Agro-Chemicals: Herbicides, Insecticides and Fungicides as Plant Poisons and
their Impact on Ecosystem.
Environmental Crisis: Major Courses and Solutions, Ozone Hole, Green House Effect, Acid
Rains, Chemical and Biological Warfare.
Biodiversity and Conservation: Evaluation, Criteria and Values; Inventory and Measuring of
Biodiversity; In-situ and Ex-situ Conservation of Plants.
Module Aims: Completion of this program will produce a working knowledge of ecological
sampling, analysis and interpretation of biological data and prepare graduates to study and resolve
the ecological consequences of environmental problems.
Learning Strategies:
1. Lectures
2. Group Discussion
3. Laboratory work
4. Seminar/ Workshop
Learning Outcome:
The students will acquire knowledge about the hazardous effects of different Environmental
Pollutants and Relative Measures for their Control/Prevention.
32
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Books Recommended:
1. Koziol, M.J. and Whatley, F.R. (2009). Gaseous Air Pollution and Plant Metabolism.
Butterworths. U.K.
2. Goodstein, E.S. (2008). Economics and the Environment. Prentice Hall Publishers. New
Jersey.
3. Mitsa, W.J. and Gosselink, A. (2007). Wetlands. Johan Wiley and Sons, me. New York.
4. Simmons, I.G. (1981). The Ecology of Natural Resources. Edward Arnold.
5. Emery, M. (2005). Promoting nature in cities and towns.
6. Varshney, C.K. (2005). Water Pollution and Management, Wiley Eastern Limited.
7. Johnson, C.E. (2004) Eco-Crisis. John Wiley and Sons. me.. New York.
8. Agrawal, K.C. (2001). Environmental Biology, Agro Botanical Publishers, India.
9. Chhatwal, D.R., Mehra, M.C., Satake, M., Katyal, T., Katyal, M. and Nagahiro. T. (2001).
Encyclopedia of Environmental Pollution and its Control. (6 Vols.), Anmol Publication, New
Delhi, India.
10. Moriarty, F. (2001) Ecotoncology. Acadmeic Press Inc.
11. Nobel, B.J. and Kormond, Y. (2001). Environmental Science. Prentice Hall Inc. New
Jersey. USA.
12. Treshow, M. (2001) Environment and Plant Response. McGraw Hill New York.
13. Usher, M. (2001). Widllife Conservation Evaluation. Chapman and Hall.
14. Rao, D.N., Ahmad, K.J., Younas, and Singh, S.N. (2000). Perspectives in Environmental
Botany (Vol. I,) Print House, Lucknow, India.
15. Smith, L. and Graham, A. (2000). Impact Assessment and Sustainable Resource
Management. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
16. Jeffrey, A.M. (1999). Economics and Biological diversity. International union for
conservation of Nature and Natural Resources in Gland, Switzerland.
17. Owen, O.S. (1999) Natural Resources Conservation - An Ecological Approach. MacMilian
Co., New York.
18. Southwick, C.H. (1997). Global Ecology, Sinauer Associates Inc. Sunderland,
Massachusetts. USA.
33
19. Mansfield, T.A. (1990). Effect of Air Pollutants on plants. Cambridge University Press,
London, New York, Melbourne.
20. Duffey, E. (1980). The Conservation of Nature, McGraw Hill Book Company, New York.
21. Odum, E.P. (1971) Fundamentals of Ecology. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, PA.
34
TITLE: ADVANCE BOTANY-LAB-I (ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY)
CREDIT HOURS: 1
Module Aims: Completion of this program will produce a working knowledge of Ecological
Sampling, Analysis and Interpretation of Biological Data and prepare graduates to study and
resolve the Ecological Consequences of Environmental Problems.
Learning Outcome: The students will acquire knowledge about the Hazardous Effects of different
Environmental Pollutants and the Measures for their Control/Prevention by using different
Laboratory Techniques.
Syllabus Outline: The course include different laboratory techniques used for soil and water
analysis from industrial waste and visit to different industries. Course Outline:
1. Examination of Industrial Waste Water and Municipal Sewage for
i) Total Dissolved Solids (IDS)
ii) pH and EC
iii) BOD and COD
iv) Chlorides, Carbonates, Bicarbonates and Nitrates.
2. Examination of Water Samples from different sites for the Presence and Diversity of
Organisms.
3. Examination of the Effects of Automobile Exhaust on the Adjacent Vegetation.
i) Lead Count
ii) Chlorophyll Content
iii) Symptoms
iv) Soot and Particulate Matter.
4. A visit to EPA to study the Instruments used for Monitoring Pollution.
5. A visit to the Industrial Organizations to examine their Effluent Treatment System.
6. A visit to the municipal Organization to study their Sewage Treatment System.
7. A Study Tour to a National Park and a wetland site to evaluate attributes criteria and
values of the area concerned.
8. Irradiation of Seeds and study of the Effects of Seed Irradiation on Seed Germination,
Growth and Yield of plants.
9. Field observation on the Sources and Impacts of various Air Pollutants.
35
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Books Recommended:
1. Koziol, MJ. and Whatley, F.R. (2009). Gaseous Air Pollution and Plant Metabolism.
Butterworths. Londan.
2. Goodstein, E.S. (2008). Economics and the Environment. Prentice Hall Publishers, New Jersey.
3. Varshney, C.K. (2005). Water Pollution and Management, Wiley Eastern Limited.
4. Chhatwal, D.R., Mehra, M.C., Satake, M., Katyal, T., Katyal, M. and Nagahiro. T. (2001).
Encyclopedia of Environmental Pollution and its control. (6 vols.), Anmol Publication, New Delhi,
India.
5. Mansfield, T.A. (1990). Effects of Air Pollutants on Plants. Cambridge University Press,
London, New York, Melbourne.
6. Odum, E.P. (1971) Fundamentals of Ecology. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia.
36
ADVANCE CHEMISTRY-I (ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY)
CREDIT HOURS: 3
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
From this course, the students should be able to:
 Understand the fundamental principles of environmental chemistry.
 Apply these principles in pollution related subjects.
 Demonstrate the understanding of environmental chemistry principles via experimental
exercises in the laboratory.
 Various sources and types of environmental pollution
 Health hazards caused by environmental pollution
 Global warming and climate changes
COURSE CONTENTS:
1. Atmospheric Chemiser
Meterology ,composition of air around us, atmospheric temperature and pressure profile,
Temperature inversion and photochemical smog, particulate matter in the atmosphere, Industrial
pollutants, radioactivity, atmospheric aerosols, Acid rain –major sources, mechanism, control
measures and effects on buildings and vegetation, Global warming – major green house gases,
mechanism, control measures and global impact, The stratospheric ozone – the ozone hole,
CFCs, ozone protection, biological consequences of ozone depletion.
2. Water Pollution and Water Treatment –
sources of water pollution-industrial sources and agricultural sources, heavy metals
contamination of water, Eutrophification, detergents and phosphates in water, water quality
criteria, Water purification – primary, secondary and advanced treatment, Removal of nitrogen
and phosphorous compounds from polluted water, organic matter in water and its decomposition.
3. Soil Pollution
soil and mineral resources, general principles of metal extraction, Heavy metals contamination of
soil, toxicity of heavy metals, bio-accumulation of heavy metals, Organic matter in soil, Macro
and micro-nutrients in soil, ion-exchange in soil, soil pH and nutrients availability.
4. Green Revolution –pest control, pesticides, toxicity of pesticides, integrated pests
management.
5. Energy Production and Environment –
liquid and gaseous fuel, hydrogen economy.
37
6. Renewable Energy – nuclear energy, solar energy, geothermal and tidal energy.
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Recommended Text Books

1. Latest editions of the following books:
2. 1. Collin Baird, Environmental Chemistry, W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1995.
3. 2. John W. Moore and Elizabeth A. Moore, Environmental Chemistry, Academic Press
Inc., New York, 1976.
4. 3. Anil Kumar De, Environmental Chemistry, Wiley Eastern Ltd. New Delhi, 1989.
5. 4. R. W. Raiswell, P. Brimblecombe, D. L. Dent and P. S. Liss, Edward Arnold Ltd.,
London, 1980.
6. 5. Staneley E. Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, Brooks, California.
38
ADVANCE CHEMISTRY LAB-I (ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY)
CREDIT HOURS: 1
Practicals
 Qualitative and quantitative analysis of irrigation water

 Qualitative and quantitative analysis of drinking water
 Determination of BOD and COD in waste water
 Estimation of heavy metals in soil / plants and wastewater
 Determination of viscosity
 Determination of surface tension
 Determination of pH
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Recommended Reference Books

Latest editions of the following books:
1. Peter O. Neill, Environmental Chemistry, Chapman and Hall, London, 1993.
2. Derek M. Elsom, Atmospheric Pollution, Blackwell Publishers, Oxford, 1992.
3. Geoffrey Lean and Don Hinrichsen, Atlas of the Environment, Helicon Publishing Ltd.,
Oxford, 1992.
Recommended Journals/Periodicals Journals related to:
1. Atmospheric Chemistry.
2. Air Pollution.
3. Water Pollution.
4. Soil Pollution/Soil sciences.
5. Environmental Technology.
39
Recommended World Web: Web Sites related to:
1. Global Warming/Green House Effect.
2. Ozone depletion.
3. Acid Rain
4. Environmental Pollution
5. Energy Conservation
40
ADVANCE ZOOLOGY I (DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY)
CREDIT HOURS: 3
Objectives:
 The course will provide detailed knowledge about the principal features of development,
cellular basis of morphogenesis, mechanisms of cellular differentiation and concepts of
induction in development.
 It will provide understanding of the mechanisms of organogenesis, factors controlling
growth and oncogenesis.
 The concept related to the theory in Developmental Biology will be practically
demonstrated in this course.
 In the continuity of the animals during reproduction following the union of the traits from
the parents in their gametes, the zygote proceeds through enormous phenomena of
development up to their emergence resembling to the parents.
 The concepts of all these developmental mechanisms will be communicated to the students
in this course.
Course Contents
Introduction:
Principal features of development, Origin of sexual reproduction, Developmental
patterns, Spermatogenesis, Oogenesis
Fertilization:
Recognition of sperm and egg, Fusion of gametes, Activation of egg metabolism,
Rearrangement of egg cytoplasm
Cleavage:
Patterns of embryonic cleavage, Mechanism of cleavage
Gastrulation:
Fate maps, Gastrulation in Sea urchin, Amphibians, Birds, Mammals
Early Vertebrate Development:

Neurulation, Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm
41
Cellular Basis of Morphogenesis:
Differential cell affinity, Cell adhesion molecules
Mechanism of Cellular Differentiation:

RNA processing, Translational regulation of developmental process, Cell-fate by
progressive determinants, Autonomous cell specification by cytoplasmic
determinants, Establishment of body axes and mechanism of teratogenesis, Secondary
Induction
Organogenesis:(A brief account):

Origin and migration of germ cells in vertebrates
Factors, controlling growth and oncogenesis
Hormones as mediators of development
Regeneration in vertebrates.
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Recommended Books:
Balinsky, B. I. (1985).An Introduction to Embryology. Saunders.
Gilbert, S. F. (2006). Developmental Biology, Sunderland: Sinauer Associates.
Ham, R. G., &Veomett, M. J. (1980).Mechanism of Development. C. V. Mosby Co.
42
Klaus, K. (2001). Biological Development (2nded.). New York: McGraw Hill.
Oppenheimer, S. S. (1984). Introduction to Embryonic Development.Allen and Bacon.
Saunders, J. W. (1982). Developmental Biology.McMillan and Company.
43
ADVANCE ZOOLOGY I (DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY) PRACTICALS
1. Study of structure of gametes in some representative cases, i.e., frog, fish, fowl and
mammal.
2. Study of cleavage and subsequent development from prepared slides and/or whole mounts
in various animals i.e., frog, chick etc.
3. Study of fertilization, early development of frog through induced spawning under
laboratory conditions.
4. Preparation and study of serial sections of frog or chick embryos.
5. Application of microsurgical techniques on chick embryos in vitro.
6. Preparation and staining of histological slides.
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Recommended Books:
Balinsky, B. I. (1985).An Introduction to Embryology. Saunders.
Gilbert, S. F. (2006). Developmental Biology, Sunderland: Sinauer Associates.
Ham, R. G., &Veomett, M. J. (1980).Mechanism of Development. C. V. Mosby Co.
Klaus, K. (2001). Biological Development (2nded.). New York: McGraw Hill.
Oppenheimer, S. S. (1984). Introduction to Embryonic Development.Allen and Bacon.
Saunders, J. W. (1982). Developmental Biology.McMillan and Company.
44
Course Title: Advance Mathematics- I (Real Analysis)
Real Number System

Ordered sets, Fields, Completeness property of real numbers
The extended real number system, Euclidean spaces
Sequences and Series
Sequences, Subsequences, Convergent sequences, Cauchy sequences
Monotone and bounded sequences, Bolzano Weierstrass theorem
Series, Convergence of series, Series of non-negative terms, Cauchy condensation test
Partial sums, The root and ratio tests, Integral test, Comparison test
Absolute and conditional convergence
Limit and Continuity
The limit of a function, Continuous functions, Types of discontinuity
Uniform continuity, Monotone functions
Differentiation
The derivative of a function
Mean value theorem, Continuity of derivatives
Properties of differentiable functions.
Functions of Several Variables
Partial derivatives and differentiability, Derivatives and differentials of composite
functions
Change in the order of partial derivative, Implicit functions, Inverse functions, Jacobians
Maxima and minima, Lagrange multipliers
The Riemann-Stieltjes Integrals
Definition and existence of integrals, Properties of integrals
Fundamental theorem of calculus and its applications
Change of variable theorem
Integration by parts
Functions of Bounded Variation
Definition and examples
Properties of functions of bounded variation
Improper Integrals
Types of improper integrals
Tests for convergence of improper integrals
Beta and gamma functions
Absolute and conditional convergence of improper integrals
Sequences and Series of Functions
Definition of point-wise and uniform convergence
45
Uniform convergence and continuity
Uniform convergence and integration
Uniform convergence and differentiation
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Recommended Books
1. W. Rudin, Principles of Mathematical Analysis, (McGraw Hill, 1976)
2. R. G. Bartle, Introduction to Real Analysis, (John Wiley and Sons, 2000)
3. T. M. Apostol, Mathematical Analysis, (Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1974)
4. A. J. Kosmala, Introductory Mathematical Analysis, (WCB Company , 1995)
5. W. R. Parzynski and P. W. Zipse, Introduction to Mathematical Analysis, (McGraw Hill
Company, 1982)
6. H. S. Gaskill and P. P. Narayanaswami, Elements of Real Analysis, (Printice Hall, 1988)
46
ADVANCE PHYSICS 1(MATHEMATICAL
METHOD OF PHYSICS-1)
PRE-REQUISITE: Undergraduate level Mechanics and Mathematics
INTRODUCTION: CREDITE HOURS: 4
A Course in Mathematical Methods for Physicists helps students understand the mathematical
techniques needed for their future studies in physics. It provides an accessible account of most of
the current, important mathematical tools required in physics these days. It is assumed that the
reader has an adequate preparation in general physics and calculus. The course contents bridge
the gap between an introductory physics course and more advanced courses in classical
mechanics, electricity and magnetism, quantum mechanics, and thermal and statistical physics. It
contains a large number of worked examples to illustrate the mathematical techniques developed
and to show their relevance to physics.
COURSE OBJECTIVE:
To give the understanding of Differential equations and their uses in Physics, Introduction to
special functions, tensors, Legendre Polynomials and solution of Boundary value problems and
their uses.
COURSE OUTLINE:
Vector Analysis:
Divergence theorem, Stokes’ theorem, cylinderical, spherical and curvilinear coordinates.
orthogonal curvilinear coordinates, gradient in orthogonal curvilinear coordinates, divergence
and curl in orthogonal curvilinear coordinates, Laplacian, spherical polar coordinates.
Tensor Analysis:
Cartesian tensors, coordinate transformation, covariant and contravariant tensor, tensor algebra,
metric tensor. Christoffel symbols
Special Functions:
Legendere polynomials, Bessel functions, associated Legendre functions and spherical
harmonics spherical spherical Bessel functions, Neumann functions.
Boundary Value Problem:
Boundary value problem in physics, the Sturm-Liouville problem.
47
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Mathematical Methods for Physics and Engineering, F. Riley, M. P. Hobson and S. J. Bence,
Cambridge University Press, (1997).
2. Mathematical Physics by E. Butkov, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, (1968).
3. Mathematical Methods for Physicists by G. Arfken and H. J. Weber, Academic Press,
(1995).
4. Applied Mathematics for Engineers and Physicists by L.A. Pipes and L.R. Harvill, McGraw-
Hill Book Company, (1970).
5. Mathematics of Classical and Quantum Physics Volume II, By F.W. Byron Jr. and R.W
Fuller Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, (1970).
6. Complex Variable by M. R. Spiegel, Schaum Publishing Company, (1970)
48
Course: Supervised School Visits
Credit Hours: 2
Introduction: This course provides the prospective science teachers an opportunity to embark on
your teaching practice by meeting reality of life in the classroom. Observation of other teachers is an
excellent way of helping oneself to become more aware of options and possibilities. The most
significant theories and basic principles underlying teaching alone never produce competent teachers.
This course provides an alignment between theory and practice so that students may closely observe
and record the limitations and potentials of real world science classroom to get an experience which
will serve their teaching practices in the days to come.
Objectives:
Student teachers will be able to:
1. Observe classroom dynamics
2. Identify the limitations of various teaching methods
3. Learn to prepare teaching plans
4. Understand the students’ behaviors
5. Learn classroom management strategies
Student Activities during School Visits

1. Observation Tasks
a. The teacher's action-zone
b. Conditions for learning
c. Classroom dynamics
d. Homework assignment schedule and kinds
e. Giving instructions
f. The teacher's questions
g. Wait-time
h. Pacing
i. Student talk
j. Academic learning time
k. Unplanned classroom language
l. Accuracy and fluency
49
m. Evaluating written work
n. Blackboard work
o. Oral correction techniques
p. The plan and the lesson
2. Lesson Plan Format

3. Self-Observation Tasks
a. Guidelines for writing the Teaching Journal
b. General impressions of your teaching on the video
c. Use of voice
d. Giving instructions
e. The teacher's questions
f. Wait-time
g. Blackboard work
h. Oral correction techniques
i. The plan and the lesson
j. When the mentor didn't come in
k. Self-evaluation
l. Getting student feedback on your teaching
m. Final reflections
Faculty of Federal College of Education will be responsible for submission of grades (This
will be a internal activity)
50
SEMESTER-VI
Course: Research Methods in Education

Credit Hours: 3
Introduction
This course is designed for B.S. Ed Honors candidates to prepare them to situate
themselves as researching professionals and at the same time enhance their own
professional practice. Students will engage in a critical analysis of different research
work and relate it to their own context. The units provides students with the opportunity
to engage with the research literature and to establish how different researchers
techniques help improve the overall classroom situation
Objectives
At the end of the course, the learners will be able to
 Discuss the meaning, nature & scope of research in education
 Situate themselves as researching professionals
 Conduct research in different educational settings
 Write research report and present it effectively
Course Content
Unit 1 The Nature of Educational Research
1.1. Definitions of Educational Research
1.2. Scope and importance
1.3. Scientific method
1.4. Research problem and topic
1.5. Characteristics of research problem
Unit 2 The Researching professional

2.1. Qualities of a researcher
2.2. Teacher as researcher
2.3. Research ethics
Unit 3 Types of Educational Research
3.1. Descriptive Research
1
3.2. Experimental Research
3.3. Historical Research
3.4. Action Research
Unit 4 Techniques of Reviewing Literature
4.1. Primary sources
4.2. Secondary sources
Unit 5 Methodology
5.1. Population
5.2. Sampling
5.3. Instrument
5.4. Data collection procedure
Unit 6 Data Analysis
6.1. Descriptive
6.2. Inferential
Unit 7 Report Writing
7.1. Writing formats & Presentation
7.2. Referencing
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Recommended Books:
Best, J. W., & Kahn, J. V. (2003) Research in Education. New Delhi: Prentice Hall.
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods
approaches. London: Sage Publications.
Creswell, J. W. (2012). Research design: Planning, conducting, and evaluating
Quantitative, qualitative research. London: Pearson.
Gay, L.R., Mills, G. E., Airsian, P.W.(2009) Educational research: Competencies for
analysis and applications. USA: Prentice Hall.
Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, E. N., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to design and evaluate
research in education. New York: McGraw-Hill.
2
3
Course: Educational statistics
Credit hours: 2
Introduction: Educational researchers are facing very demanding research questions

now which need to be explored to greater depth as compared to few decades ago. Statistical
techniques are a tool for analyzing the results in empirical research, which is increasingly used
in present educational research. Understanding of such methods and techniques has become an
integral part of conducting educational research. This course is designed to provide
understanding of basic statistical concepts as they are used in educational research. It is also
intended to develop the sense of selecting appropriate statistical test for appropriate research
question. As a result of this course the participants will become better interpreters of educational
data by mastering the statistical concept and techniques.
Objectives
At the end the course students will be able to:
1. understand descriptive statistics
2. differentiate different test of statistics
3. use statistical test in educational research
4. interpret result of data analysis
5. explore new techniques in statistics research purpose
Course Content
1. Introduction to statistics
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Basic concepts
1.3 Historical development of statistics
1.4 Types of Measurement Scale
2. Frequency Distributions and Graphs
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Frequency distributions
2.3 Introduction to graphs
2.4 Graphs for qualitative variables
2.5 Graphs for quantitative variables
2.6 Shapes of distributions
3. Measures of central tendency
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Mean
3.3 Median
3.4Mode
4. Measures of dispersion, skewness, and kurtosis
4.1 Introduction to measures of dispersion
4.2 Measures of dispersion (Range, Quartile Deviation, Standard Deviation, variance)
4.3 Dispersion and the normal distribution
4.4 Skewness and kurtosis
5. Correlation
5.1 Introduction to correlation
4
5.2 Pearson Product-Moment correlation coefficient
5.3 Spearman Rank correlation
5.4 Other kinds of correlation coefficients
6. Statistical inference: one sample
6.1 Introduction to hypothesis testing
6.2 One-sample t-test for a mean
7. Statistical inference: two samples
7.1 Introduction to hypothesis testing for two samples
7.2 Two- sample t test and confidence interval for means using independent &
dependent samples
8. Introduction to the analysis of variance and covariance
8.1 Introduction to analysis of variance
8.2 Basic concepts in ANOVA
8.3 Multiple comparison procedures
9. Statistical inference for frequency data
9.1 Chi-Square test
9.2 Testing Goodness of Fit
9.3 Testing independence
10. Statistical Inference for Ranked Data
10.1 Introduction to Assumption-Free tests
10.2 Mann- Whitney U Test for two independent samples
10.3 Wilcoxon test for dependent samples
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Reference Books
Bartz, A.E (1999). Basic statistical concepts (4th ed.). New Jersy: Printice-Hall
Bluman, A. G. (2009). Elementary statistics: A step by step approach. Boston:
McGraw-Hill.
Garrett. & Henry E (1995). Statistics in psychology and education. London: Longman
Heiman, G. W. (2011). Basic statistics for the behavioral sciences. USA: Wadsworth
Howel, D. C. (2013). Statistics for psychology. USA: Wadsworth
Howel, D. C. (2011). Fundamentals of statistics for behavioral sciences. USA:
Wadsworth
Kutz, Albert K. (1980). Statistical method in education and psychology. New Delhi,
Narosa publishing House.
Larson, R., & Farber, B. (2012). Elementary statistics: Picturing the world. Delhi:
Prentice Hall.
5
Mangal, S.K (2002). Statistics in psychology and education. New Delhi: Printice-Hall
of India Pvt. Ltd.
Weiss, N.A. (2012). Elementary statistics. Boston: Addison-Wesley
6
Course: Students Teaching and Observation (PRACTICAL)
Credit Hours: 3 (Short Term: 4-6 Weeks)
Introduction:
This course provides the experience secondary school, science teachers with carefully
sequenced and supervised field experiences in all subject areas related to science
disciplines. Opportunities to work with secondary level students are provided. As a
student teacher it is required that they will work with students of various backgrounds
and of different capabilities. The developmental
Objectives:
1. Reflect on and learn from connecting theory to their teaching practice.
2. Collaborate with peers, cooperating teachers, other school staff and university
supervisor, establishing professional relationships.
3. Invite, accept and utilize formative feedback from the cooperating teaching,
peers, and the university supervisor in a non-defensive manner
4. Produce plans for teaching and learning that reflects the use of appropriate
instructional methods and strategies to meet the needs of all students.
5. Utilize appropriate instruments or techniques informally and formal accessing
students’ learning needs
6. Recognize cognitive and affective need of students and establish learning
environment and use activities appropriate to meet those needs,
7. Maintain their lesson plan and use it effectively.
Course Activities.
Week No Activities
1 Introduction to the school and Classroom context
 Complete school based assignments
 Complete classroom observations
 The classroom environment, placement of materials,
arrangement of workspaces and traffic patterns
 Classroom interactions
 Assist the cooperating teacher as requested
 Small administrative tasks
 Helping individuals or small groups of children
 Preparation of lesson planner
 Reflection on learning of this week
2 Becoming more involved in the classroom

3 Taking an active role in co planning and co teaching section of a

lesson alongside your cooperating teacher
7
4 Assuming responsibility for co planning and co teaching as amany
classes as a student can
5 Assuming responsibility for planning, teaching and assessing in at

least one subject
6 Assuming responsibility for planning, teaching and any additional

responsibilities as negotiated with the cooperating teacher and
university supervisor
Evaluation Criteria (For Practical Activity in Schools)

Internal Examination College Supervision in 40%
Schools
External Examination Examination of Model 60%

Lessons Delivered by each
student in Schools and
Evaluation bu University
Panel of Examiners
8
COURSE TITLE: ADVANCE BOTANY-II (PLANT ANATOMY)
CREDIT HOURS: 3
Introduction:
To introduce Basic Concept of Primary Plant Body a learning Idea of Root-Shoot
Transition, Secondary Growth and Anomalies, Types of Stem, Root and Leaf
Learning Outcome: Student will understand basic anatomical concepts of Primary
Structure of Root, Stem, Leaf and Flower. They will be able to discuss the idea of
secondary growth.
Course Outline:
Secondary Xylem: Axial and Ray System, Growth Layers, Reaction Wood,
Gymnosperm Wood, Angiosperm Wood, Differentiation in Secondary Xylem, Strength
of Wood in Relation to Structure.
Stem: Tissue Systems, Leaf Traces, Leaf Gaps, Branch Traces and Branch Gaps,
Vascular Bundles, Concept of Stele Delimitation of Vascular Region, Endodermis,
Pericycle, Origin of Vascular Cambium, Common Forms of Secondary Growth.
Anomolous Secondary Growth: Secondary Growth in Monocots, Grafting and
Wound Healing.
Types of Stems: Conifer. Woody Dicotyledons, Dicotyledonous Vine, Herbaceous
Dicotyledons, Herbaceous Moncotyledons.
Leaf: Histolgoy of Angiosperm, Leaf, Mesophyll, Vascular System, Bundle Sheaths,
Supporting Structure, Secretary Structures, Petiole, Histology of Gymnosperm Leaf,
Development of Leaf, Growth of Leaf Lamina, Monocotyledonous Leaf, Development
of Vascular Tissues, Abscission of Leaves.
Root: Concept, Origin, Morphology, Primary Structure, Root Cap, Vascular Cylinder,
Development of Histogens, Primary and Secondary Growth, Development of Lateral
Roots, Development of Adventitious Roots, Development of Buds on Roots, Structure
in Relation to Function. Root-Shoot Transition: Secretary Structures, Glands,
Nectaries, Hydathodes, Internal Secretary Structures, Laticifers.
Flower: Concept, Structure, Vascular System, Different Parts, Sepals, Petals, Stamen,
Carpel, Ovule, Organogenesis, Histogenesis, Abscission.
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
Dickinson, W.C. (2000). Integrative Plant Anatomy. Academic Press. London.
Eames, E. (1990). An Introduction to Plant Anatomy. New York: McGraw Hill Book Co. Inc.
Esau, K. (2000). Anatomy of Seed Plants. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Evert, R.F. and Easu, K. (2006). Esau’s Plant Anatomy. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
9
Fahn, A. (2001). Plant Anatomy (5th Ed.). Oxford.:Ergamon Press.
Robson, N.K.B., Cutler, D.F. and Gregory. M. (2000). New Research in Plant Anatomy. London.:
Academic Press.
.
10
TITLE: ADVANCE BOTANY-LAB-II (PLANT DIVERSITY)
CREDIT HOURS: 1
Introduction:
This course is designed to provide understandings about Primary and' Secondary Plant
Body, Secondary Growth and Primary and Secondary Anomalous Structures in plants,
Leaf, Stem, Root and Flower Anatomy, Basic Structure of Root, Stem and leaf, and
Wood Structure.
Learning Outcomes:
Student will be able to understand the Tissues Arrangement in Root, Stem, Leaf and
Secondary Plant Body.
Course Outline:
Concept of Leaf Vascular Bundle, Mesophyll Tissue Distribution, Primary Structure of
Root, Stem and Leaf, Structure of Wood.Study of Tissues from the Living and
Preserved Material of Stems, Roots and leaves.
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Dickinson, W.C. (2000). Integrative Plant Anatomy. Academic Press. London.

Eames, E. (1990). An Introduction to Plant Anatomy. New York: McGraw Hill Book Co. Inc.
Esau, K. (2000). Anatomy of Seed Plants. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Evert, R.F. and Easu, K. (2006). Esau’s Plant Anatomy. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Fahn, A. (2001). Plant Anatomy (5th Ed.). Oxford.:Ergamon Press.
Robson, N.K.B., Cutler, D.F. and Gregory. M. (2000). New Research in Plant Anatomy. London.:
Academic Press.
11
COURSE TITLE: ADVANCE BOTANY-III (PALYNOLOGY)
CREDIT HOURS: 3
Introduction:
This course is designed to understand the Importance, Scope and Applications of
Palynology in other Fields, Techniques used to Isolate Palynomorphs, their Technical
Description and Evaluation ofPalynological Data.
Learning Outcome: After getting through this course students would be able to know
about Palynology, its Branches and their Importance, they would be able to Isolate
Palynomorphs from Sedimentary Rock samples through different Maceration
Techniques. Field Study Tour would enhance their knowledge of theory and better
understanding of the subject.
Course Outline:
Neopafynology:
Production and Dispersal of Spores and Pollen
Ultra-structure and Stratification of Exine.
Spore and Pollen Diversity, Morphology and Omamentational Pattern, Technical
Description.
Environmental Palynology, Occurrence and Significance of Airborne Pollen with
respect to Allergies and Asthma, Control Measures.
Mellitopalynology, Aeropalynology and Archaeopalynology. Palynology in Medicine
and Criminology. Palaeopalynology:
Ultra-structure and Chemical composition of Fossil Exine.
Palynomorphs as Sedimentary Particles, Preservation in Sediment, Post Depositional
Hazards.
Palynomorphs in Oil and Gas Exploration, Geochronology, Stratigraphic
Correlation, Reconstruction of Past Plant communities. Index Palynomorphs,
Organic Thermal Maturity.
Technical Description of Palynomorphs.
Maceration Techniques and Field Work.
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
12
Books Recommended:
Agashe, S.N., & Caulton, E. (2009). Pollen and Spores: Applications with Special Emphasis on
Aerobiology and Allergy. Enfield, NH: Science Publishers.
Brooks, J. (2010). Organic Maturation Studies and Fossil Fuel Exploration. London: .Academic
Press,
Erdtman, G. ( 2008). An introduction to pollen analysis. New York: Morison Press.
Scott, A.C. (2009). Coal and Coal-bearing strata; recent advances. Blackwell Scientific Publishers,
Oxford.
4. 260pp. ISBN-13: 978-1443723077.
5. Traverse, A. (2007). Paleopalynology: Topics in Geobiology. (2nd Ed.), Springer
Link Publishers. 813pp. ISBN-13: 978-1402066849.
6. Harley, M., Morton, C.M. and BIackmore, S. (2000). Pollen and Spores:
Morphology and Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 530pp.
7. Kapp, P.O., Davis, O.K. and King, J.E. [Illustrated by Hall, R.C.] (2000). Ronald
0. Kapp's Pollen and Spores. (2nd ed.), AASP Found. 279 pp. ISBN 931871-05-0.
8. Kurmann, M.H. and Doyle, E. (1994). Ultrastructure of Fossil Spores and
Pollen. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 227pp. ISBN-13: 978-0947643607.
9. Collinvaux, P.A., De Oliveira, P.E. and Moreno, E. (1999). Amazon: Pollen
Manual and Atlas. Harwood Academic Publishers. 344pp. ISBN-13: 978-9057025877.
10. Traverse, A. (1996). Nomenclature and Taxonomy: Systematics. In: Jansonius,
J. and McGregor, D.C. Eds., Palynology: Principles and Applications, American
Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists Foundations, 11-28, Publishers Press.
11. Jones, G.D., (1995). Pollen of the Southeastern United States: with Emphasis on
Melissopalynology and Entomopalynology. AASP Foundation Contribution Series No.
30: 76 pp., 104 photographic plates. ISSN 0160-8843.
12. Punt, W., BIackmore, S., Nilsson, S. and Thomas, A.L. (1994). Glossary of
Pollen and Spore Terminology. LPP Contributions Series No. 1: 71pp. LPP Foundation,
Laboratory of Palaeobotany and Palynology, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The
Netherlands. ISBN 90-393-0230-8.
TITLE: ADVANCE BOTANY-LAB-III (PALYNOLOGY)
CREDIT HOURS: 1
Syllabus Outline: Extraction of Pollen and Spores, Preparation of Strew Mount Slides,
Single Grain Manipulation and their Technical Description, Field Study Tour for the
Collection of Rock Samples from Salt Range, Pakistan and a Comprehensive Field
Report of Study Tour.
Course Outline:
1. Extraction of pollen and spores from Anther/Strobili/Sori, their Identification
and Technical Description.
2. Palynologieal Analysis of Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic Rock samples
through Standard Procedures.
3. Preparation of Strew Mount Slides and Single Grain Manipulations).
13
4. Field Tour to the Salt Range, Pakistan to study Paleozoic, Mesozoic and
Cenozoic Outcrops including Sample Collecting Techniques. Each student shall be
required to submit a comprehensive Field Tour Report at the time of Practical
Examination. Specific marks shall also be allocated for such a report.
Module aims:
This course is designed to understand the Importance, Scope and Applications of
Palynology in other Fields, techniques used to Isolate palynomorphs, their Technical
Description and Evaluation of Palynologieal Data.
1. Lectures
2. Group Discussion
3. Laboratory work
Learning Outcome: After getting through this subject, students would be able to study
Extant and Extinct Palynomorphs extracted through different Standard Techniques, to
describe the Data Technically and Preparation of Permanent Mounts of this material.
Field Study Tour would enhance their knowledge pertaining to the Preparation of
Comprehensive Field Report and presentation of the data scientifically.
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Books Recommended:
1. Hesse, M., Halbritter, H., Weber, M., Buchner, R., Frosch-Radivo, A. and
Ulrich, S. (2010). Pollen Terminology: An Illustrated Handbook. (1st Ed.), Springer
Link Publishers. 264pp.'ISBN-13: 978-3211999356.
2. Icon Group International, (2010). Microtechnique: Webster's Timeline History,
1893 - . 2005. 24pp. ICON Group International, me. ASIN: B003L5DP80.
3. Phipps, D. and Playford, G. (2010). Techniques for Extracting Palynomorphs
from Sediments. Department of Mineralogy and Geology, sp. pub. Univ. Queensland,
Brisbane, Australia.
4. Shah, S.M.I. (1977). Stratigraphy of Pakistan. Memoirs of the Geological
Survey of Pakistan, v. 22, pp. 381.
5. Traverse, A. (2007). Palaeopalynology: Topics in Geobiology. (2nd Ed.),
Springer Link Publishers. 813 pp. ISBN-13:978-1402066849.
6. Punt, W., Blackmore, S., Hoen, P.P., Nilsson, S. and Thomas, A. Le (2007).
Glossary of Pollen and Spore Terminology. Review ofPalaeobotany and Palynology,
143(1): 1-81.
14
7. Armstrong, H. and Brasier, M. (2005). Microfossils. (2nd Ed.). J. Wiley-
Blackwell Scientific Publishers. 304pp. ISBN-13: 978-0632052790.
8. Harley, M., Morton, C.M. and Blackmore, S. (2000). Pollen and Spores:
Morphology and Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 530pp.
9. Gee, E R. (2000). Geological Maps of Salt Range. Geological Survey of
Pakistan.
10. Kurmann, M.H. and Doyle, E. (1994). Ultrastructure of Fossil Spores and
Pollen. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 227pp. ISBN-13: 978-0947643607.
11. Soil Survey of Pakistan (2000). Topographic Sheets of Salt Range, Pakistan.
12. Collinvaux, P.A., De Oliveira, P.E. and Moreno, E. (1999). Amazon: Pollen
15
ADVANCE CHEMISTRY-II (PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY)
CREDIT HOURS: 3
COURSE OBJECTIVES
The objective of the course is for students:

1. Understand and apply the laws of thermodynamics and kinetics.
2. Understand the role that thermodynamics and kinetics play in chemical
equilibrium.
3. Understand how mathematics, models and approximations are used to explain
chemical phenomena and fundamental properties of matter.
4. Use concepts of thermodynamics/kinetics/equilibrium to make predictions and give
explanations about chemical systems and fundamental properties of matter.
5. Develop skills in making decisions in the lab, in data acquisition, and critical
evaluation of data.
6. Appreciate the role physical chemistry plays in chemical (physical, biological, etc.
systems.
COURSE CONTENT:
16
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
17
18
ADVANCE CHEMISTRY LAB-II (PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY) CREDIT
HOURS: 1
19
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
20
ADVANCE CHEMISTRY- III (APPLIED/INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY)
CREDIT HOURS: 3
Course Objectives: Students will gain understanding about the importance of water
and its quality requirements for the industrial uses in addition to learning about water
treatment techniques. They will also learn about the composite materials.
21
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
22
ADVANCE CHEMISTRY LAB- III (APPLIED/INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY)
CREDIT HOURS: 1
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
23
24
COURSE TITLE: ADVANCE ZOOLOGY II (CELL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY)
Credit Hours: 3
Objectives of the course are to impart knowledge about

 The animal cell and its complex organization of architecture
 The unified role it plays for the ultimate sustainability of the organisms
 The various ultra- structural
 Molecular and functional aspects of the cells
Course Contents
Introduction to prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells:
Plasma membrane, Chemical composition, structure and functions of plasma membranes cell
permeability, active transport, endocytosis, phagocytosis.
Cytoskeleton:
Microfilaments, Microtubules, Intermediate filaments
Cytoplasmic Organelles:
Membrane system, Structural Commonalities, Functional Commonalities

Ultrastructure Chemical Composition And Functions Of Endoplasmic Reticulum (with
special reference to their role in protein synthesis and drug metabolism)
Golgi Apparatus (with reference to its role in synthesis of glycoprotein)
Mitochondria (with reference to its role in cellular respiration, and its significance as
semi-autonomous organelle)
Lysosome (with reference to its diverse roles due to hydrolytic activity of enzymes)
Peroxisome (with reference to metabolism of hydrogen peroxide)
Glycoxysome (with reference to glyoxylic acid cycle).
Nucleuschromatin, heterochromatin, euchromatin, chromosome structure with reference to
coiling and nucleosome during different phases of cell cycle, Replication (mechanism,
DNA replication in prokaryotes specially with reference to variety of DNA polymerases and
other proteins involved, DNA replication in Eukaryotes with special reference to DNA
polymerases, concept of Replicons etc.), Transcription (variety of RNA and their
characteristics, synthesis of mRNA, rRNA and tRNA with special reference to enzymes,
involved, RNA splicing, split genes, concept of Ribozymes and posttranscriptional
processing), RNA transduction, Genetic code, point mutations, Translation (with reference to
the specific role of Ribosomes, various factors, and posttranslational processing).Control of
Gene expression in Prokaryotes.
25
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Books Recommended
Alberts, B., Bray, D., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K., & Watson, J. D. Molecular
Biology of the Cell. New York: Garland Publishing Inc.
Damell, Jr. J., Lodisch, H., &Balimore, D. (1990). Molecular Cell

Biology. New York: Scientific American Inc.
DeRobertis, E. D. P., &DeRobertis, Jr. E. N. F. (1987).Cell and Molecular

Biology. New York: Lea &Febiger.
Geoffrey, M. C., & Robert, E. H. (2007).The Cell: A Molecular Approach.

Sunderland: Sinauer Associates, Inc.
Karp, J. (2005). Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments. United
States of America: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
26
ADVANCE ZOOLOGY Lab-II (CELL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY)
Credit Hour-I
1. Detection and quantitative determination of chromosomal DNA and RNA.

2. Cultural and staining of bacteria and yeast.
3. Identification of different type of blood cells in human blood through smear
technique.
4. Countingof prokaryotic cells (bacteria) and blood cells by using
haemocytometer.
5. Isolation and characterization of proteins on polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis (native and sub-unit molecular weights).
6. Separation of different sized DNA fragments on agarose gel.
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Books Recommended
Alberts, B., Bray, D., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K., & Watson, J. D. Molecular
Biology of the Cell. New York: Garland Publishing Inc.
Damell, Jr. J., Lodisch, H., &Balimore, D. (1990). Molecular Cell

Biology. New York: Scientific American Inc.
DeRobertis, E. D. P., &DeRobertis, Jr. E. N. F. (1987).Cell and Molecular

Biology. New York: Lea &Febiger.
Geoffrey, M. C., & Robert, E. H. (2007).The Cell: A Molecular Approach.

Sunderland: Sinauer Associates, Inc.
Karp, J. (2005). Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments. United
States of America: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
27
COURSE TITLE: ADVANCE ZOOLOGY III (PHYSIOLOGY)
Credit Hours: 3
 The basic functional expression in animals is the membrane

irritability understood in the form of nerve impulse.
 This course particularly imparts the concepts and mechanisms of integration in
the different functional systems of the animals.These mainly constitute the
mechanisms of nervous system and the hormonal system for the coordination.
The motility and locomotion also contributes in the integration of the animal to
its environment, therefore, also included in this section.
Course Contents
1. Central themes in Physiology: Structure-function relationship, Adaptations,
Homeostasis, Conformity and Regulation.
2. Physiological basis of Membrane Function: Mechanisms in resting membrane

potentials: Electrogenic ion pump, Donnan equilibrium, Diffusional potentials,
Ion channels, Ionic mechanisms in action potentials: Roles of ion channels,
Properties of action potential. Propagation of action potential in neurons;
Synaptic transmission; Structure and function of electrical synapse structure and
function of chemical synapse; Neurotransmitters; Synaptic receptors; Excitatory
postsynaptic potentials; Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials; Presynaptic
inhibitions; Integration at synapses: Facilitation, Posttetanic Potentiation.
3. Receptors Physiology: Transduction; Sensory coding; Range fractionation;

Sensory adaptations; Mechanoreception: Hair cell mechanism particularly in
acoustico-lateralis system of vertebrates; Cutaneous receptors; Cellular and
molecular mechanisms in taste and olfactory reception; Photoreception:
Ultrasttructure of photoreceptors, Photochemistry, Phototransduction and
physiological basis of color vision; Physiological mechanisms in
electroreception.
4. Chemical Messenger and Regulators/Endocrine Physiology: Types and

functions of secretions. An overview of invertebrate endocrine structures, their
hormones and physiological roles. An overview of hormones, their chemistry
and physiological roles of Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid and
associated structures, Endocrine pancreas, Gastropancreatic system, Adrenal
medulla (Chromaffin Tissue), Adrenal cortex, Ovary, Testis and Placenta. A
generalized model account of hormone synthesis, storage and secretion (a
peptide hormone model and steroid hormones); Hormonal interactions in
metabolic and developmental function; Water and electrolyte balance and
reproduction. Integrated endocrine and neural responses in glycemia and
calcium homeostasis and reproductive cycles; General account of hormonal
regulations, hormonal turnover, recognition; Mechanisms of action in hormones
involving membrane receptors and nuclear modulated gene expression;
Endocrine functions of kidneys, heart and pineal gland.
28
5. Movements and Muscles: Structural basis of muscle contraction: molecular
structures of contractile components and their interaction, sarcoplasmic
reticulum, calcium and membrane mechanisms in regulation of contraction.
6. Cardiovascular Mechanisms: Electrical activity of heart: Automaticity,

Rhythmicity, Electrocardiography, Kymography; Hemodynamics, Blood flow,
pressures and resistance and their interrelationships. Control of cardiac activity
(cardiac output) and peripheral circulation.
7. Exchange of Gases: Transport of O2 and CO2 between respiratory surface (the

lungs) and body cells. Regulation of lungs respiration; Gas transfer in water
(gills) and its regulation. Respiratory responses in extreme conditions as
hypoxia; Hypercapnia in air breathing divers.
8. Excretion and Osmoregulation: Osmoregulation in aquatic and terrestrial

environment. Vertebrate nephron as osmoregulatory organ: Physiological
anatomy, Glomerular filtration, Tubular absorption and secretion; Nitrogenous
waste products; Patterns of nitrogenous excretion and their phylogenetic
development.
9. Nutrition: Regulation of digestive secretions; Physiological anatomy of

digestive tract (mammalian model), Absorption of water, ions and nutrients;
Potential and Movements in gastrointestinal tract; Control of motility.
10. Temperature Relations: Temperature classification of animals; Temperature

relation of ectotherms in freezing and cold and warm and hot environment; Costs
and benefits of ectothermy; Temperature relations of heterotherms and
endotherms; Dormancy: Sleep, Torpor, Hibernation, Estivation.
11. Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Books Recommended
Berne, R. M. & Levy, M. N. (2000).Principles of Physiology. (3rded.). Mosby: St. Lious.
Bullock, J., Boyle, J., & Wang, M. B. (2001).Physiology. (4thed.). Philadelphia:

Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins.
29
Guyton, A. C. & Hall, J. E. (2000).Textbook of Medical Physiology. (10thed.).
Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company.
Randall, D., Burggren, W., French, K., & Fernald, R. Eckert Animal Physiology:
Mechanisms and Adaptations (5thed.). New York: W.H. Freeman and Company.
Schmidt-Nelsen, K. (1997). Animal Physiology, Adaptation and Environment.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Withers, P. C. (1992).Comparative Animal Physiology. Philadelphia: Saunders College

Publishing.
30
ADVANCE ZOOLOGY Lab-III (PHYSIOLOGY) PRACTICALS
1. Muscle and Neuromuscular Activity: Nerve muscle preparation, Muscle twitch,

Comparison of muscle and nerve irritability, effect ofstimulus strength, effect of
stimulus frequency (tetany), effect of load or stretch, effect of prolonged activity
(fatigue), neuromuscular fatigue, stimulation of motor points in human.
2. Excitability, Sensation and Behaviour: Recording of action potential by

oscilloscope and demonstration of its various features. Experiments to
demonstrate characteristic of reflex arc. Experiment in human (students
themselves) to demonstrate some aspect of sensory physiology.
3. Cardiovascular Activity: Normal cardiac activity, effect of temperature, effect

of drug, heart block, tetanization of heart. Measurement of blood pressure.
4. Respiration and Exercise: Oxygen consumption in fish and effect of

temperature (by dissolved oxygen meter) and terrestrial animal (mouse).
Oxygen consumption (by respirometer), heart rate, blood pressure glycemia
altered by exercise.
5. Endocrine and Reproductive Mechanisms: Effect of insulin on glycemia, study of

stages in estrous cycle.
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Books Recommended
Tharp, G., &Woodman, D. (2002).Experiments in Physiology.(8thed.). London:

Prentice Hall.
31
ADVANCE PHYSICS 2(QUANTUM
MECHANICS-1)
PRE-REQUISITE: Undergraduate level Mechanics and Mathematics

This course covers the experimental basis of quantum physics. It introduces
wave mechanics, Schrödinger's equation in a single dimension, and Schrödinger's
equation in three dimensions.
COURSE OBJECTIVE:
It covers fundamental concepts of quantum mechanics: wave properties,
uncertainty principles, Schrödinger equation, and operator and matrix methods. Basic
applications of the following are discussed: one-dimensional potentials (harmonic
oscillator), three-dimensional centro symmetric potentials (hydrogen atom), and
angular momentum and spin. The course also examines approximation methods:
variational principle and perturbation theory.
COURSE OUTLINE:
Breakdown of Classical Concepts and Old Quantum Theory:
Particle aspects of radiation and Planck’s hypothesis, wave aspects of matter and de
Broglie’s hypothesis, discrete levels and Bohr’s hypothesis.
Farmulation of Quantum Mechanics:
Mathematical preliminaries, quantum mechanical wavefunction, Hilbert space,
observables and operators, operator equations, the eigenvalue equation, commutation
relations, expectation value, postulates of quantum mechanics, correspondence
principle, complimentarity principle, Schrodinger equation and discrete energy levels,
state functions and overlap integral, uncertainty principle.
One Dimensional Systems:
The potential step, reflection and transmission coefficients, potential well and bound
states, potential barrier, tunneling, tunneling through thin films, alpha decay, one-
dimensional models of molecules and delta function potential, Kronig-Penny model,
harmonic oscillator, raising and lowering operators.
Angular Momentum:
Angular momentum operator, z-component, total angular momentum; eigenvalves,
eigenfunctions and vector diagram, parity.
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
32
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Introductory Quantum Mechanics by R. L. Lieboff` Holden-Day, San Francisco

(1980)
2. Qunatum Mechanics Vol I,II by C.Cohen-Tannoudji, B. Diu, F. Laloe, Wiley
(1977).
3. Quantum Physics by S. Gasiorowicz, Wiley (1996).
4. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics by Dicke, Wittke, Addison-Wesley (1974).
5. Quantum Mechanics by Sokoev, Ternou, Holt, Rinehart & Winston (1996).
6. Quantum Mechanics by J. L. Powell and B. Crasemann, Addison-Wesley, (1961).
33
ADVANCE PHYSICS 3(ELECTRONICS)
PRE-REQUISITE: Undergraduate level Physics and Mathematics

This course provides physics students with the fundamental electronic
principles needed for advanced study in physics laboratories and graduate school. An
introduction to digital electronics, the physics of semiconductors, p-n junctions,
transistors and integrated circuits.
COURSE OBJECTIVE:
Upon successful completion of the course material, students will be able to:
Qualitatively and quantitatively describe the operation of operational amplifiers in a
variety of signal processing applications. Demonstrate the ability to use and to analyze
circuits containing digital to analog (DAC) and analog to digital converters (ADC).
Learn the proper use of modern test equipment and be able to write simple computer
programs which will interface the computer (transfer data to and from) to ADC's,
DAC's and registers. Build and analyze the basic digital circuits which become
the building blocks for more complex circuits which are used in computers and digital
instruments. Demonstrate basic knowledge of the physics of semiconductors, diodes
and transistors.
COURSE OUTLINE:
The Semiconductor Diode:
The junction diode, the diode voltage-current equation, Zener diode, light-emitting
diodes, capacitance effects in the pn diode.
The Diode as Rectifier and Switch:
The ideal diode model, the half-wave rectifier circuit, the full-wave rectifier circuit,
the bridge rectifier circuit, measurement of the ripple in the rectifier circuit, the
capacitor filter, the filter; -r filter, regulated power supply.
Models for Circuit:
The black box concept; active one-port models: the voltage-source circuit; active
one-port models, the current-source circuit: the two-port network, the h-parameter
equivalent circuit, power in decibels.
Junction Transistor as Amplifier:
The junction transistor, the volt-ampere curves of a transistor, the current
amplification factors, relations between the amplification factors, the load line and Q
point, the basic transistor amplifiers, simplification of the equivalent C-E circuit, the
transconductance, g, the common-emitter amplifier, conversion of the h
parameters, the common-collector amplifier, performance of the C-C amplifier,
comparison of amplifier performance.
34
DC Bias for the Transistor:
Choice of the quiescent point, variation of the Q point: fixed transistor bias, the four-
resistor bias circuit, design of a fixed-bias circuit, design of the bias-stabilized C-E
amplifier, voltage feedback bias, design of voltage-feedback bias circuit, bias for the
emitter follower, design of the emitter follower circuit.
The Field Effect Transistor:
The junction field-effect transistor; the MOS field-effect transistor, the load line for
the FET, obtaining bias for the FET, the FET as an amplifier.
Frequency Response of RC Amplifiers:
Cascaded amplifier, the amplifier passband, the frequency plot, low-frequency
response, the low-frequency limit, the unbypassed emitter resistor, high-frequency
equivalent circuits and the Miller effect, high-frequency response, the frequency limit
of the transistor, the common-base connection at high frequencies, bandwidth of
cascaded amplifiers.
Negative Feedback in Amplifiers:
The black box with feedback, stabilization of gain by negative feedback, bandwidth
improvement with negative feedback, reduction of nonlinear distortion, control of
amplifier output and input resistances, a current series-feedback circuit, voltage shut-
feedback circuit, voltage feedback with the FET.
Integrated Amplifiers:
The integrated amplifier, the differential amplifier, the Darlington compound
transistor, introduction to operation amplifier.
Power Amplifiers:
Classification of power amplifier, power relations in the class a amplifier, voltage
limitations, determination of output distortion, the push-pull circuit and glass B
operation, performance of a class B push-pull amplifier, output circuits without
transformers, phase inverters for push-pull input.
Oscillators:
Oscillator feedback principles, the Hartley and Colpitts oscillators, practical transistor
oscillators, crystal control of frequency, resistance-capacitance feedback oscillator.
Waves Shaping and Switching Circuits:
Diode clipper, diode clamper, differentiator, integrator. Multivibrators, the bistable
multivibrator, the one-shot or monostable multivibrator and astable multivibrator.
Digital Circuits:
Binary numbers, Binary codes, Logic switches and gates, Logic Circuits.
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
35
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Electronic Circuits and Systems by J.D. Ryder/Charles M. Thomson, (1976).

2. Electronics devices and Circuits by Millman and Halkies (1978).
3. Electronics Devices by Thomos L. Floyd, Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs,
(1996).
4. Electronic Principles by Albert P. Malvino, Glencoe McGraw-Hill Book Co.
(1993).
5. Digital Fundamentals by Thomas L. Floyd, Prentice-Hall International Inc.
Englewood Cliffs, (1994).
6. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory by Boylestad and Nashhelsky, 7th Edition
A. Published by Prentice-Hall, (1997).
7. Electronic Devices and Circuits, by Theodre F. Bogart, Jr. 4th Edition, Prentice-
Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ (USA) 1997.
36
Advance Physics Lab II (Electronics):
Note: The candidate must perform at least EIGHT experiments from the list given
below.
50% weightage must be given to viva-voce about apparatus, theory of experiments
and estimation of errors.
1. To construct a power supply and study the rectified wave form (measurement of
peak value), ripple factor and regulation (without regulator).
2. To construct a voltage-regulated power supply with Zener diode.
3. To construct a single stage CE transistor voltage amplifier and study gain, input
impedance, output impedance, half power points by sine/square wave testing and
effect of bias on the output and measurement of distortion.
4. To construct a source follower FET voltage amplifier and study gain, input
impedance, output impedance, half power points by sine/square wave testing.
5. To construct an R-C oscillator and compare it with a standard frequency.
6. To construct a Hartley or Colpitts oscillator and measure its frequency.
7. To construct and study the wave forms at the base and collector of the transistors
of a free running a multivibrator.
8. To construct and study of the height, duration and time period of the output pulses
in a monostable and bistable multivibrators with reference to the input Trigger.
9. To construct from discrete components OR, AND, NOT, NAND, NOR exclusive
OR Circuits and verify their truth tables.
10. Study of wave shaping circuits of diode, integrators and differentiators.
11. To construct the operational amplifier (741) by using discrete components and
study its frequency response.
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Electronic Circuits and Systems by J.D. Ryder/Charles M. Thomson, (1976).

2. Electronics devices and Circuits by Millman and Halkies (1978).
3. Electronics Devices by Thomos L. Floyd, Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs,
(1996).
4. Electronic Principles by Albert P. Malvino, Glencoe McGraw-Hill Book Co.
(1993).
5. Digital Fundamentals by Thomas L. Floyd, Prentice-Hall International Inc.
Englewood Cliffs, (1994).
37
6. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory by Boylestad and Nashhelsky, 7th Edition
A. Published by Prentice-Hall, (1997).
7. Electronic Devices and Circuits, by Theodre F. Bogart, Jr. 4th Edition, Prentice-
Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ (USA) 1997.
38
Course Title: Advance Mathematics- II [Algebra (Group Theory and Linear
Algebra)]
Groups
Definition and examples of groups
Subgroups lattice, Lagrange’s theorem
Cyclic groups
Groups and symmetries, Cayley’s theorem
Complexes in Groups
Complexes and coset decomposition of groups
Centre of a group
Normalizer in a group
Centralizer in a group
Conjugacy classes and congruence relation in a group
Normal Subgroups
Normal subgroups
Proper and improper normal subgroups
Factor groups
Isomorphism theorems
Automorphism group of a group
Commutator subgroups of a group
Permutation Groups
Symmetric or permutation group
Transpositions
Generators of the symmetric and alternating group
Cyclic permutations and orbits, The alternating group
Generators of the symmetric and alternating groups
Sylow Theorems
Double cosets
Cauchy’s theorem for Abelian and non-Abelian group
Sylow theorems (with proofs)
Applications of Sylow theory
Classification of groups with at most 7 elements
Ring Theory
Definition and examples of rings
Special classes of rings
Fields
Ideals and quotient rings
Ring Homomorphisms
39
Prime and maximal ideals
Field of quotients
Linear Algebra
Vector spaces, Subspaces
Linear combinations, Linearly independent vectors
Spanning set
Bases and dimension of a vector space
Homomorphism of vector spaces
Quotient spaces
Linear Mappings
Mappings, Linear mappings
Rank and nullity
Linear mappings and system of linear equations
Algebra of linear operators
Space L( X, Y) of all linear transformations
Matrices and Linear Operators
Matrix representation of a linear operator
Change of basis
Similar matrices
Matrix and linear transformations
Orthogonal matrices and orthogonal transformations
Orthonormal basis and Gram Schmidt process
Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors
Polynomials of matrices and linear operators
Characteristic polynomial
Diagonalization of matrices
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Recommended Books
1. J. Rose, A Course on Group Theory, (Cambridge University Press, 1978)
2. I. N. Herstein, Topics in Algebra, (Xerox Publishing Company, 1964)
3. G. Birkhoff and S. Maclane, A Survey of Modern Algebra, (Macmillan, 1964)
4. Seymour Lipschutz, Linear Algebra, (McGraw Hill Book Company, 2001)
5. Humphreys, John F. A Course on Group Theory, (Oxford University Press,
2004)
6. P. M. Cohn, Algebra, (John Wiley and Sons, 1974)
7. J. B. Fraleigh, A First Course in Abstract Algebra, (Pearson Education, 2002)
40
Course Title: Advance Mathematics- III (Complex Analysis and Differential
Geometry)
The Concept of Analytic Functions

Complex numbers, Complex planes, Complex functions
Analytic functions
Entire functions
Harmonic functions
Elementary functions: Trigonometric, Complex exponential, Logarithmic and
hyperbolic functions
Infinite Series
Power series, Derived series, Radius of convergence
Taylor series and Laurent series
Conformal Representation
Transformation, conformal transformation
Linear transformation
Möbius transformations
Complex Integration
Complex integrals
Cauchy-Goursat theorem
Cauchy’s integral formula and their consequences
Liouville’s theorem
Morera’s theorem
Derivative of an analytic function
Singularity and Poles
Review of Laurent series
Zeros, Singularities
Poles and residues
Cauchy’s residue theorem
Contour Integration
Expansion of Functions and Analytic Continuation
Mittag-Leffler theorem
Weierstrass’s factorization theorem
Analytic continuation
Theory of Space Curves
Introduction, Index notation and summation convention
Space curves, Arc length, Tangent, Normal and binormal
Osculating, Normal and rectifying planes
Curvature and torsion
The Frenet-Serret theorem
41
Natural equation of a curve
Involutes and evolutes, Helices
Fundamental existence theorem of space curves
Theory of Surfaces
Coordinate transformation
Tangent plane and surface normal
The first fundamental form and the metric tensor
The second fundamental form
Principal, Gaussian, Mean, Geodesic and normal curvatures
Gauss and Weingarten equations
Gauss and Codazzi equations
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Recommended Books
1. H. S. Kasana, Complex Variables: Theory and Applications, (Prentice Hall,
2005)
2. M. R. Spiegel, Complex Variables, (McGraw Hill Book Company, 1974)
3. J. W. Brown, R. V. Churchill, Complex Variables and Applications, (McGraw
Hill, 2009)
4. Louis L. Pennisi, Elements of Complex Variables, (Holt, Linehart and
Winston, 1976)
5. W. Kaplan, Introduction to Analytic Functions, (Addison-Wesley, 1966)
6. R. S. Millman and G.D. Parker, Elements of Differential Geometry, (Prentice-
Hall, 1977)
7. E. Kreyzig, Differential Geometry, (Dover Publications, 1991)
8. M. M. Lipschutz, Schaum's Outline of Differential Geometry, (McGraw Hill,
1969)
9. D. Somasundaram, Differential Geometry, (Narosa Publishing House, 2005)
42
SEMESTER-VII
Course : Contemporary Issues and Trends in Science Education
Credit Hours: 3
Introduction
Competent teachers are usually knowledgeable in their respective Content areas. Being part of the
education system, teachers need to be aware of the contemporary issues and trends in education.
Issues such as population explosion, HIV/AIDS, Gender Development, sustainable development
require a broad based knowledge approach for teacher preparation. Therefore, a course on
contemporary issues and trends in education is considered significant to develop an insight among
teachers.
Objectives
At the end of this course, the students will be able to:
argue on the positive and negative impact of the information explosion
explore the gap between madrassah and mainstream education and identify appropriate
government responses
identify barriers to the achievement of universal literacy and how these may be removed at the
local level
discuss the gradually reducing gender disparity in education in Pakistan and its likely
consequences
analyze the relationship between national curriculum structure and career opportunities
consider how best environmental awareness can be enhanced through schools
consider the consequence of the growing privatization of education
Course Content
Unit 01 Education as a Complex Enterprise
1.1 Diversity of aims and approaches in education.
1.2 Variety of philosophical approaches to education.
1.3 Education in different periods and societies
Unit 02 Madrassah Education
2.1 Madrassah: origin, aims and objectives
2.2 Role of madrassah in 21st century
2.3 System of education in madrassah
2.4 Madrassah reforms in Pakistan
Unit 03 Universal Literacy
3.1 Literacy and individual rights
3.2 Factors affecting program for universal literacy: medium of instruction
3.3 Formal and Non formal education: Advantages and disadvantages
Unit 04 Gender Disparity
4.1 Concept of gender equality
4.2 Factors affecting the status and role of women
4.3 Steps towards reducing gender disparity.
Unit 05 Population Education:
5.1 Concept of Population Education.
5.2 Factors affecting Population Education.
5.3 Impact of Population Growth on National Development.
5.4 Roles and responsibilities of family, school, mosque and community in population
education.
5.5 Steps towards population planning and welfare.
Unit 06 Environmental Awareness
1
6.1 Types of pollution
6.2 Causes of pollution
6.3 Environmental education
Unit 07 Privatization of Education
7.1 Government resources and multiple demands
7.2 Need of private sector education
7.3 Challenges of quality education
Unit 08 Information in Education
8.1 New concept of information explosion
8.2 Expanding learning resources
8.3 Information and communication technology (ICT) literacy
8.4 Technology in education
Evaluation Criteria

Mid-Semester 25%
Recommended Books
AIOU, (2006) Population Education Course MA EPM 584, Islamabad: AIOU.
Badran, M. (2005). The Gender of Islam, Al-Ahram: Cairo.
Haltak, J. (1990). Investing in the Future, Setting Educational Priorities in the Developing
World, Paris, UNESCO. McGraw-Hill Kogakusha.
Ministry of Education, Curriculum Wing (2010), 13 Modules on Various Core Themes of
Population Education, Islamabad.
Modhukar Indira (2003). Changing Demands of Technical and Vocational Education, Annual
Publication New Delhi.
Mohantry, Jagannath. Primary and Elementary Education, Deep & Deep Publication Private
Ltd.
Pakistan, Govt: (2003). Education for All, Ministry of Education Curriculum Wing Islamabad.
Rao, V. K. (2004). Population Education efficient Printer, New Delhi.
Sylvester, C. (1994). Feminist Theory and International Relation, in Post Modern Era,
Cambridge University Press.
UNESCO, Pakistan (2004). Quality of education in Pakistan, UNESCO Office, Islamabad.
2
Course Title: Research project
Credit Hours: 03
Goals and Objectives

The objectives of the course are:
 To provide students with the tools and skills required to understand research
terminology and assess published research.
 To identify the types of methods best suited for investigating different types of
problems and questions
 To develop research questions that are based on and build upon a critical
appraisal of existing
 To design a research proposal
 To begin initial preparation for embarking on a new research project.
 To accomplish and learn all stages of research
 To complete research and learn the skills of writing research thesis technically.
Course details
Planning a good research project
1. How to choose a good research topic?

Stage 1: What are the broad themes? , Stage 2: What are the interesting topics
within those themes? , Stage 3: What questions might can be asked about those
topics? Stage 4: Choose a question and check its viability, Stage 5: Making final
choice. The last stage is to making final choice of project. Start project with a research
question.
2. Administration of the research project

Ist most important step is approval of the topic
I- Making the research proposal

Components of the research proposal.
1- Research title/problem and justification.
2- Research hypothesis/ Question.
3- The main research question that the student will be focusing on, with, perhaps,
a number of sub-questions.
4- The background to the study – why it is an important and interesting topic to
study.
5- A brief background literature review. This should show that the student have
read a number of relevant books and papers so that student understand how his
topic relates to the current knowledge and issues in the field.
6- A proposed methodology, that is, how student intend to undertake the study,
what methods he will use, what data he will collect and how he will analyse the
data. If this includes any form of experimental work or the use of any data
collection or analysis equipment you need to provide a detailed and precise list
of what he will need. He also needs to explain why this methodology and this
instrument is the best way to study this topic.
3
7- A proposed time schedule for the project, with key dates and the timing of each
phase of the project.
NOTE: What if student’s proposal is rejected? He should regard a rejection as
saving him from big problems later on. Teachers have a very good idea of what
will ‘work’ and what will not, what is achievable and what is not. If they suggest
student think again it is because they believe he cannot produce a thesis or
dissertation of the required standard from what he is proposing. So, take the
advice they give, and submit another proposal.
I- Stages of the Research (process of the project)

Student need to start by thinking through what are the stages of his project. For
most research projects there are ten stages:
Stage 1 – Choosing the project / Introduction

Topic has already been selected. Introduction related to the research topic briefly will
be given in this section.
Stage 2 – Initial literature review

The literature review is a critical early stage in students’ project. A literature review has
many purposes. It enables student to find out what research has been undertaken in the
field, what is ‘known’ and what the important questions are that others are investigating
or have suggested for research. It helps student to understand the history of his field, to
know how ideas have developed, changed, appeared and disappeared over time. Student
will become aware of the range of methodologies that have been used to research his
field, both in the past and in the present, and he should start to develop a critical view
of the advantages and disadvantages of different approaches. It will also enable the
student to discover who else is working in the field and what they are working on. Most
importantly, though, it will help the student to look at his initial ideas for his research
and develop and refine them to produce the project that he will undertake. It is almost
the most important stage of the project, for if he does this thoroughly and well he will
be saved many potential problems later on.
Stage 3 – finalize the research questions

Ideally student’s research questions will emerge from the literature review. The
literature review will have shown him what is already known in the field and what
important topics need to be researched.
Stage 4 – Choosing and developing the methodology

Whatever his subject and field, there will be a range of different research methods
available to him. At this stage he needs to choose the best approach to enable him to
answer his research question. Many students though, unfortunately, start with an idea
of the methods they want to use and then apply them to their research question whether
or not they are the best way forward. The correct way forward, of course, is to read and
reflect very broadly on possible research methods and then choose what is most
appropriate, even if this involves him in learning new approaches or techniques.
Stage 5 – Piloting the methodology

Whatever method the student use, he will need to his methodology. Piloting is
practising, checking that he can use the method correctly and that it will work in the
4
circumstances in which he is using it to provide usable data. Piloting usually suggests
changes and modifications to the methods he is using, sometimes large, sometimes
small, and so is an essential process.
Stage 6 – Organising the data collection

Do not be put off by the word ‘data’. By “data” it is meant is the evidence the student
will use to arrive at his conclusions, and there are many types of data. His data could be
experimental results, field data or survey data or they could come from direct
observations of social situations. The data could be quantitative, qualitative or a
combination of both types. Stage 6 involves making the arrangements to collect that
data.
Stage 7 – Data collection

Collecting the data can be a short or a long process – for example a project on the
behaviour of kindergarten students may take many months of detailed observation and
recording, while some experimental projects may take only a few weeks or even days
to complete.
Stage 8 – Data analysis

Data analysis includes the systematic organising of the data and its presentation in a
form that readers of the students’ project can understand. It also includes the
interpretation of the data to identify the important ideas or new bits of knowledge that
they reveal. Each discipline will have descriptive and analytical techniques, ranging
from statistical analysis to computer modelling to presentational methods to qualitative
analysis. Student will need to choose the methods best suited to the data he has collected,
and will need to be able to justify his choice of methods.
Stage 9 – Drawing conclusions and interpretations

Stage 8 involved very detailed analysis and interpretation, working with the detail of
the data and drawing out important ideas about every part of the topic that has been
studied. Stage 9 is the ‘big picture’ stage of the research, where the detailed
interpretations are drawn together to try to ‘answer’ the overall research question. It will
certainly involve a critical reflection on the conclusions student has drawn and the
methods he has used, and will probably make recommendations for future research in
the field. In social science fields it may include recommendations for policy-makers and
practitioners about future practice and policy.
Stage 10 – Preparing the final thesis

Writing of the thesis is covered in more detail in writing a thesis. The final stage of the
project, though, is assembling the final version of the thesis. Student will produce drafts
of individual chapters throughout the project, and these can be assembled into the first
draft of the overall thesis or dissertation. At this stage, though, the work needs to be
prepared for submission – making sure the whole work is coherent; writing, re-writing
and editing; assembling diagrams, tables or charts; completing and checking the
bibliography and appendices; preparing the contents and the abstract; printing and
binding the work. This all takes a significant amount of time, which needs to be built
into the planning of the project.
Student will see from reading through the stages of the project that there is much to plan
and prepare for. While it is not possible to plan precisely how long each stage will take,
and unforeseen things may arise, it is very helpful to plan as carefully as student can.
5
There are two simple techniques student can use to plan his time and his project – a time
line and a Gantt chart.
Points to remember
This looks a straightforward path to understand and follow, but there are a number of
important points to remember with this model. First, real project will not follow this
path in a neat sequence:
• Some stages will overlap – for example, student will certainly start to develop
interpretations and conclusions as soon as he starts collecting data, and he may of course
want to test some of his conclusions by collecting further data.
• Student may need to return to earlier stages – for example, piloting may indicate his
need to make changes to the methodology.
• Some stages will continue throughout the project – for example, student will need to
keep reviewing the literature throughout the project to be sure that he has not missed
anything important or that there have not been new publications on the topic. Even while
student is preparing the final thesis he will need to do a last-minute literature check so
that he dose not miss the latest publications.
Secondly, student will need to be writing the thesis/dissertation from as early in the
project as possible. Stage 10 is preparing the final version, not starting to write. It is
very important to recognise that student must start writing as soon as he can, otherwise
it may become a major psychological barrier for him
Evaluation Criteria

Internal Examination Internal Examiner 40%
(Supervisor/s)
External Examination External Examiner 60%
RECOMANMDED BOOKS
Berry, R. (2004), The research project: how to write it. London: Routledge.
Nicholas S. R. Walliman (2005), Your research project: a step-by-step guide for
the first-time researcher, SAGE publication, London.
Dr. A. K. Khan (2008), Research Methodology, APH publishing Corporation,New
Delhi.
Thomas, G. (2013), How to do your research project: a guide for students in
education , SAGE publication, London.
Yogesh Kumar Singh (2006), Fundamental Of Research Methodology And
Statistics, New Age International Publishers Ltd.-new Delhi.
6
COURSE TITLE: ADVANCE BOTANY-IV( SOIL AND AGRICULTURAL
MICROBIOLOGY)
CREDIT HOURS: 3
Syllabus Outline: Study of Soil Microbes in relation to Soil Formation and Plant-
Microbes nitration.
Course Outline:
Elements of Soil Formation and Conservation, Soil Microbial Population and Methods
of Study with their Advantages and Disadvantages, Role of Microorganisms in Mineral
Transformations with special and detailed emphasis on Carbon and Nitrogen
Transformations, Brief Introduction to Sulphur and Phosphorus Transformation,
Introduction to Soil Ecology, Plant Microbe Interactions and Microbe-Microbe
Interactions and their Impact on Soil Fertility, Biotechnological Potentials of Soil
Microorganisms, Importance of the Subject in the Agricultural Development of
Pakistan, Problems of Salinity and Water Logging and the Methods of their
Reclamations, Microbial Activities in Saline Soil. Biochemical, Physiological, Genetic,
Ultra-Structural and Molecular Aspects of interaction between Plants and their
Beneficial and Harmful Symbionts, Microbe's Role in Regulatory Mechanism of Plant
Gene Expression.
Module aims:
Course is designed to provide essential knowledge about soil structure and composition
and learning about soil biodiversity.
1. Lectures
2. Group Discussion
3. Laboratory work
Learning Outcomes:
Students are expected to have knowledge about Soil Microflora and then-effects on Soil
Composition and Information about Agriculture Soils of Pakistan.
Assessment Strategies (Theory) :
Evaluation Criteria

Mid-Semester 25%
7
Books Recommended:
1. Berthelin, J., Bollag, J.M., Page, A.L., Huang, P.M., McGill, W.B. and Huang,
P.M. (1999). Environmental Impacts of Soil Component Interactions: Natural and
Anthropogenic Organics. Vol.1, Lewis Publishers.
2. Wang, K., EstreUa, A.H. and Montagu, M.V. (2004): Transformation of Plants
and Soil Microorganisms (Plant and Microbial Biotechnology Research). No.3,
3. Charles, J., Delecluse, A., Lerou, N. and Roux, C.N. (2000). Entomopathogenic
Bacteria: From Laboratory to Field Application (1st Ed.), Kluwer Academic Publishers.
4. Rao, N.S.S. and Dommergues, Y.R. (2001). Microbial Interactions in
Agriculture and Forestry. (2nd Ed.), Science Publishers
5. Glick, B.R., Patten, C.L., Holguin, G. and Penrose, D.M. (1999). Biochemical
and Genetic Mechanisms Used by Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria. Imperial College
Press.
6. Rao, N.S.S. and Dommergues, Y.R, (2000). Microbial Interactions in
Agriculture and Forestry. (1st Ed.), Science Publishers.
TITLE: ADVANCE BOTANY-LAB-IV ( SOIL AND AGRICULTURAL

MICRO BIOLOGY)
CREDIT HOURS: 1
Syllabus Outline: Study of Soil Microbes in Relation to the Formation of Soil,
Interaction with Plants and Enhancement of Soil Fertility.
Course Outline:
1. Study of role of Microbes in Soil Structure and Improvement.
2. Symbiotic and Antagonistic effects of microbes.
3. Sou/Crop improvement by microbes.
4. Reclamation of Saline and Water Logged Soils.
5. Determination of Genetic and Biochemical Molecular Aspects of Microbial
Interaction with plants.
6. Use of Azospwittum and Azospirillum as Natural Fertilizers.
Module Aims: The course designed to guide Laboratory Techniques for study
of Soil Microflora and their Interaction. Parameters and Spillers are provided for Study
of Types of Soils and Their Composition.
1. Lectures
2. Group Discussion
3. Laboratory work
8
Learning Outcome: Students are expected to have knowledge about Soil Microbial
Population, their Role for Enrichment Soil Composition and its Productivity.
Evaluation Criteria

Mid-Semester 25%
Books Recommended:
1. Berthelin, J., Bollag, J.M., Page, A.L., Huang, P.M., McGiIl, W.B. and Huang,
P.M. (2005). Environmental Impacts of Soil Component Interactions: Natural and
Anthropogenic Organics. Vol.1, Lewis Publishers. ,
2. Wang, K., Estrella, A.H. and Montagu, M.V. (2004): Transformation of Plants
and Soil Microorganisms (Plant and Microbial Biotechnology Research No. 3,
3. Charles, J., Delecluse, A., Lerou, N. and Roux, C.N. (2001). Entomopathogenic
Bacteria: From Laboratory to Field Application (1st Ed.), Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Agriculture and Forestry. (2nd Ed.), Science Publishers
5. Glick, B.R., Patten, C.L., Holguin, G. and Penrose, D.M. (2000). Biochemical
and Genetic Mechanisms Used by Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria. Imperial College
Press.
Agriculture and Forestry. (1st Ed.), Science Publishers.
9
COURSE TITLE: ADVANCE BOTANY-V (MUSHROOM CULTIVATION)
CREDIT HOURS: 3
Syllabus Outline: Occurrence of Mushroom, Diversity Status in Pakistan,
Cultivation, Knowledge of Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms, Plewotos and its Status,
their Diseases. Course Outline:
1. History of Mushrooms.
2. History of Mushroom Cultivation.
3. Present status and Future Prospects of Mushroom Cultivation in Pakistan.
4. Mushroom Farms and Commercial Mushroom Fanning.
5. Food Value of Mushrooms.
6. Morphology of Mushrooms.
7. Poisonous and Edible Mushrooms.
8. Major species Cultivated for Food.
9. Cultivation of white Button Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus).
10. Factors suitable for Cultivation, Compost and Methods of Composting, Spawn
and Methods of Spawning, Casing, Cropping and Harvesting, Preservation.
11. Cultivation ofPleurotus Species.
12. Methods of Cultivation, Preparation of Spawn.
13. Diseases of Mushrooms.
14. Uses of Mushrooms.
Module Aims: This includes learning all and Medical Techniques of Cultivation
of Edible Mushrooms of Pakistan using Agriculture Waste etc. Aim of this course is to
train the students practically as Mushroom Growers.
1. Lectures
2. Group Discussion
3. Laboratory work
Learning Outcome: By reading this course students would be able to recognize
Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms and utilize these information for earning their
livelihood.
10
Evaluation Criteria

Mid-Semester 25%
Books Recommended:
1. Svreck, M. (2010). The Hamlyn Book of Mushrooms and Fungi. Hamlyn, N.Y.
London.
2. Chang, S.T. and Miles, P.G. (2004). Mushrooms, Cultivation, Nutritional Value,
Medicinal Effect and Environmental Impact. (2nd Ed.), CRC Press, New York,
Washington, D.C.
3. Dickinson, C. and Lucas, J. (2003). Encyclopedia of Mushrooms. Qrbis Pub.
London.
4. Singer, R. (1999). The Agaricales in Modem Taxonomy. 3. Grammer, Lebre,
Germany.
5. Rebman, T. and Shakir, A. (1997). Mushroom Ki Kasht. PARC Publications,
Pakistan.
6. Bahl, N. (1988). Handbook on Mushrooms. Oxford and IBH Pub. New Delhi.
7. Mahmood, S.K., Khatoon, A.Y. and Sarfraz, K.R. (1988). Pakistan Men
Khhumbi Ugane Ki Technology. PARC Publications, Pakistan.
TITLE: ADVANCE BOTANY-LAB-V (MUSHROOM CULTIVATION)

CREDIT HOURS: 1
Syllabus Outline: Learning Morphology and Anatomy of Edible Mushrooms.
Media for their culturing, Optimization of Conditions for Growth and Harvest.
Course Outline:
i) Anatomical study of Agaricus and Pleurotus species.
ii) Cultivation ofAgaricus and Plewotus species.
iii) Preparation of Compost using different Basic Materials (different Vegetable and
Animal Matters).
iv) Preparation of Spawn (Grain Spawn and Brick Spawn).
v) Preparation of Casing.
vi) Cropping (Bags, Columns and Trays).
vii) Harvestings.
viii) Preservation.
11
Module Aims:
This includes learning all and Medical Techniques of Cultivation of Edible
Mushroom of Pakistan using Agriculture Waste etc. Aim of this course is to train the
students practically as Mushroom Growers.
1. Lectures
2. Group Discussion
3. Laboratory work
Learning Outcome: By reading this course students would be able to recognize
Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms and utilize this information for earning their
livelihood.
Evaluation Criteria

Mid-Semester 25%
Books Recommended:
1. Svreck, M. (2010). The Hamlyn Book of Mushrooms and Fungi. Hamlyn, N.Y-
London.
2. Chang, S.T. and Miles, P.G. (2004). Mushrooms, Cultivation, Nutritional Value,
Medicinal Effect and Environmental Impact. (2nd Ed.), CRC Press, New York,
Washington, D.C.
3. Dickinson, C. and Lucas, J. (2003). Encyclopedia of Mushrooms. Orbis Pub.
London.
4. Singer, R. (1999). The Agaricales in Modem Taxonomy. J. Grammer, Lebre,
Germany.
5. Rehman, T. and Shakir, A. (1997). Mushroom Ki Kasht. PARC Publications,
Pakistan.
6. Bahl, N. (1988). Handbook on Mushrooms. Oxford and IBH Pub. New Delhi.
7. Mahmood, S.K., Khatoon, A.Y. and Sarfraz, K.R. (1988). Pakistan Men
Khhumbi Ugane Ki Technology. PARC Publications, Pakistan.
12
COURSE TITLE: ADVANCE BOTANY-VI (PLANT NUTRITION & SOIL
FERTILITY)
CREDIT HOURS: 3
Syllabus Outline: To study composition of different nutrients, absorption,

translocation and assimilation of various nutrients. Nitrogen fixation.
Course Outline:
Introduction, Scope and History of Mineral Plant Nutrition. The Inorganic Components
of Plants, Water, Dry Matter, Mineral Competition,
Essential and other Mineral Elements, Macronutrient and Micronutrient Elements,
Comparative Macronutrient and Micronutrient Elements; Comparative Elemental
Requirements of Higher Plants; Deficiencies and Tissue Analysis, Deficiency
Symptoms of Individual Elements. The Media of Plant Nutrition, The Variety of
Nutrient Media: Soil; Solution Culture;
Chemical Composition of Nutrient Solutions; Modified Solution Culture, Culture
Solutions compared with Soil Solutions.
The Acquisition of Nitrogen Absorption of Nitrate and Ammonium Ions; Nitrogen
Fixation, Physiology of Formation of Root Nodules, Physiology of Symbiotic Nitrogen
Fixation.
Mineral Metabolism, The Functions of Nutrients, Nutrient Elements as Constituents of
Metabolites and Complexes, Nutrient Elements as Activators, Cofactors or Regulators
of Enzymes, Nutrient Elements in Physiological Processes. Ecological Aspects of Plant
Nutrition, Phenotypic Plasticity, The Concept of the Ecotype, Role of Mineral Elements
in Plant Ecology, Interplay between Plants and their Mineral Media. Soil Fertility
Evaluation.
Soil and Fertilizer N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe and Trace Elements. Liming and Use of
Gypsum. Fertilizers and Efficient Use of Water.
Module Aims: The students will be able to get an update on issues related to
Plant Nutrition and Soil Fertility Integrated on Sustainable Land Use and Natural
Resource Management.
1. Lectures
2. Group Discussion
3. Laboratory Work ,
Learning Outcome: The students will develop an insight into the Mineral
Requirements, Media Preparations and Mineral Metabolism. All Agriculture Practices
based on fertilization will be analyzed.
13
Evaluation Criteria

Mid-Semester 25%
Books Recommended:
1. Taiz, L.D. and Zeiger, E. (2010). Plant Physiology. (5th Ed.), Sierauer
Associates.
2. Barker, A.V. and Pilbeam, D.J. (2007). Hand Book of Plant Nutrition. CRC
Press Washington D.C.
3. Epstein, E. and Bloom, J.A. (2005) Mineral Nutrition of Plants: Principles and
Perspectives. (2nd Ed.), Sierauer Associates.
4. Tisdale, S. and Nelson, W. (2005). Soil Fertility and Fertilizers. (3rd Ed.),
Mchillans.
5. Wallace, T. (2005). The Diagnosis of Mineral Deficiencies in Plants. Her
Majesty's Stationery Office, London.
TITLE: ADVANCEBOTANY-LAB-VI (PLANT NUTRITION AND SOIL

FERTILITY)
CREDIT HOURS: 1
Syllabus Outline: Study of different media for plant growth, macro and
micronutrients, determination of total water requirements.
Course Outline:
1. Sand and Water Culture Methods.
2. Study of Deficiency Symptoms of Macro and Micronutrient Elements.
3. Phenotypic Adaptations of plants to Nutrients, Deficiency and Methods of
Growth Analysis.
4. Plant Tissue Analysis for Principle Inorganic Ions.
5. Determination of P, Ca and Mg Content of Soil.
6. Preparation of Fertilizer Mixtures.
7. Determination of total Water Requirements of a Crop by using Climatic Data
(Blaney and Criddle Formula will be used).
8. Preparation of Standard Acid, Alkali and Indicator Solutions.
Module Aims: This Laboratory Course will help students to solve problems
related to Soil Fertility and Fertilizers. Students will learn about various techniques of
growing plants.
14
1. Lectures
2. Group Discussion
3. Laboratory Work
Learning Outcome: Experiments based on Theory Syllabus will be explored.
Students will be able to grow plants in different media. Students will be able to observe
different symptoms due to deficiency of various nutrients in the media
Evaluation Criteria

Mid-Semester 25%
Books Recommended:
1. Taiz, L.D. and Zeiger, E. (2010). Plant Physiology. (5th Ed.), Sierauer
Associates.
2. Barker, A.V. and Pilbeam, D.J. (2007). Hand Book of Plant Nutrition. CRC
Press Washington D.C.
3. Epstein, E. and Bloom, J.A. (2005) Mineral Nutrition of Plants: Principles and
and
Perspectives. (2 Ed.), Sierauer Associates.
4. Tisdale, S. and Nelson, W. (2005). Soil Fertility and Fertilizers. (3rd Ed.),
McMillans.
5. Wallace, T. (2005). The Diagnosis of Mineral Deficiencies in Plants. Her
Majesty's Stationery Office, London.
15
ADVANCE CHEMISTRY- IV (INORGANIC CHEMISTRY)
CREDIT HOURS: 3
Course Objectives: Students will acquire knowledge about the physical and chemical
properties of d- & f- block elements on the basis of their electronic configurations and
will be able to work out structures of coordination compounds through development of
understanding of coordinate compounds and chemical bonding.
16
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
ADVANCE CHEMISTRY LAB- IV (INORGANIC CHEMISTRY)
CREDIT HOURS: 1
17
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
18
ADVANCE CHEMISTRY- V (ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY)
CREDIT HOURS: 3
Course Objectives: The main objectives of this course are to introduce the students to
the basics principles, instrumental aspects and applications of separation and
spectrophotometric analytical methods
19
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
ADVANCE CHEMISTRY LAB- V (ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY)
CREDIT HOURS: 1
20
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
21
ADVANCE CHEMISTRY- VI (ORGANIC CHEMISTRY)
CREDIT HOURS: 3
Course Objectives: Students will gain knowledge about the stereochemical behavior
of organic molecules and acquire an ability to propose mechanism of simple reactions.
22
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
ADVANCE CHEMISTRY LAB- VI (ORGANIC CHEMISTRY)
CREDIT HOURS: 1
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
23
24
Course Title: Advance Mathematics- IV (Mechanics)
Vector Integration
Line integrals
Surface area and surface integrals
Volume integrals
Integral Theorems
Green’s theorem
Gauss divergence theorem
Stoke’s theorem
Curvilinear Coordinates
Orthogonal coordinates
Unit vectors in curvilinear systems
Arc length and volume elements
The gradient, Divergence and curl
Special orthogonal coordinate systems
Tensor Analysis
Coordinate transformations
Einstein summation convention
Tensors of different ranks
Contravariant, Covariant and mixed tensors
Symmetric and skew symmetric tensors
Addition, Subtraction, Inner and outer products of tensors
Contraction theorem, Quotient law
The line element and metric tensor
Christoffel symbols
Non Inertial Reference Systems
Accelerated coordinate systems and inertial forces
Rotating coordinate systems
Velocity and acceleration in moving system: Coriolis, Centripetal and
transverse acceleration
Dynamics of a particle in a rotating coordinate system
Planar Motion of Rigid Bodies
Introduction to rigid and elastic bodies, Degrees of freedom, Translations,
Rotations, instantaneous axis and center of rotation, Motion of the center of
mass
Euler’s theorem and Chasle’s theorem
Rotation of a rigid body about a fixed axis: Moments and products of inertia of
various bodies including hoop or cylindrical shell, circular cylinder, spherical
shell
Parallel and perpendicular axis theorem
25
Radius of gyration of various bodies
Motion of Rigid Bodies in Three Dimensions
General motion of rigid bodies in space: Moments and products of inertia,
Inertia matrix
The momental ellipsoid and equimomental systems
Angular momentum vector and rotational kinetic energy
Principal axes and principal moments of inertia
Determination of principal axes by diagonalizing the inertia matrix
Euler Equations of Motion of a Rigid Body
Force free motion
Free rotation of a rigid body with an axis of symmetry
Free rotation of a rigid body with three different principal moments
Euler’s Equations
The Eulerian angles, Angular velocity and kinetic energy in terms of Euler
angles, Space cone
Motion of a spinning top and gyroscopes- steady precession, Sleeping top
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Recommended Books
1. G. E. Hay, Vector and Tensor Analysis, (Dover Publications, Inc., 1979)
2. G. R. Fowles and G. L. Cassiday, Analytical Mechanics, (Thomson
Brooks/Cole, 2005)
3. H. Goldstein, C. P. Poole and J. L. Safko, Classical Mechanics, (Addison-
Wesley Publisihng Co., 2001)
4. M. R. Spiegel, Theoretical Mechanics, (McGraw Hill Book Company, 1980)
5. M. R. Spiegel, Vector Analysis, (McGraw Hill Book Company, 1981)
6. D. C. Kay, Tensor Calculus, (McGraw Hill Book Company, 1988)
7. E. C. Young, Vector and Tensor Analysis, (Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1993)
8. L. N. Hand and J. D. Finch, Analytical Mechanics, (Cambridge University
Press, 1998)
26
Course Title: Advance Mathematics- V (Topology & Functional Analysis)
Topology
Open and closed sets
Subspaces
Neighborhoods
Limit points, Closure of a set
Interior, Exterior and boundary of a set
Bases and Sub-bases
Base and sub bases
Neighborhood bases
First and second axioms of countablility
Separable spaces, Lindelöf spaces
Continuous functions and homeomorphism
Weak topologies, Finite product spaces
Separation Axioms
Separation axioms
Regular spaces
Completely regular spaces
Normal spaces
Compact Spaces
Compact topological spaces
Countably compact spaces
Sequentially compact spaces
Connectedness
Connected spaces, Disconnected spaces
Totally disconnected spaces
Components of topological spaces
27
Metric Space
Review of metric spaces
Convergence in metric spaces
Complete metric spaces
Completeness proofs
Dense sets and separable spaces
No-where dense sets
Baire category theorem
Normed Spaces
Normed linear spaces
Banach spaces
Convex sets
Quotient spaces
Equivalent norms
Linear operators
Linear functionals
Finite dimensional normed spaces
Continuous or bounded linear operators
Dual spaces
Inner Product Spaces
Orthonormal sets and bases
Annihilators, Projections
Hilbert space
Linear functionals on Hilbert spaces
Reflexivity of Hilbert spaces
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Recommended Books
1. J. Dugundji, Topology, (Allyn and Bacon Inc., 1966)
2. G. F. Simmon, Introduction to Topology and Modern Analysis, (McGraw Hill
Book Company, 1963)
3. Stephen Willard, General Topology, (Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1970)
4. Seymour Lipschutz, General Topology, (Schaum's Outline Series, McGraw
Hill Book Company, 2004)
28
5. E. Kreyszig, Introduction to Functional Analysis with Applications, (John
Wiley and Sons, 2006)
6. A. L. Brown and A. Page, Elements of Functional Analysis, (Van Nostrand
Reinhold, 1970)
7. G. Bachman and L. Narici, Functional Analysis, (Academic Press, 1966)
8. F. Riesz and B. Sz. Nagay, Functional Analysis, (Dover Publications, Inc.,
1965)
29
Course Title: Advance Mathematics- VI (Advanced Analysis)
Advanced Set Theory

Equivalent Sets
Countable and Uncountable Sets
The concept of a cardinal number
The cardinals ℵo and c
Addition and multiplication of cardinals
Cartesian product, Axiom of Choice, Multiplication of cardinal numbers
Order relation and order types, Well ordered sets, Transfinite induction
Addition and multiplication of ordinals
Statements of Zorn’s lemma, Maximality principle and their simple
implications
Measure Theory
Outer measure, Lebesgue Measure, Measureable Sets and Lebesgue measure,
Non measurable sets, Measureable functions
The Lebesgue Integral
The Rieman Integral, The Lebesgue integral of a bounded function
The general Lebesgue integral
General Measure and Integration
Measure spaces, Measureable functions, Integration, General convergence
theorems
Signed measures, The Lp-spaces, Outer measure and measurability
The extension theorem
The Lebesgue Stieltjes integral, Product measures
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Recommended Books
1. D. Smith, M. Eggen and R. ST. Andre, A transition to Advanced Mathematics,
(Brooks Cole, 2004)
2. Seymour Lipschutz, Set Theory and Related Topics, (McGraw Hill, 1964)
3. Frankel, A. Abstract Set theory, (North Holland Publishing Co., 1961)
4. Royden, H. L. Real Analysis, (Prentice Hall, 1988)
5. Suppes, P. Axiomatic Set Theory, (Dover Publications Inc.,May 1973)
6. Halmos, P. R. Naive Set Theory, (Springer, 1974)
7. Halmos, P. R. Measure Theory, (Springer, 1974)
30
8. Rudin, W. Real and Complex Analysis, (McGraw-Hill Higher Education,
1987)
31
ADVANCE PHYSICS 4(MATHEMATICAL
METHOD OF PHYSICS-2)
PRE-REQUISITE: Mathematical Method of Physics I

A Course in Mathematical Methods for Physicists helps students understand the
mathematical techniques needed for their future studies in physics. It provides an
accessible account of most of the current, important mathematical tools required in
physics these days. It is assumed that the reader has an adequate preparation in general
physics and calculus. The course contents bridge the gap between an introductory
physics course and more advanced courses in classical mechanics, electricity and
magnetism, quantum mechanics, and thermal and statistical physics. It contains a large
number of worked examples to illustrate the mathematical techniques developed and
to show their relevance to physics.
COURSE OBJECTIVE:
To give the understanding of Differential equations and their uses in Physics,
Introduction to special functions, Fourier series, Fourier Transforms, Solution of
Boundary value problems and their uses.
TOPICS COVERED:
Green’s Function:
Functions of Complex Variable:
Fourier Series and Transforms:
COURSE OUTLINE:
Green’s Function:
Definition, Green’s functions for the Strum-Liouville operator Green’s functions in
electrodynamics.
Functions of Complex Variable:
Complex functions, analyticity, Cauchy-Riemann equations, multivalued functions,
Cauchy’s integral formula, Taylor and Laurent series, the residue theorem and its
applications.
Fourier Series and Transforms:
Fourier series and its complex form, applications of Fourier series, representations of a
function, properties of Fourier transforms, Fourier integral theorem, Fourier sine and
cosine transforms, applications of Fourier transforms, Laplace transform.
32
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Mathematical Methods for Physics and Engineering, F. Riley, M. P. Hobson and

S. J. Bence, Cambridge University Press, (1997).
2. Mathematical Physics by E. Butkov, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company,
(1968).
3. Mathematical Methods for Physicists by G. Arfken and H. J. Weber, Academic
Press, (1995).
4. Applied Mathematics for Engineers and Physicists by L.A. Pipes and L.R.
Harvill, McGraw-Hill Book Company, (1970).
5. Mathematics of Classical and Quantum Physics Volume II, By F.W. Byron Jr.
and R.W Fuller Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, (1970).
6. Complex Variable by M. R. Spiegel, Schaum Publishing Company, (1970)
33
ADVANCE PHYSICS 5(QUANTUM
MECHANICS-2)
PRE-REQUISITE: Quantum Mechanics I

This course covers the experimental basis of quantum physics. It introduces
wave mechanics, Schrödinger's equation in a single dimension, and Schrödinger's
equation in three dimensions.
COURSE OBJECTIVE:
It covers fundamental concepts of quantum mechanics: wave properties,
uncertainty principles, Schrödinger equation, and operator and matrix methods. Basic
applications of the following are discussed: one-dimensional potentials (harmonic
oscillator), three-dimensional centro symmetric potentials (hydrogen atom), and
angular momentum and spin. The course also examines approximation methods:
variational principle and perturbation theory.
TOPICS COVERED:
1. Central Potential:
2. Spin and Statistics:
3. Approximation Methods in Quantum Mechanics:
4. Formal Theory of Quantum Systems:
COURSE OUTLINE:
Central Potential:
Motion in a central potential, the hydrogen atom, energy spectrum, quantum numbers
and degeneracies.
Spin and Statistics:
The Zeeman effect, matrix operators, spin statistics and exclusion principle, Pauli’s
two components formalism, identical particles, fermions and bosons, symmetry and
antisymmetry of wavefunctions.
Approximation Methods in Quantum Mechanics:
Time independent perturbation theory, simple applications, damped linear harmonic
oscillator, hydrogen like atoms in magnetic field, time dependent perturbation theory,
transition probability, emission and absorption of radiation, WKB approximation and
its applications, variational method and its applications.
Formal Theory of Quantum Systems:
Hilbert space, operators and state vectors, bras and kets, orthonormality, Dirac delta-
function, completeness, expectation value, degeneracy, compatible and incompatible
observables, discrete and continuous spectra generalized uncertainty relation,
34
harmaonic oscillator, ladder operators, Schrodinger’s equation of motion,
Heisenberg’s equations of motion, constants of motion, parity, conservation laws and
invariance.
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Introductory Quantum Mechanics by R. L. Lieboff` Holden-Day, San Francisco

(1980)
2. Qunatum Mechanics Vol I,II by C.Cohen-Tannoudji, B. Diu, F. Laloe, Wiley
(1977).
3. Quantum Physics by S. Gasiorowicz, Wiley (1996).
4. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics by Dicke, Wittke, Addison-Wesley (1974).
5. Quantum Mechanics by Sokoev, Ternou, Holt, Rinehart & Winston (1996).
6. Quantum Mechanics by J. L. Powell and B. Crasemann, Addison-Wesley, (1961).
35
ADVANCE PHYSICS 6 (CLASSICAL
ELECTRODYNAMICS)
PRE-REQUISITE: Undergraduate level Electricity and Magnetism
INTRODUCTION: CREDITE HOURS: 3+1

Understanding electromagnetic fields is essential to our understanding the
world around us. The most fundamental processes in nature, from the forces that
determine the structure of atoms and molecules to the phenomena of light to nerve
impulses in living systems, depend on electric and magnetic fields.
It is fundamental to current and future technologies. Motors, power generation

and transmission, electronics, sensors, and communication – both wired and wireless –
involve the manipulation of electric or magnetic fields. There are few advances in
technology that can be made without the use of electronic circuits or electric and
magnetic fields.
COURSE OBJECTIVE:
The objective of the course is to present a theory of classical electrodynamics.
Thus, Maxwell equations and their consequences are considered in great detail and
presented pedagogically following Griffiths textbook.
TOPICS COVERED:
Electrostatics:
Electric Current:
Magnetic Properties of Matter:
Maxwell’s Equations and their Applications:
COURSE OUTLINE:
Electrostatics:
Electric dipole, potential energy of a dipole in an electric field, mutual energy of two
dipoles, force and couple on the dipole placed in an external electric field, multipole
expansion of electric fields external field of a dielectric displacement vector, electric
susceptibility and dielectric constant, boundary conditions on the field vectors,
potential energy of a group of point charges, electrostatic energy of a charge
distribution, energy of an electrostatic field, energy of a system of charged
conductors, stress in the electrostatic field and dielectric media, coefficients of
potential, capacitance and inductance.
Equation of Poisson and Laplace, applications of Laplace’s equation to problems
(conductors and dielectrics) having spherical cylindrical and cartesian symmentry,
36
electrical images (conductors and dielectrics).
Electric Current:
Nature of the current, current density and equation of continuity, Ohm’s law, steady
current in media without sources of e.m.f., approach to electrostatic equilibrium.
Magnetic induction, force on current carrying conductors, Biot-Savart law, Ampere’s
circuital law, the magnetic vector and scalar potentials, the magnetic field of a distant
circuit.
Magnetic Properties of Matter:
Magnetisation, vectors M and H produced by magnetized materials field equation,
boundary conditions on the field vectors.
Maxwell’s Equations and their Applications:
Maxwell’s equations and the generalization of the Ampere’s law, electromagnetic
energy, vector and scalar potentials, gauge transformations (Lorentz gauge, coulombs
guage). pressure of radiations, Green’s function for time dependent wave equation,
retarded scaler and vector potentials, radiation from an oscillating dipole, plane
electromagnetic wave, plane waves in a conducting and non-conducting media, linear
and cirucular polarization, and superposition of waves in one dimension, boundary
conditions, reflection and refraction of electromagnetic waves at a plane interface
between dielectrics, waves polarization by reflection and total internal reflection,
reflection from a conducting medium, covariant formulation of electrodynamics,
transformation laws of electro magnetic fields, the field of a uniformly moving and
accelerated electron.
Practical:
1. To study some aspects of Ferromagnetism by drawing B. H. curve.

2. Measurement of speed of light using laser source rotating mirror method.
3. To determine e/m of an electron using a fine beam tube.
4. To determine charge of an electron by Millikan’s oil drop method.
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Classical Electrodynamics by Jackson, John Wiley & Sons, (1975).

2. Electricity and Magnetism by W. J. Duffin , McGraw-Hill, (1990).
3. Electromagnetism by I.S. Grant and W. R. Phillips, John Wiley & Sons (1990).
4. Introduction to Electrodynamics by D. Griffiths Prentice Hall, (1989).
5. Foundation of Electromagnetic Theory¸ 4th edition by Reitz, Milford and Christy,
Addison Wesley, (1993).
37
ADVANCE ZOOLOGY IV (EVOLUTION AND PRINCIPLES OF SYSTEMATICS)
CREDIT HOURS: 3+1
Objectives:
 The course is designed to provide in depth knowledge or origin of

life, and about forces responsible for evolutionary changes.
 The students will be taught basic rules and regulations about the identification
and naming of organisms.
Note: Evolution and Principles of Systematic Zoology 60% and 40% weightage, respectively.
Three questions from Evolution and two questions from Systematic will be attempted
by the students.
Course Contents
Evolution: The nature and origin to life. Evidences of evolution. (molecular,

embryological & paleontological). Theories to explain the diversity of life - Modern
synthetic theory.Factors initiating elementary evolutionary changes (micro-evolution)
by changing gene frequencies, mutation pressure, selection pressure, immigration and
crossbreeding, genetic drift. Role of isolation in evolution. Factors of large evolutionary
changes (macro/mega evolution)- allometry, orthogenesis, adaptive radiation.
Modern concept of Natural Selection: Levels of selection, selection patterns,

laboratory and field example regarding action of Natural Selection. Action of Natural
Selection leading to convergence, radiation, regression and extinction, Batesian
mimicry, Mullerian mimicry. Sexual selection: Darwin’s concept, Fisher’s view,
Zahavi’s handicap theory. Recapitulation theory, Trend and rates in evolution.
Systematic Zoology: Contribution of systematics to Biology: History of Taxonomy

(Downward classification, upward classification, impact of the origin of species,
population systematics, current trends); Microtaxonomy, phenon, Taxon; Taxonomic
categories: specificcategory, infraspecific category, higher categories; species
concepts (Typological concept; nominalistic concept, Biological concept, evolutionary
concept), species mate recognition concept; non- dimensional species concept;
Multidimenstional species concept; Cohesion species concept; Difficulties in the
application of biological species concepts; polytypic species, subspecies, super species,
sibling species; study of major type of variation within a single population. Speciation
and taxonomic decision, various types of characters, cladistic analysis,
Macrotaxonomy; different kinds of taxonomic characters; Taxonomic collection and
identification; definitions of Synonym, Homonym, Keys; Evolution of the theory of
Nomenclature; interpretation and application of the code (stability, priority, first revisor
principle) range of authority of code; concept of availability, type method formation of
specific names.
38
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Books Recommended Evolution
Dobzhansky, T. (1951).Genetics and the Origin of Species, New York: Columbia

University Press.
Dobzhansky, T., Ayala, F. J., Stebbins, G. L., & Valentine, J. W. (1973).Evolution.

W.H. Freeman and Company.
Mayr, E. (1965). Populations, Species and Evolution.Harvard University Press.
Moody, P. A. (1989). Introduction to Evolution. New York: Harper and Row

Publishers.
Ridley, M. (1993).Evolution.Blackwell Scientific Publications.
Strickberger, M. W. (2000). Evolution.Jones & Barrett Publishers.
Systematic Zoology
Heywood, V. H. (1975). Taxonomy and Ecology. London: Academic Press.
Mayer, E. &Asblock, P. D. (1991).Principles of Systematic Zoology. New York:

McGraw Hill.
Mayer, E. (1994). Principles of Systematic Zoology. New York: McGraw Hill.
Mayr, E. (1985). Animal Species and Evolution.Harvard University Press.
Whili, M. J. D. (1978). Modes of Speciation. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Co.
39
ADVANCE ZOOLOGY IV (EVOLUTION AND PRINCIPLES OF
SYSTEMATICS)
PRACTICALS
1. Study of preserved invertebrate species and their classification upto class level.
2. Collection, preservation and identification of common species with the help of
keys. Methods of statistical analysis of samples frompopulations T-test,
Analysis of variance etc.
3. Preparation of keys for the identification of specimens.
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Books Recommended Evolution
Dobzhansky, T. (1951).Genetics and the Origin of Species, New York: Columbia

University Press.
Dobzhansky, T., Ayala, F. J., Stebbins, G. L., & Valentine, J. W. (1973).Evolution.

W.H. Freeman and Company.
Mayr, E. (1965). Populations, Species and Evolution.Harvard University Press.
Moody, P. A. (1989). Introduction to Evolution. New York: Harper and Row

Publishers.
Ridley, M. (1993).Evolution.Blackwell Scientific Publications.
Strickberger, M. W. (2000). Evolution.Jones & Barrett Publishers.
Systematic Zoology
Heywood, V. H. (1975). Taxonomy and Ecology. London: Academic Press.
Mayer, E. &Asblock, P. D. (1991).Principles of Systematic Zoology. New York:

McGraw Hill.
Mayer, E. (1994). Principles of Systematic Zoology. New York: McGraw Hill.
Mayr, E. (1985). Animal Species and Evolution.Harvard University Press.
Whili, M. J. D. (1978). Modes of Speciation. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Co.
40
ADVANCE ZOOLOGY V (BIOCHEMISTRY)
CREDIT HOURS: 3+1
Objectives:
The course will provide in depth knowledge about the polymerized organic compounds
of life. The dynamism of the life proceeds with inter- conversion of the chemicals from
feeding to the liberation of energy for work. It will deal with the inter-conversion is
performed by various tools called as enzymes. Thus, in this course the concepts of the
chemical basis of life and all the mechanisms involved in harvesting of energy for
growth, duplication etc., are given.
Course Contents
Amino acids, peptides and proteins: standard amino acids, their structure and
classification; acid/base properties of amino acids and their titration curves; natural
modifications of amino acids in proteins; non- standard amino acids, their structure and
role; peptides, their ionic behavior and amino acid composition, cytochrome c;
Macromolecular separation techniques in biochemistry; ion exchange chromatography;
isoelectric focusing; density gradient centrifugation.
Enzymes: introduction; important characteristics of enzymes; immobilized enzymes;
how enzymes work; example of enzymatic reaction; enzyme kinetics, enzyme rate of
reaction and substrate concentration, how ph and temperature effect enzyme activity;
kinetics of bisubstrate and multisubstrate reactions.
Carbohydrates: classification, types, important characteristics and structure of

carbohydrates; history of developments in structure of glucose; monosaccharides;
cyanohydrin formation; disaccharides their types structure and function;
polysaccharides, storage and structural types; structure and major functions of
polysaccharides.
Lipids: fatty acids, their types and major characteristics; storage lipids, acylglycerols;
waxes; structural lipids in membranes; major functions of lipids; lipoproteins, their
types and major functions.
Vitamins and cofactors: occurrence, structure and biochemical function of vitamins of b-
complex group.
Bioenergetics: concept of free energy; standard free energy change: energy rich
compounds.
Metabolism: detailed description of glycolysis and catabolism of other hexoses;
41
regulation and bioenergetics of glycolysis. Anabolic role of glycolysis; fate of
pyruvate under aerobic and anaerobic conditions,lactate, acetyl CoA and ethanol
formation; alcoholic fermentation; gluconeogenesis, its regulation and significance in
the tissues; feeder pathways in glycolysis; utilization of other carbohydrates in
glycolysis; phosphorolysis of glycogen and starch; regulation of glycogen metabolism;
utilization of dietary polysaccharides (starch) and disaccharides (sucrose and galactose).
Biosynthesis of glycogen, starch and sucrose.
Citric acid (TCA) cycle: conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, pyruvate

dehydrogenase, a multi-enzyme complex; detailed description of citric acid cycle;
bioenergetics and conservation of energy produced in the cycle. Anabolic or
biosynthetic role of citric acid cycle intermediates; replenishing or anaplerotic reactions
and their role; regulation of citric acid cycle
Lipid metabolism: oxidation of fatty acids; digestion, mobilization and transport of
fats; biosynthesis of triacylglycerol; utilization of triacylglycerol; activation of fatty
acids and their transportation to mitochondria; beta-oxidation; bioenergetics of beta-
oxidation; oxidation of unsaturated and odd chain fatty acids; omega oxidation pathway;
biosynthesis of saturated fatty acid, supply of raw material for palmitic acid synthesis;
fatty acid synthetase (FAS) multienzyme complex; biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty
acids. Ketone bodies their biosynthesis, utilization and role in the tissues; cholesterol
metabolism: cholesterol biosynthesis and its regulation; steroid hormones.
Nitrogen metabolism: metabolic fate of amino acids; catabolism of amino acids;

deamination and transamination; nitrogen excretion and urea cycle; regulation of urea
cycle; Biosynthesis of some amino acids; incorporation of ammonia in glutamate and
glutamine; purine and pyrimidine.
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Books Recommended
Lubert, S. (1995).Biochemistry,(4thed.),New York: W.H. Freeman & Company.
McKee, T. & McKee, J.R. Biochemistry, (2003).The molecular basis of life.(3rded.),

McGraw Hill.
Murray, R. K., Granner,D.K., Mayer, P.A. &Rodwells, V.W. (2000).

Harper’sBiochemistry,(25thed.), New York: McGraw Hill.
Nelson, D. L. &Cox, M.M. Lehninger, (2000).Principles of Biochemistry,(3rded.),
42
New York: McMillan Worth Publishers.
Voet. D., Voet, J.G., & Pratt, C.W. (1999). Fundamentals of Biochemistry, New
York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Zubay, G. (1995). Biochemistry,(4thed.), Oxford, England: Wm. C. Brown Publishers,

Inc.
43
ADVANCE ZOOLOGY V (BIOCHEMISTRY) PRACTICALS
1. Preparation of standard curve for glucose by ortho-Toluidine method.

2. Tests for detection of carbohydrates in alkaline and acidic medium.
3. Tests for detection of Disaccharides.
4. Detection of Non-Reducing sugars in the presence of Reducing sugars.
5. Demonstration of Acid Hydrolysis of Polysaccharide.
6. Separation and identification of various types of sugars, fatty acid and amino
acid ThinLayer Chromatography (TLC).
7. Determination of pKa values of an amino acid by preparation of titration curves.
8. Biochemical tests for detection of different amino acids.
9. Separation of various protein fractions by precipitation method.
10. Demonstration of differential solubility of lipids in various solvents.
11. Quantitative analysis of phospholipids by estimation of inorganic phosphorous.
12. Quantitative analysis of Amylase activity from blood serum or liver.
13. Study on the effect of temperature on the enzymatic rate of reaction
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Books Recommended
Plummer, David T.(1990). An introduction to practical biochemistry, (4thed.),

London: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Wilson,K&Walker, J.(1994).Practical Biochemistry: Principles and

Techniques,(4thed.), Cambridge University Press.
44
ADVANCE ZOOLOGY VI (ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY)
CREDIT HOURS: 3+1
Objectives:
The aim of this course is to make the students aware that all the living organisms
including human beings are part of the environment, which consists of biotic and abiotic
factors. The abiotic factors consist of all the physical factors while biotic factors include
all the living things. However with the increase in population densities increase in
productivity is also needed. High technologymeasures used for this purpose have caused
various problems like pollution.
Course Contents
An overview of concepts of ecosystem with emphasis on interaction and

homeostasis.Basic global ecosystems (atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere,
ecosphere). Biogeochemical cycle: nitrogen, phosphorus, sulpher, water, carbon,
nutrient. Limiting factors: basic concepts, temperature, soil, water and humidity, light,
fire. Energy: laws of thermodynamics, primary and secondary productions, trophic
levels and energy variation with increasing trophic levels, energy flow, food chains and
food webs. Population ecology: basic population characters, growth and growth curves,
population dynamics and regulations. Community ecology: basic concepts, community
analysis, ecotones, inter-population interactions. Ecological niche: basic concepts and
types. An overview of major biomes of the world. Applied Ecology: Resources and their
ecological management (mineral, agricultural and forest, range management,
desalination and weather modification, landscape and land use); Pollution (definition,
types, cost, origin and management); water (sources, domestic and industrial pollution,
heavy metals, water purification, waste water treatment); air (sulpher dioxide, nitrogen
oxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, smog and PAN, MTBE & CFCs); land pollution
(pesticides, bacterial toxins, synthetic hormones); noise pollution. Radiation.Space
biology. Contemporary environmental themes: (ozone depletion, acid rain, green house
effect and global warming, desertification, deforestation, exotic and invasive species,
radioactivity leakage, environmental laws).
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Books Recommended
Chapman, J. L. & Reiss, M. J. (1997).Ecology: principles and applications. Cambridge

Univ. Press, UK.
45
Cox, C. B. &Morre, D. (2000).Biogeography: an Ecological and Evolutionary
Approach, (6thed.), Life Sciences King’s College, London, UK.
Dondson, S.I., Allen, T.F.N., Carpenter, S.R., Ives, A., Jeanne, R.L., Kitchell, J.F.,
Langston, N.E. & Turner, M.G., (1998). Ecology.UK: Oxford Univ. Press.
Molles, M.C. (2005).Ecology: Concepts and Applications.(6thed.), New York, USA:

McGraw Hill.
Newman, I. (1993). Applied Ecology. UK: Black Well Scientific Publications Oxford.
Odum, E. P. (1994). Fundamentals of Ecology.(3rded.), Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
Slingsby, D. & Cook, C., (1986). Practical Ecology. UK: McMillan Education Ltd.
Smith, R.L. (1980). Ecology And Field Biology, Harper and Row.
46
ADVANCE ZOOLOGY VI (ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY) PRACTICALS
1. Measurement of environmental factors on land, water and air.
2. Study ofdifferent ecosystems: pond, agricultural or grassland, forest.
3. Community analysis through different sampling techniques (quadrat, Transect).
Population dynamics of grasshoppers.
4. Adaptive features of animals in relation to food and environment.
5. Food chain studies through analysis of gut contents.
6. Analysis of polluted and fresh water for biotic and abiotic variations.
7. Field visits for study of selected terrestrial habitat and writing notes.
8. Development of an ecological management plan of some selected area.
Evaluation Criteria
Mid-Semester 25%
Books Recommended
Chapman, J. L. & Reiss, M. J. (1997).Ecology: principles and applications. Cambridge

Univ. Press, UK.
Cox, C. B. &Morre, D. (2000).Biogeography: an Ecological and Evolutionary

Approach, (6thed.), Life Sciences King’s College, London, UK.
Dondson, S.I., Allen, T.F.N., Carpenter, S.R., Ives, A., Jeanne, R.L., Kitchell, J.F.,
Langston, N.E. & Turner, M.G., (1998). Ecology.UK: Oxford Univ. Press.
Molles, M.C. (2005).Ecology: Concepts and Applications.(6thed.), New York, USA:

McGraw Hill.
Newman, I. (1993). Applied Ecology. UK: Black Well Scientific Publications Oxford.
Odum, E. P. (1994). Fundamentals of Ecology.(3rded.), Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
Slingsby, D. & Cook, C., (1986). Practical Ecology. UK: McMillan Education Ltd.
Smith, R.L. (1980). Ecology And Field Biology, Harper and Row.
47
SEMESTER-VIII
Course: Comparative Science Education
Credit Hours: 3
Introduction: Educators improve their practice by adopting and adapting educational systems and
practices that were developed elsewhere. Comparisons of educational systems also provide a basis
for assessing the suitability of current practices. This course focuses on training student teachers to
compare and contrast educational systems and exposes students to the comparative approaches in
education. Furthermore, the course aims at providing prospective teachers a basis for educational
comparisons aimed at creating an understanding of issues influencing the focus, structure,
organization and practice of education at international level, regional level and local level. With a
major focus on Science Education, the course will equip the prospective science teachers with
necessary acquaintance regarding issues and trends in the field of Science Education around the
world so that they can learn the lessons for improvement and quality enhancement of Science
Education in Pakistan.
Course Content
Unit 1: Introduction to Comparative Education
Topic: The Meaning of Comparative Education
Topic: The Purpose and Uses of Comparative Education
Topic: Concept of Globalization
Topic: Comparative Education: Historical Development and Evolution
Topic: Introduction to The WCCES: A Global Body in Comparative Education
Unit 2: Comparative Approaches in Education

Topic: Bereday’s Four-Stage Method
Topic: Holmes’ Problem Solving Approach
Topic: Eckstein and Noah’s Scientific Method
Unit 3: Comparative Study of International Systems of Education

Topic: Western Europe
Topic: USA
Topic: East Asia
Topic: Latin America
Topic: Africa
1
Topic: South East Asia
Unit 4: Comparative Study of Regional Systems of Education
Topic: Anglophone
Topic: Francophone
Topic: Lusophone
Unit 5: Comparative Studies in Science Education
Topic: Globalization of Science Education
Topic: Factors affecting globalization of Science Education
Topic: Nuffield Science Foundation report
Topic: Analysis of TIMSS reports
Topic: Analysis of PISA reports
Evaluation Criteria

Mid-Semester 25%
REFERENCES
Beech J. (2006). The Theme of Educational Transfer in Comparative Education:A View over time I
(pp. 2-13) in Research in Comparative and International Education Vol. 1. No. 1
Bereday, G. F. Z. (1964). Comparative Method in Education. New York: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston
Bereday G. F. Z. (1975) The Contribution of Comparative Education to Comparative Studies of
Adult Education in Bennett, C., Kidd, J. R., and J. Kulich Comparative Studies in Adult
Education: An Anthology Syracuse, USA: Syracuse University Publications in Continuing
Education.pp. 114-118
Ndoye M. (2008) Education in Africa: Knowledge Makes the Difference in Fredriksen B. and J. P.
Tan (editors) An African Exploration of the East Asian Education Experience. Washington:
World Bank pp. 61-79
Noah H. J. (1984) The Use and Abuse of Comparative Education in Comparative Education Review.
28 pp. 550-562
Phillips D. (2006) Comparative Education: Method in Research in Comparative and International
Education, Vol. 1 No. 4 pp. 304-319.
2
World Bank, (2008) Governance, Management and Accountability in secondary Education in Sub-
Saharan Africa World. World Bank Working Paper No. 127 African Human Development
Series. Washington: World Bank
3
Course: Arabic Language
Credit Hours: 3
Introduction: the main objective of this course is to give students an introduction to the basic syntax
and morphology of the Arabic language so that they can study the language at an advanced level of
their own. Although the main focus of the course will remain on sentence structure, the limited use
of situational language teaching (SLT) is also expected.
Objectives:
At the end of course students will be able to:
Understand simple Arabic sentence
Decipher the meanings of complex sentences with the help of dictionary
Explain the meaning of sentence structure
Communicate in the Arabic language
Course Content
Grammar, Morphology & Syntax
Arabic Letters and Their Pronunciation
 Arabic alphabets
 Pronunciations
 The consonants
 The vowels
 The definite and the indefinite article
 The Moon letters and the Sun letters
The Kinds of Arabic word
 Nouns
 Verbs
Particles plus Functional Words
 Separate Pronouns
 Attached pronouns
The Demonstrative And The Relative Nouns
 The Demonstrative Nouns
 The Relative Nouns
The Singular, The Dual & The Plural
4
 The Dual & The Sound Plural
 The Broken Plural
The Masculine and the Feminine Gender
The Possessive Compound
 References from Noble Quran
 Examples
Adjective Compounds
 Some references from the Qur’an for Adjectives
The Kinds of Verbs
 The past tense
 The present and the future tense
 The imperative and the prohibitive word
Morphological Groups/ GatesVerb with Consonants and Vowels and Double Sound of A Letter
 Verb with Consonants and Vowels
 Verb with Double Sound of A Letter
The Active Principle, The Passive Principle And The Five Nouns
 The Active Principle, The Passive Principle
 The Five Nouns
The Numbers
 Numbers from 1 to 10 in Arabic
 Examples from Numbers from 1 to 10 from Holy Quran
The Functional Words
 The interrogative practices
 Prepositions
 References from the Holy Qur’an
The kinds of Arabic Sentences
 Nominal Sentences
 Verbal sentences
Selected Text from the Religious Literature
 Parts of human body
 The colors
 Days of the week
 Seasons of the year
5
 Timings
 Food and drink
 Greetings and introduction
 Shopping
Evaluation Criteria

Mid-Semester 25%
6
Course: Students Teaching and Observation (PRACTICAL)
Credit Hours: 6 (Long Term: 8-10 Weeks)
Introduction:
This course provides the experience secondary school, science teachers with carefully sequenced and
supervised field experiences in all subject areas related to science disciplines. Opportunities to work
with secondary level students are provided. As a student teacher it is required that they will work
with students of various backgrounds and of different capabilities. The developmental
Objectives:
1. Reflect on and learn from connecting theory to their teaching practice.
2. Collaborate with peers, cooperating teachers, other school staff and university supervisor,
establishing professional relationships.
3. Invite, accept and utilize formative feedback from the cooperating teaching, peers, and the
university supervisor in a non-defensive manner
4. Produce plans for teaching and learning that reflects the use of appropriate instructional
methods and strategies to meet the needs of all students.
5. Utilize appropriate instruments or techniques informally and formal accessing students’
learning needs
6. Recognize cognitive and affective need of students and establish learning environment and
use activities appropriate to meet those needs,
7. Maintain their lesson plan and use it effectively.
Course Activities.
Week No Activities
1 Introduction to the school and Classroom context
 The classroom environment, placement of materials, arrangement of
workspaces and traffic patterns
 Classroom interactions
 Small administrative tasks
 Helping individuals or small groups of children
 Preparation of lesson planner
2 Becoming more involved in the classroom

3 Taking an active role in co planning and co teaching section of a lesson

alongside your cooperating teacher
7
4 Assuming responsibility for co planning and co teaching as amany classes as
a student can
5 Assuming responsibility for planning, teaching and assessing in at least one

subject
6 Assuming responsibility for planning, teaching and any additional

responsibilities as negotiated with the cooperating teacher and university
supervisor
Evaluation Criteria (For Practical Activity in Schools)

Internal Examination College Supervision in 40%
Schools
External Examination Examination of Model 60%

Lessons Delivered by each
student in Schools and
Evaluation bu University
Panel of Examiners
8
COURSE TITLE: ADVANCE BOTANY-VII (PLANT BREEDING &
HORTOCULTURE)
CREDIT HOURS: 3
Syllabus Outline: An introduction to Plant Breeding and Horticulture. Different strategies used in
breeding for plant selection with desired characteristics. Application of ' horticulture techniques used
in Green house and in landscaping.
Course Outline:
Plant Breeding: Basic Principles and Aims of Plant Breeding, General Outlines of Breeding Methods,
Selection in Inbreeders (Single Plant Selection, Mass Selection, Pedigree Selection, Bulk Population
Selection, Baekcross Breeding), Selection in Outbreeders (Single Plant Selection, Mass Selection,
Recurrent Selection, Baekcross Breeding).
Horticulture: An Introduction, Plant Science, Plant Propagation, Greenhouse Management and
Crops, Integrated Pest Management (IPM), Container-Grown Plants, Using Plants in the Landscape,
Lawn and Turf Grass Establishment and Maintenance, The Vegetable Garden, The Small Fruit Garden.
Module Aims: This course enables the students to learn basic knowledge about Plant Breeding
Strategies and Implementation to Horticultural Studies. The aim of this module is to give general
Information to enter into Applied Breeding and Horticultural Practices.
1. Lectures
2. Group Discussion
3. Laboratory Work
Learning Outcome: The successful completion of this course shall enable the students to apply basic
knowledge into Applied Plant Breeding Practices.
Evaluation Criteria

Mid-Semester 25%
Books Recommended:
1. Peter, K.V. (2009). Basics of Horticulture. New India Publishers.
2. Brown, J. and Caligare, P. (2008). An Introduction to Plant Breeding. Blackwell Synergy
Publishers.
3. Acquaach, G. (2006). Principles of Plant Genetics and Breeding. Blackwell and Synergy
Publishers.
4. Kumar, N. (2006). Breeding of Horticulture Crops: Principles and Practices. New Indian
Publishers.
9
5. Carpenter, P.L. and Walker, I. (2004). Plants in Landscape. (2nd Ed.), New York Freeman.
6. Acquaach, G. (2002). Horticulture Principles and Practices. (2nd Ed.), Prentice Hall of India
Private Limited, New Delhi.
7. Crockett, J.V. (1999). Landscape Gardening. New York Time — Life.
10
TITLE: ADVANCEBOTANY-LAB-VII (PLANT BREEDING &
HORTICULTURE)
CREDIT HOURS: 1
Syllabus Outline: Different techniques used in Plant Breeding and Horticulture
Course Outline:
1. Techniques of Plant Breeding
2. Pollination and fertilization in self and out Breeding Plants, their Implications and Consequences
Module Aims: The aim of this subject is to give practical knowledge and in-hand experience
to the students in various Plant Breeding and Horticulture Methods.
1. Lectures
2. Group Discussion
3. Laboratory Work
4. Seminar/Workshop
Learning Outcome: The outcome of this course in same as Theory paper. The successful completion
of this course will enable the students to apply their Practical Experience under full conditions.
Evaluation Criteria

Mid-Semester 25%
Books Recommended:
1. Peter, K.V. (2009). Basics of Horticulture. New India Publishers.
2. Brown, J. and Caligare, P. (2008). An Introduction to Plant Breeding. Blackwell Synergy
Publishers.
3. Acquaach, G. (2006). Principles of Plant Genetics and Breeding. Blackwell and Synergy
Publishers.
4. Kumar, N. (2006). Breeding of Horticulture Crops: Principles and Practices. New Indian
Publishers.
5. Carpenter, P.L. and Walker, I. (2004). Plants in Landscape. (2nd Ed.), New York Freeman.
6. Acquaach, G. (2002). Horticulture Principles and Practices. (2nd Ed.), Prentice Hall of India
Private Limited, New Delhi.
7. Clevelard, D.A. (2002). Farmers, Scientists and Plant Breeding Integrating Knowledge and
Practice.
8. Kang, M.S. (2002). Quantitative Genetics. Genomics and Plant Breeding.
9. Croekett, J.V. (1999). Landscape Gardening. New York Time - Life.
11
10. Gupta, S.K. (2000). Plant Breeding Theory and Techniques. Narosa Publishers.
12
COURSE TITLE: ADVANCE BOTANY-VIII (SALINITY & WATER
LOGGING)
CREDIT HOURS: 3
Syllabus Outline: Importance and Assessment of Salinity and Water Logging, their Impacts on
Environment and Ecosystem and Adaptations exhibited by plants.
Course Outline:
SALINITY: Origin of Saline and Sodic Soils; Measurement of Salinity and Sodicity; Classification
of Saline and Sodic Soils; Inter-Relations of Water Logging and Salinity, Effects of Soil Salinity and
Alkalinity on Plant Growth (a) Osmotic Effect, (b) Specific Ion Effect, (c) Nutritional Imbalance.
Quality of Irrigation Water;
Classification of Irrigation Water from view point of its Quality, Management and Reclamation of
Saline and Sodic Soils, Mechanism of Salt Tolerance, Methods of Increasing Salt Tolerance in Plants,
Biotic Approach and Genetic Engineering for Improvement of Salt Tolerance in Crops, Extent of
Salinity in Pakistan.
WATER LOGGING: Origin of Water Logging, Physical and Chemical changes in Soil as a result of
Water Logging, Measurement of Soil Redox Potential, Iron and Manganese Relations in Water Logged
Soils, Higher Plants and the Water Logged Soils, Adaptations of Plants to Water Logging, Mechanism
of Water Logging Tolerance in Plants, Extent of Water Logging in Pakistan.
Module Aims: To make the students well aware of this National Menace and the Ways to
Control it.
1. Lectures
2. Group Discussion
3. Laboratory Work
Learning Outcome: The student shared be able to determine when the Soil becomes Water Logged
and ultimately Saline and to ways to Manage these National Problems.
Evaluation Criteria

Mid-Semester 25%
Books Recommended:
1. Horneck, D.A., Ellsworth, J.W., Hopkins, E.G., Sullivan, D.M. and Stevens, R.G. (2007).
Managing Salt affected Soils for Crop Production. Oregan Star University.
2. Hoorn, W.V. and Alpen J.G. (2006). Salinity Control in Retzema. (Ed.) Drainage Principle and
Applications. Pub. No. 16. International Institute for Land Reclamation and improvement (LRRI).
Wageningen, Netheriand.
13
3. Warsi, I. (2005).. Master Plan of Pakistan, Main Report Volume II. IWRPO.
4. Wortd Bank, (2005). Pakistan Water Resources Assessmentnt Strategy, Report No. 34081PK.
Agicultural & Rural Development Unit South Asia Region Washington D.C.
5. Shah, A.H., Anwar-ul-Haq and Bhutta, M.N. (2003). Success ofBiosaline Approach for Land
Rehabilitation. Pakistan Community Project for Rehabilitation of Saline and Water Logged land,
WARSI Report No. 2003/22.
6. Qurashi, R.U. and Lennard, E.G.B. (1999). A Hand Book of Saline Agriculture of Irrigated
lands in Pakistan. Australian Centre for International Agriculture Research.
7. Warsi, I. (UNDP) (1992). Manual of Salinity Research Methods. Warsi Publication No. 147,
Lahore.
8. Alien, S.E. (1976). Chemical Analysis of Ecological Material. Blackwell Scientific
Publications.
9. Mayber, P. and Gale, G. (1975). Plants in Saline Environment. Springer Verlag, Berlin,
Washington.
14
TITLE: ADVANCEBOTANY-LAB-VIII (SALINITY AND WATER
LOGGING)
CREDIT HOURS: 1
Syllabus Outline: Various .Physical and Chemical Parameters to Assess Salinity, observations of
hazardous Impacts of Water Logging and Salinity of Plants. Course Outline:
1. Measurement of Electrical Conductivity of Soil Saturation Extract.
2. Measurement of Cation Exchange Capacity of Soil.
3. Determination of the Amounts of Soluble Calcium.
4. Calculation of Exchangeable Sodium Percentage of Soil from its Sodium Adsorption Ratio.
5. Determination of me Amounts of Chlorides and Sulphates in a Soil Saturation Extract.
6. Analysis of Irrigation Water for the following: Electrical Conductivity, Sodium Adsorption
Ratio, Chlorides, Sulphates, Carbonates, Bicarbonates, Total Dissolved Salts, Nitrates, Fluorides, Iron
and Silica.
7. Classification of Irrigation Water from the view point of its Salinity and Sodium Hazard.
8. Effects of Salinized Media on Germination of Seeds of Different Crop Plants.
9. Experimental Investigation to test the Salt Tolerance of Different Crop Plants.
10. Quantitative studies ofHalophytes in the Field.
11. Measurement ofpH and EC of a Water Logged Soil.
12. Measurement of the amount of Iron and Manganese in Water Logged Soils.
13. Field observations on Water Logging of Soil and its Effects on Plant Distribution through
Quantitative Studies of Vegetation.
14. Visit to WASID Laboratories of WAPDA and Laboratories of Land Reclamation Directorate,
Lahore.
15. Field Tours to Saline and Water Logged Areas of Punjab.
Module Aims: The student is expected to make a complete Analysis of Saline Sodic and Water
Logging and suggest Ways of Reclamation and Remediation.
1. Lectures
2. Group Discussion
3. Laboratory work
Learning Outcome: The students should be able to assess Salinity and Water Logging in the Field
and their Hazardous Impacts on Plants. i
15
Evaluation Criteria

Mid-Semester 25%
Books Recommended:
1. F.A.O. (1994). The Literature of Soil Science. Bulletin No. 59, Irrigation and Drainage Series.
2. Horneek, D.A., EUsworth, J.W., Hopkins, B.G., Sullivan, D.M. and Stevens, R.G. (2007).
Managing Salt Affected Soils for Crop Production. Oregan Star University.
3. Hoorn, W.V. and Alpen J.G. (2006). Salinity Control. In; Retzema (ed.) Drainage Principle
and Applications. Pub. No. 16. International Institute for Land Reclamation and improvement (LRRI).
Wageningen, Netherland.
4. IWARSI, I (2005). Master Plan of Pakistan. Main Report, Volume II. IWRPO.
5. Armstrong, W. (2005). Water Logged Soils. In; Environment and Plant Ecology (Etherington,
J.R.) John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York.
6. World Bank, (2005). Pakistan Water Resources Assessment Strategy, Report No. 34081PK.
Agricultural and Rural Development Unit South Asia Region Washington D.C.
7. Shah, A.H., Anwar-ul-Haq and Bhutta, M.N. (2003). Success ofBiosaIine approach for land
Rehabilitation. Pakistan Community Project for Rehabilitation of Saline and Water Logged Land,
Warsi, Report No. 2003/22.
8. Chapman, V.J. (2001). Salt Marshes and Salt Deserts of the world. (Net Prescribed).
9. Qurashi, R.U. and Lennard, E.G.B. (1999). A Hand Book of Saline Agriculture of Irrigated
Lands in Pakistan. Australian Centre for International Agriculture Research.
10. Warsi I. (UNDP) (1992). Manual of Salinity Research Methods. Warsi Publication No. 147,
Lahore.
11. Alien, S.E. (1976). Chemical Analysis of Ecological Material. Blackwell Scientific
Publications.
12. Mayber, P. and Gale, G. (1975). Plants in Saline Environment. Springer VerSiag, Berlin,
Washington.
13. UNESCO (1973). Irrigation, Drainage and Salinity.
14. Waisel Y. (1972). Biology of Halophytes. Tel Aviv University Press.
16
ADVANCE CHEMISTRY- VII (BIO-CHEMISTRY)
CREDIT HOURS: 3
Course Objectives: Students will gain knowledge about fundamental concepts of biochemistry as
well as be able to learn about the structures, properties and functions of amino acids, proteins,
carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids.
17
Evaluation Criteria

Mid-Semester 25%
18
ADVANCE CHEMISTRY LAB- VII (BIO-CHEMISTRY)
CREDIT HOURS: 1
Evaluation Criteria

Mid-Semester 25%
19
ADVANCE CHEMISTRY- VIII (AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY)
CREDIT HOURS: 3
Objectives
The students will learn about:
 Discipline of Agricultural Chemistry and its applications

 Upgrade and update the knowledge regarding the progress in Agricultural Chemistry and
related disciplines
 Bring uniformity in curricula taught in different universities offering Agricultural Chemistry
as major
 Provide recent trends and skills to help in an agricultural system which can meet the need of
our country and contribute to global requirement as well
 Achieve the highest possible standards in teaching and research in Agricultural Chemistry and
related disciplines.
 The physical aspects of bio-macromolecules
 Functions in living organisms
 Food security in relation to food production in Pakistan
 Taxonomy of medicinal plants
 Essential chemical components of medicinal herbs, including appropriate extraction and
quantization methods, and strategies for structure elucidation
 Biosyntheses and synthetic methodologies, involved in deriving the active components of
medicinal herbs.
COURSE CONTENT
Agricultural chemistry: Introduction, history, contribution and scope.
Bio-Organic Chemistry : General concepts, Chemistry of natural products (alkaloids, flavonoids and
terpenes), organic matter , Stereochemistry, Chemistry and application.
Bio-Physical chemistry :Introduction and scope, modern concepts of acids and bases, pH
measurement, buffers and their role in biological system. Biophysical phenomena.
Food chemistry: Introduction: Color, flavor and taste of foods, sensory evaluation of
foods. Composition of Foods, Methods of improving protein quality of food, Enzymes
and vitamins, Mineral elements, Food additives and value addition, Toxicity of food,
Water activity.Principles Of Food Security, Introduction: Food security, international
commitment to end hunger and malnutrition. Food security and human rights, Factors
affecting food security, Food safety and food quality.
Protein Chemistry :Introduction: Structural and functional proteins, importance of proteins. Amino
Acids: Structure, classification and properties, essential and non essential, occurrence in animals and
plants.
20
Plant Biochemistry : Cell: Structure, functions, origin and nature of bio-molecules, chemical
composition of cell membrane, cell wall and transport processes. Plant Enzyme and co-enzymes,
Nucleic acids ,Secondary Metabolites, Growth Hormones ,Photosynthesis.
Clinical Biochemistry: Role of clinical Biochemistry in health and diseases, factors causing diseases.
Biochemistry of blood, Chemistry of gastrointestinal tract, Immunology.
Agrochemical pollution: Impact of fertilizer and pesticide industry, residual effect of pesticide,
plant response to metals in soil and water, biosorption of metals, bioremediation. Anthropogenic
activities.
Agricultural Microbiology :Introduction, Definition and history. Microbiological techniques: Pure

and sterilize culture media, selective media, and light microscopy, antimicrobial activity. Viruses,
Bacteria, Rhizobacteria, Fungi, Toxicity, Microbial transformations.
Applied Biochemistry : Fermentation: Aerobic and anaerobic fermentation, production of bio-fuels.

Pulp and Paper Industry: Sulfite, sulfate pulp, types of paper and production processes. Oils and
Ghee Industry, Soap Industr, Sugar and Starch industry, Starch, Fertilizer Industry.
Pesticide Chemistry :Introduction: History, importance, current application status, international

concern about pesticide usage, role of pesticides in agriculture. Formulation of Pesticides, Groups of
Pesticides, Herbicides, Fungicides, Pheromones, Environmental Hazards of Pesticides.
Fundamentals Of Phytochemistry: Introduction: History, scope and development of

phytochemistry. Plant taxonomy, Record keeping (Herbarium),The classification and nomenclature of
important medicinal herbs, Factors influencing cultivation of medicinal plants, Study of important
chemical classes found in medicinal herbs (including their role and ecological function).Soil
Chemistry : Soil, Definition, type and composition. Nature of soil elements, Properties of soil.
21
ADVANCE CHEMISTRY- VIII LAB (AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY)
CREDIT HOURS: 1
 Microscopic examination of cell

 Determination of phytic acid in cereal and legume
 Laboratory equipment and apparatus, name and use, general lab instructions
 Preparation and standardization of solutions
 Qualitative tests of carbohydrates and protein
 Use of food composition tables
 Determination of dietary intake through questionnaire
 Use of questionnaire to measure household food security
 Designing home gardens for food security
 Determination of food insecurity in terms of malnutrition
 Determination of molecular weight by osmometry
 Determination of viscosity
 Determination of surface tension
 Determination of pH
 Staining Techniques: Simple, Microbial tests for drinking water quality.
 Fermentation of milk
 Identification of sugars
 Extraction of crude oil from oil seeds
 Macroscopic Examination of Natural Products.
 Collection and preparation of soil sample, Determination of soil pH
 Determination of electrical conductivity (EC) of saturated soil extract
Evaluation Criteria

Mid-Semester 25%
Books Recommended:
1. David, H. 2000. Modern Analytical Chemistry. International ed. McGraw Hill Co. Inc. New
York.
2. Jain, J.L., S. Jain and N. Jain. 2006. Fundamentals of Biochemistry. S.Chand company Ltd. Ram
Nagar, New Delhi.
3. Khalil, I. A. and H. Shah. 2003. Basic Biochemistry. National Book Foundation Islamabad,
Pakistan.
4. Lehninger, A.L. 2000. Principles of Biochemistry. 3rd ed. Worth Publisher, New York. USA.
5. Rupm, H. and H. Krist, 1992. Laboratory Manual for the Examination of Water, Wastewater and
Soil. 2nd ed. Weinheim, Fed. Rep. Germany.
6. Stryer, L. 1994. Biochemistry. 5th ed.W. H. Freeman and Co. London UK.
22
7. Vogel, A. I. 1995. A Text Book of Macro and Micro Quantitative Inorganic Analysis. Ist ed.
Longman Green and Co. Inc, New York
8. Bansel, R.K. 1998. Synthetic Approaches in Organic Chemistry. 2nd ed. Jones and Bartlett
Publishers Inc., New York, USA.
9. Bansel, R.K. 2001. Heterocyclic Chemistry. Weig Eastern Ltd. New Delhi, India.
10. Clayden, J., N. Greeves, S. Warren, P. Wothers, 2001. Organic Chemistry. Oxford, Uk.
11. Finar, I.L. 2000. Organic chemistry. 6th ed. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, USA.
12. Morrison, R.T., and Boyd, R.N., 2001. Organic Chemistry. 6th Ed. Prentice Hall. NY.
13. Blei, I. and G. Odian, 2006, Organic Biochemistry 2nd Ed. Freeman, USA
14. Adamson, A.W. and P.G. Alice. 1997. Physical Chemistry of Surfaces. 6th ed. John Wiley and
Sons Inc., New York, USA.
15. Alberty, R.A. and R.J. Silbey. 1992, Physical Chemistry. 5th ed. John Wiley and sons Inc., New
York, USA.
16. Atkins, P. and J. de Paula, 2005, Physical Chemistry for the Life Sciences. Freeman, USA.
17. Dykstra, C.E. 1997. Physical Chemistry, A modern Introduction. International ed. Prentice Hall
International Inc., USA.
18. Hammes, G.G. 2007, Physical Chemistry for the Biological Sciences, John Wiley, USA.
19. Sheehan, D., 2009, Physical Biochemistry: Principles and Applications.2nd Ed. John Wiley, USA.
20. Van Holde, K. E., Johnson, C. and P.S. Ho, 2005. Principles of Biochemistry. 2nd Ed. Printice
Hall,USA
21. Campbell, M.K.1991. Biochemistry. Saunders College Pub. Philadelphia USA.
23
Course Title: Advance Mathematics- VII (Methods of Mathematical Physics)
Sturm Liouville Systems

Some properties of Sturm-Liouville equations
Regular, Periodic and singular Sturm-Liouville systems and its applications
Series Solutions of Second Order Linear Differential Equations
Series solution near an ordinary point
Series solution near regular singular points
Series Solution of Some Special Differential Equations
Hypergeometric function F(a, b, c; x) and its evaluation
Series solution of Bessel equation
Expression for Jn(X) when n is half odd integer, Recurrence formulas for Jn(X)
Orthogonality of Bessel functions
Series solution of Legendre equation
Introduction to PDEs
Review of ordinary differential equation in more than one variables
Linear partial differential equations (PDEs) of the first order
Cauchy’s problem for quasi-linear first order PDEs
PDEs of Second Order
PDEs of second order in two independent variables with variable coefficients
Cauchy’s problem for second order PDEs in two independent variables
Boundary Value Problems
Laplace equation and its solution in Cartesian, Cylindrical and spherical polar coordinates
Dirichlet problem for a circle
Poisson’s integral for a circle
Wave equation
Heat equation
Fourier Methods
The Fourier transform
Fourier analysis of generalized functions
The Laplace transform
Green’s Functions and Transform Methods
Expansion for Green’s functions
Transform methods
Closed form of Green’s functions
Variational Methods
Euler-Lagrange equations
Integrand involving one, two, three and n variables
Necessary conditions for existence of an extremum of a functional
Constrained maxima and minima
24
Evaluation Criteria

Mid-Semester 25%
Recommended Books
1. D.G. Zill and M.R. Cullen, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, (Jones and Bartlett
Publishers, 2006)
2. W.E. Boyce and R. C. Diprima, Elementary Differential Equations and Boundary Value
Problems, (John Wiley & Sons, 2005)
3. E.T. Whittaker, and G. N. Watson, A Course of Modern Analysis, (Cambridge University
Press, 1962)
4. I.N. Sneddon, Elements of Partial Differential Equations, (Dover Publishing, Inc., 2006)
5. R. Dennemyer, Introduction to Partial Differential Equations and Boundary Value Problems,
(McGraw Hill Book Company, 1968)
6. D.L. Powers, Boundary Value Problems and Partial Differential Equations, (Academic
Press, 2005)
7. W.E. Boyce, Elementary Differential Equations, (John Wiley & Sons, 2008)
8. M.L. Krasnov, G.I. Makarenko and A.I. Kiselev, Problems and Exercises in the Calculus of
Variations, (Imported Publications, Inc., 1985)
9. J. Brown and R. Churchill, Fourier Series and Boundary Value Problems, (McGraw Hill,
2006)
25
Course Title: Advance Mathematics- VIII (Numerical Analysis)
Error Analysis
Errors, Absolute errors, Rounding errors, Truncation errors
Inherent Errors, Major and Minor approximations in numbers
The Solution of Linear Systems
Gaussian elimination method with pivoting, LU Decomposition methods,
Algorithm and convergence of Jacobi iterative Method, Algorithm and convergence of Gauss
Seidel Method
Eigenvalue and eigenvector, Power method
The Solution of Non-Linear Equation
Bisection Method, Fixed point iterative method, Newton Raphson method, Secant method,
Method of false position, Algorithms and convergence of these methods
Difference Operators
Shift operators
Forward difference operators
Backward difference operators
Average and central difference operators
Ordinary Differential Equations
Euler’s, Improved Euler’s, Modified Euler’s methods with error analysis
Runge-Kutta methods with error analysis
Predictor-corrector methods for solving initial value problems
Finite Difference, Collocation and variational methods for boundary value problems
Interpolation
Lagrange’s interpolation
Newton’s divided difference interpolation
Newton’s forward and backward difference interpolation, Central differenceinterpolation
Hermit interpolation
Spline interpolation
Errors and algorithms of these interpolations
Numerical Differentiation
Newton’s Forward, Backward and central formulae for numerical differentiation
Numerical Integration
Rectangular rule
Trapezoidal rule
Simpson rule
Boole’s rule
Weddle’s rule
Gaussian quadrature formulae
Errors in quadrature formulae
26
Newton-Cotes formulae
Difference Equations
Linear homogeneous and non-homogeneous difference equations with constant coefficients
Evaluation Criteria

Mid-Semester 25%
Recommended Books
1. Curtis F. Gerald and Patrick O. Wheatley, Applied Numerical Analysis, (Addison- Wesley
Publishing Co. Pearson Education, 2003)
2. Richard L. Burden and J. Douglas Faires, Numerical Analysis, (Brooks/Cole Publishing
Company,1997)
3. John H. Mathews, Numerical Methods for Mathematics, Science and Engineering, (Prentice
Hall International, 2003)
4. Steven C. Chapra and Raymond P. Canale, Numerical Methods for Engineers, (McGraw Hill
International Edition, 1998)
27
ADVANCE PHYSICS 7 (NUCLEAR PHYSICS)
PRE-REQUISITE: Modern Physics
CREDITE HOURS: 3+1
INTRODUCTION:
This class covers basic concepts of nuclear physics with emphasis on nuclear structure and
interactions of radiation with matter. Topics include elementary quantum theory; nuclear forces;
shell structure of the nucleus; alpha, beta and gamma radioactive decays; interactions of nuclear
radiations (charged particles, gammas, and neutrons) with matter; nuclear reactions; fission and
fusion.
COURSE OBJECTIVE:
The objectives of this course are to introduce students to the fundamental principles and
concepts governing nuclear and particle physics and have a working knowledge of their application
to real-life problems; and provide students with opportunities to develop basic knowledge and
understanding of scientific phenomena, facts, laws, definitions, concepts, theories, scientific
vocabulary, terminology, conventions, scientific quantities and their determination, order-of
magnitude estimates, scientific and technological applications as well as their social, economic and
environmental implications.
TOPICS COVERED:
Basic Properties of Nucleus:

Detectors:
Particle Accelerators:
Radio-Active Decay:
Nuclear Forces:
Nuclear Models:
Nuclear Reactions:
Neutron Physics:
Thermonuclear Reactions:
COURSE OUTLINE:
Basic Properties of Nucleus:

Size and mass of the nucleus, nuclear spin, magnetic dipole moment, electric quadrupole moment,
parity and statistics.
Detectors:
Passage of charged particles through matter, ionization chamber, proportional counter, scintillation
counter, semi-conductor detector, emulsion technique, bubble chamber.
Particle Accelerators:
Linear accelerator, Van de Graff, betatron, synchrocyclotorn, proton synchrotoron.
Radio-Active Decay:
Theory of alpha decay, and explanation of observed phenoma-measurement of -ray energy, the
28
magnetic lense spectrometer, Fermi theory of -decay, neutrino hypothesis, theory of gamma decay,
multipolarity of gamma-rays, nuclear isomerism.
Nuclear Forces:
Yukawa theory, proton-proton and neutron-proton scattering, charge independence of nuclear force,
isotopic spin.
Nuclear Models:
Liquid drop model, shell model, collective model.
Nuclear Reactions:
Conservation laws of nuclear reactions, Q-value of nuclear reaction, threshold energy, transmutation
by photons, protons, deutrons and alpha particles, excited states of nucleus, energy levels, level
width, Cross section from nuclear reactions, compound nucleus theory of nuclear reactions,
limitations of compound nucleus theory, resonances, Breit-Wigner formula, direct reactions.
Neutron Physics:
Neutron sources, radioactive sources, photo neutron sources, charged particle sources, reactor as a
neutron source, slow neutron detectors, fast neutron detectors, slowing down of neutron, nuclear
fission, description of fission reaction, mass distribution of fission energy, average number of
neutrons released, theory of fission and spontaneous fission.
Thermonuclear Reactions:
Fusion and thermonuclear process, energy released in nuclear fusion, carbon nitrogen & oxygen
cycle, controlled nuclear fusion, D-D & D-T reactions.
Practical:
1. To determine the characteristic of G. M. tube and measure the range and maximum energy
of particles.
2. Measurement of half-life of a radioactive source.
3. Characteristics of G.M. counter and study of fluctuations in random process.
Evaluation Criteria

Mid-Semester 25%
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Nuclei and particles by E. Serge. W. A. Banjamin Inc (1965).

2. A Text Book of Nuclear Physics by C.M.H. Smith, Pergamon Press Oxford (1966).
3. Nuclear Physics by A.E.S. Green, McGraw Hill Book Co. (1966).
4. Nuclear Physics by I. Kaplan, Addison-Wesley (1963).
5. The Atomic Nucleus by Evens, McGraw Hill, (1965).
29
ADVANCE PHYSICS 8 (SOLID STATE PHYSICS)
PRE-REQUISITE: Undergraduate level Physics
CREDITE HOURS: 3+1
INTRODUCTION:
Bonding in solids, thermal and electrical properties of solids, energy bands, imperfections in
solids, properties of semiconductors and insulators.
COURSE OBJECTIVE:
This course deals with crystalline solids and is intended to provide students with the basic
physical concept and mathematical tools used to described solids. The course deals with groups of
materials, as in the periodic table, in terms of their structure, electronic, optical, and thermal
properties.
TOPICS COVERED:
Crystal Structure:
Reciprocal Lattice:
Crystal Binding and Elastic Constants:
Crystal Vibrations: Phonons I:
Thermal Properties: Phonons II:
Noncrystalline Solids:
Point Defects:
Dislocations:
COURSE OUTLINE:
Crystal Structure:
Periodic arrays of atoms, fundamental types of lattices, index system for crystal planes, simple
crystal structures, direct imaging of atomic structure, non-ideal crystal structures.
Reciprocal Lattice:
Diffraction of waves by crystals, scattered wave amplitude, Brillouin zones, Fourier analysis of the
basis, quasi crystals.
Crystal Binding and Elastic Constants:
Crystals of inert gases, ionic crystals, covalent crystals, metals, hydrogen bonds, analysis of elastic
strains, elastic compliance and stiffness constants, elastic waves in cubic crystals.
Crystal Vibrations: Phonons I:
Vibrations of crystals with monatomic basis, two atoms per primitive basis, quantization of elastic
waves, phonon momentum, inelastic scattering by phonons.
Thermal Properties: Phonons II:
Phonon, heat capacity, anharmonic crystal interactions, thermal conductivity, electronic heat
capacity.
Noncrystalline Solids:
Diffraction pattern, glasses, amorphous ferromagnets and semiconductors, low energy excitations in
30
amorphous solids, fiber optics.
Point Defects:
Lattice vacancies, diffusion, color centers.
Dislocations:
Shear strength of single crystals, dislocations, strength of alloys, dislocations and crystal growth,
hardness of materials.
Practical Work:
1. To study Zeeman Effect

2. To study Hall effect in an n-type/p-type semiconductor or a metal.
3. To measure work function of a metal and verification of Richardson’s equation.
4. Determination of dielectric constant of liquid and solid.
Evaluation Criteria

Mid-Semester 25%
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Introduction to Solid State Physics by C. Kittle, 7th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (1996)
2. Solid State Physics by Neil W. Ashcroft, N. David Mermin, CBS Publishing Asia Ltd. (1987).
3. Solid State Physics by J. S. Blakemore, Cambridge University Press, (1991).
31
ADVANCE ZOOLOGY VII (GENETICS AND WILDLIFE)
CREDIT HOURS: 3+1
Objectives
The continuity of the life from one generation to other generation is based on the mechanisms involving
nucleus, chromosomes and genes etc. The process of continuity not only transfers the traits of the
parents but also imparts variations that render the generations sustainable in changing environment.
These concepts will be imparted to the students in this course.
Course Contents (Wild Life)
Wildlife of Pakistan, identification, distribution, status, conservation and management (population

estimate technology) of fishes, reptiles, birds and mammals of major importance in Pakistan.Wildlife
rules and regulations in Pakistan. National and International agencies involved in conservation and
management of wildlife. Sanctuaries, Game Reserves and National Parks in Pakistan.Ramsar
convention, wetlands, endangered species of Pakistan.
(Note: The teacher is suggested to provide blank maps of Pakistan in the theory class to the students to indicate
the distribution of the animals. Similar blanks maps should be attached with the question paper, if distribution
of animals is asked from the student in the theory paper).
Course Contents (Genetics)
Classical genetics –genetics of blood groups, chromosomal basis of inheritance, interaction of genes,
linkage, recombination and chromosome mapping in eukaryotes, quantitative inheritance. gene
concept (classical and modern), genetics of viruses, bacteria, transposons.
Molecular genetics – analysis and techniques of molecular genetics (elements of genetic engineering),
genetic basis of cancer, genetic control of animal development, the genetic control of the vertebrate
immune system, complex inheritance patterns.
Population genetics – Hardy-Wienberg equilibrium, systematic and dispersive pressures, inbreeding

and heterosis.
Evaluation Criteria

Mid-Semester 25%
32
Books Recommended
Bailey, J.A. (1986). Principles of Wildlife Management,John Wiley and Sons.
Ali S. & Ripley S.D. (1973).A Handbook of Birds of India & Pakistan, London: Oxford University
Press.
Ali, S.S. (1999). Paleontology, Zoogeography & Wild-Life Management. Hyderabad, India: Nasim
Book Depot.
Boyd, C.E. & Tucker, C. S. (1998).Pond aquaculture and water quality

management.Boston,Kluwer Publishers Alabama.
Magon, C.F. (1988). Biology of freshwater pollution.Longman and Scientific Publication.
Roberts, T. J. (1992). The Birds of Pakistan,(Vol.I). Oxford University Press.
Roberts, T. J. (1998). The birds of Pakistan,(Vol. II), Oxford University Press.
Roberts, T.J. (1977). Mammals of Pakistan.London: Ernest Benon Ltd.
Robinson, W.L. &Bolen, E.G. (1984). Wildlife ecology and management. McMillan, Cambridge.
33
ADVANCE ZOOLOGY VII (GENETICS AND WILDLIFE) PRACTICALS
1. Mitosis (Onion root tips.)
2. Meiosis (Grass hopper testes)
3. Blood groups.
4. Salivary gland Chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster
5. General morphology of Drosophila melanogaster
6. Human Pedigree analysis problems
7. Human Genetics problems
8. Probability problems. Tossing of coins. X2 test
9. Study of transformed bacteria on the basis of antibiotic resistance.
Evaluation Criteria

Mid-Semester 25%
Books Recommended
Gardener, E.J., Simmons, M.J. & Snustad, D.P. (1991).Principles of genetics. New York, USA: John
Wiley and Sons Ins.
Lewin, B. (2000). Gene-VIII.UK: Oxford University Press.
Snustad, D.P. & Simmons, M.J. (2003). Principles of Genetics.(3rded.), New York, USA: Johan
Wiley and Sons Ins.
Strickberger, M.W. (1985). Genetics.New York. USA: McMillan,.

th
Tamarin, R.H. (2001).Principles of genetics.(7 ed.),USA:WCB publishers.
34
ADVANCE ZOOLOGY VIII (ZOOGEOGRAPHY AND PALEONTOLOGY)
CREDIT HOURS: 3+1
Objectives:
The course imparts knowledge and concepts of evolution mainly based on the past fossil records. The
fossil records also provide the information regarding the distribution of animals in the past eras. This
course provides information on the distribution of animals and their associations in the past; thus, to
rationalize their relationship in the present time.
Course Contents
Zoogeography: Branches of zoogeography (descriptive, chorology, faunistics, systematic,

biocoenotic, causal, ecological, historical, experimental and applied zoogeography). Animal
distribution (cosmopolitan distribution, discontinuous distribution, isolation distribution, bipolar
distribution and endemic distribution) Barriers and dispersal. Zoogeographical regions (division,
geographic ranges, physical features, climates, faunas and affinities of Holarctic (Palaearctic, Nearctic
regions), Oriental, Ethiopian, Australian, and New tropical Regions. Palaeogeography (Theories of
Continental drift and Plate tectonics).
Principles of Paleontology: Earth, Shells of earth; (atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and

lithosphere). Rock, types of rocks (lgneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks) Fossil,
types and uses of fossils, nature of fossils. Processes of fossilization. Geological time scale. Pre-
Cambrian life. Post Cambrian life (Palaeozoic life, Mesozoic life, Cenozoic life). Geochronometry
(Uranium/Lead dating, radiocarbon dating, methods), evolutionary history of man, elephant, horse
and camel, Paleoecology, Paleomagnetism.
Evaluation Criteria

Mid-Semester 25%
Books Recommended
Zoogeography:
Ali, S.S. (1999). Palaeontology, Zoogeography and Wild Management.Hyderabad, India:

Nasim Book Depot.
Darlington, P. J. Jr. (1963). Zoogeography, John Wiley and Sons.
De Beaufort, L. F. (1951). Zoogeography of the Land and Inland Waters.Sidgwick and Jackson.
35
Paleontology:
Ali, S.S. (1999). Palaeontology, Zoogeography and Wild Management.Hyderabad, India: Nasim
Book Depot.
Brouwer, A. (1977). General Palaeontology, London: Oliver and Boyed.
Dunbar, C.O. (1969). Historical Geology, New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc.
Gilbert, L. I. & Colbert, E.H. (1980).Evolution of Vertebrates, New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc.
ADVANCE ZOOLOGY VIII (ZOOGEOGRAPHY AND PALEONTOLOGY)

PRACTICALS
1. Study Of fauna of various zoogeographical regions.

2. Study of mould, cast, pseudomorph, coprolite, petrified fossils of plants and animals.
3. Study of invertebrate fossils of coelenterates, trilobites, ammonite, brachiopods, molluscs and
echinoderms.
4. Study of vertebrate fossils e.g. horse/elephant/camel/bovids.
5. StudyandidentificationofIgneous,Sedimentaryand Metamorphic rocks
6. Map work for identification of various zoogeographical regions of the World.
Evaluation Criteria

Mid-Semester 25%
36

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SEMESTER-I

COURSE: Foundations of Education

Ellington, H et al. (2005) “Handbook of Educational Technology” (3rdEdition).

In Peterson, A. D. C. (1965). Techniques of teaching. Oxford: Pergamon Press

Kochhar, S. K. (1967). Methods & techniques of teaching. Delhi: Sterling Publishers.

Marzano, R. J. (2007). The art and science of teaching: A comprehensive framework

Singer, A. J. (2003). Teaching to learn, learning to teach: A handbook for secondary

1. Understand and apply the laws of thermodynamics and kinetics.

2. Understand the role that thermodynamics and kinetics play in chemical

3. Understand how mathematics, models and approximations are used to explain

4. Use concepts of thermodynamics/kinetics/equilibrium to make predictions and give

Aims and Objectives:

The course is designed to provide students with:

a. concepts of evolutionary relationship of animal kingdom.

b. knowledge about animal kingdom, emphasizing their phylogenetic relationships

Evolutionary perspective; life within a single plasma membrane; symbiotic life-styles.

Evolutionary perspective: origins of multicellularity; animal origins. Phylum porifera:

Evolutionary perspective; phylum platyhelminthes: classification up to class; the free-

Evolutionary perspective; general characteristics; classification up to phyla; Feeding

Evolutionary perspective: relationships to other animals; origin of the coelom;

Evolutionary perspective: relationship to other animals, metamerism and tagmatization;

Evolutionary perspective: classification and relationships to other animals;

Evolutionary perspective; classification up to class. External structure and locomotion,

Hickman, C. P. & Kats, H. L. (2000). Laboratory studies in integrated principles of

10. Preparation of permanent stained slides of the following: Obelia, Daphnia,

11. Tests for different carbohydrates, proteins and lipids.

Examination Type Marks

INTRODUCATION: CREDITE HOURS: 3

System of Particles: Motion of a System of Particles and Extended Rigid Bodies,

Rotational Motion: Rotation about a Fixed Axis, Angular Position, Angular

Angular Momentum: Angular Momentum for a single Particle and a System of

Examination Type Marks

1. To determine height of an inaccessible object by sextant

Examination Type Marks

Ed.) Addison Wesley Publishing Company,

ENGLISH-II (ACADEMIC READING AND WRITING)

Introduction to Operating systems

Introduction to Operating Systems, what is an operating system.

Introduction, Definitions of Process, process states, Process states transitions,

Dead lock and Indefinite Postponement

Introduction, Examples of Deadlock. A related problem: Indefinite

Memory Management (Real Storage)

Introduction, storage organizations, storage management, storage hierarchy,

File System Management

Computer Lab / Practical

1. Installation of Windows 2000 professional : Installation from CD, installation

Operating Systems by H.M. Deitel

1. Operating Systems Concepts by Silberschatz Galvin & Gagne

The program is aimed that the student should learn:

1. The Development of periodic law and properties of elements in a systematic way.

2. The principal of chemical bonding

3. The Chemistry of acid and bases

4. The Chemistry of p-block Elements

5.The Chemistry of d- block Elements

5. The fundamental principles of industrial process

1. The Structure of the Atom

Inner picture of an atom: Subatomic particles, models of the atom described by

3. Theories of Chemical Bonding

5. Chemistry of d-Block Elements

Electronic configuration and oxidation states of transition elements. Metallurgy of