MODULE 1: PROPERTIES OF MATTER 2. Porosity – property of material that allows it to absorb water and other liquids.

2. Porosity – property of material that allows it to absorb water and other liquids. A material that is porous like
Lesson 1: MATTER dishwashing sponge is an example of absorbent material. Other porous materials include cotton balls, gauze,
A. STATES OF MATTER: SOLID, LIQUID, GAS blankets and pillows. Non-absorbent or non-porous materials are those that do not absorb water like plastic
All objects on earth can be classified in one of three physical forms or states such as solid, liquid and gas. bags, canisters, cans and ceramic mugs.
3. Decomposition – property of materials to break down into simpler or smaller forms of matter. The organic
A. Solid – Is a state of matter that has definite shape and definite volume. It keeps its own size. Some matter, they can easily decay after a few days. Biodegradable are all materials that decay. Non-biodegrable
common examples are marbles, ping-pong ball, marble, sponge, rock, empty bottle, bag, pen, book, refers to those that do not decay.
jewelries and many others.
Special Properties Factors affecting decomposition:
a. Hardness – ability of solids to resist breaking and scraping 1. Presence or organism or decomposers that cause decay: Decomposers can be detritivores, fungi and bacteria.
b. Malleability – ability of metals to be hammered into different shapes Detritivores like earthworm breakdown plant and animal materials and feed on these. Fungi, like mushroom and
c. Ductility – ability to its drawn into wire like copper, aluminum and steel ear fungi breakdown plant materials and cause decay at the same time feeding on decayed materials. Bacteria
d. Brittleness – property that makes solids easy to break when force is applied to it. are microorganisms that can be observed on dead animal bodies.
2. Temperature: The warmer the temperature, the faster is the decay process.
B. Liquid – state of matter that keeps its size but takes the shape of its container. 3. Moisture: Decomposers are present in moist places.
4. Exposure to elements: Air contain bacteria and other microorganisms.
C. Gas – state of matter that can freely change its shape and size. 5. Salt content of the materials: Salty foods usually decays slowly because decomposers cannot grow in a salty
environment.
B. DESCRIPTION OF THE STATES OF MATTER ACCORDING TO SHAPE AND SPACE THEY OCCUPY
The “state” of matter refers to the group of matter with the same properties. Materials are grouped together
according to their properties. Lesson 3: Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter: Useful and Harmful Materials
 If a material is grouped as solid, it has a definite shape and volume. The volume or size of an object or Useful and Harmful Materials Material products are beneficial to man because of technology because raw
material is the amount of space it occupies. materials are transformed to different products that have improved man’s way of life. However, some products
 If a material is in liquid state, it has a definite volume but follows the shape of its container. which are useful to man maybe harmful to animals and plants and the environment or the other way around.
 A material in a gaseous state has no definite shape and volume. It has the ability to spread filling out
any available space of its container. Important Concepts:
 Household materials and consumer products can be grouped as (1) cleaning; (2) food preparation; (3)
beautification; (4) building construction; and (5) household products.
Lesson 2: Grouping Materials Based on Properties  Materials found in products like metal container, ceramic, rubber, glass or plastic have specific
Properties of Matter properties. Materials enhance or upgraded by technology because it continuously improved the quality
1. Buoyancy – the ability of materials to float in water. Some materials that float or sink exhibit the property of of products such as detergents, household cleaners, food seasoning, medicine, plastic, paints, stainless
buoyancy and density. This enable boast and ships to float. Density is a measure of the amount of matter in a metals and many more making human life convenient.
given volume of liquid. Formula of density (D=m/v). Example, the mass of a metal washer is 10 grams and its  Materials have beneficial effects at home and in environment. They can make work and life easier like
volume is 20 cubic centimeters. Therefore, its density is 0.5 g/cm3. cooking faster; preserving food, keeping homes and clothes clean, smells good and disinfect.
* If the density of an object is less than the density of the liquid, the object will float. An object will sink if its  However, materials can sometimes do harm. They contain hazardous substance that may cause skin
density is greater than that of the liquid. irritation, injury or illness during and after handling or use accidentally.
 Chemicals can contaminate food and when properly disposed of or even used, they can cause death.
 Before buying or using any consumer products-such as food, clothing, medicine, cleaning product, sopa
and shampoo, insect repellent or pesticides.

Lesson 4: Mixtures and Their Characteristics

A mixture is made up of two or substances or materials that are put together by physical means. In forming
mixtures, no new substances and or materials are formed because mixing materials or substances together does
not change the physical properties of substances or materials. All phases of matter can be physically and one or
more phases of matter can be observed in mixtures.

Three basic characteristics of mixtures are as follows:

1. Composition of the mixture is variable. For example, the components of the mixture of marbles, paper clips
and buttons can differ or vary.
2. Components retain their original characteristics. Marbles, paper clips, buttons, sugar and saw dust do not Lesson 2 & 3: Changes that Matter Undergo
lose their appearance, texture, color and shape after they are mixed together.  Materials can be bent, pressed, yammered and cut. Bending, pressing, hammering and cutting do not
3. Components are easily separated by physical methods. Since no chemical reaction takes place when mixing change the state of matter. Only the form, size and shape can be altered.
marbles, paper clips, and buttons as well as mixing with saw dust, it is possible for these materials to be  Materials change when exposed to different temperatures. Our daily life is mad easy because of the
separated. changes that matter undergoes. Remember that raw materials are plenty in our environment that
could be turned into useful products that make our life easy and comfortable.
Mixtures Classification  Materials can also change resulting in the formation of one or more new materials or different
1. Homogeneous - those that appear single phased. The particle size of the components is too small to be seen substances. Physical change involves only a change in state, size, shape or form. Chemical change
by unaided eye and the mixture appears transparent or clear. involves a change in the composition of matter.
2. Heterogeneous – those where the particles of one or more components can still be differentiated from the  There are also changes that are harmful. Rusting of iron, leaching from decomposing matter and
rest of the mixture by the unaided eye. domestic wastes thrown into the bodies of water releasing odor are harmful. Fossil fuels converted to
petroleum products, kerosene, diesel oil and gasoline enable us to travel fast. However, such
conversion of fuel to energy produce smoke or exhaust from motor that are detrimental to our health.
MODULE 2: CHANGES THAT MATERIALS UNDERGO
Lesson 1: Changes that Matter Undergo Changes in Matter
Changes in Matter Due to Changes in Temperature Matter exists as solid, liquid or gas. The change in state can 1. Physical Change – are those properties that can be observed without changing the composition of the
be brought about by the effect of heat or a change in temperature. substance.
Solid - the particles are very close to each other. There is a very strong force that holds these particles together. These include color, odor, solubility, density, specific heat, melting point and boiling point. If a change in a
Liquid - the particles are arranged far apart from each other. The force holding them is not as strong as that in substance alters the form but not the composition of that substance, the change is still a physical change.
solid. Ex.
Gas - the particles lie very far from each other. The force holding them is very weak. Melting of Ice into water - When solid water (ice) is heated, it first changes to liquid water and finally to steam.
There is no change in the composition of the substance only the form in which it exist.
Changes in Matter Salt dissolve in water even though the form of the salt changes, the composition does not.
A. Solid to Liquid
Heat energy is always present when matter changes state. As temperature increases, the particles in solid 2. Chemical change - can only be observed when the substance undergoes a change in composition.
materials take in the heat energy. They change it into energy of motion and begin to move and vibrate so fast. As Ex. Rusting of iron, Burning of Log
the particles in the solid speed up, they move farther apart. If the particles gain enough energy, they will have
enough room to slide past each other. They break free from their fixed position. The solid matters begin to melt. Indicator of Chemical Change
Melting is the change of state from solid to liquid. 1. A change in intensive properties such as color, odor, and taste
2. Production of light
B. Liquid to Gas 3. Formation of a solid compound or precipitate in solution
Increasing the temperature of a liquid state like water which resulted from letting will cause the water particles 4. Evolution of a gas
to move faster and more rapidly farther apart. This allows the particles to escape. The liquid begins to change to 5. Change in temperature
a gas called water vapor. This can continue as long as heat is added or the temperature increases and the liquid
will continue to boil. Bubbles of water vapor will keep forming and escaping until all the liquid changes to gas. Lesson 4: Separating Mixtures
Boiling is the rapid change of state from a liquid to a gas. Vaporization takes place when the particles in a liquid Different Ways of Separating Mixture
gain enough energy to move independently forming a gas. Evaporation usually occurs on the surface of the 1. Manual separation – done to mixture when components differ in size.
liquid. 2. Magnetic separation – done by using the magnet to separate the magnetic component from non-magnetic
one.
C. Liquid to Solid 3. Filtration – the process that can be separate suspended particles form the liquid.
If the particle loses enough energy the ice candy or the water begins to freeze. The change of state from a liquid 4. Decantation – process of separating a mixture of liquids that differ in density.
to a solid is freezing. 5. Evaporation – process used to separate a solute that has been dissolved in water.
6. Distillation – separation of mixtures of a liquid based on the physical property of boiling point.
D. Solid to Gas 7. Chromatography - separate the different chemical compounds of a mixed sample
In some cases, solid particles present in solid state like naphthalene balls are directly converted to gaseous state.
This is only possible when the surface particles of a solid gain enough energy that they form a gas. Sublimation is
the process in which a solid transform into a gas without first melting to form a liquid phase.
Unit III: Animal Cell
Lesson 1: Cell Types in the Human Body 4. Cartilage Cells – also known as chondrocytes.
Types of Cells  same function with bones but composed of
chondroitin sulfate that makes them softer and
1. Epithelial Cells – these are cells found in the more flexible compared with those of bone cells.
largest organ of the body which is the skin.  Lacuna, these are spaces surround the cartilage
These protect the body from the external cells which makes them bendable.
environment and also cover the internal organ.  Present in ears and cover the ends of the human
body’s long bones to lessen the friction when
bones rub on each other at the joints.

5. Nerve Cells – also known as neurons.

2. Muscle Cells: Primarily intended for movement, the muscle cells also known as myocytes .  most versatile because they work every second of
a human’s lifetime.
Classification of Muscle Cellsbased on their texture, attachments, and ability to respond.  Present all over the body, enabling a person to
think, feel, and respond to his/her environment.
 Striated muscle cells – also known as skeletal  Consists of dendrites which receive signal from
muscle cells which perform locomotory other neurons; and axon, which in turn conveys
functions such as exercising, and are connected to the message to other neurons.
long bones that move through muscle  Makes up the brain and found abundantly in the
contraction. spinal cord.
 Never multiply in one’s lifetime.

 Cardiac Muscle Cells – considered to be the Sensory Cells – these are found in glands which function as organs of secretion in the form of sweat, oil, and the
most powerful of cells as they are responsible like which play important roles in the body.
in pumping blood to different body parts.
6. Adipose Cells – also known as fat cells.
 Ring-like in the form and function to store fat.
 Seen in the abdomen and buttocks
 Reduce friction and help cushion the body.

7. Blood Cells
Divided into:
 Cardiac Muscle Cells – considered to be the  Red Blood Cells – also known as erythrocyctes
most powerful of cells as they are responsible Transport and supply oxygen to the different body parts
in pumping blood to different body parts.  White Blood Cells – also known as lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils).
Protect the body from infection
 Platelets – also known as thrombocytes
help in the process of blood clotting to prevent
3. Bone Cells –also known as osteocytes, the bone blood loss.
cells are the most resilient body cells as they are
bound together by calcium and phosphate.
 They give strength, support, and framework to
the body enclosing the organs.
 Locomotion
 8. Reproductive Cells – also known as gametes. They 2. HEART
have a single set of chromosomes and become - Located slightly left of the center of the
active at puberty stage. chest cavity below the bone called sternum.
 XX (female); XY (male)
 Spermatocyte (male gamete); oocyte (female - Hollow muscular organ about the size of
gamete) that allows fertilization to form a new human fist
organism. - Circulation of blood nutrients and exchange
of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
- Pericardium - doubled walled sac that covered the heart.

Lesson 3: Organ System 4 CHAMBERS OF THE HEART

a. VENTRICLES – Right and Left lower chambers
Organ – group of two or more different tissues that work together and perform a certain function. b. ATRIA – Right and Left Upper chambers

MAJOR BODY ORGANS BLOOD VESSELS connected to the heart chambers

1. BRAIN a. Superior Vena Cava - carries blood from the head, neck, arms, and chest.
o Head of the body b. Inferior Vena Cava - carries blood from the legs, feet, and organs in the abdomen and pelvis.
o Protected by skull c. Pulmonary Artery - carry oxygen-rich blood. They travel in different directions.
o Control center for all the vital activities d. Pulmonary veins - carry blood from your lungs to your heart
for survival like responses to stimuli,
emotions, learning abilities and talents. 3. LUNGS
 Involved in breathing
 CEREBRUM – largest part and has the brain centers that control thought processes, speech, motor, touch,  Two lobes protected by the rib cage
pressure, smell, hearing, vision, and facial recognition.  Bronchus that connects to the trachea or
Right half of the brain (left side of the body) windpipe branches into each lobe of the lung.
Left half of the body (right side of the body)  Bronchioles – branches with numerous tiny air
 CEREBELLUM – second largest part sacs called ALVEOLI
Controls muscle coordination, balance and normal body posture.
 BRAINSTEM – connects the brain to the spinal cord.
- Parts 4. LIVER, STOMACH & SMALL INTESTINES
Midbrain – relay stations of neurons and reflex centers for involuntary actions - All organs found in our abdominal cavity.
Hypothalamus – internal balance like water and blood pressure. Liver – lobed , large internal body organ.
Pons – connects the two halves of the cerebellum and link cerebral cortex to the medulla (heartbeat, - produce bile that is important in breaking fats
breathing, sneezing) and droplets.
Medulla oblongata – regulate functions like heartbeat, breathing, sneezing Stomach – enlarged, muscular sac with thick walls
that can expand when full or contract when almost
empty.
Small Intestine - connected to the stomach, inside the
wall is the inner like projections called Villi.

Blood Clot
 • Uncontrolled changes disrupt ORGANIZATION
– Cell death, dead organism
External Stimuli
5. KIDNEYS  Phototropism – the need to grow toward light
- located at the back of the body cavity above the  Fight/Flight – nerves release chemicals in our body (adrenaline) during stressful moments.
hipbones.
- Looks like a pair of bean seeds on each side of the Internal Stimuli Feedback
body.  Fever = Body fighting illness
- Each kidney has millions of nephrons that filters the  Goosebumps = Drop in temperature
blood and forms urine.  Vomiting = Poison/stomach flu
 Sweating = Overheated/rise in temperature
 Dry tongue = dehydrated

6. BONES Internal & External Stimuli

- Part of our skeleton  Thermoregulation,
MAJOR BONES:  Endothermal = “warm blooded”generate internal heat, regulate temperature
a. Skull – bones of head and face o Mammals
b. Backbones – spinal column  Ectothermal = “cold blooded”
c. Ribs – 12 pairs o produce little heat, body temperature conforms to environment
d. Hip bones o Reptiles
e. Bones in arms and legs
- Bones have water, protein and minerals. Controlling body temperature
- Living tissues of the bones are the bone cells, blood  All mammals maintain a constant body temperature.
vessels, blood cells, cartilages, fatty tissues and nerves.  Human beings have a body temperature of about 37ºC (or 98.6ºF).
o E.g. If your body is in a hot environment your body temperature is 37ºC
7. MUSCLES o If your body is in a cold environment your body temperature is still 37ºC
a. Skeletal – attached to bones o
b. Smooth – attached to internal organs What mechanisms are there to cool the body down?
c. Cardiac – attached to the heart 1. Sweating
 When your body is hot, sweat glands are stimulated to release sweat.
Muscles can be voluntary or involuntary  The liquid sweat turns into a gas (it evaporates)
Example: muscle of legs and arms are voluntary  To do this, it needs heat.
Heart muscle is involuntary  It gets that heat from your skin.
 As your skin loses heat, it cools down

Lesson 3: Homeostasis What mechanisms are there to cool the body down?
- The maintenance of a constant environment in the body is called Homeostasis
2. Vasodilation
Body cells work best if they have the correct  Your blood carries most of the heat energy around your body.
 Temperature  There are capillaries underneath your skin that can be filled with blood if you get too hot.
 Water levels  This brings the blood closer to the surface of the skin so more heat can be lost.
 Glucose concentration  This is why you look red when you are hot!
 Your body has mechanisms to keep the cells in a constant environment.
What mechanisms are there to warm the body up?
Why is it necessary? 1. Vasoconstriction
• Homeostasis  This is the opposite of vasodilation
• Organism may live in variable environment  The capillaries underneath your skin get constricted (shut off).
– Heat, Food, Water, etc.  This takes the blood away from the surface of the skin so less heat can be lost.
• Cells live in STABLE, closely REGULATED environments.
What mechanisms are there to warm the body up?
2. Piloerection
 This is when the hairs on your skin “stand up” .
 It is sometimes called “goose bumps” or “chicken skin”!
 The hairs trap a layer of air next to the skin which is then warmed by the body heat
 The air becomes an insulating layer.

Controlling Glucose levels

 Your cells also need an exact level of glucose in the blood.
 Excess glucose gets turned into glycogen in the liver
 This is regulated by 2 hormones (chemicals) from the pancreas called:

Diabetes
 Some people do not produce enough insulin.
 When they eat food, the glucose levels in their blood cannot be reduced.
 This condition is known as DIABETES.
 Diabetics sometimes have to inject insulin into their blood. They have to be careful of their diet.

Controlling water levels

 The control of water levels is carried out by the KIDNEYS.
 It is closely linked to the excretion of urea.
 Urea is a waste product that is made when the LIVER breaks down proteins that are not needed
by the body.
 Urea contains the element Nitrogen.

The kidneys
 The kidneys “clean” the blood of waste products and control how much water is kept in the body.
The waste products and water make up urine which is excreted via the ureter.
 “Dirty” blood enters the kidney through the renal artery. Then, several things happen to clean the
blood...

Summary of urine production

 Urea is a waste product made in the LIVER
 Water content of the body is controlled in the KIDNEYS
 Urea, water and other waste makes up URINE.
 Urine travels down the URETER and is stored in the BLADDER
 Urine is excreted through the URETHRA.