STUDENT NAME:__________________________________________

DATE: ___________________________________________________

Architectural Specialization 2: Resilient Building Design

Architecture, 5TH year – Block ___

BUIDEA AY 2023- 2024, 1st Semester

Instructor: Ar. Jim Sombrero Desaluna, uap

"Enhancing Resilient Building Design Through Hazard Identification: A

Focus on the Philippine Context"

Identifying basic hazards is a fundamental step in designing resilient architecture. Resilience in architecture is the
ability of a building or infrastructure to withstand and recover from various hazards, both natural and man-made.
By understanding and addressing basic hazards, architects can create designs that are better equipped to
protect occupants, reduce damage, and ensure the long-term functionality of a structure. Here's a lesson on
how to efficiently design resilient architecture by identifying basic hazards:

Hazard Identification:

Begin by conducting a comprehensive hazard assessment to identify the types of threats your region or location
is susceptible to. These hazards can include natural disasters like earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, typhons,
wildfires, and climate-related events such as extreme temperatures, droughts (el niño), la-niña, sea-level rise.
Additionally, consider man-made hazards like fires, explosions, and acts of terrorism.

Hazard identification is a crucial step in risk assessment and management, and it involves recognizing and
categorizing various types of hazards that can pose a threat to human health, the environment, or property.
These hazards can be broadly categorized into three main groups: physical hazards, chemical hazards, and
biological hazards.

PHYSICAL HAZARDS:
Physical hazards are typically related to the physical properties of objects or the environment and can cause
harm through direct contact or interaction. They include:

a. Mechanical Hazards: These are hazards associated with moving objects, machinery, and equipment.
Examples:

1. Entanglement Hazard: Workers' clothing, hair, or body parts getting caught in moving
machinery, such as conveyor belts or rotating equipment.

2. Pinch Points: Employees' fingers or hands getting trapped in pinch points, like the hinges of
heavy equipment or machinery.

3. Crushing Hazards: Risk of workers being crushed or caught between heavy objects or
machinery parts.

4. Shearing Hazards: The risk of cutting or severing body parts, as can happen in the moving parts
of metalworking machinery or hydraulic presses.

5. Puncture Hazards: Workers can get punctured or impaled by sharp objects, such as nails,
staples, or metal shards.

6. Impact Hazards: Risk of being struck by flying objects, tools, or falling materials in construction
or manufacturing environments.

7. Abrasive Wheels: Hazards from using grinding wheels, wire brushes, and abrasive discs, which
can explode if not used properly.

8. Unintended Movement: Hazards from equipment starting unexpectedly or moving on its own,
such as a vehicle rolling backward.

9. Overexertion: Risk of injuries due to excessive physical strain, such as lifting heavy objects
manually without proper equipment.
 10. Tool Hazards: Dangers from hand and power tools, including the risk of electric shock, cutting
injuries, or machinery malfunctions.

b. Electrical Hazards: Electrical hazards involve the potential for electrical shock or fire. They may result
from exposed wires, malfunctioning equipment, or improper electrical installations.

1. Exposed Wires: Exposed electrical wires in a workplace can lead to electric shock if touched.

2. Overloaded Circuits: Overloading electrical circuits with too many devices can cause
overheating and potential fires.

3. Faulty Wiring: Old or damaged wiring can lead to electrical fires and short circuits.

4. Water and Electricity: Mixing water and electricity can result in electrical shock, especially in
wet environments.

5. Lack of Grounding: Inadequate grounding can increase the risk of electric shock in case of a
fault.

6. Damaged Electrical Cords: Frayed or damaged cords on appliances or power tools can pose
a hazard.

7. Electric Arcs: Electric arcs can cause burns or fires, especially in high-voltage electrical systems.

8. Inadequate Electrical PPE: Failure to use proper personal protective equipment when working
with electricity, such as insulated gloves.

9. Inadequate Lockout/Tagout: Failing to properly lockout/tagout equipment during

maintenance can lead to unexpected electrical startup.

10. High Voltage: Exposure to high-voltage electrical systems without proper training and
equipment can be life-threatening.

c. Thermal Hazards: Thermal hazards relate to extreme temperatures and can include both heat and
cold-related risks.

1. Burns from Hot Surfaces: Employees coming into contact with hot machinery surfaces or pipes
that can cause burns.

2. Scalding: Exposure to high-temperature liquids or steam, such as in industrial processes or

commercial kitchens.

3. Heat Stress: Overexertion in hot environments leading to heat-related illnesses, such as heat
exhaustion or heat stroke.

4. Fires: The risk of fires in the workplace, whether from electrical faults, chemical reactions, or
other sources.

5. Flash Fires: Sudden, intense fires, often caused by the ignition of flammable gases or liquids.

6. Molten Metal Hazards: Working with molten metal in foundries, forges, or metalworking
industries, which can result in severe burns.

7. Radiant Heat: Exposure to high levels of radiant heat, such as in close proximity to industrial
furnaces or kilns.

8. Cold Stress: Exposure to extreme cold temperatures that can lead to frostbite or hypothermia.

9. Boiling Water: Risks of scalds or burns from boiling water, common in cooking and food service
industries.

10. Solar Radiation: Outdoor workers exposed to direct sunlight and UV radiation, leading to
sunburn and potential skin damage.

d. Radiation Hazards: Radiation hazards are associated with exposure to ionizing radiation, such as X-
rays, gamma rays, and radioactive materials. Prolonged or high levels of exposure can cause serious
health issues.
Ionizing Radiation Hazards:

1. X-ray Machines: Workers in medical facilities and radiology departments may be exposed to
ionizing radiation when operating X-ray machines.

2. Nuclear Power Plants: Employees in the nuclear power industry can face ionizing radiation risks
due to the presence of radioactive materials.

3. Radiation Therapy: Patients receiving radiation therapy for cancer treatment are exposed to
ionizing radiation.

4. Nuclear Medicine: Medical professionals who work with radioactive tracers and isotopes may
be exposed to ionizing radiation.

5. Industrial Radiography: Technicians using radiographic equipment for testing welds and
materials can encounter ionizing radiation hazards.

6. Airline Crews: Pilots and flight attendants are exposed to higher levels of ionizing radiation at
high altitudes.

Non-Ionizing Radiation Hazards:

1. Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation: Outdoor workers, such as construction workers and lifeguards, are
at risk of skin damage and skin cancer due to prolonged exposure to UV radiation from the
sun.
Welding arcs emit high-intensity UV radiation, which can cause damage to the eyes and skin if
not adequately protected. Prolonged exposure to UV radiation can lead to conditions like arc
eye, welder's flash (a painful eye condition), and skin burns.

2. Laser Hazards: Workers in industries using lasers, like manufacturing and healthcare, are at risk
of eye injuries from exposure to laser radiation.

3. Microwave Ovens: Improperly maintained microwave ovens can leak non-ionizing radiation,
which can be harmful if there is prolonged exposure.

4. Radiofrequency (RF) Radiation: Workers in the telecommunications and broadcasting

industries can be exposed to RF radiation from cell towers and broadcasting equipment,
which can have health effects if not controlled.

It's important to note that while ionizing radiation poses significant health risks, non-ionizing radiation,
such as UV radiation and RF radiation, can also be harmful when exposure levels are excessive. Safety
measures and protective equipment are crucial in minimizing the risks associated with radiation
hazards.

e. Falling hazards are situations or conditions that can lead to individuals falling from a height, whether
it's at a worksite, in a public area, or even within a home. Falls can result in injuries ranging from minor
cuts and bruises to severe fractures or even fatalities

1. Unprotected Edges: Open edges without guardrails or protective barriers on elevated

surfaces, such as construction sites or rooftops.

2. Slippery Surfaces: Slippery floors, sidewalks, or staircases due to rain, ice, oil, or spills in areas
like supermarkets, restaurants, or outdoor walkways.

3. Uneven Ground: Uneven surfaces, such as sidewalks with gaps or damaged pavement, that
can cause tripping and falling.

4. Ladders and Scaffolds: Incorrectly positioned or poorly maintained ladders and scaffolding on
construction sites.
 5. Holes or Excavations: Unmarked holes, ditches, or excavations at construction sites, which can
lead to falls if not properly safeguarded.

6. Clutter: Cluttered walkways and work areas with obstacles and debris that increase the risk of
tripping and falling.

7. Improper Handrails: Missing or poorly maintained handrails on staircases or ramps in public

buildings.

8. Unsecured Tools and Materials: Objects left unsecured at heights, which can fall and strike
individuals below.

9. Roof Work: Work on roofs without adequate fall protection, such as guardrails, safety nets, or
personal fall arrest systems.

10. Slippery Steps: Staircases with worn-out or slippery steps and a lack of anti-slip measures,
potentially leading to accidents.

Chemical Hazards:
Chemical hazards refer to the potential dangers associated with exposure to hazardous chemicals in
various settings, including workplaces, laboratories, and industrial facilities. These chemicals can pose
health risks when inhaled, ingested, or in contact with the skin.

a. Toxic Substances: These are chemicals that can be harmful when inhaled, ingested, or absorbed
through the skin. Examples include toxic gases, heavy metals, and pesticides.

b. Flammable and Explosive Materials: Chemicals that are highly flammable or can explode under certain
conditions pose significant risks. Examples include gasoline, propane, and explosive chemicals.

c. Corrosive Substances: Corrosive chemicals can cause severe damage to living tissues or materials on
contact. Examples include strong acids and bases.

d. Carcinogens and Mutagens: Certain chemicals are known to cause cancer (carcinogens) or genetic
mutations (mutagens) if exposure occurs over an extended period.

f. Allergens: Some substances can trigger allergic reactions in susceptible individuals. Common
allergens include certain chemicals, foods, and airborne particles.

g. Respiratory Irritants: Airborne chemicals that can irritate the respiratory system, like dust, fumes, and
vapors in industrial settings.

h. Asphyxiants: Gases that can displace oxygen in the air, leading to oxygen deficiency and suffocation,
like nitrogen or carbon dioxide.
i. Reproductive Hazards: Chemicals that can harm the reproductive system or pose risks to the
developing fetus, including certain solvents and heavy metals.

Biological Hazards:
Biological hazards are associated with exposure to living organisms that can cause illness or disease. They include:

a. Pathogens: Pathogens are microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, that can
cause infections and diseases in humans and animals.\

1. Bacteria:
 Escherichia coli (E. coli): Certain strains of E. coli can cause food poisoning and gastrointestinal
infections.
Salmonella: Commonly found in contaminated food, it can lead to salmonellosis with
symptoms of diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps.

Raw chicken can be a source of salmonella bacteria. Salmonella is commonly associated

with poultry, including chicken and turkey. The bacteria can be present in the intestinal tracts
of these birds, and if the meat or eggs become contaminated during processing or handling,
they can carry salmonella.

To reduce the risk of salmonella infection from raw chicken:

Cook Chicken Thoroughly: Ensure that chicken is cooked to a safe internal temperature of at
least 165°F (73.9°C) to kill any salmonella bacteria present.

Prevent Cross-Contamination: Avoid cross-contaminating other foods and surfaces by

keeping raw chicken separate from other foods and using separate cutting boards and
utensils.

Practice Good Hygiene: Wash your hands, utensils, and surfaces thoroughly after handling raw
chicken.

Store Chicken Properly: Refrigerate or freeze chicken promptly to prevent bacterial growth.

Be Cautious with Raw Eggs: Raw or undercooked eggs can also carry salmonella, so it's
essential to handle them safely.

Salmonella infections can lead to food poisoning with symptoms such as diarrhea, fever,
abdominal cramps, and vomiting. It's important to follow safe food handling and cooking
practices to reduce the risk of contracting salmonella or other foodborne illnesses.

2. Viruses:

Influenza Virus: Responsible for seasonal flu outbreaks that affect the respiratory system.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): Causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS),
which affects the immune system.
Covid 19 Virus
SARS

Rabies is a viral disease that affects mammals, including humans. It is primarily transmitted
through the bite or scratch of an infected animal, most commonly through the bite of a rabid
dog. Here are some key points about rabies:

Causative Agent: Rabies is caused by the rabies virus, a member of the Lyssavirus genus.

Transmission: The rabies virus is typically transmitted through the saliva of an infected animal
when it bites or scratches another animal or human. It can also be transmitted through mucous
membranes, such as the eyes, nose, or mouth.

Symptoms: The initial symptoms of rabies in humans may include fever, headache, and
discomfort at the site of the bite. As the disease progresses, it leads to neurological symptoms,
such as confusion, hallucinations, paralysis, and difficulty swallowing. Once clinical symptoms
appear, rabies is almost always fatal.

Wildlife Reservoir: In many parts of the world, particularly in regions with a high incidence of
rabies, the virus is maintained in wildlife populations, such as bats, raccoons, skunks, and foxes.

Vaccination: Pre-exposure vaccination is recommended for individuals at high risk of rabies

exposure, such as veterinarians, animal handlers, and certain travelers. Post-exposure
prophylaxis, which includes vaccination and rabies immune globulin, is administered to
individuals who have been potentially exposed to rabies.

Prevention: To prevent rabies, it is important to avoid contact with potentially rabid animals,
vaccinate domestic pets (especially dogs and cats), and seek immediate medical attention
if bitten or scratched by an animal, as prompt treatment can prevent the onset of symptoms.

Rabies is a deadly disease, and it is crucial to take preventive measures and seek medical
attention if there is any suspicion of exposure. Vaccination of pets and responsible animal
 control are key strategies to control the spread of rabies in both wildlife and domestic animal
populations.

3. Fungi:

Candida albicans: Causes candidiasis, which can affect the mouth, throat, and genital areas.
Aspergillus fumigatus: Can lead to lung infections in individuals with weakened immune
systems.

4. Protozoa:

Plasmodium falciparum: Responsible for the most severe form of malaria, which affects the
blood and can be fatal.

5. Parasites:

Giardia lamblia: Causes giardiasis, a gastrointestinal infection, often contracted through

contaminated water.
Toxoplasma gondii: Can lead to toxoplasmosis, especially dangerous for pregnant women
and individuals with compromised immune systems.

6. Prions:

*Prions are misfolded proteins that can lead to rare, fatal brain diseases in humans and
animals, such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) or bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE,
or "mad cow" disease).

7. Helminths (Parasitic Worms):

Ascaris lumbricoides: A roundworm that can infect the human digestive system, causing
intestinal blockages.
Pathogens can be transmitted through various routes, including person-to-person contact,
contaminated food and water, vectors (e.g., mosquitoes for malaria), and environmental
exposure. Preventing the spread of infectious diseases often involves good hygiene practices,
vaccination, and the use of antimicrobial medications when necessary. Proper sanitation and
public health measures are essential to control and combat the spread of pathogens.

b. Toxic Plants and Animals: Certain plants and animals can be toxic or venomous, leading to health
issues upon contact or ingestion.

Toxic Plants:

Manchineel Tree (Hippomane mancinella): This tree produces toxic, milky sap that can
cause severe skin irritation and blindness if it comes into contact with the eyes.

Rosary Pea (Abrus precatorius)(matam-buyod): The seeds of this plant contain a toxic
substance called abrin, which can be lethal if ingested or even chewed, as it releases the
toxin.

Oleander (Nerium oleander): All parts of the oleander plant contain toxic compounds
known as cardiac glycosides, which can be lethal if ingested. So beware mga plantito
and plantitas.

Dieffenbachia (Dieffenbachia spp.): This is a very popular houseplant that contains

calcium oxalate crystals that can cause skin irritation, swelling, and discomfort if touched
or ingested. Again, careful tayo ditey.

Castor Bean Plant (Ricinus communis): The seeds of this plant contain ricin, a potent toxin
that can cause severe illness if ingested or inhaled. Guys, bako po ini marijuana.. so.. we’re
good.

Venomous Animals:

Philippine Cobra (Naja philippinensis): This snake species is highly venomous and found in
the Philippines. Its bite can be lethal if not treated promptly.
 Box Jellyfish (Chironex fleckeri): Found in the waters around the Philippines, this jellyfish is
one of the most venomous marine species and can deliver extremely painful stings.

Blue-Ringed Octopus (Hapalochlaena spp.): These small, highly venomous octopuses are
found in the Philippine waters and carry neurotoxins that can cause paralysis and death if
bitten.

Marbled Cone Snail (Conus marmoreus): This marine snail has a venomous harpoon-like
tooth that can inject potent neurotoxins into its prey, and it is capable of stinging humans.

Stonefish (Synanceia spp.): Stonefish are among the most venomous fish in the world and
are found in the Philippines. Their spines contain venom that can cause intense pain, tissue
damage, and even death if stepped on.

Sorry.. your Ahas and malanding ibeshy is not included!

It's important to exercise caution and awareness when dealing with potentially toxic or
venomous plants and animals in the Philippines and elsewhere. In the case of bites or
stings, seeking prompt medical attention is crucial, as some of these toxins can have
severe and even fatal effects.

c. Allergenic Substances: Some biological materials, like pollen, can trigger allergic reactions in
individuals.

Ergonomic Hazards:

Ergonomic hazards are related to the design of workspaces and job tasks that can lead to musculoskeletal injuries
and discomfort. They often result from repetitive movements, poor posture, and inadequate equipment.
Examples include:
a. Repetitive Strain Injuries (RSI): Conditions like carpal tunnel syndrome or tendonitis due to repetitive tasks,
such as typing or assembly line work.
b. Back Pain: Poor posture and heavy lifting without proper equipment can lead to back pain and injuries.
c. Eye Strain: Prolonged use of computer screens without ergonomic setups can result in eye strain and
discomfort.

Resilient building design in the Philippines involves addressing a range of natural hazards and environmental
challenges that are prevalent in the region. The Philippines is susceptible to a variety of hazards due to its
geographical location in the Pacific Ring of Fire and its exposure to tropical cyclones, earthquakes, floods,
landslides, and volcanic eruptions. Additionally, climate change and sea-level rise are increasing the vulnerability
of coastal areas. Here are some of the key hazards related to resilient building design in the Philippine context:

Typhoons and Storm Surges:

The Philippines experiences a high frequency of tropical cyclones (typhoons) each year. Resilient building design
should incorporate features such as elevated foundations, reinforced structures, impact-resistant windows, and
roofing materials that can withstand strong winds.
Flooding:

Flooding, whether from heavy rainfall, storm surges, or river overflow, is a common hazard. Buildings should be
designed to withstand inundation by elevating living spaces, using flood-resistant materials, and ensuring proper
drainage systems.

Earthquakes:

The Philippines is located along the Pacific Ring of Fire, making it prone to seismic activity. Resilient design
considerations include structural reinforcement, flexible building materials, and proper foundation systems to
mitigate earthquake-related risks.
Landslides:

Hilly and mountainous areas in the Philippines are prone to landslides during heavy rains. Resilient architecture
should incorporate slope stabilization and adequate drainage systems.

Volcanic Eruptions:

The country has active volcanoes, and volcanic eruptions can cause ashfall and pyroclastic flows. Buildings in
volcanic zones should have robust filtration systems to prevent ash infiltration and offer protection from extreme
heat and flying debris.

Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Erosion:

Rising sea levels due to climate change pose a significant threat to coastal areas. Resilient designs should
consider elevating buildings, building protective seawalls, and using materials resistant to saltwater corrosion.

Heat and Humidity:

The Philippines experiences high temperatures and humidity. Resilient buildings should incorporate energy-
efficient designs to reduce indoor heat, proper ventilation, and shading to enhance comfort and reduce the
need for energy-intensive cooling systems.

Tsunami Risk:

Coastal regions may be vulnerable to tsunamis triggered by undersea earthquakes or volcanic eruptions. Resilient
designs should consider safe evacuation routes and tsunami-resistant structures in high-risk areas.

Integrate early warning systems into building designs to provide occupants with timely alerts about impending
natural disasters.