Identifying basic hazards is a fundamental step in 6.

Impact Hazards: Risk of being struck by flying objects,

designing resilient architecture. Resilience in tools, or falling materials in construction or
architecture is theability of a building or infrastructure manufacturing environments.
to withstand and recover from various hazards, both 7. Abrasive Wheels: Hazards from using grinding
natural and man-made. wheels, wire brushes, and abrasive discs, which can
By understanding and addressing basic hazards, explode if not used properly.
architects can create designs that are better equipped 8. Unintended Movement: Hazards from equipment
to protect occupants, reduce damage, and ensure the starting unexpectedly or moving on its own, such as a
long-term functionality of a structure. vehicle rolling backward.
9. Overexertion: Risk of injuries due to excessive
Hazard Identification: physical strain, such as lifting heavy objects manually
Begin by conducting a comprehensive hazard without proper equipment.
assessment to identify the types of threats your region 10. Tool Hazards: Dangers from hand and power tools,
or location is susceptible to. These hazards can include including the risk of electric shock, cutting injuries, or
natural disasters like earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, machinery malfunctions.
typhons,
wildfires, and climate-related events such as extreme B. ELECTRICAL HAZARDS: Electrical hazards
temperatures, droughts (el niño), la-niña, sea-level rise. involve the potential for electrical shock or fire. They
Additionally, consider man-made hazards like fires, may result from exposed wires, malfunctioning
explosions, and acts of terrorism. equipment, or improper electrical installations.
Hazard identification is a crucial step in risk assessment 1. Exposed Wires: Exposed electrical wires in a
and management, and it involves recognizing and workplace can lead to electric shock if touched.
categorizing various types of hazards that can pose a 2. Overloaded Circuits: Overloading electrical circuits
threat to human health, the environment, or property. with too many devices can cause overheating and
These hazards can be broadly categorized into three potential fires.
main groups: physical hazards, chemical hazards, and 3. Faulty Wiring: Old or damaged wiring can lead to
biological hazards. electrical fires and short circuits.
4. Water and Electricity: Mixing water and electricity
A. PHYSICAL HAZARDS: can result in electrical shock, especially in wet
Physical hazards are typically related to the physical environments.
properties of objects or the environment and can cause 5. Lack of Grounding: Inadequate grounding can
harm through direct contact or interaction. They increase the risk of electric shock in case of a fault.
include: 6. Damaged Electrical Cords: Frayed or damaged cords
on appliances or power tools can pose a hazard.
a. Mechanical Hazards: These are hazards associated 7. Electric Arcs: Electric arcs can cause burns or fires,
with moving objects, machinery, and equipment. especially in high-voltage electrical systems.
Examples: 8. Inadequate Electrical PPE: Failure to use proper
1. Entanglement Hazard: Workers' clothing, hair, or personal protective equipment when working with
body parts getting caught in moving machinery, such as electricity, such as insulated gloves.
conveyor belts or rotating equipment. 9. Inadequate Lockout/Tagout: Failing to properly
2. Pinch Points: Employees' fingers or hands getting lockout/tagout equipment during maintenance can lead
trapped in pinch points, like the hinges of heavy to unexpected electrical startup.
equipment or machinery. 10. High Voltage: Exposure to high-voltage electrical
3. Crushing Hazards: Risk of workers getting crushed or systems without proper training and equipment can be
caught between heavy objects or machinery parts. life-threatening.
4. Shearing Hazards: The risk of cutting or severing body
parts, as can happen in the moving parts
of metalworking machinery or hydraulic presses.
5. Puncture Hazards: Workers can get punctured or
impaled by sharp objects, such as nails,
staples, or metal shards.
 6. Airline Crews: Pilots and flight attendants are
exposed to higher levels of ionizing radiation at
C. THERMAL HAZARDS: Thermal hazards relate high altitudes.
to extreme temperatures and can include both heat and Non-Ionizing Radiation Hazards:
cold-related risks. 1. Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation: Outdoor workers, such as
construction workers and lifeguards, are at risk of skin
1. Burns from Hot Surfaces: Employees coming into damage and skin cancer due to prolonged exposure to
contact with hot machinery surfaces or pipes that can UV radiation from the sun.
cause burns. Welding arcs emit high-intensity UV radiation, which
2. Scalding: Exposure to high-temperature liquids or can cause damage to the eyes and skin if not adequately
steam, such as in industrial processes or commercial protected. Prolonged exposure to UV radiation can lead
kitchens. to conditions like arc eye, welder's flash (a painful eye
3. Heat Stress: Overexertion in hot environments condition), and skin burns.
leading to heat-related illnesses, such as heat 2. Laser Hazards: Workers in industries using lasers, like
exhaustion or heat stroke. manufacturing and healthcare, are at risk
4. Fires: The risk of fires in the workplace, whether from of eye injuries from exposure to laser radiation.
electrical faults, chemical reactions, or other sources. 3. Microwave Ovens: Improperly maintained microwave
5. Flash Fires: Sudden, intense fires, often caused by the ovens can leak non-ionizing radiation,
ignition of flammable gases or liquids. which can be harmful if there is prolonged exposure.
6. Molten Metal Hazards: Working with molten metal in 4. Radiofrequency (RF) Radiation: Workers in the
foundries, forges, or metalworking industries, which can telecommunications and broadcasting
result in severe burns. industries can be exposed to RF radiation from cell
7. Radiant Heat: Exposure to high levels of radiant heat, towers and broadcasting equipment,
such as in close proximity to industrial furnaces or kilns. which can have health effects if not controlled.
8. Cold Stress: Exposure to extreme cold temperatures It's important to note that while ionizing radiation poses
that can lead to frostbite or hypothermia. significant health risks, non-ionizing radiation,
9. Boiling Water: Risks of scalds or burns from boiling such as UV radiation and RF radiation, can also be
water, common in cooking and food service industries. harmful when exposure levels are excessive. Safety
10. Solar Radiation: Outdoor workers exposed to direct measures and protective equipment are crucial in
sunlight and UV radiation, leading to sunburn and minimizing the risks associated with radiation
potential skin damage. hazards.
e. Falling hazards are situations or conditions that can
D. RADIATION HAZARDS: Radiation hazards are lead to individuals falling from a height, whether
associated with exposure to ionizing radiation, such as it's at a worksite, in a public area, or even within a
Xrays, gamma rays, and radioactive materials. home. Falls can result in injuries ranging from minor
Prolonged or high levels of exposure can cause serious cuts and bruises to severe fractures or even fatalities
health issues. 1. Unprotected Edges: Open edges without guardrails or
Ionizing Radiation Hazards: protective barriers on elevated
1. X-ray Machines: Workers in medical facilities and surfaces, such as construction sites or rooftops.
radiology departments may be exposed to ionizing 2. Slippery Surfaces: Slippery floors, sidewalks, or
radiation when operating X-ray machines. staircases due to rain, ice, oil, or spills in areas
2. Nuclear Power Plants: Employees in the nuclear like supermarkets, restaurants, or outdoor walkways.
power industry can face ionizing radiation risks due to 3. Uneven Ground: Uneven surfaces, such as sidewalks
the presence of radioactive materials. with gaps or damaged pavement, that
3. Radiation Therapy: Patients receiving radiation can cause tripping and falling.
therapy for cancer treatment are exposed to ionizing 4. Ladders and Scaffolds: Incorrectly positioned or
radiation. poorly maintained ladders and scaffolding on
4. Nuclear Medicine: Medical professionals who work construction sites.
with radioactive tracers and isotopes may be exposed to 5. Holes or Excavations: Unmarked holes, ditches, or
ionizing radiation. excavations at construction sites, which can
5. Industrial Radiography: Technicians using lead to falls if not properly safeguarded.
radiographic equipment for testing welds and materials 6. Clutter: Cluttered walkways and work areas with
can encounter ionizing radiation hazards. obstacles and debris that increase the risk of
tripping and falling. a. Pathogens: Pathogens are microorganisms, such as
7. Improper Handrails: Missing or poorly maintained bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, that can
handrails on staircases or ramps in public cause infections and diseases in humans and animals.\
buildings. 1. Bacteria:
8. Unsecured Tools and Materials: Objects left Escherichia coli (E. coli): Certain strains of E. coli can
unsecured at heights, which can fall and strike cause food poisoning and gastrointestinal
individuals below. infections.
9. Roof Work: Work on roofs without adequate fall Salmonella: Commonly found in contaminated food, it
protection, such as guardrails, safety nets, or can lead to salmonellosis with
personal fall arrest systems. symptoms of diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps.
10. Slippery Steps: Staircases with worn-out or slippery Raw chicken can be a source of salmonella bacteria.
steps and a lack of anti-slip measures, Salmonella is commonly associated
potentially leading to accidents. with poultry, including chicken and turkey. The bacteria
Chemical Hazards: can be present in the intestinal tracts
Chemical hazards refer to the potential dangers of these birds, and if the meat or eggs become
associated with exposure to hazardous chemicals in contaminated during processing or handling,
various settings, including workplaces, laboratories, and they can carry salmonella.
industrial facilities. These chemicals can pose To reduce the risk of salmonella infection from raw
health risks when inhaled, ingested, or in contact with chicken:
the skin. Cook Chicken Thoroughly: Ensure that chicken is cooked
a. Toxic Substances: These are chemicals that can be to a safe internal temperature of at
harmful when inhaled, ingested, or absorbed least 165°F (73.9°C) to kill any salmonella bacteria
through the skin. Examples include toxic gases, heavy present.
metals, and pesticides. Prevent Cross-Contamination: Avoid cross-
b. Flammable and Explosive Materials: Chemicals that contaminating other foods and surfaces by
are highly flammable or can explode under certain keeping raw chicken separate from other foods and
conditions pose significant risks. Examples include using separate cutting boards and
gasoline, propane, and explosive chemicals. utensils.
c. Corrosive Substances: Corrosive chemicals can cause Practice Good Hygiene: Wash your hands, utensils, and
severe damage to living tissues or materials on surfaces thoroughly after handling raw
contact. Examples include strong acids and bases. chicken.
d. Carcinogens and Mutagens: Certain chemicals are Store Chicken Properly: Refrigerate or freeze chicken
known to cause cancer (carcinogens) or genetic promptly to prevent bacterial growth.
mutations (mutagens) if exposure occurs over an Be Cautious with Raw Eggs: Raw or undercooked eggs
extended period. can also carry salmonella, so it's
f. Allergens: Some substances can trigger allergic essential to handle them safely.
reactions in susceptible individuals. Common Salmonella infections can lead to food poisoning with
allergens include certain chemicals, foods, and airborne symptoms such as diarrhea, fever,
particles. abdominal cramps, and vomiting. It's important to
g. Respiratory Irritants: Airborne chemicals that can follow safe food handling and cooking
irritate the respiratory system, like dust, fumes, and practices to reduce the risk of contracting salmonella or
vapors in industrial settings. other foodborne illnesses.
h. Asphyxiants: Gases that can displace oxygen in the 2. Viruses:
air, leading to oxygen deficiency and suffocation, Influenza Virus: Responsible for seasonal flu outbreaks
like nitrogen or carbon dioxide. that affect the respiratory system.
i. Reproductive Hazards: Chemicals that can harm the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): Causes acquired
reproductive system or pose risks to the immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS),
developing fetus, including certain solvents and heavy which affects the immune system.
metals. Covid 19 Virus
Biological Hazards: SARS
Biological hazards are associated with exposure to living Rabies is a viral disease that affects mammals, including
organisms that can cause illness or disease. They humans. It is primarily transmitted
include:
through the bite or scratch of an infected animal, most Giardia lamblia: Causes giardiasis, a gastrointestinal
commonly through the bite of a rabid infection, often contracted through
dog. Here are some key points about rabies: contaminated water.
Causative Agent: Rabies is caused by the rabies virus, a Toxoplasma gondii: Can lead to toxoplasmosis,
member of the Lyssavirus genus. especially dangerous for pregnant women
Transmission: The rabies virus is typically transmitted and individuals with compromised immune systems.
through the saliva of an infected animal 6. Prions:
when it bites or scratches another animal or human. It *Prions are misfolded proteins that can lead to rare,
can also be transmitted through mucous fatal brain diseases in humans and
membranes, such as the eyes, nose, or mouth. animals, such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) or
Symptoms: The initial symptoms of rabies in humans bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE,
may include fever, headache, and or "mad cow" disease).
discomfort at the site of the bite. As the disease 7. Helminths (Parasitic Worms):
progresses, it leads to neurological symptoms, Ascaris lumbricoides: A roundworm that can infect the
such as confusion, hallucinations, paralysis, and human digestive system, causing
difficulty swallowing. Once clinical symptoms intestinal blockages.
appear, rabies is almost always fatal. Pathogens can be transmitted through various routes,
Wildlife Reservoir: In many parts of the world, including person-to-person contact,
particularly in regions with a high incidence of contaminated food and water, vectors (e.g., mosquitoes
rabies, the virus is maintained in wildlife populations, for malaria), and environmental
such as bats, raccoons, skunks, and foxes. exposure. Preventing the spread of infectious diseases
Vaccination: Pre-exposure vaccination is recommended often involves good hygiene practices,
for individuals at high risk of rabies vaccination, and the use of antimicrobial medications
exposure, such as veterinarians, animal handlers, and when necessary. Proper sanitation and
certain travelers. Post-exposure public health measures are essential to control and
prophylaxis, which includes vaccination and rabies combat the spread of pathogens.
immune globulin, is administered to b. Toxic Plants and Animals: Certain plants and animals
individuals who have been potentially exposed to can be toxic or venomous, leading to health
rabies. issues upon contact or ingestion.
Prevention: To prevent rabies, it is important to avoid Toxic Plants:
contact with potentially rabid animals, Manchineel Tree (Hippomane mancinella): This tree
vaccinate domestic pets (especially dogs and cats), and produces toxic, milky sap that can
seek immediate medical attention cause severe skin irritation and blindness if it comes
if bitten or scratched by an animal, as prompt treatment into contact with the eyes.
can prevent the onset of symptoms. Rosary Pea (Abrus precatorius)(matam-buyod): The
Rabies is a deadly disease, and it is crucial to take seeds of this plant contain a toxic
preventive measures and seek medical substance called abrin, which can be lethal if ingested or
attention if there is any suspicion of exposure. even chewed, as it releases the
Vaccination of pets and responsible animal toxin.
control are key strategies to control the spread of rabies Oleander (Nerium oleander): All parts of the oleander
in both wildlife and domestic animal plant contain toxic compounds
populations. known as cardiac glycosides, which can be lethal if
3. Fungi: ingested. So beware mga plantito
Candida albicans: Causes candidiasis, which can affect and plantitas.
the mouth, throat, and genital areas. Dieffenbachia (Dieffenbachia spp.): This is a very
Aspergillus fumigatus: Can lead to lung infections in popular houseplant that contains
individuals with weakened immune calcium oxalate crystals that can cause skin irritation,
systems. swelling, and discomfort if touched
4. Protozoa: or ingested. Again, careful tayo ditey.
Plasmodium falciparum: Responsible for the most Castor Bean Plant (Ricinus communis): The seeds of this
severe form of malaria, which affects the plant contain ricin, a potent toxin
blood and can be fatal. that can cause severe illness if ingested or inhaled.
5. Parasites: Guys, bako po ini marijuana.. so.. we’re
good. challenges that are prevalent in the region. The
Venomous Animals: Philippines is susceptible to a variety of hazards due to
Philippine Cobra (Naja philippinensis): This snake its
species is highly venomous and found in geographical location in the Pacific Ring of Fire and its
the Philippines. Its bite can be lethal if not treated exposure to tropical cyclones, earthquakes, floods,
promptly. landslides, and volcanic eruptions. Additionally, climate
Box Jellyfish (Chironex fleckeri): Found in the waters change and sea-level rise are increasing the
around the Philippines, this jellyfish is vulnerability
one of the most venomous marine species and can of coastal areas. Here are some of the key hazards
deliver extremely painful stings. related to resilient building design in the Philippine
Blue-Ringed Octopus (Hapalochlaena spp.): These small, context:
highly venomous octopuses are Typhoons and Storm Surges:
found in the Philippine waters and carry neurotoxins The Philippines experiences a high frequency of tropical
that can cause paralysis and death if cyclones (typhoons) each year. Resilient building design
bitten. should incorporate features such as elevated
Marbled Cone Snail (Conus marmoreus): This marine foundations, reinforced structures, impact-resistant
snail has a venomous harpoon-like windows, and
tooth that can inject potent neurotoxins into its prey, roofing materials that can withstand strong winds.
and it is capable of stinging humans. Flooding:
Stonefish (Synanceia spp.): Stonefish are among the Flooding, whether from heavy rainfall, storm surges, or
most venomous fish in the world and river overflow, is a common hazard. Buildings should be
are found in the Philippines. Their spines contain venom designed to withstand inundation by elevating living
that can cause intense pain, tissue spaces, using flood-resistant materials, and ensuring
damage, and even death if stepped on. proper
Sorry.. your Ahas and malanding ibeshy is not included! drainage systems.
It's important to exercise caution and awareness when Earthquakes:
dealing with potentially toxic or The Philippines is located along the Pacific Ring of Fire,
venomous plants and animals in the Philippines and making it prone to seismic activity. Resilient design
elsewhere. In the case of bites or considerations include structural reinforcement, flexible
stings, seeking prompt medical attention is crucial, as building materials, and proper foundation systems to
some of these toxins can have mitigate earthquake-related risks.
severe and even fatal effects. Landslides:
c. Allergenic Substances: Some biological materials, like Hilly and mountainous areas in the Philippines are
pollen, can trigger allergic reactions in prone to landslides during heavy rains. Resilient
individuals. architecture
Ergonomic Hazards: should incorporate slope stabilization and adequate
Ergonomic hazards are related to the design of drainage systems.
workspaces and job tasks that can lead to Volcanic Eruptions:
musculoskeletal injuries The country has active volcanoes, and volcanic
and discomfort. They often result from repetitive eruptions can cause ashfall and pyroclastic flows.
movements, poor posture, and inadequate equipment. Buildings in
Examples include: volcanic zones should have robust filtration systems to
a. Repetitive Strain Injuries (RSI): Conditions like carpal prevent ash infiltration and offer protection from
tunnel syndrome or tendonitis due to repetitive tasks, extreme
such as typing or assembly line work. heat and flying debris.
b. Back Pain: Poor posture and heavy lifting without Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Erosion:
proper equipment can lead to back pain and injuries. Rising sea levels due to climate change pose a
c. Eye Strain: Prolonged use of computer screens significant threat to coastal areas. Resilient designs
without ergonomic setups can result in eye strain and should
discomfort. consider elevating buildings, building protective
Resilient building design in the Philippines involves seawalls, and using materials resistant to saltwater
addressing a range of natural hazards and corrosion.
environmental Heat and Humidity:
The Philippines experiences high temperatures and
humidity. Resilient buildings should incorporate
energyefficient designs to reduce indoor heat, proper
ventilation, and shading to enhance comfort and reduce
the
need for energy-intensive cooling systems.
Tsunami Risk:
Coastal regions may be vulnerable to tsunamis triggered
by undersea earthquakes or volcanic eruptions.
Resilient
designs should consider safe evacuation routes and
tsunami-resistant structures in high-risk areas.
Integrate early warning systems into building designs to
provide occupants with timely alerts about impending
natural disasters.