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Alex ComplexNumbers

1. The document discusses representing geometric objects like points, lines, circles using complex numbers on the complex plane. It provides exercises on determining distances, representing lines, circles, and intersections. 2. It also presents some practical geometry problems involving triangles, quadrilaterals, and circles that can be solved using a complex number approach. 3. Finally, it lists some additional challenging geometry problems involving polygons, circles and points for readers to attempt solving with complex numbers.

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whitedragon6mk
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56 views2 pages

Alex ComplexNumbers

1. The document discusses representing geometric objects like points, lines, circles using complex numbers on the complex plane. It provides exercises on determining distances, representing lines, circles, and intersections. 2. It also presents some practical geometry problems involving triangles, quadrilaterals, and circles that can be solved using a complex number approach. 3. Finally, it lists some additional challenging geometry problems involving polygons, circles and points for readers to attempt solving with complex numbers.

Uploaded by

whitedragon6mk
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Complex Numbers

June 26, 2022

1 Basics
We represent each point with a complex number, such that the diagram is embedded into the
complex plane. The basic objects of Olympiad Geometry are lines, circles, lengths, and angles.
Exercise: How do we determine the distance between two points?
Exercise: What does a line equation look like?
Exercise: How do we intersect two lines? How do we represent the angle they form?
Exercise: How do we represent a circle centred at the origin?
Exercise: How do we represent a circle passing through the origin? (Hint: inversion)
Exercise: How do we represent a general circle?
Exercise: Given that a line and a circle pass through the origin, what is their second
intersection?
Exercise: Given that two circles pass through the origin, what is their second intersection?
Exercise: Given a point P on the unit circle and a line passing through P , what is the
second intersection of the line and the unit circle?

Some practical exercises


1. Given triangle ABC on the unit circle, represent the points A, B, and C by a2 , b2 , c2 .
Letting I be the incenter of triangle ABC, and AI, BI, and CI intersect the circle again
at D, E, F , show that D = ±bc, E = ±ca, F = ±ab, and I = ±1 bc ±2 ca ±3 ab. Which
choices of ± above are consistent?

2. Prove Brokard’s Theorem; given ABCD cyclic, let E = AB ∩ CD, F = AC ∩ BD,


G = AD ∩ BC. Show that the circumcenter of ABCD is the orthocenter of EF G.

3. Prove Miquel Point for complete quadrilaterals; given lines ℓi , 1 ≤ i ≤ 4 and points
Xij = ℓi ∩ ℓj , the circumcircles of Xij Xjk Xik all pass through a common point.

Some problems I solved, once upon a time, with complex


1. (USAMO 2015) Quadrilateral AP BQ is inscribed in circle ω with ∠P = ∠Q = 90◦ and
AP = AQ < BP . Let X be a variable point on segment P Q. Line AX meets ω again
at S (other than A). Point T lies on arc AQB of ω such that XT is perpendicular to
AX. Let M denote the midpoint of chord ST . As X varies on segment P Q, show that
M moves along a circle.

2. (IMO 2015) Let ABC be an acute triangle with AB > AC. Let Γ be its circumcircle, H
its orthocenter, and F the foot of the altitude from A. Let M be the midpoint of BC.
Let Q be the point on Γ such that ∠HQA = 90◦ and let K be the point on Γ such that
∠HKQ = 90◦ . Assume that the points A, B, C, K and Q are all different and lie on Γ
in this order. Prove that the circumcircles of triangles KQH and F KM are tangent to
each other.

1
3. (USA TSTST 2014) Consider a convex pentagon circumscribed about a circle. We name
the lines that connect vertices of the pentagon with the opposite points of tangency with
the circle gergonnians. Prove that if there is a triple of gergonnians that are concurrent,
then there is another triple of gergonnians that are concurrent.

Some other problems you can try with complex


No guarantees that they’re easy to solve!

1. (ISL 2013/G3) Let ω be the circumcircle of a triangle ABC. Denote by M and N the
midpoints of the sides AB and AC, respectively, and denote by T the midpoint of the arc
BC of ω not containing A. The circumcircles of the triangles AM T and AN T intersect
the perpendicular bisectors of AC and AB at points X and Y , respectively; assume that
X and Y lie inside the triangle ABC. The lines M N and XY intersect at K. Prove that
KA = KT .

2. (ISL 2014/G4) Let ABC be a triangle with AB ̸= AC and circumcenter O. The bisector
of ∠BAC intersects BC at D. Let E be the reflection of D with respect to the midpoint
of BC. The lines through D and E perpendicular to BC intersect the lines AO and AD
at X and Y respectively. Prove that the quadrilateral BXCY is cyclic.

3. (ISL 2020/G6) Let ABC be a triangle with AB < AC, incenter I, and A excenter IA .
The incircle meets BC at D. Define E = AD ∩ BIA , F = AD ∩ CIA . Show that the
circumcircle of △AID and △IA EF are tangent to each other.

Some other geometry problems


1. (USAMO 2003) A convex polygon P in the plane is dissected into smaller convex polygons
by drawing all of its diagonals. The lengths of all sides and all diagonals of the polygon P
are rational numbers. Prove that the lengths of all sides of all polygons in the dissection
are also rational numbers.

2. (HMMT 2022) Let P1 P2 . . . Pn be a regular n-gon in the plane and a1 , . . . , an be nonnegative


integers. It is possible to draw m circles so that for each 1 ≤ i ≤ n, there are exactly ai
circles that contain Pi on their interior. Find, with proof, the minimum possible value of
m in terms of the ai .

3. (USA TSTST 2022) Let n be a positive integer. Find the smallest positive integer k such
that for any set S of n points in the interior of the unit square, there exists a set of k
rectangles such that the following hold:

ˆ The sides of each rectangle are parallel to the sides of the unit square.
ˆ Each point in S is not in the interior of any rectangle.
ˆ Each point in the interior of the unit square but not in S is in the interior of at least
one of the k rectangles.

(The interior of a polygon does not contain its boundary.)

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