Ucsp Module 2
Ucsp Module 2
Ucsp Module 2
Prepared By:
Reviewed By:
ANALYN P. ESTEBAN
OIC, SHS PRINCIPAL
COURSE DESCRIPTION:
This course uses insights from Anthropology, Political Science, and Sociology to develop students’
awareness of cultural, social and political dynamics, and sensitivity to cultural diversity; provide them with an
understanding of how culture, human agency, society and politics work; and engage them in the examination
of the country’s current human development goals. At the end of the course, students should acquire ideas
about human cultures, human agency, society and politics; recognize cultural relativism and social
inclusiveness to overcome prejudices; and develop social and cultural competence to guide their interactions
with groups, communities, networks, and institutions.
COURSE OUTLINE
Finals
Week 10: Cultural, Social, and Political Institutions (Kinship, marriage, and the household)
Week 11: Cultural, Social, and Political Institutions (Political and leadership structures)
Week 13: Cultural, Social, and Political Institutions (Religion and belief systems & Health)
ASSESSMENT:
a. Understand and discuss the composition of society based on the various groups that compose it;
b. Identify and define the different types of groups in society;
c. Explain the role that social groups play in the formation of identities, values, attitudes and beliefs; and
d. Describe the organized nature off social life and the rules governing behavior on society.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Discussion Proper:
As society is basically defined as “the sum of social relationships among groups of humans” (Society,
2009), studying societies essentially involves examining the relationships among various groups in community.
Thus, to understand how society is organized, one has to study the different kinds of groups within society.
PRIMARY GROUP
A primary group is characteristically a small social group whose members share intimate, personal and lasting
relationship. Though the term, at first, was used to refer only to the first personal group of a person’s
childhood, later on, the meaning was broadened to include other intimate relations.
FAMILY
CHILDHOOD FRIENDS
SECONDARY GROUP
A secondary group is that which is larger and less personal temporary rather than long lasting and just based
on interest and activities.
EMPLOYMENT &
BUSINESSMAN-TO-CLIENT
RELATIONSHIP
Primary group and secondary group can be contrasted in terms of the following aspects:
1. Size and Quantity – in a society, secondary groups are more while primary groups are fewer. It is
because secondary groups are a residual category. In size, the secondary group is commonly larger
than primary group.
2. Relationships and communications among members – whereas primary groups are characterized by
personal, close and enduring relationship, secondary groups are marked by formal, impersonal and
contractual relations. While people in primary group interact on a personal level, members of a
secondary group interrelate in a manner that lacks intimacy.
3. Goals and membership – also called “special interest groups”, secondary groups are created for the
attainment of some specific interest or ends. A secondary group is one we choose to be part of based
on some objectives we wish to achieve.
4. Group structure and member’s statuses and roles – most secondary groups are organized groups as
they commonly have formal structure. A formal authority with designated powers is instituted and a
definite division of labor with specified functions is also recognized.
5. Influence to members and nature of group control – Primary groups are marked by members’ care
and concern for each other. These groups play a significant role in development of one’s personal
identity.
IN-GROUPS
An in-group is a social group which an individual psychologically identifies himself or herself as being a
member. In sociology and social psychology, the term refers to a group united by common values, that is, “a
group of people who show loyalty and preferential treatment to one another because they share common
interests, beliefs and attitudes.
OUT-GROUPS
An out-group is a social group with which a person does not identify. It is a social group towards which
a person feels dislike, disdain, disagreement, unfriendliness and disapproval – sometimes, even hatred,
contempt, hostility, opposition or a desire to compete.
As can be gleaned from the definitions given, the concept of ingroup-outgroup is potentially harmful to
society.
3. Reference Groups
Is the social group that we use as a standard of comparison for ourselves regardless of whether or not
we are part of that group. A group to which a person or another group is compared, a reference group is a
collection of people to which people compare themselves, basically for the purpose of self-evaluation. In other
words we use reference groups to assess the appropriateness, worth or desirability of our attitudes,
appearance, traits, qualities, thoughts, feelings, behavior, role performance and circumstances.
In sociology, a social network is a series or web of weak social ties involving people or groups of
individuals connected to each other such as through friendship, family, business relationships, academic
institutions, religious organizations and socio-political clubs. The term “network” may refer either to the
system of people or .things, the individuals concerned themselves, or the “group” or collection of
interrelated people.
BUSINESS
RELATIONSHIP
FAMILY,
FRIENDSHIP,
AND ETC.
Rubrics:
Category 5 4 3 2
Focus & Details There is one clear, well focused topic. There is one clear, well focused There is one topic. Main The topic and main
Main ideas are clear and are well topic. Main ideas are clear but ideas are somewhat ideas are not clear.
supported by detailed and accurate are not well supported by clear.
information. detailed information
Organization The introduction is inviting, states the The introduction states the The introduction states There is no clear
main topic, and provides an overview main topic and provides an the main topic. A introduction,
of the paper. Information is relevant overview of the paper. A conclusion is included. structure, or
and presented in a logical order. The conclusion is included. conclusion.
conclusion is strong.
Week 10: Cultural, Social, and Political Institutions (Kinship, marriage, and the household)
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Discussion Proper:
A. Kinship by blood
Kinship by blood refers relationship by descent, that is, the relationship that arises in one’s group of
origin (descent group) or that which refers to genetic relatedness. It is also called consanguinity (relationship
by blood or by descent of the same ancestors) and is related to genealogy (a line of descent directly traceable
from an ancestor).
If one’s kinship is reckoned through his or her father’s line of descent, the descent is called patrilineal.
Most societies are patrilineal.
The descent is called matrilineal if one’s kinship is seen through his or her mother’s line of descent.
The pattern is said to be observed in the cultures of Nyakyusa of Tanzania and the Nayar of Kerala, India.
There is also called bilateral or two sided descent, the bilateral descent affiliates a person more or less
equally with relatives on his or her father’s and mother’s side. This pattern is observed in the culture if the Yako
of the Crossriver state of Nigeria.
B. Kinship by married
Marriage is “a socially or ritually recognized union or legal contract between spouses that establishes
rights and obligations between them, between them and their children, and between them and their in-laws. The
kinship by marriage or the human relation through marriage is commonly called “affinity”.
The social rule which states that a partner must be selected from a person’s own social group is called
endogamy. On the other hand, the rule which proclaims that a partner must be chosen from a group different
from one’s own is called exogamy.
Polygamy, on the other hand, is the custom of having more than one legal spouse at the same time. Polygamy is
a plural marriage of which there are two main types: Polygyny and Polyandry.
If a man is married to more than one wife at a time, the relationship is called polygyny. Polygyny is practiced in
some Muslim and Mormon sects.
Marriage commonly leads to the creation of a new household comprising the married couple, with the
couple living together in the same home. In some cases nonetheless, married couples do not form a separate
household but remain part of an extended family household.
The following are the most common types of post-marital residence:
1. Patrilocal: the married couple’s normal residence is with or near the husband’s patrilineal kinsmen.
2. Matrilocal: The married couple lives with or near the wife’s matrilineal kinsmen.
3. Avunculocal: The married couple’s normal residence is with or near the maternal uncle (mother’s brother) or
the husband’s other male matrilineal kinsmen.
4. Bilocal: The couple establishes its residence optionally with or near the parents of either spouse;
5. Ambilocal: The married couple shifts periodically from residence with husband’s group to residence with
wife’s group.
6. Neolocal: The couple’s normal residence is apart from the relatives of both spouses.
7. Duolocal: The couple has no common household as the husband and the wife remain in their perspective
natal groups.
8. Matri-Patrilocal: The newlyweds initially live with the wife’s group for a short period of time, usually for
one year or until the birth of the first child. Afterward, the couple’s
residence is shifted permanently to the husband’s group.
C. Kinship by ritual
Family refers to a “group of people [usually] living together and functioning as a single household,
usually consisting of parents and their children”. Basically, the people composing a family are related by
marriage, birth, or blood.
In other forms of family, members are affiliated by adoption, shared consumption, or shared residence.
The concept of family is very much related to the term household which refers to “the people who live together
in a single home”.
In many ways, family is the most basic social institution. Some of the functions of family are producing
children, raising and educating them, orienting them to one’s culture and religious beliefs and forming an
economically productive household.
Nuclear Family
A nuclear family or elementary family, in its simplest form,
comprises a couple and at least one child. Alternative definitions have also
evolved to include family units with a stepparent of those headed by same-sex
parents.
Extended Family
The so-called extended family is that which extends
beyond the immediate family, the basic example of which is a
Reconstituted Family
A reconstituted family is that which is formed by the
joining of two adults through marriage, cohabitation or civil
partnership in which either one or both of the adults have a
child or children from a previous relationship living in their
home.
Transnational Families
Transnational families are those which “adopt
separate living arrangements in two or more countries but
retain close links with their homeland”.
On a short bond paper, illustrate your ideal family through a drawing or a sketch. Below it, write
a brief explanation.
“My Family”
The students will write a “story” of their family in a 1 whole sheet of paper.
Guide Questions:
a. How your family does affect your daily lives?
b. Does the size of your family affect your relationship with them?
c. How important your family is for you?
Rubrics:
Category 5 4 3 2
Focus & There is one clear, well focused topic. Main There is one clear, well focused There is one topic. The topic and
Details ideas are clear and are well supported by topic. Main ideas are clear but Main ideas are main ideas are
detailed and accurate information. are not well supported by somewhat clear. not clear.
detailed information
Organization The introduction is inviting, states the main The introduction states the main The introduction There is no clear
topic, and provides an overview of the topic and provides an overview of states the main topic. introduction,
paper. Information is relevant and presented the paper. A conclusion is A conclusion is structure, or
in a logical order. The conclusion is strong. included. included. conclusion.
Week 11: Cultural, Social, and Political Institutions (Political and leadership structures)
Political Institution
Defined as the system of norms, values and roles responsible for maintaining social order in the society.
The following are the aspects in maintaining social order.
1. Creating formal norms – it is the political institution that has created formal norms or laws that guide our
behavior. There are three types of laws depending on their origins, namely:
a. Constitutional Laws
b. Statutory Laws
c. Common Laws
2. Applying sanctions – it is the responsibility of a political institution to apply sanction to those who fail to
follow or obey certain norms.
3. Settling disputes among individuals
4. Settling disputes between nations
Political Organization
May refer to the structure or the way power is distributed and embedded in societies.
Bands
Tribes
PADAUNG TRIBE
LARS KRUTAK
Chiefdoms
States
Pregnant Woman:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Local Healer:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Community Leader:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Cook:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Farmer:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Discussion Proper:
In this chapter the lessons are directed towards an understanding of human biological and cultural
evolution in the fossil record as well as the cultural take off and sociopolitical evolution from hunting and
gathering stage up to the development of early civilization and rise of the state. The lessons are arranged in
While the exact number of early human species is debated, on this topic are summaries of the early
human species accepted by most scientists.
Australopithecus Afarensis
When Lived: Between about 3.85 and 2.95 million years ago
The front running candidates for the earliest definite hominids are
a small group of fossils found at Laetoli, Tanzania and dated to about 3.6
years before present. A larger group found at Hadar, Ethiopia and dated to
between 3.2 and 2.9 million before present.
Raymond Dart discovered the first Australopithecus specimen at Taung, South Africa in 1924. It was he
who gave it the generic name Australipithecus, meaning “Southern ape”.
Au. afarensis had both ape and human characteristics: members of this species had apelike face
proportions (a flat nose, a strongly projecting lower jaw) and braincase (with a small brain, usually less
than 500 cubic centimeters -- about 1/3 the size of a modern human brain), and long, strong arms with curved
fingers adapted for climbing trees. They also had small canine teeth like all other early humans, and a body
that stood on two legs and regularly walked upright. Au. afarensis had mainly a plant-based diet, including
leaves, fruit, seeds, roots, nuts, and insects… and probably the occasional small vertebrates, like lizards.
Approximately, 40% of her skeleton is preserved, including pelvic, arm and leg bones.
Homo Habilis
This species, one of the earliest members of the genus Homo, has
a slightly larger braincase and smaller face and teeth than
in Australopithecus or older hominin species. But it still retains some ape-
like features, including long arms and a moderately-prognathic face.
Its name, which means ‘handy man’, was given in 1964 because this
species was thought to represent the first maker of stone tools. Currently, the oldest stone tools are dated
slightly older than the oldest evidence of the genus Homo.
Early Homo had smaller teeth than Australopithecus, but their tooth enamel was still thick and their
jaws were still strong, indicating their teeth were still adapted chewing some hard foods (possibly only
seasonally when their preferred foods became less available).
KNM-ER 1813 This fossil is one of the most complete skulls of this species, best
known from the Turkana Basin (Kenya) and Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania) in East Africa. It
has a cranialcapacity of only 510 cubic centimeters, well below the 600 cubic
centimeter cutoff that had been in place since the creation of the Homo habilis species
name. It is also not much larger than the average for Australopithecus.
Arch support
Do you see the tooth marks on this ankle bone? Their shape and pattern are
similar to those made by modern crocodiles. The back part of the heel bone is bitten off,
Homo Rudolfensis
Where Lived: Eastern Africa (northern Kenya, possibly northern Tanzania and
Malawi)
There is only one really good fossil of this Homo rudolfensis: KNM-ER
1470, from Koobi Fora in the Lake Turkana basin, Kenya. It has one really
critical feature: a braincase size of 775 cubic centimeters, which is considerably
above the upper end of H. habilis braincase size. At least one other braincase from the same region also shows
such a large cranial capacity.
Homo rudolfensis had large and wider molars compared to Homo habilis. While their teeth were only
slightly smaller than those seen in robust australopithecines, H. rudolfensis didn’t have the heavily-built jaw
and strong jaw muscle attachments seen in robust early humans. These anatomical differences likely indicate
different diets between H. rudolfensis and earlier australopith species capable of more powerful chewing.
The KNM-ER1470
Louis Leakey saw KNM-ER 1470 only days before his death, and, believing the skull
to be a million years older than it was, classified it as an “indeterminate species
of Homo.” When scientists later dated the skull to 1.9 million years old, the same age to
when Homo habilis lived, the scientific community thought KNM-ER 1470 must then
belong to Homo habilis - but the mandible (jaw) and teeth just didn’t seem to fit within
acceptable limits of variation or differences for H. habilis. Even if KNM-ER 1470 was considered a large H.
habilis male, the size difference would be too great compared to KNM-ER 1813, an established H.
habilisfemale, for the two to both belong to the same species. Over several weeks following its discovery,
scientists Meave Leakey and Bernard Wood reconstructed KNM-ER 1470’s skull from more than 150
fragments, revealing a large cranium with a long, wide, flat face. While tooth roots show that this early human
had large teeth, the skull lacked the massive jaw muscle features characteristic of robust australopithecines.
When Lived: Between about 1.89 million and 110,000 years ago
The tall bodies and large brains of Homo erectus individuals required a lot of energy on a regular basis
to function. Eating meat and other types of protein that could be quickly digested made it possible to absorb
nutrients with a shorter digestive tract, making more energy available faster. There is also speculation that
honey and underground tubers may have been significant food sources for Homo erectus.
Homo Floresiensis
Remains of one of the most recently discovered early human species, Homo floresiensis(nicknamed
‘Hobbit’), have so far only been found on the Island of Flores, Indonesia. The fossils of H. floresiensis date
to between about 100,000 and 60,000 years ago, and stone tools made by this species date to between about
190,000 and 50,000 years old. H. floresiensis individuals stood approximately 3 feet 6 inches tall, had tiny
brains, large teeth for their small size, shrugged-forward shoulders, no chins, receding foreheads,
and relatively large feet due to their short legs. Despite their small body and brain size, H. floresiensis made
and used stone tools, hunted small elephants and large rodents, coped with predators such as giant Komodo
dragons, and may have used fire.
This adult female, who died around the age of 30, was only a
little over 1 m (3.5 ft) tall. Her brain, estimated at 400 cubic
centimeters, was as small as those of chimpanzees and the smallest
australopithecines. She had fairly large brow ridges, and her teeth
were large relative to the rest of the skull. Her fossils consist of
an almost-complete skull and partial skeleton that include her legs,
hands, feet, part of her pelvis, and other fragments. LB-1 is the most complete H.
floresiensis fossil found to date.
Homo Neanderthalensis
Nickname: Neanderthal
Neanderthals made and used a diverse set of sophisticated tools, controlled fire, lived in shelters,
made and wore clothing, were skilled hunters of large animals and also ate plant foods, and occasionally made
symbolic or ornamental objects. There is evidence that Neanderthals deliberately buried their dead and
Homo Sapiens
The species that you and all other living human beings on this planet belong
to is Homo sapiens. During a time of dramatic climate change 300,000 years
ago, Homo sapiens evolved in Africa. Like other early humans that were
living at this time, they gathered and hunted food, and evolved behaviors
that helped them respond to the challenges of survival in unstable
environments.
Direction: Learners will present in poem or song, how society is affected by: (choose only 1)
• Biological evolution
• Cultural evolution
Rubric:
CATEGORY 5 4 3 2
Focus on Assigned The entire poem is related Most of the poem is related Some of the poem is No attempt has been made
Topic to the assigned topic and to the assigned topic. The related to the assigned to relate the poem to the
allows the reader to poem wanders off at one topic, but a reader does assigned topic.
understand much more point, but the reader can not learn much about the
about the topic. still learn something about topic.
the topic.
Creativity The poem contains many The poem contains a few The poem contains a few There is little evidence of
creative details and/or creative details and/or creative details and/or creativity in the poem. The
descriptions that descriptions that contribute descriptions, but they author does not seem to
contribute to the reader's to the reader's enjoyment. distract from the poem. have used much
enjoyment. The author has The author has used his The author has tried to imagination.
really used his imagination. use his imagination.
imagination.
Direction: Describe how your community has changed over the years. Write characteristics of your community
7 years ago in the “past” column do the same to describe your present community in the “present” column.
SOCIETY
PAST PRESENT
What makes human beings an important component in the development of early society?
a. Distinguish the entire period of early prehistory to lithic ages as well as the different types of societies;
b. Produce an illustrated timeline that clearly shows the major developments and changes
that happened in human society; and
c. Appreciate the significant social developments that happen as societies and their culture evolve.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Discussion Proper:
Traditional societies comprise of few social institutions whereas, modern societies have more compare
to traditional societies. We can only find basic institution in traditional societies which include, family or
kinship and religion. Modern or complex societies however, have dozen of them. The triggering factor of
institutional expansion is economic change. Before industrialization or extensive use of heavy machinery;
societies were very small and depended upon natural resources. In preindustrial societies division of labor was
almost non-existent; the first job of men was to hunt and gather.
1. The primary institution is the family, which decides how food is to be shared and how children are to
be socialized, and which provides for the protection of its members.
2. They tend to be small, with fewer than fifty members.
3. They tend to be nomadic, moving to new areas when the current food supply in a given area has been
exhausted.
4. Members display a high level of interdependence.
5. Labor division is based on sex: men hunt, and women gather.
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES
PASTORAL SOCIETIES
Characteristics:
AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES
Modern society is often called materialistic, where people no longer produce product for living. Instead they
produce goods to sell in the market. People don’t rely their own. For example they go to market for groceries
instead of owning gardens and animals.
A post-industrial society is a stage in a society's evolution when the economy shifts from producing and
providing goods and products to one that mainly offers services. A manufacturing society is comprised of
people working in construction, textiles, mills and production workers whereas in the service sector, people
work as teachers, doctors, lawyers and retail workers. In a post-industrial society, technology, information and
services are more important than manufacturing actual goods.
Production of goods (like clothing) declines and the production of services (like restaurants) goes up.
Manual labor jobs and blue collar jobs are replaced with technical and professional jobs.
Society experiences a shift from focusing on practical knowledge to theoretical knowledge. The latter
involves the creation of new, invention solutions.
Using of tools became more important, natural selection favored brainier individuals who were better
able to encode and transmit behavioral tradition.
The simple stone tools associated with the ape-sized brains of the earliest hominids became more
complex, more skillfully made and more specialized for particular cutting, digging and throwing tasks as homo
habilis was succeeded by homo erectus and later by homo sapiens.
PREHISTORIC PERIODS
Stone implements provide most of the evidence about the earliest phases of cultural evolution.
Archaeologists divide the entire period of early prehistory into Lithic ages.
Paleolithic period
o Paleolithic cultures were based on hunting, fishing and gathering rather than on farming or
stock raising.
More advanced tools, made from a greater variety of materials. First widely use by Homo
neanderthalensis
The middle Paleolithic is characterized by the Mousterian tool industry, whereby flint was often shaped
using the Levallois technique, giving extremely sharp edges.
Tools displaying a much more sophisticated design and greater ingenuity. Associated with the earliest
anatomically modern ‘Cro-Magnon’ Homo sapiens
Tools included throwing sticks, harpoons and much finer blades and spearheads made using ‘punch
blade’ technique
Culture also included cave paintings and sculptures.
Mesolithic period
o It was a time of intense local ecological change. Forest of birch and pine spread over the land
and the hunters made their camps in clearings along riverbanks and lakesides, estuaries and the
seashore.
o Mesolithic people turned increasingly to a broad spectrum of plant foods and fish, mollusks and
other rivetine and maritime sources of food.
Neolithic Period
o During Neolithic greater control over the reproduction of plants and animals was achieved by
the development if farming and stock raising.
o Farming and stock raising also set the stage for profound alterations in domestic and political
economy centering on access to land, water and other basic resources.
• From hunting-gathering lifestyle to a Neolithic society, major changes took place in terms of socio
economic factors of early human life.
• The Neolithic revolution, through the domestication of plants and animals, paved the way for the
beginning of early civilizations.
• The advent of civilization depended on the ability of some agricultural settlements to consistently
produce surplus food, which allowed some people to specialize in non-agriculturalwork, which in turn
allowed for increased production, trade, population, and social stratification.
• The development of the early civilizations showed the political evolution of society.
• The first civilizations appeared in locations where the geography was favorable to intensive agriculture.
• Early civilizations were often unified by religion.
• It began to develop during Neolithic period where the early humans learned to settle in just one area
to domesticate plants and animals for survival.
• Sumerian civilization - developed along the tigris and euphrates river in west asia
• Indus Valley civilization - started along the Indus River Valley in India
• Shang civilization of China - developed near the Huang Ho/ Huang He River
• Egyptian civilization- started along the Nile River.
These river valley civilizations are considered the Cradle of human civilization because it was in these river
valley systems.
• In Mesopotamia, the region of Sumer, 2 significant developments took place that influenced the flow
of the socio-political process of the early civilization.
• These are: the rise of states and the invention of writing.
• The rise of civilization and states led to urbanization, economic focus, political power and material
development.
• These changes allowed implications that directly affected future developments in the sociopolitical
evolution of men.
Stone implements provide most of the evidence about the earliest phases of cultural evolution.
Archaeologists divide the entire period of early prehistory into Lithic ages (Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic
Period). Without agriculture, the development of cities, states and empires could not have occurred. All that
is regarded today under the rubric of industrial society arose ultimately in response to that same great
transformation.
a. Explain the development of one’s self and others as a product of socialization and
enculturation;
b. Identify the context , content, processes and consequences of enculturation and socialization;
c. Value the roles of groups and institutions as agents of socialization.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Discussion Proper:
In this chapter, the lessons are geared towards an understanding of how one becomes a member of
society through enculturation or socialization. The dynamics of conformity and deviance is also discussed, as
well as the discussion of human dignity, rights and the common good.
The understanding on how we are as social beings brings about an important point: the concept of self
and socialization. As we are faced with the immensity of patters that affect and shape who we are in society.
As individuals, we all have various perceptions, feelings and beliefs about who we are and what we are
like. How do we come to develop these ideas? Do they change as we age?
We were not born with theses understandings. Building on the work of George Herbert Mead,
sociologists recognize that we create our own designations: the self. The self is a distinct identity that sets one
Many people with a fear of flying automatically assumes that if any plane goes
down, it will be the one they are on. Nonetheless, as people mature the concept of self
also changes and begins to reflect greater concern for the reaction of others. Mead used
the term “significant others” to refer to those individuals who are most important in the development of the
self. Parents, friends, co-workers, coaches and teachers are often among those who play a major role in
shaping a person’s self.
UNDERSTANDING SOCIALIZATION
Family
School
Workplace
Peer Group
Mass media is the strongest and the most argued indirect agent of
socialization. It sends across of multitude ideas without having any
kind of interpersonal communication. It influences our lives to a
great extent, as we tend to learn a lot from mass media which
Religion
Government
Enculturation is anthropological term used for socialization, both terms refer to, the process of learning
through social interaction. However, the term enculturation is only confined to culture. Whereas, socialization
refer to each and every social interaction of an individual with other people of a society.
Since conception, baby starts interacting with his family members most of all with mother. Parents
teach their children how to eat, drink, walk, play, and behave in different situations. However, parents teach
all those things according to their own culture. For instance, Middle Eastern families eat food with their bare
hands whereas, American families use fork and knife to eat food. So, children born and raised in Middle
Eastern families are enculturate to eat food with bare hands. Whereas, American children are enculturate to
On the other hand, adopting foreign culture or other cultural norms and values is known as
acculturation. In this new technological era people can interact with other people living thousands mile away
from them. Due to social interaction through technology and with mass media people learn new values. And if
people adopt those learned values of other culture and modify their own culture, it will come under the
category of acculturation. Mostly, group of people acculturate because they are influenced by the dominant
culture in a given society. For instance, A Pakistani boy immigrates to America, during his first year, he wears,
kurta shalwar; which is his native cultural costume but after a year, he starts wearing, t-shirts jeans, suits and
tuxedos, so he/she acculturated; for the reason that, he adopted foreign culture.
The continuing and lifelong socialization process involves many different social forces that influence
our lives and alter our self-images. We discussed 7 agents of socialization: family, school, workplace, mass
media and technology, peers, religion, and government.
Enculturation is the process by which an individual learns about his/her own culture. Enculturation
is simply a process where a child learns about the own culture and adopts into it.
Family
School
Workplace
Mass Media and Technology
Peers
Religion
Government
Week 7: Becoming a member of society (Conformity and Deviance; Human dignity and rights)
c. Recognize the value of human rights and promote the common good.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Discussion Proper:
Learning on conformity and obedience is necessary in order to assess the rules of social interaction to
maintain stability of everyday life. It is our role as members of society to understand how to strike the balance
between conformity and creativity as active members of society.
S. Milgram defined conformity as going along with peers – individuals of our own status who have no special
right to direct our behavior by contrast, obedience is defined as compliance with higher authorities in a
hierarchical structure.
The sanctions used to encourage conformity and obedience – and to discourage violation of social
norms – are carried out through both informal and formal social control. As the terms implies, people use
informal social control casually to enforce norms. In many societies, adults often view spanking, slapping, or
kicking children as a proper and necessary means of informal social control. Child development specialists
counter that such corporal punishment is inappropriate because it teaches children to solve problems through
violence. Formal social control is carried out by authorized agents, such as police officers, physicians, school
administrators, employers, military officers, and managers. It can serve as a last resort when socialization and
informal sanctions do not bring about desired behavior.
The term “social control” refers to techniques and strategies for preventing deviate behavior in any
society. Social control occurs on all levels of society. Most of us respect and accept basic social norms and
assume that others will do the same.
DEVIANCE
For sociologists, the term deviance does not mean perversion or depravity. Rather, deviance is behavior that
violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group of society.
1. Functionalist Theory – According to E. Durkheim, deviance can serve a number of functions for society. He
asserted that there is nothing abnormal in deviance.
2. Strain theory – Robert Merton argued that in an unequal society the tension or strain between socially
approved goals and an individual’s ability to meet those goals through socially approved means will lead to
deviance as individuals reject the goals, means or both.
a. Conformity- involves accepting both cultural goal of success and the use of legitimate means for achieving
that goal.
b. Innovation- this response involves accepting the goal of success but rejecting the use of socially accepted
means of achieving it, turning instead to unconventional, illegitimate means.
c. Ritualism- this occurs when people deemphasize or reject the importance of success once they realize
they will never achieve it and instead concentrate on following these rues than ever was intended.
d. Retreatism- this means withdrawal from society, caring neither about success nor about working.
e. Rebellion- this occurs when people reject and attempt to change both goals and the means approved by
society.
Understanding how one becomes a member of society would not be complete without an
understanding of fundamental rights inherent to human persons.
Dignity has descriptive meanings pertaining to human worth. All in all, it refers to our fundamental
right. Human dignity is something that cannot be taken away.
As society is the embodiment of human beings, becoming a member of society should make each one
be more “human” where each person is valued and respected.
Rights are legal, social or ethical principles of freedom or entitlement; that is, rights are the
fundamental normative rules about what is allowed of people or owed to people, according to some legal
system, social convention or ethical glory.
1. Natural Rights
Natural rights are those that are not dependent on the laws, customs, or beliefs of any particular culture or
government, and are therefore universal and inalienable (i.e., rights that cannot be repealed or restrained by
human laws). They are usually defined in opposition to legal rights, or those bestowed onto a person by a
given legal system.
The most famous natural right formulation comes from John Locke, who argued that the natural rights
include perfect equality and freedom, and the right to preserve life and property.
Example:
be born,
Right to have to be alive,
a family.
and to2.
have a name. Rights
Statutory
A statutory right is one that is written into law by a statute. Typically such a right is made by a state
legislature and if not written into the law probably would not exist.
3. Constitutional Rights
These are the rights guaranteed under the fundamental charter of the country. It can be change, revise,
develop or remove.
1. Civil Rights: these are the rights specified under Bill of Rights. It is the rights enjoyed by an
individual by virtue of his citizenship in a shape or community.
Example:
Freedom of Speech
Right to information
Example:
Right to Vote
Right to be voted into
public office
3. Economic Rights: these are rights to
property, whether personal, real or
intellectual.
Example:
Right to use and dispose of his
property
Right to practice one’s profession
Right to make a living
Example:
Example:
Materials:
Journal
Art materials
Recyclable materials
Tabloid, newspaper and magazines
Procedure:
1. The class must create a unique compilation of journal that encompasses the current issues in culture,
society and politics.
2. They will pick 2 current issues in each topic (2 current issues from culture, 2 current issues from society and
2 current issues from politics).
3. The learner can use articles and pictures (they must describe what’s happening on the picture) in tabloid,
newspaper and magazines.
5. Creativity is a must but they should use recyclable materials in making their journals.
REFERENCES:
● https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/624733779533298367/