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LOCATIONM-o--I
ICIDI
INDEPENDENT COMMISSION ON
INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ISSUES Bonn, December 14, 1978
WILLY BRANDT
Chairman
?1D
Mr. Robert S. McNamara \
President
World Bank WEG
1818 H Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20433 / U.S.A.
Dear Mr. McNamara,
thank you very much for your kind letter of November 8,

which has crossed with mine of November 13, 1978.
You may have heard that I had to spend some time in

hospital but I shall be released shortly and then use the
beginning of next year to recover completely.
I am particularly pleased about your readiness to come

to Germany, and I understand that you might probably be in
Europe in March anyway. Therefore, I suggest that we envisage
a meeting then and I am very much looking forward to having
a "tour d'horizon" with you on questions of common concern.
I am equally comforted by a similar wish of UN Secretary-
General Waldheim, which he might realize in early April.
Let me, in concluding, send you my very best wishes

for a merry Christmas and a Happy New Year. In 1979 we shall
have to bring our Commission's work to an end and I hope our
report will have an impact on future North-South relations.
With warmest regards,
Sincerely,
55
THE WORLD BANK
Washington, D.C. 20433
U.S.A.
Office of the President '0D
WBG
November 8, 1978
Dear Herr Brandt:
I was concerned to learn of your illness

in Washington but delighted to know that you had
recovered sufficiently to participate in the meeting
of the Socialist International in Vancouver.
I am told that officials at the United

Nations were very pleased with your report on the
progress of the Commission. And those Commission
Members with whom I have had contact also appear to
feel that the work under your direction is moving
ahead very satisfactorily. I hope you will let me
know if at any time I can be of help to you --- I
would be happy to make a special trip to Germany if
you ever thought it necessary.
With best wishes, -
Sincerely,
Robert S. McNamara
Herr Willy Brandt

Chairman, Independent Commission
on International Development Issues
Ollenhauerstrasse 1
D5300 Bonn
Federal Republic of Germany
THE WASHINGTON POST COMPANY
1150 Fifteenth Street, N. W Washington, D. C. 20071
KATHARINE GRAHAM
Chairmas of the Board November 6, 1978
Dear Bob,
Here is the introductory draft. i
Can you think of someone with your own
perspective (and mine too I might add) who
would have the time and willingness to go over
it carefully with me?
Ever,
Mr. Robert S. McNamara

President
The World Bank
1818 H Street, N.W.
Washington, D. C. 20433
Enclosure
CONFIDENTIAL
BY HAND
THE WASHINGTON POST NEWSWEEK POST-NEWSWEEK STATIONS

CO 1978
INDEPENDENT COMMISSION ON INTERNA1TONAL D'VFLOPMENT ISSUES
COMMISSION INDEVENDANTEr SUR LiS PROmL .VMlES DE DEVELOYTEMENT INTERNATIONAL
Chainnan WILLY BRANDT Prdsident
October 24, 1978
WBG
CH1
Dear Commissioner,
P
Owing to a regrettable error, document FR/l was sent out
yesterday in a garbled version. You are asked to destroy it
and replace it with the enclosed corrected document, FR/i (Rev.1).
Yours sincerely,
Goran Ohlin
Executive Secretary
D R A F T Outline for FR/l (Rev. 1)
24 October 1978
'Report of I C I D I
Confidential
1. Introduction
by Chairman,explaining briefly what Commission has done and why.

Shift of debate in recent years from development aid to a
restructuring of the international system and a comprehensive
approach to development on a national and international level.
Main reasons for a new international order. Prevalence of
pessimism, cynicism and distrust, need to change climate of
debate and to think also in medium and long term perspectives
(the 80s and the year 2000).
P
2. A Troubled World
2.1 A decisive break has occurred in global post-war development.

Up to the early seventies, industrialized countries with market
economies have, after a devastating world war, enjoyed unprecedented
economic development and - in distinction from the period after
World War I - have managed to establish a series of international
and regional organizations for their benefit, with the Bretton Woods
system at the centre.
At the same time, the newly-emerging'states have developed at a

very different pace and have tried on a more or less individual
basis to gain economic in addition to political independence.
Poverty persists in large parts of the Third World.
Communist-governed (CPE) states have grown rapidly. While

participating in some universal and regional organizations,
they-have been only marginally involved in international financial
institutions.
-2-
2.2 Within a few yea during the seventies, the world has been shaken
by events the traditional international economic >
order. The system and the institutions have proven inadequate to the
tasks confronting them. Even before that time it had become evident
to developing countries that the international eonomic system, as
it had been set up after the war, wuauaatisfactory to them.
They presented their case for a new international economic order
and proposals for change as early as 1964 and a decade later in
more elaborate form: the issues comprisedunstable commodity export
prices and unfair terms of trade, nsufficient share in the mAngnempn
and decision-making of the international financial institutions,
restrictions on access to markets in industrialized countries for
exports of products and imports of technology, discriminatory
treatment of labour, the need for control and regulation of
transnational companies, and inadequate volume and terms of finance
and aid.
2.3 Although these global demands were backed by a majority in the UN

organizations, they were coolly received by most of the industrialized
countries with market economies - the latter being the main addressees.
It is only under the impact of growing national and international
economic tension that developed countries are gradually accepting the
idea that a new order would be in their own interest too. Continuing
recession, unemployment accompanied by inflation, new structural
problems in certain industries, monetary instability, deficiencies in 9
global financial institutions, and rising protectionism have created
uncertainty about the future course of the international economy.
The fear that a traumatic world crisis similar to that of the thirties
may return overshadows political decision-making.
2.4 Major difficulties thus now confront both North and South. Slow
growth in industrialized countries affects developing countries'
exports and the capacity for development assistance. Large balance
of payments deficits are leading to a rapid accumulation of debt,
while the insufficiency of long-term finance makes the debt structure
ever more precarious. There is a threat that trade barriers throughout
the world will be maintained or even extended.
2,5 In addition, the global community as a whole is threatened by new

phenomena: pollution, waste of enerry, erosion of soils, exhaustion
of forests and other natural resources. These concerns about the
world's ecological problems have created entirely new fields of action.
The "outer limits" of the life-sustaining potential of the planet
cannot be ignored. Under the impact of these fears new life-styles
questioning traditional growth and aiming at the preservation of the
environment are being advocated by some in Western societies.
2.6 Current trends of disintegration and paralysis of the international

community contain considerable danger3. Uncertainties hovering over
the future of the world have rarely been so great. The prospect of
a deepening world crisis, massive unemployment and perhaps one billion
absolute poor by the year 2000 is real, but not inevitable. Most of
the problems are man-made and can be remedied by joint action.
3. A New Perspective for International Politics
3.1. As e o rdependenc and shrinkage of the world, domestic

py become a corcern of other countries and
governments. Interdependence today links all nations inseparably,
and not only in the economic sphere. The world is bound together by
an ever denser network of communication and exchange of ideas.
While these facts make it imperative that sovereignty be conceived
in new ways, nation states retain a legitimate desire for independence.
A new challenge is the rise of transnational enterprises working across'7,<j
national boundaries.
3.2. Growing interdependence cannot work without growing international

solidarity. International solidarity will only be effective if based
on solidarity within each society and nation. This means that all
governments have a duty to dismantle unwarranted social and economic
privileges within their jurisdiction. That all should enjoy the
essential requirements for a decent human life is thus a joint concern
of both national governments and the international community.
3.3. The elimination of poverty requires a major commitment of developing

countries. Their progress inevitably relies to a very considerable
extent on their own efforts. Even if their resources are limited
they can and must make headway towards ensuring that all their
citizens are provided with the essentials of life. Above all
there is the objective of full and remunerative employment.
Reforms are needed - in income distribution, in land ownership,
in education and social policies. Only if such reforms come about
can a mutually reinforcing process of international solidarity
and assistance be expected.
3.4 These goals and increased

food production, and on industrialization. Both are necessary to
generate incomes and the goods on which incomes will be spent
-
especially food, which absorbs a large share of incomes of the poor.
Such balanced growth with its fruits broadly distributed will also
contribute to reduced rates of population growth, as population change
has been shown to be strongly affected by health, nutrition, education
and employment. Within the proce'ss of social change the role of women
must be given special emphasis: half the world's population cannot
indefinitely continue to suffer discrimination.
3.5. The industrialized countries should honour the commitments they have
undertaken toward developing countries and make a strong positive F
response to the call for international reform. These commitments
imply changes in domestic policies, industrial structures, imports,
budgets, etc. This includes a more pronounced effort in public
education on development issues and global interdependence. In their
own economies the main needs are for an end to stagnation, unemployment
and inflation, and international collaboration can play a key part in
the process.
for their population,
3.6 To achieve better social and economic standards
along
governments can no longer afford policies narrowly defined
nationalistic lines. The best possible use of limited resources
cannot be reached unless governments are willing to plan and

e-l.
implement their policics on a regional and intornational
For developing countries collective self-reliance is a necessary
strategy.
3.7 An understanding that all partners are genuinely committed to
the common cause of world development would enhance the climate

of international negotiation and lessen the distrust and suspicion
which hamper collective efforts.to achieve genuinely negotiated
results and build rule of law in economic relations. The
communist-governed (CPE) countries should join in this process.
process.
3.8 Achieving international equity will certainly be a difficult
is
The world in which a new international order has to be forged
very different from that in which the previous system emerged.

There
There has been a substantialdiffusion of power in the world.
to
are now many poles of power, and different concept-ions of how
organise nations and their cooperation. This implies a variety of
forms of global and regional cooperation. An important goal must
be to increase the negotiating strelngth of developing countries,
possibly by creating a ecretariat for the Third World.
14. International Action in the Mutual Interest
But
4.1 The reality of conflicts of interests should not be denied.
and to
careful analysis should make it possible to control them
and the
delineate an agenda for international action for the short
long term. In a number of priority areas international negotiations
promise clear mutual gains to all partners.
4.2 The preservation of world peace is a primary condition for anything

else. SALT. Arms Trade. Link disarmament-development.
6-
Negotiations about the framework for continued growth in South and

North involves the following group of issues (not neccssarily in
order of priority):
.3 Trade, investment and labour

- Stabilization of commodity price
___S_______________
and earndevelopi
earnings of dvlpng2
countries.
- Improvements of access to markets for manufactures and
agricultural products.
Both sets of measures will build up purchasing power of

developing countries and enlarge potential markets there.
- Trade among developing countries and other aspects of 2
economic cooperation.
- Adjustment assistance and other industrial policies in s
/<2
industrialized countries. Time dimension in structural
adjustment.
- International labour market. Treatment of migrant labour,
position of labour-exporting countries and brain drain.
- Conditions for increased private investment in developing
countries.
- The role and accountability of transnational enterprises.
- New trade and industrial policies. institutional implications.
4.4 Financial and monetary issues

- Need for a new long-term lending facility.
- Need for restructuring of international financial institutions,
'
including IMF, World Bank, regional development banks, with a

view to ensuring, among other things, an adequate role f
develp _n)tries in theixcontrol and management.
- Making international financial institutions universal.
- Principles of handling international debt problems.
- The role of official development assistance, adaptation of its character,
volume, and terms to differing needs, especially of the poorer countries.

- Possibility of generating automatic resources for development,
including a future SDR link.
- Monetary issues, including national commitments to sound monetary
policies.
./7
Need to improve technological infrastructure and research capacity
of developing counti-es, training for technological and management
skills, transfer of technology.
4.6 New regimes for food and world resources.

- Food and agriculture.
Goal of ending world hunger. International measures:
assistance to developing countries' agricultural production;
food security; food aid. Relation with industrial development.
- World energy supplies and prices; financial implications
oiL..exPorters; increased prospecting an spl in dev
countries.
- New forms of energy: timing, feasibility and costs of wide-scale
use.
- Supply and prices of raw-materials, including conservation
and recycling.
- Ocean management in view of the new Law of the Sea, including a
Seabed Authority.
- Other issues of global management of the environment.
- Systems for monitoring global development progress.
5. Framework and Machinery for Negotiations
5.1. International conflict can be controlled. A negotiating framework

(global, regional, bilateral) is needed for a workable world order.
This must be based on mutual interest and fairness. Clear objectives
make for more efficient negotiation than all-embracing schemes.
5.2. The UN family is the most significant machinery for global

coordination of national policies. It attempts to achieve reco i ntAion
of conflict and protection of the weak, it serves function of debating
forum, through specialized agencies it provides services and technical
assistance. Changes and streamlining are needed in the UN system, but
the system itself is irreplaceable.
5.3 North-South negotiations have not yet had serious participation of the
USSR and its allies or of China. It would be desirable to bring
their potential into a more concerted international order.
6. A Climate of Hope:
There are sufficiently strong elements of mutual interests to

hold the world together in a difficult time. Proposals of the
Commission are bold but not utopian. Some are necessary for survival,
others for decency and justice. As a matterof urgency, the wor.d can
and should find a new international order to serve it for the
remainder of this century.
7. Summary and Recommendations

WORLD BANK / INTERNATIONAL FINANCE CORPORATION
OFFICE MEMORANDUM
TO: Mr. Robert S. McNamara DATE: October 27, 1978
FROM: Hollis B. Chenery, VPD
SUBJECT: Your Meeting with Brandt
It would be useful for the Brandt.report to ollS(ine

complementary to WDR I and II with Brandt focussing e on t e
broader political implications and less bound by an i onal
viewpoint. The background papers that I have seen sugges't hat
this should be quite a feasible objective.
Brandt's main themes will grow out of the papers already

commissioned to a large extent (see attachment). I think that
Cassen's paper on Mutual Interests provides a basis for developing
several complementary themes consistent with the above objective.
One approach would be to look at some of the tradeoffs that are
politically feasible for the OECD countries in supporting the
poorest groups and countries, given realistic limits to ODA. In
addition to better allocation and more efficient use of bilateral
aid (and a larger share of multilateral), this would require
looking at trade and market access from the point of view of the
poorest rather than lumping all LDCs together.
Another aspect of this issue on which Brandt could be

considerably more candid than WDR (if his commission supports him)
would be to tackle the political constraints to greater equity
in the developing countries. Here the NIEO has been notably
silent and the WDR very restrained. Cassen's draft is rather
weak and does not recognize a Northern interest in Southern
poverty--just support for poor countries.
I also attach some suggestions from Haq and his staff,

some of which are rather utopian.
HBChenery:nf
Attachments
COMMISSION MEETINGS: AGENDA
Mid-May 1978 End-August 1978 End-November 1978 End-February 1979 End-May 1979 End-June 197
Mali U.S. Asia Middle East . Latin America Vienna
Commodities Debt Access to Markets International Fin- International Fin- Final

ancial and Monetary ancial and Monetary Report
System and Institut- System and Institut-
ions ions -(resumed)
International Economic Co- Commodities Debt (resumed)
Migration and operation Amongst (resumed)
Brain Drain Developing
Countries
Least Developed Mutual - Exhaustible Armaments and International Negot-

Countries Interests Resources Development iating Machinery
Basic Needs Food, Agricult- Transfer of Automatic Resources Women in Develop-

ure, Rural Technology . for Development ment
Development
Transnational Prospects for the
Corporations 1980s
-
28.4.78.
OFFICE MEMORANDUM
TO: Mr. Hollis B. Chenery DATE: October 20, 1978
FROM: Mahbub ul Haq, Director, PPR%4V
SUBJECT: Ideas for Brandt Commission Report
1. You asked for some ideas that Mr. Willy Brandt might consider
to formulate his main message to the world. My quick reaction is that he
needs to find one powerful, integrating idea which appeals to the
conscience and enlightened self-interest of the international community
and under which it is possible to group together a number of operational
policy proposals. I believe that the idea of the Global Compact (to
eliminate the worst aspects of absolute poverty by the year 2000),
advanced by Mr. McNamara in his 1976 annual speech, offers such an umbrella.
The real question is whether the Brandt Commission has the technical
expertise or the time now to put real flesh on this idea. If they can
succeed in doing so, it would help:
- advance a time-specific target that may capture the attention

of the world and behind which Mr. Brandt may be able to
mobilize considerable political support;
- give a lead to the formulation of the international develop-

ment strategy;
- link domestic and international efforts in this field, whereas

North and South have each pointed an accusing finger at the
other so far;
- give perspective to the NIEO discussions by showing how

specific means (i.e., individual negotiating items) must be
subordinated to an overall, agreed objective;
- lead to specific proposals for international resource flows

and institutional restructuring to promote and monitor the
implementation of such a grand vision.
2. Paul Streeten and Javed Burki have prepared the attached draft
to elaborate the kind of work that will be involved in giving some real
content to this idea.
3. I shall be away in Canada on October 23-24 but shall be glad to

discuss this further on my return.
Attachment
cc: Messrs. Streeten

Burki
DRAFT
SJBurki/PStreeten: fvf
October 20, 1978
Brandt Commission Report
The following are some thoughts on how the Brandt Commission could
structure its report. The report might be divided into four parts or
into four areas of emphasis. These are:
- Eradication of the worst aspects of poverty by the year 2000 as
a global objective. It would be useful to focus on a single
objective rather than on a large number of them, while saying
that it must be pursued within a framework which is bound to
include other objectives.
- An approach for achieving this objective. Here, the Commission
will have to decide if this goal is to be achieved in the
context of rapid growth of the world economy as a whole or of
selective growth of particular sectors in the developed economies,
and on the links between growth, and in international and
domestic redistribution. The "interdependence hypothesis"
suggests linkages between the developed and developing countries
that, even over the medium run, could be disadvantageous to the
latter, e.g., rapid overall growth of the developed countries
could lead to a rapid exploitation of the globe's non-renewable
resources. This implies a cost for the developing countries.
The main thrust would be on how to avoid conflict and damage
by coordinating action (armaments, protection, deflation).

-2-
- Means for achieving the objective and pursuing the approach.
Here, three questions come to mind:
: Should we opt for a global approach, including Socialist
economies?
Or, s'ould we build on the present trend towards North-
South regionalization (e.g., Lomg, ASEAN)?
Or, should we emphasize the role of politically neutral
international institutions?
A combination of these three paths is, of course, possible,
e.g., the regional approach can be outward-looking and a step
towards a global arrangement (arrangements that benefit one
group of developing countries at the expense of other developing
countries should be avoided) and thd institutions need not be
part of the U.N. System but can comprise groups of countries.
A principal theme here could be the need for an institutional
response to the reality of interdependence.
- And finally, the policies 'for achieving the objective, following
the approach and activating the institutions. Here, the Brandt
Commission can only indicate the areas of international and
domestic action and the direction that needs to be taken. The
detailed analysis of the policies will have to be left to
specialized agencies, international fora, regional groupings
and so on. The Brandt Commission can emphasize the need for a
truly global approach (including global management in some areas),
and the need for appropriate global institutions. At the same time,
not being bound by particular institutional loyalties, it can point
to the possibility of groupings and arrangements, comprising fewer
countries than the whole U.N. System, and for diversity and options.
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dee imn po;i em.o tezc er-rgtepo.pto
thedeelpig-outresA~hiei' ut euh. hi
own.prouctie efaks,, -ri theindstralizd cuntre~iokk
ih Coprain wit t tr th4 cooi an-sca dac*'
Aeto~l~akn-
No dob4:-ooewotls-uies n att .etkn
seiusy 6a u r te edtine,6tet'a
of resurces.
-. and stl
+e oseo'h. no tin lna eev
in myOiinde
*h~ o en;aLpooSI~ehV
the qal~ ctoso en.relsi.
of th'I ow.raucs
In th is*set 1tik.ti
Conrerch.y
o~erne edi nT thca POeai %
~" ft
* id *o -motn.sgas
;ihu al soiait,
th~l
d Pl'i
ASu +ou*a +e si i o 6
h- po'sb4t, vAteAsfbltVIeLl iia -t
so-clledEaotedth mti I El cuntr e
Not-oi 0*0p *arn.TTSinw eal
TyC
to iildetee.6 a1, *Part
6
inte Ae-st wha isuner ne ot o initraioa oa
their dialogue is4 iie to th etr pato theNr .'

met perinceb he 4on Chn' roi nteftr i
Weare alo' fae wit ths qusin u ol omnt

deveope thrgtkn x nenainlmciey ocp
wit ths prbes Thymai moeay an iaca is&uin
ask o yal o o ,ert oet i t salh6 -nt ef ri s
yeas ao.,wel~b for th mant remo eooi ai n h
inlunc of th ThrdW rl in deiinmaigi S
%
unaifcoy rf ms a nca ry.
Th UntdNain asafrmfr lnts-ar repae%

abl?npte owelk onsh rcmns au we msre
-wati e an-htt U fail ha ustnill rw
lage ,,n in en t o a no f r n r ud th ol a eb c m
so nueosta n a adyke rc o hm
Thrda g r is ct a it r a on l rg iz i n sae b ~ o
the ss
ack were
of p ogr
s in reaity-the'.re son ar
prmrl rsosbl o*t So it em t 'e n s y as
to-ok i t haci vm n s ad h r c m n$ o h n e nt o a
neoitn mahney
In ay c s ,m : o m si nb f r tal n ,i s ep r sh l
a saifatr souin
Tha met nan th igt Sp ca Seso h i 90 w

thnhpflysttept -o.aTidDvlp6aDcd
I d a:W aeecuaig xml o ht ai n a

aciv4fdeiin~r tae w hcrrsodt h
InA~dr. t~hanited. tates nablethocnzOf st urp
-is Iaid t
toqtbako terfet nd yt
*rpeosn htpr 4 h ol,'B h&C
act th goemn fteahie ttscetd'h bsst
reibeadrte etl linc:wihhsaraylaeot
thn.tr"dcds
slkt~ ursr!satoe-fo
Chanmllt o, -m c~ttr,1, n 3 co'14 tt ..-
00
in ths'onr .. n th caino,-hPln1 2t nvie
a ew
sovhn.earinglatyar~ha A~ I
rudo h ntd'ttsws h;frt'rvt Ttt
to. prvd
ud o'h tr fOr on#1n
I~~ h *umt-ta
Uietae hstm iKato
SucpadJpnahrSie s o a4 ihA iia

challnge,,
-a :a yo doaiq., m lrhl Pa-,o 1wT4

Wol- hstain s.no!,o aal, icw a
the'sklls kow-how- Aadadtinitrati4 and*.Q~ fad4
*,nacia. mans
th dvelp~ngcout~re;
InManyof hoeve
*hs rtqiitsbv tl o*J tU s htzns
aln oe~ 4o1 mot4: d, ~nl-fI~qa 3,to

may~ he-ttefitr,
Th as;1 Pa ntuaet a lo ottii
coprto nErstf h -ttsid t
* ont 'do to
-_ hop taeabetr eA
8
Defeeitism,,it 'Seems tomet is not part of the American warof

_lif e.
something as.imp"ta'nt and imaginative-ads the Marshall Plan it,

needed. But that PlAri was mAinly, a mat-ter of ald and. as 1, said
I do not..think. aid' - extremely important though it, -is is the
t he : n 'w inte
key feature of e rnational system we are looki ng
f
What the developlng.countries 'wani, what they need',., what 3:
deserve, is' a world in which they can earn, their
own keep.and grow by their own ef fott-s.
if an international systemcan be established in which developin

9
countries.are freeto trade and reclOve ajust reward for 'the
.goods they p.roduce,, and have satisfactory access
to. financial
markets, - many of, 1 hem' ,would hot, even want aid.
Several of.these countriesas I am sure you know.have made a virtue-

of self-reliancer an with great.discipline and hard work are on
the way to joining the'ranks of the developed countries..
But.:.at the other end, of the. spectrum, there are.a range of

countries, whose prospects are, sop limited and whose needs are
so great that. thieyv ill continue to require aid.r. 'probably for
another generation. The rich countries will have to'providel'this
assistance Eu rope Canadat Ja an., and others.. together. with -the
United States.,
still', I am'sure,. our ambition must.be to create a world Jhwhich

aid gradually becomes unnecdssaryt in, wh.ich:all countries can
prosper, and. grow. without, cOncessional', assistance
-
If Irefferred to the Marshall, Plan, it was partly tocbmmemoiatw

oncembre-that remarkable episode, 'a landmark-ofinternational
cooperation.1twas partly al.' -P
so to rem-mber',&.time when the
..Unites States showed the.most attractive face of its internatio---,__:.
nalism,, its generdsit y.,.. its.. pratical concern.
The -world needed.Amerioa, and America did not fail it,.
Some piople noy bay. siy that the United States, of today ist a dif
Preoccupted.'with itt, own problems, somewhat inward-
looking not da 6r to paitici ate new': international measures
which will meet the.challenges that-lie ahead.. I think they.are
wronglo.
Among other things 1, base, my:view on t he amendment-to the

Foreign.Assistance.Act of 1961 passed by OS.congress in SepteMb4O r
this year stating that the, United States;.de velopment.policiy should,
emphasize f
our p rincipal goals:
(1) the alleviation of the w6rst-phygical mannifestatiofis of: Poverty

amopq tne world s poorMajority-
.(2.) the promotiori of. conditiohq enabling developing, countries to.
achieve oeLf-sustaining eConomi a growth' with ,equitabI4:dist
bution of :benef iti i:
9.1
s 4
s
OFFICE MEMORANDUM
TO: Mr. Robert S. McNamara DATE: October 25, 1978
FROM: William Clark
SUBJECT: Brief on Brandt
First of all what does Brandt hope and expect to get out of
this meeting, to which he attaches great importance? He does not WBG
want to seem to lose any of his independence from the Bank, but he ir
S
does want to make sure that you and he know each other's minds and Co
do not arrive accidentally at different conclusions. He does not
expect that you will approve of all his priorities, but he does
believe that you appointed him to give an independent European-based
world view of the North/South relationship.
In my opinion (if I may say that phrase once and for all) you should
begin by seeking to draw out Brandt on the timetable and program
of his report. When may it be ready (it doesn't really matter when in
1979, my guess is October); what format? how long? how composed
(does he still plan to use a writer such as Anthony Sampson; will it
be a committee document or a Brandt document)? Who is it addressed
to in reality? (Later you could ask how he actually intends to reach
effectively that chosen audience).
Secondly you should draw him out on the contribution made by

the Secretariat, does he get everything he wants from the Bank
and especially D.P.S.? How are the Commissioners shaking down as a
team? Are the extremes finding common ground?
I expect you will find that Brandt feels that there is a broad
consensus emerging, and you could try to find out what it is. I
know he feels that Ramphal is a key swing vote, which he believes
will eventually swing into the column supporting a new international
economic order very much broader and less dogmatic than The NIEO.
(He equally believes that Drag is a lost cause).
You could enquire about how Brandt sees his compromise economic
order emerging. I think he agrees with the Bank's trade policies,
but I wonder whether the Commission has any clear idea of the relative
value of trade in raw materials and manufactured goods. I expect it is
in this area that there is greatest need for clarification of view
points. You will have noticed that Brandt took a more optimistic view
of the year 2000 than the W.D.R. I suspect this was a political ploy,
rather than any deep disagreement 4 (Ae4
But this also raises an issue we need to get more in to the
open; the future role of the World Bank. There has been a lot of
casual discussion of the Bank's present and future role in the less
formal parts of the meetings - especially in the West African (Mali)
meeting where several of the African ministers who were invited to
-2-
testify spoke of the over great power of the Bank, and its use of
it to influence their policies. This struck a welcoming chord
(surprisingly) in some of the European Commissioners, and there was
quite a lot of talk in the corridors (and with such as Bob Cassen
of the Secretariat) about giving more power to the regional Banks,
or decentralising and splitting up the World Bank - anyway curbing
its monopoly. This in turn has got caught up in the current Giscard-
Schmidt attempt to build a New European Economic order, which has
distinctly anti-American overtones. Let's not exaggerate the menace
but a lot of thoughtful Europeans are thinking of an alternative to the
World Bank on a semi-regional basis through Lome, and a similar regional
I.M.F. in the E.M.S. However unfairly you are regarded as being too
caught up in fighting the Americans, and not enough in consulting with
the Europeans.
You should try to probe this and give your political

judgment - which I believe to be that the greatest danger is a
perman.ent diminution of the U.S. interest in International Institutions.
Also you might refer to the possibility of your visit to Germany which
Fritz Fischer raised on behalf of Brandt.
Finally I expect that Brandt will make it clear at some point

that the central theme of the Report is to be the Common Interest of
Industrialised and developing countries in economic growth. (This is
Egon Bahr's political sine qua non for any increase in German Aid).
It might be worth while probing this version of interdependence to see
if it has been thoroughly thought through.
I attach the latest set of papers from the Secretariat, which

has just reached my desk from Fritz Fischer. (I now know that there is
a regular flow from the Secretariat to Attila Karaosmanoglu whom you
designated as the contact point). The one most worth a glance is
'Mutual Interest' by Bob Cassen. I have sidelinet it. Of particular
interest is para 74 which lists some of the recommendations which are
expected. You may wish to hear Brandt on such things as 'Disarmament'
and 'Cooperation with the Eastern Bloc'. (I would hope both of you would
agree that they were highly desirable but we could not wait till they
were achieved).
WDClark:sf
THE WORLD BANK
Offiae of the President
140
-V, C10
&cv
Aspen Institute
Program in International Affairs
Harlan Cleveland
Director
Octo er 17, 19
WBG
To: Bob McNamara
I met with the Brandt Commission

in August and have sent Willy this
follow-up letter which I think will
interest you.
Harlan Cleveland
Rosedale Road, Post Office Box 2820

Princeton, New Jersey 08540 (609) 921-l141
-)n
/n
Aspen Institute for Humanistic Studies Roed,e Road
Program In International Affairs Princeton, New Jersey 08540
609-921-1141
Cable: Aspeninst PrincetonNJ
P. 0. Box 66
Pahala, Hawaii 96777
September 19, 1978
Harlan Cleveland
Director 'RD
The Honorable WBG

Willy Brandt '(
Chairman, Independent Commission CHa
on International Development Issues
Ollenhauerstrasse 1
D - 5300 BONN
FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY
Dear Willy:
Thanks so much for your cordial note about
my participation in your Tarrytown meeting. I very

much enjoyed the opportunity to meet with the
Commissioners, both in the meeting and individually.
I do not of course know how far along you
are in developing the fresh proposals I am sure your
final report will contain, so the rest of this letter
may be "coals to Newcastle." But I thought it might
be helpful for me to provide a reminder of the two
main lines of thinking I intended to leave with you.
The content of "international affairs" is now
mostly the "domestic affairs" of still sovereign
countries; in'no category of international politics is
this more true than in "North-South" relations. At

«::
- -- -x
-2-
the diplomats' level, there has to be a pretense that the
subject is the relations between monoliths called nations.
But your Commission doesn't have to be so uncandid.
The developing countries want some hard decisions made
inside the economies of the industrial democracies (the
Soviet Union and Eastern Europe are still sitting out this
dance). The desired decisions have to do with ensuring
access to their big markets, making sure North America grows
and stores enough grain for the world food system, and
getting the industrial countries. to work hard on usable
development technologies, transfer resources as development
assistance, manage their powerful economies so as not to

export inflation, and regulate the international operations
of multinational companies.
Each of these areas for decision is sensitive, politi-
cally charged, and traditionally regarded as the province
of "domestic politics". The main forces engaged are not
bureaucracies and legislatures, but labor unions wanting to
protect domestic jobs, business communities wanting to-pro-
tect profit margins, farm lobbies wanting to protect high
prices, environmental movements wanting to protect Nature,
consumer groups wanting to protect their purchasing power.
These and other special-interest groups have the demonstrated
capac-ity to bring government to a halt -- and even to bring
governments down. The internal politics of the industrial

-3-
nations need to be faced frankly, and discussed out loud,

by the Independent Commission.
At the same time, people in the industrial "North" are

going to need assurance that their efforts to help are
effective in doing something about poverty in the "South."
Poverty is first of all a matter of "domestic"

institutions that discriminate, structurally and systemati-
cally, against the poor. Doing something about poverty
therefore requires first of all hard decisions inside the
political economies of developing countries -- decisions,
for example, about land tenure, rural reconstruction, "basic
needs" strategy, education, productivity incentives, and the
widening of participation in decision-making. Since those
in charge in "poor countries" are not usually poor themselves,
they also have something to protect, and that often does not
lead to a vigorous war on poverty.
The internal politics of the developing countries also
need to be faced frankly, and discussed out loud, by the
Independent Commission.
The -basis for-a "planetary bargain," or whatever you

choose to call the new international order, is arrangements.
that provide assurances to each participating nation about
the kinds of internal reform and restructuring in other
nations that can make "positive-sum" international relations

possible. The old ways of working things out, which always
seemed to lead to war sooner or later, are obviously

unacceptable in the post-Hilroshima era.
II
I suggested to the Commission some examples of the new
kinds of international institutions to which these new
requirements give rise.
A full inventory of the social inventions we are going

to need would have to range over the whole of the Commis-
sion's terrain, in such fields as food, population, fuels,

non-fuel raw materials, trade in manufactures, shifts in
industrial geography, investment policies, monetary reform,

ocean resources, environmental risks, technology transfer,
communication policy, information flows, the -puzzle about

climate change, and the human uses of outer space.
I mentioned, as illustrations only, four kinds of
institutional change which might help us all to cope with,
and bargain about, this vast agenda: the raising of
international revenues for development, the way in which
"basic needs" development strategies might be internationally
reviewedthe potential of "extranational institutions,"
and the need for a truly international "policy analysis"
funct ion.
-5-
1. An international development tax. In our Planetary
Bargain report three years ago, an international working

group put it this way: -"Rather than trying to pump life
back into the worn-out policy of year-to-year decisions by
individual governments on how much to appropriate and to
whom it should go, what is needed is a flow of funds for
development which are generated automatically under
international control. . . . The idea of international
taxation (on ships for their use of international waters,
on international air travel, on international telecommunica-
tions, on ocean fisheries, on passports) is a hardy perennial,

but we believe it should be-t reated as an idea whose time
has come."
One version of this idea would link development financ-

ing to the creation of Special Drawing Rights by the Inter-
national Monetary Fund. I do not believe the Commission
should go that route. SDRs are supposed to be a device for
creating monetary stability and should therefore be created

at irregular intervals, when more international liquidity
is needed. Such a system would leave international develop-
ment starved whenever (as frequently during the 1970s) world
liquidity did not justify the creation of new international
money.
As a matter of common sense, it seems to me, international
fund-raising should bear most heavily on those activities

-6-
which benefit most from a peaceful and predictable world

environment. Travel and transport are obvious candidates:
as a frequent international traveler I see no reason why
I should not pay a tithe of my passport fee, a fraction of
the price of my ticket, or both, for the privilege of

travelling in a largely peaceful world. Other easily under-
stood devices would be a tax on the use of a commons -- a
fee for parking stalls in orbit, licensing fees for exploi-
tation of resources in the ocean, on the seabed and on the
continental margin -- and a tax on the export of pollution,

intended as a disincentive as well as a way to raise revenue.
A good deal of thinking has been done on this subject
over the past two decades, but no national government or
-international leader has effectively espoused it. The
Independent Commission could make a big difference by doing
so.
2. The international review of "basic needs" strategies.
However the funds for development assistance are raised, they
should be allocated in ways that provide the maximum incentive
for the kinds of internal reforms that will "do something
about poverty." (By any measure you want-to use, there are
more poor people in the world than there were a generation
agp -- even though for much of that time, the rate of economic
growth -in the developing world has been twice the rate of
growth of population.)
Indeed, if that does not happen, it will not be possible
to generate in the industrial democracies the political will
to raise the development aid funds in the first place.
Suppose there were general agreement that people are
entitled to a minimum level of life and literacy by virtue
of being people, that this "poverty line" is properly a
matter for international as'well as "domestic" politics, and
even that the meeting of basic needs should be regarded as
a first charge on world resources. It is not necessary to
get international agreement on a quantitative standard of
basic needs; these will vary according to geography, culture,
social priorities, individual and family preferences, stages
of development, and time. But if the world is going to turn
to and help developing nations lift their poorest people
out of absolute poverty, then two things are necessary, in

this order: (a) each developing country that expects the
rest of the world to help will have to plan its own "basic
needs" strategy, and (b) those plans will have to be reviewed

internationally. The object of those reviews would be to
certify for each developing country -- to other nations,

-and to internat-ional development banks and funds -- that it
has a serious plan for "doing something about poverty" and

is getting on with the job.
In the nature of world politics, such a review-and-

certification process cannot be one in which the richer
nations sit in judgment on the poorer nations. One way to

-8-
avoid this would be to.have the international certifying
agency organize a review process in which developing
countries would review each.others' "basic needs" strategies.
There is precedent for such a process. When the

Marshall Plan was launched, the United States did not want
to sit in judgment on each European country's recovery plans,
yet it needed to be able to assure the U.S. Congress and the
American people that those plans, individually and collectively,
were sound. It was therefore decided to throw to the Europeans
as a group (organized at that time in OEEC -- the Organiza-
tion for European Economic Cooperation) the task of dividing
by country the billions authorized for transatlantic aid.
The resulting "country reviews" were searching, and delved
.deeply into the domestic economic, budgetary and monetary

policies of the OEEC countries -- and no one cried foul.
National sovereignty was by no means set aside; the several
sovereignties were joined in a cooperative recovery effort

which has to be judged one of the great success stories of
postwar history.
Arguing by analogy is always perilous; it is easy to

-think of twenty ways in which the development issues in
present-day "North-South" relations are different from the
issues in the European Recovery Program thirty years ago.
But the central idea is suggestive: the developing countries
might be able to do as a group (or as several groups,

-9-
according to development status or geography or even poli-
tical likemindedness) what they cannot do individually: make
sure that the coming global effort to overcome the worst
aspects of poverty worldwide is in fact pointed squarely at
that goal, and that the net contributors to the process
know it.
3. Extranational institutions. Until recently the

high-water mark of international organization has been
committees of instructed representatives of sovereign states,
staffed by international civil- servants serving by unanimous
consent, occasionally using "experts" or "wise men" in their
personal capacities to untie some particularly tight knot.
Scholars have constructed, on paper, the institutions

of a world government; but there has never- been a world
community on which political institutions of general juris-

diction could be built. Some of us have indeed questioned
whether a world government would not risk being as oppressive as
some national governments have become -- without the saving

grace of pluralism and choice and escape.
There is now a need for an intermediate case, the

"extranational" institution. Here is how we described it in
The Planetary Bargain:
The extranational principle is illustrated by the

way the European Community is working in practice.
Reaching for the supranational -star of Jean Monnet,
-10-
the Europeans fell short. But in falling short, they

invented something new: an executive commission
operating at the political level, which internation-
alizes much of the initiative for action without
derogating from the ultimate power of the governments
who have, in effect, loaned their sovereignty to the
commission.
The European Commissioners are not "international

civil servants." They are, for the most part, former
ministers appointed for a term of years by their own
governments, but not removable by their own govern-
ments. They are therefore in a position to deal with
governments laterally, as personal equals, not as
secretaries serving political committees from below.
Under the Treaty of Rome it is the Commission, not the
member governments, which takes the initiative in pro-
posing "European" policies and actions; it is also the
Commission which carries on the necessary consultations
with nongovernmental organizations (trade union groups,
agricultural associations, and the like) and with the
European Parliament (which is scheduled to be directly
elected after 1978). After these consultations, the
Commission's revised proposals are submitted to the
Council of Ministers, which can act for governments
in approving or rejecting -- but not rewriting -- what
the Commission has proposed.
Again I have to ask you not to be mesmerized by the
analogy. It is arguably far-fetched. The European Commission
itself is not working all that well, though even its imper-
fections are an improvement over several hundred years of
European wars. Moreover the task of Western European econo-
mic integration is vastly different, and for all its diffi-
c-ulties easier, than the development issues with which you
are grappling. Still, the key elements of this social inven-
tion are suggestive:
the obligation of the extranational body to

analyze problems and formulate initiatives
from an international point of view;
the capacity of its members to negotiate with
governments at the political level;
the collective nature' of the executive leader-

ship which gives some assurance that a wide
spectrum of viewpoints will already have been
brought to bear on its thinking before important
initiatives are taken.
An organization with these characteristics could tackle,
better than an orthodox committee of sovereigns, politically
sensitive yet operational tasks such as those just de.scribed
-- formulating, negotiating and administering an international
development tax, and establishing a workable review-and-
certification procedure for development plans aimed at meeting
"basic needs." It is not hard to imagine other functions
to which the extranational principle of organization could
also be creatively applied: the management of buffer stocks
and a Common Fund for price stabilization of key primary
commodities; promotion of research and development on alter-
native energy sources (including assistance to developing
countries in designing their own energy futures); the reso-
lution of differences among transnational enterprises, home
governments and host governments over such issues as taxation,
employment, competitive practices and contributions to basic
needs; the functions contemplated for "The Enterprise" in
the current negotiations on Law of the Sea; the administra-
tion of international money creation (within the framework
of the IMF) in a manner and at a rate that is compatible with
economic growth at reasonable rates of inflation -- the

-12-
definition of what is reasonable being itself the product

of a continuous bargaining process which would have to be
organized by the extranationel institution. The extranational

principle might also be used in peacekeeping, for the manage-
ment of international conciliation and mediation and the
development and maintenance of ready forces for peacekeeping
duty.
4. International policy analysis. One of the striking
ironies of the existing world order is this: while there
are many "world organizations," none is responsible for
thinking about world order. Permit me to remind you once
again of some words in our 1975 Planetary Bargain report:
The present system of international institutions

is the product of historical circumstance rather than
conscious design. As a result, there are dozens of
global and regional agencies, each struggling with a
piece of the world "problematique," with no effective
integrative analysis or "general sense of direction"
at the center. Some measure of institutional plura-
lism is obviously necessary in a large-scale system,
but the proliferation of secretariats, committees and
conferences degrades the total effort and destroys the
confidence of governments. The need is not just to
streamline by eliminating overlapping and wasteful
activities and clarifying assignments, but to make
sure that essential linkages among sectors (for example,
among food, environment, and ocean policies) are fully
appreciated by political leaders with broad responsibi-
lities.
A key lacuna in the system is the absence in the

central offices of the United Nations, of a capability
for global systems thinking, the kind of catalytic
policy analysis that a modern government, a big corpo-
ration or a large university now considers to be indis-
pensable to making-sense of "the situation as a whole"
-13-
The missing function is distorted by the phrase some-

times used to describe it: "policy planning." Detailed
planning is better done by sectors, by regions, and at
middle and lower levels in the international system. But
there is an acute need for more comprehensive policy assess-
ment, so that the participants in planetary bargaining --
national governments, transnational organizations, specialized
intergovernmental agencies -- have a clearer idea how their
cornersof the great complexity can contribute to a larger,
if still pluralistic, design.
One example from recent history may help make the point.
It is possible that if there had been an.available policy
assessment from an international point of view, the Group
of 77 in the Law of the Sea negotiations would not have
rejected the 1970 proposal to share the revenues from oil
found in the world's continental margins. That arrangement
could have provided several billions dollars of "automatic"
international revenue for use in developing countries; but
as a Nixon Administration proposal in a confrontational
climate, it was spurned before being studied. An authorita-
tive source of international analysis might have pointed
out that the interest of most developing countries lay in
grabbing the U.S. initiative before its powerful American
opponents, aided by the routine suspicions of the Group of
77, managed to get it withdrawn.

-114-
The natural place for this kind of policy assessment

is in the office of the Secretary General of the United
Nations. An international study group assembled by the
Rockefeller Foundation at Bellagio in 1975 suggested "a
small group near the Secretary General level with the
ability to suggest global priorities, give some guidance
to the planning process at other levels, and provide the
Secretary General with analytical work as a basis fo-r his
overall system leadership." An alternative, at least for
issues that touch economic and social policy, would be to
associate the function with the new Director General for
Development and International Economic Cooperation, the
position to which Mr. Kenneth Dadzie was recently appointed.
Perhaps both international officials will need small systems-
analysis think-tanks to wrestle effectively with their wide
responsibilities. The main thing is that at least a few
very bright analytical minds be engaged full time in survey-
ing the global policy terrain.
"The problem of today," an Australian anthropologist
said long ago, "is how to use the intelligence of a rela-
tively small number of men and women to devise ways in which
patterns of behavior, laid down in a million years, can be
modified, tricked and twisted if necessary, to allow a toler-
able existence in a crowded world." "If we are to retain any
command at all over our own future," says John Gardner, "the
-15-
ablest people we have in every field must give thought to

the largest problems. . . . They don't have to be in
government to do so. But tbey have to come out of the
trenches of their own specialties and look at the whole

battlefield."
I hope that this lengthy response to your letter of
September 6th proves to be more a boon than a burden.
Thanks for persevering to the end of it.
Warmest regards.
Sincerely,
Harlan Cleveland
cc: G. Ohlin
D. Avramovic
THE WORLD BANK
Offite of the President
-
Sept. 5
Mr. McNamara:
I called Mr. Clark's office again about this

and apparently there isn't a single author, but several.
Mr. Clark, on his return, will address a note to you on
this.
J
INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR
RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. 3G
OFMICE Or THE PRESIDENT
\4JCHI
August 16, 1978
NOTE FOR MR. CLARK
Who is the author of the Brandt Commission's

Secretariat Paper 9 on the subject of Debt?
Robert S. McNamara
FoRm No. 57 INTERNATIONAL BA FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT
f5 1 7y 4
FIC
ICEE MEMORANDUM !
'
TO: Mr. Wil i Clark, VPE DATE: August 29, 1978
FROM: Rainer B. Steckhan, DEO
SUBJECT:Visit with Willy Brandt C0NEDENTIAL

NOV 302012 i
WBGARCHIVES
1. While in Bonn on an introductory visit last week, I saw
Willy Brandt. We talked mostly about the World Development
Report which he liked. He added though that he preferred th WBG
first chapters to the ones dealing with Africa and South AsiaZ
In the latter chapters, he felt the Bank was slightly "lecturi eCHI5
African and South Asian countries. I explained that the staff
had attempted to present a balanced view and that one or two Part I
countries had commented favorably on the "regional" chapters.
He also wondered (mildly) whether we had to single out the
Federal Republic of Germany (together with Japan and the U.S.)
as a poor ODA performer and, in reply, I provided a few statis-
tics. On the other hand, he praised the Report for drawing
attention to studies (such as the German one) on the offsetting
employment impact of a balanced growth of imports and exports
with developing countries. He felt (rightly, I thought) that
such detailed studies should be undertaken on a country by country
basis.
2. While Mr. Brandt was very careful not to reveal details of

the Commission's work, the choice of subjects he covered (health,
social and religious obstacles to development, cooperation among
international institutions, international negotiating machinery,
debt, energy, more equality in dealing with developing countries)
gave some indication on what was presently on his mind.
3. Mr. Brandt, who will be in the U.S. this week but will
miss Mr. McNamara, will come back to New York around October 26,
1978 for the launching of another volume of his memoires and
hopes to see Mr. McNamara then. I believe Fritz Fischer has
already put in a request for such a meeting while in the States
this week.
4. You will have heard by now that Pierre Mendes-France will

no longer be able to participate in the North South Commission
for health reasons. Mr. Edgard Pisani has been asked to attend
this week's USA meeting of the Commission and is expected to
join it thereafter as a full-fledged member. (Enclosed please
find a biography.)
Encl.
RBSteckhan:mcl
Pisani, Edgard; French politician;' b. 9 Oct. 1918,
Tunis, Tunisia; m. Isola Chazereau; three s. one d.; ed.
in Tunis and Paris.'
Resistance during Second World War; Prefect-Dir. de
Cabinet of Chief Commr. of Police 44-45; Dir. de
Cabinet of Minister of the Interior 46; Prefect, Upper
Loire 46-47, Upper Marne 47-54; Senator, Upper
Marne 54-61, 74-; Minister of Agriculture 61-661 Minister
of Equipment 66-67; County councillor and Mayor of
Montreuil-Bellay 63-75; mem. Comm. for. Foreign
Affairs and Defence; mem. Socialist Group.
Publs. La Rigion: pour quoi faire?, Le GdndralIndivis.
Utopie Foncihre, Socialiste de Raisam.
Valpuiseaux, 91720 Maisse, France.
Telephone: 495-87-54-
Mr. William Clark, VPE D August 2 1978
Rainer B. Steckhan, DRO
Visit with Willy Brandt
1. While in Bonn on an introductory visit last week, I saw

Willy Brandt. We talked mostly about the World Development
Report which he liked. Be added though that he preferred the
first chapters to the ones dealing with Africa and South Asia.
In the latter chapters, he felt the Bank was slightly "lecturingq
African and South Asian countries. I explained that the staff
had attempted to present a balanced view and that one or two Part
countries had commented favorably on the "regional" chapters.
Ue also wondered (mildly) whether we had to single out the
Federal Republic of Germany (together with Japan and the U.S.)
as a poor ODA performer and, in reply, I provided a few statis-
tics. On the other hand, he praised the Report for drawing
attention to studies (such as the German one) on the offsetting
employment impact of a balanced growth of imports and exports
with developing countries. Ne felt (rightly, I thought) that
such detailed studies should be undertaken on a country by country
basis.
2. While Mr. Brandt was very careful not to reveal details of
the Commission's work, the choice of subjects he covered (health,
social and religious obstacles to development, cooperation among
international institutions, international negotiating machinery,
debt, energy, more equalfty in dealing with developing countries)
gave some indication on what was presently on his mind.
3. Mr. Brandt, who will be in the U.S. this week but will
miss Mr. McNamara, will come back to New York around October 26,
1978 for the launching of another volume of his remoires and
hopes to see Mr. McNamara then. I believe Fritz Fischer has
already put in a request for such a meeting while in the States
this week.
4. You will have heard by new that Pierre Mendes-France will

no longer be able to participate in the North South Commission
for health reasons. Mr. Edgard Pisani has been asked to attend
this week's USA meeting of the Comission and is expected to
join it thereafter as a full-fledged member. (Enclosed please
find a biography.)
Enl.
RbSteckhan aol
Pisani, Edgard; French politician; b. 9 Oct. 19x8.
Tunis, Tunisia;, m. Isola Chazereau; three s. one d.; ed.
in Tunis and Paris.
Resistance during Second World War; Prefect-Dir. de
Cabinet of Chief Commr. of Police 44-45; Dir. de
Cabinet of Minister of the Interior 46; Prefect, Upper
Loire 46-47, Upper Marne 47-54; Senator, Upper
Marne 54-6r, 74-; Minister of Agriculture 61-66) Minister
of Equipment 66-67; County councillor and Mayor of
Montreuil-Bellay 63-75; mem. Comm. for. Foreign
Affairs and Defence; mem. Socialist Group.
Publs. La Rigiow: pour quoi faire?, Le Giniral Indivis,
Utopie Fonciire, Socialiske de Raison.
Valpuiseaux, 91720 Maisse4 France.
Telephone: 495-87-54.
IA
WBG
August 29, 19 OPCHI-6
Mr. McNamara:
I have now read the Brandt Commission paper on debt and I am

puzzled as to the reason for your enthusiastic endorsement.
All of the tables are abstracted from well known sources such
as the Bank, IMF, OECD, BIS, UNCTAD etc. The analysis, it
seems to me, is quite routine and utterly fails to distinguish
between the debt problems of countries with different types of
market access. The endorsement of the Mexican "proposal" is
spurious since the Mexicans themselves have not worked out
what their proposal is but have asked us to do it.
I also read with horror that a Commission sub-group is estimating

capital requirements. Why don't they take any set of existing
numbers and worry about the policies implied.
Ernie
THE WORLD BANK
Office of the Prsdent WBG
July 31, 1978
Dear Ted:
I am sending this early copy of our World

Development Report at the suggestion of Willy
Brandt who hoped that you might be able to study
it before your next meeting.
I hope you will find it useful and inform-

ative. I should be very grateful to hear if you
have any coimnents on this Report which would help
us to Improve future issues which we plan on a
yearly basis.
With very best wishes for your future delib-

erations.
Sincerely,
964-
Robert S. McNamara
The Rt. Hono, le

Edward Heath
House of Comons
London S.W. 1
United Kingdom
THE WORLD BANK
USA
WeG
Office of the Presidenw
July 31, 1978
Dear Mr. Minister:


have any comments on this Report which would help
us to improve future issues which we plan on a
yearly basis.

erations.
Sincerely,
Robert S. Mclamara
Jos Excellency
Amir J. Jamal /1
Ministry of Coa ications
and Transport
Box 9144
Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania
THE WORLD BANK
U.S.A.
Office of the President
July 31, 1978
Dear L. K.


yearly basis.

erations.
Sincerely,
Robert S. McNamara
His cellency
Laksbmi Kant Jha
Raj Bhavan
Jammu (J&K)
INDIA
THEWORLDBANK
U.S.A.
VVBG
ofce of the President
July 31, 1978
Dear Mr. Minister:


have any cments on this Report which would help
yearly basis.

erations.
Sincerely,
Robert S. McNamara
His Excellency
Adam Malik
Jalan Diponegoro 29
Jakarta-Pusat
Indonesia
THE WORLD BANK
us.&.
WBG
Ofce of the President
July 31, 1978
Dear Mr. Mendes-France:

Development Report at the Suggestion of Willy

yearly basis.

erations.
Sincerely,
Robert S. McNamara
Mr. Pierre Mendes-France

23 rue du Conseiller Collignon
75016 Paris 16e
France
THE WORLD BANK
U.SA

WBG
July 31, 1978
Dear Mr. Ambassador:


have any coments on this Report which would help
yearly basis.

erations.
Sincerely,
Robert S. McNamara
His Excellency
Haruki Mori
Room 451, Hotel New Otani
3, Kioicho, Chiyoda-Ku
Tokyo, Japan
THE WORLD BANK
Washington, D.C 2D433
US. WBG
July 31, 1978

Dear Mr. Morris:


yearly basis.

erations.
Sincerely,
Robert S. McNamara
Mr, Joe Morris

Canadian Labour Congress
2841 Riverside Drive
Ottawa, Ontario
Canada
THE WORLD BANK
U.S.A
Office o h rsdn
WBG
July 31, 197
Dear Mr. Palme:


yearly basis.

erations.
Sincerely,
Robert S. McNmara
His Excellency
Olof Palme
S.A.P.
Sveavagen 68
10560 Stockholm
Sweden
THE WORLD BANK
Washingto D.C. 20433
July 31, 1978
Dear Pete:


yearly basis.

etations.
Sincerely,
a Robert S. McNamara
The Honorable
Peter G. Peterson
Lehman Brothers
1 William Street
New York, N. Y. 10004
THE WORLD BANK
Washington, D.C 20433
U.S.A.
July 31, 1 78
Dear Abdlat if:


have any co'ents on this Report which would help
yearly basis.
With very best wishes for your future

deliberations.
Sincecely,
Robert S. McNamara
Mr. Abdlat Y. Al-Hamad

Director General
Kuwait Fund for Arab
Economic Development
P. 0. Box 2921
Kuwait, Kuwait
THE WORLD BANK
U.SA.
July 31( 1978
Dear Rodrigo:


yearly basis.

erations.
Sincerely,
Robert S. McNamara
Mr. Rodrigo Botero Montoya

Avenue 25C 3080
Bogota, Colombia
THE WORLD BANK
U.s.A.
Offe of the Pmreksient WBG

"c
July 31, 1978
Dear Mr, Ministers


yearly basis.

erations.
Sincerely,
Robert S. McNamara
Mlnister Antoine Kipsa Dakoure

F. 0. Box 635
Ouagadougou
Upper Volta
THE WORLD BANK
USA.
July 31, 19
WBG4
Dear Mr. Frei:


yearly basis.

erations.
Sincerely,
Robert S. McNamara
His Excellency
Eduardo Frei Montalva
Santiago
Chile
THE WORLD BANK
Washington. D.C. 2M3
U.S.A.
WBG
July 31, 1978 C
Dear Kay:


have any coments on this Report which would* help
yearly basis.

erations.
Sincerely,
Robert S. McNamara
Mrs. Katharine Graham

The Washington Post
1150 15th Street, N.W.
Washington, D. C.
THE WORLD BANK
U.S.A.
\S7 D
July 31, 1978 WBG
Dear Sonny:


yearly basis.

erations.
Sincerely,
Robert S. McNamara
Sir Shridath Ramp

Commonwealth Secretariat
Marlborough House
London, SWlY 5EX
United Kingdom
THE WORLD BANK
U.SA
WBG
July 31 1978 ?J/'
Dear Xr. Minister: C


yearly basis.

erations.
Sincerely,
Robert S. McNamara
His Excellency
LayachiYaker
Assemblee Populaire Nationale
Algiers, Algeria
THE WORLD BANK
U.SA
July 1,
Dear Mrs, Amad;


yearly basis.

erations.
Sincerely,
Robert S. McNamara
Mrs, Khatijah Abmad

Kaf Discount Berhad
19th Floor Oriental Plaza
Jalan Parry
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
440098 WORLDBANK
RD
++SPD BONN 20/7 1440 HR.N:
V WBG
-A
MR. ROBERT S. MCNAMARA
a. ce1
PRESIDENT OF THE WORLD BANK
WASHINGTON
qX jj
DEAR MR. MCNAMARA, Cw
THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR TELEX OF
JULY 13. I FULLY UNDERSTAND THAT YOU
CANNOT ATTEND OUR US-MEETING AND HOPE
THAT WE COME TOGETHER AT ANOTHER
OCCASION. AS CONCERNS THE WORLD DEVFLOPMENT

REPORT, I WOULD APPRECIATE IF THE BANK
COULD SEND COPIES TO ALL COMMISSION
MEMBERS SO THAT THEY CAN STUDY IT BEFORE

OUR NEXT MEETING:
WITH BEST REGARDS,
WILLY BRANDT
FIN
440098 WORLDBANK
8B6306C SPD D (TlN)

IMPOh. .NT (PLEASE REA, i;' STRL( ,,oS BELOW BE..sE TYPING FORM.)
Class of service: TELEX Date: JULY 13. 1978
Telex No.: 049 886306 Originators Ext7- 2 466
12 10
0 START
HERE
TO HERR WILLY BRANDT, ERICH-OLLENHAUER-HAUS, OLLENHAUERSTR. 1
TY/COUNTRY BONN,' FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY WBG

MESSAGE
NO.: ca
4 THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR LETTER OF JULY 3 AND FOR ITS
5 INVITATION TO ATTEND YOUR MEETING IN THE UNITED STATES. AS I
6 THINK YOU ALREADY KNOW I AM MOST REGRETFUL THAT I CANNOT
7 ATTEND THE MEETING WITHOUT UPSETTING THE VACATION PLANS OF
8 ABOUT A DOZEN PEOPLE WITH WHOM I AM TREKKING IN THE
9 CALIFORNIA WILDERNESS AREA.
10 WE HAVE JUST CONCLUDED TODAY A VERY FULL DISCUSSION IN
11 THE BOARD OF THE WORLD DEVELOPMENT REPORT WHICH YOU HAVE
12 ALREADY SEEN. WE HAVE BEEN AUTHORIZED TO TRANSMIT THE
13 DOCUMENT TO THE DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE FOR DISCUSSION ON
14 SEPTEMBER 23, AND ALSO TO PUBLISH- -IT AS A BANK STAFF PAPER
15 WHICH WE HOPE TO DO IN EARLY AUGUST. SEVERAL BOARD MEMBERS

16 URGED ME TO SEND COPIES TO THE BRANDT COMMISSION (ABOUT WHICH
17 THERE WAS MUCH FAVORABLE COMMENT). IF YOU WOULD SO WISH I

1s WOULD BE GLAD TO SEND INDIVIDUAL PRINTED COPIES AS SOON AS
19 THEY ARE AVAILABLE TO ALL MEMBERS OF THE COMMISSION, AND ALSO

20 COPIES FOR THE USE OF THE SECRETARIAT.
21 END I HAVE BEEN FOLLOWING YOUR TOUR OF EUROPEAN GOVERNMENTS

OF
22 TEXT /C
NOT TO BE TRANSMITTED
SUBJECT: DRAFTED BY:
Mr. WilLiam Clark
CLEARANCES AND COPY DISTRIBUTION: ' . AUTHORIZED BY (Name and Signature);
DEPARTMENT:
A
,
-F-fi f th -P-4 4den-
IMPOh. ANT (PLEASE READ INSTRUCTIONS BELOW BEFORE TYPING FORM.)
Class of Service: TELEX Date: JULY 13, 1978
Telex No.: 049 886306 Originators Ext: 7-2466
12 10
0 -START
HERE
- _TO WITH THE GREATEST INTEREST SEMICOLON I HOPE YOU WILL BE ABLE
TY/COUNTRY TO CONTINUE SOME OF THESE CONVERSATIONS DURING THIS WEEKEND'S

MESSAGE
NO.; MFFTTNGn TN RONN-
4 WITH ALL GOOD WISHES ROBERT S. MCNAMARA
10
11
12
13
14
16
17
18
19
10
.1 END
OF
2 TEXT
NOT TO BE TRANSMITTED
SUBJECT: DRAFTED BY:
Mr. William CLark
CLEARANCES AND COPY DISTRIBUTION: AUTHORIZED BY (Name and Signature):
/
DEPARTMENT:
ICIDI
INDEPENDENT COMMISSION ON
INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ISSUES Bonn, July 3, 1978
WILLY BRANDT
Chainnan
Mr. Robert McNamara

President of
the World Bank WBG
1818 H. Street N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20433 / U.S.A. CHNV
Dear Mr. McNamara,
thank you very much for kindly sending me the "World

Development Report 1978", which I shall read with great
interest since it can -- with its latest data and thorough
analysis -- provide a very fruitful supplement for the
Commission's deliberations. Already a brief study of this
important paper showed me that the notion of "mutuality
of interests" in an increasingly interdependent world
also is at the centre of this report as it is in our work.
I shall have an occasion within the next weeks to solicit

support for this notion vis-a-vis several heads of governments
in Western Europe whom I shall be visiting.
At the end of August we shall have our next meeting which --

as you know -- will take place in the United States at a venue
a bit outside New York. I have been told that you might be
out of reach at that time of the year.
However, I would like to tell you how much we would

all appreciate it if you could take the trouble of meeting
the Commission members some time between August 26 and 28
at our venue outside New York. If you are able to come,please
let our Secretariat know so that they can get in touch with
you about further details. In any event, I do hope that other-
wise we get together at a different occasion.
With best regards, I am,
Yours sincerely,
Ollenhauerstrasse 1 TELEX: 049 886306 Tel: 0049 2221 5321

D - 5300 Bonn 07
Fed. Rep. of Germany 08
.. J.I..
..... . xv e~
yna
a
.. .. .. ...... ... . . , .... , ..... .,,. . , .. . .~ . .. ,... . ..
- -~~~6 L i~ -. -' . -- . .. , ....- .- .. ... i

D
WBG
ANM 14 1978
Deer legi hamidt:

Attaeneh a .py of the orld Devolosment Report,
bidh he. just bee samploted ad *mt to am Beer of
Dimeeteru. D*s s As sc " for July 1.
The Report deal. with a = r of the ismnu she
W& bffo dieMed on prowles .esmtem. Sod WAhlh I koe
you w"nl be pws"" I&yeuw am report. Assur" as
adejuste supply of capital - beth and- edn
urset tam - to euppet the Iavestume pvogrmm of the
de&Upilm mastrie amd u-etmfus a libeal trade
regl .aothat the iaoril cscity# of theme .. mtrtw
aee c -- s-m to evolve ar intva4 1soss. Unles dealt
with satisfactorily, the d40400pt0 g em ises, partejam4r;y
the powrer men thN, wi et a*ee eatideet-vy pmree
ia aUwriati paewrty.
(Signed) W'Kxrt S. MQNAmara

3.beue 5. meea
Atteebmast
Wily ktsed
uAsrua-- timude - Issues
ue" d )billoems 54
mas ..
EStern/ 17m
June 8, 1978
Aspen Institute for Humanistic Studies Rosedale Road
Program in International Affairs Pit Of NceBox2ey 08540
609-921-114
Cable: peninst PrincetonNJ
March 14, 1978

Harlan Cleveland
Director"ODL1
The Honorable
Willy Brandt WBG
Personaliches Buro
Bundeshaus
Bonn, Federal Republic of Germany
Dear Willy:
I cabled you yesterday that I will be delighted to serve as

an advisor to your Independent Commission on International
Development Issues, and appreciate the stretching of the term
"Eminent Persons" to include persons like me who are currently
working on the issues with which the Commission is concerned.
You know that the Aspen Institute has been concerned since
1974 with what I have been calling a "planetary bargain," which
started as my nickname for a new international economic order
focussed on human needs. Since that time I have participated in
several published efforts to define an analytically solid and
politically sound framework for relating "basic human needs" to
the wider dialogue/negotiation between the industrial and developing
countries.
I am very glad to see, in the Commission's terms of reference,

that the connection between the distribution of wealth inside
countries is closely connected to the distribution of resources,
trade, and investment among countries. The connection between the
two is critical, I believe, in gaining and maintaining the support
of people in the industrial nations for the "profound changes...
international economic relations" which the Commission's terms of
reference rightly judge to be necessary in the years to come.
You may find it useful to have two recent books, and I will
send them with this letter. One is called The Third Try at World
Order, and is my own attempt -- published a year ago -- to describe
the nature of a "planetary bargain" that might be workable. The
other book, a 1977 report to the U.N. Environment Programme, is
entitled Basic Human Needs: A Framework for Action, by John and Magda
McHale. You will see that in my Introduction I have tried to trace
how the concept of "basic human needs" has come so suddenly to the
center of the stage in the continuing drama of world development.
A shorter third paper, also enclosed, is an editorial piece written
for The New York Times, calling attention to the many ways in which
the internal affairs of nations are already respectable subjects
of international action.
The Honorable -2- March 14, 1978
Willy Brandt
I will provide to your Commission Secretariat in Geneva

copies of these and some other recent writings which I hope
will be helpful to the Commission in its work. And to save
time and complications, I will provide to the Commission members
and the persons invited as advisers, copies of this letter and
its enclosures.
Let me know what I can do to help. And meanwhile, my warmest

thanks for your own leadership in this new "peace initiative."
Sincerely,
Harlan Cleveland
Enclosures
bcc: H. Kissinger
M. Strong
B. Ward
R. McNamara
OFFICE MEMORANDUM
TO: Files DATE: January 26, 1978
FROM: William Clark /p

SUBJECT: Conversations in Bonn - Sunday/Monday January 15/16
I spent Sunday evening with Fritz Fischer and 10-12 Monday WBG
morning with Brandt and Fischer. The one topic raised with both wa
the future plans for the Commission and particularly its Secretariat.
We talked very extensively and very frankly and I will only record our
agreements without the argumentation (there were no disagreements).
1. W.B. expressed his wish, strongly, to keep in touch personally

with RSM and the Bank through WDC personally and via Fritz Fischer. He
would like Fischer to visit Washington and New York in February to keep
W.B. informed independently of Bank and U.N. opinion.
2. W.B. made it quite clear that he would be primarily responsible

for the final Report; he had found support for this from Desai,
Nyerere and Kaunda on his recent trip, and from some western countries
with which he was in constant touch. To his surprise he found that
Fukuda was anxious for W.B. to take a lead which Japan would find it
easy to follow. (Japan is thinking of a real change in its LDC policies,
but W.B. is unclear what it would be except that he thinks it is primarily
a trade policy which he gathers USA and Strauss do not consider sufficient.)
3. He planned to make his role clear to the Secretariat and would

urge them to appoint people with expertise in the subjects he was
interested in pursuing. He would see Avramovic next Monday 23rd and
speak about this, as he already had to Ohlin.
4. The first set of papers produced by the Secretariat for the

March 10-12 Meeting would be a survey of 'development so far', and from
the discussions on this future topics for intensive discussion would be
chosen. Copies of Morawetz are to go to all participants.
5. At the Geneva meeting on Thursday 9th there will be an opportunity

for "eminent persons" to testify, e.g. Mahbub. Their statements will
be circulated also for perusal by all Commissioners. W.B. himself is
preparing a paper on 'mutual interests' between North and South for this
meeting. We discussed this issue at considerable length. W.B. feels this
is his crucial input to try and break the traditional deadlock between
North and South. He is aware that he will need to brief himself on some
issues in order to guide the Secretariat, and is anxious to keep a personal
line open to RSM and the Bank. He asked that I try to see him between
meetings so that we can talk at length, and he would like me to keep open a
line direct to Fischer for some of the Bank's think material. (I should
discuss this with Stern and RSM).
6. The third meeting would be in May, preferably in a 'poorest'

country, robably Mali. The fourth, at the end of August, would be slightly
longer, in the U.S. probably near New York to save travel time. Perhaps
the Ford Foundation would help (Airlie House?).
-2-
7. Speaking about his travels W.B. said that he was very encouraged in
India by the skilled enthusiasm of the many senior Indians he met,
for his approach to the North-South deadlock. In Tanzania he noticed real
progress in the war on poverty, and a hopeful attitude on the part of
Nyerere, Jamal etc. He found Kaunda less sanguine and noted the absurdity
of Zambia importing its food. W.B. seems impressed by the need to increase
small farmer productivity everywhere. He is also very shocked by the
amount of unemployment in LDCs and feels that any solution to poverty must
concentrate on productive job creation.
8. W.B. much impressed by Jamal's standing in Tanzania and

especially with Nyerere. Nyerere supports Brandt strongly and will ensure
that Jamal is able to attend all meetings. Jamal wants to concentrate on
view to year 2,000, not just on the decade. W.B. agrees and is anxious to
show that there is hope in development so far.
9. W.B. finds general agreement in Africa and India that there is

a logical link between arms reduction and flow of resources, but little
support for the simplistic Russian offer that money for aid should be
dependent on an arms reduction. He sensed that the Russian attitude to
development was scorned by most of Africa. He still intends to try and
get the Eastern bloc involved in development - but not in the Commission*
10. He expects to see Manley soon after he has visited Scandinavia,

It is the German foreign office view that Manley is beginning to move away
from Cuban style politics and may be persuaded to be more reasonable Ln
his leadership of the, '77.
WDClark:sf
cc* Mr. McNamara, Mr, Stern,

Mr. Karaosmanoglu,
Mrs Boskey/Chatenay
Mr. Merriam

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THE WORLD BANK GROUP ARCHIVES

PUBLIC DISCLOSURE AUTHORIZED

Folder Title: Brandt Commission - Correspondence 12

Digitized: January 7, 2013

THE WORLD BANK

PUBLIC DISCLOSURE AUTHORIZED

RETURNTO ARCHIVES IN MC C3-120

Washington, D.C. 20433 / U.S.A.

Dear Mr. McNamara,

thank you very much for your kind letter of November 8,

You may have heard that I had to spend some time in

I am particularly pleased about your readiness to come

Let me, in concluding, send you my very best wishes

With warmest regards,

Office of the President '0D

Dear Herr Brandt:

I was concerned to learn of your illness

I am told that officials at the United

With best wishes, -

Herr Willy Brandt

Here is the introductory draft. i

Can you think of someone with your own

perspective (and mine too I might add) who

would have the time and willingness to go over

it carefully with me?

Mr. Robert S. McNamara

THE WASHINGTON POST NEWSWEEK POST-NEWSWEEK STATIONS

Chainnan WILLY BRANDT Prdsident

October 24, 1978

by Chairman,explaining briefly what Commission has done and why.

2.1 A decisive break has occurred in global post-war development.

At the same time, the newly-emerging'states have developed at a

Communist-governed (CPE) states have grown rapidly. While

2.3 Although these global demands were backed by a majority in the UN

2,5 In addition, the global community as a whole is threatened by new

2.6 Current trends of disintegration and paralysis of the international

3. A New Perspective for International Politics

3.1. As e o rdependenc and shrinkage of the world, domestic

3.2. Growing interdependence cannot work without growing international

3.3. The elimination of poverty requires a major commitment of developing

3.4 These goals and increased

cannot be reached unless governments are willing to plan and

3.7 An understanding that all partners are genuinely committed to

the common cause of world development would enhance the climate

communist-governed (CPE) countries should join in this process.

very different from that in which the previous system emerged.

organise nations and their cooperation. This implies a variety of

forms of global and regional cooperation. An important goal must

be to increase the negotiating strelngth of developing countries,

possibly by creating a ecretariat for the Third World.

14. International Action in the Mutual Interest

long term. In a number of priority areas international negotiations

promise clear mutual gains to all partners.

4.2 The preservation of world peace is a primary condition for anything

Negotiations about the framework for continued growth in South and

.3 Trade, investment and labour

Both sets of measures will build up purchasing power of

4.4 Financial and monetary issues

including IMF, World Bank, regional development banks, with a

volume, and terms to differing needs, especially of the poorer countries.

At tsa i ,oe shud. ewe tht i 64WA te