Dist of Growth 1 2023 Lecture

Gen Path Section 3
2023 • Host/Agent Interactions

Gary Haldorson
• Disturbances of Growth
ADBF 4005
gjh@wsu.edu
• Neoplasia
5-6332
ABNORMAL
Pathogenesis
Pathogenesis Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical
Normal LESIONS
Problems
Pathology
General Pathology
Spring 2023
Disturbances of Growth
Gary Haldorson
ADBF 4005
5-6332
gjh@wsu.edu
I. Overview of Cellular Adaptation

II. Acquired Disturbances
III. Developmental Disturbances
IV. Neoplasia Basic Definitions
• More Tissue
• Less Tissue
• Change in Tissue
Cell Adaptation
Physiologic Stress
or
Pathologic Stimulus
Necrosis
Acquired Cellular
Adaptations
Cell Adaptation
Developmental Cellular
Adaptations/Defects
(Neoplasia)
Pg. 12
Irreversibly
Dead Cell
Injured Cell
Acquired Cellular
Adaptations
Cell Adaptation
Developmental Cellular
Adaptations/Defects
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Acquired Cellular Dysplasia
Adaptations Metaplasia
Anaplasia
Developmental Cellular Hypoplasia

Aplasia
Adaptations/Defects Agenesis
Ectopia
Acquired Cellular Adaptations
Atrophy
Decrease in Size or Number of cells (or both)
Tissue grew to normal size but then shrank
Atrophy
Organ Atrophy: What we see/measure grossly
Cellular Atrophy: Two mechanisms:
“Autophagocytosis” – Phagocytosis of
senescent organelles (cell shrinks)
“Apoptosis” – Programmed cell death,

activation of death genes (reduced cell
numbers)
Specific Causes of Atrophy
Physiologic Atrophy
E.g. Lack of hormone influence
Decreased prolactin leads to atrophy of mammary gland

Physiologic
E.g. Excess hormone influence
High T3 / T4
Hypothalamus
(êTRH)
Pituitary Gland
(êTSH)
êThyroid follicular cells

Physiologic
E.g. Disuse
Physiologic
E.g. Denervation
(a.k.a. Neurogenic)
http://veteriankey.com/lower-motor-neuron-
general-somatic-efferent-cranial-nerve/
Nutritional (starvation)
http://s146.photobucket.com/user/dearaewi/media/Blog/MizzGinny.jpg.html
“Serous Atrophy
of Fat”
“Serous Atrophy
of Fat”
Reduced Blood Supply
Pressure
Pressure
Pressure
Pressure
Pressure
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Acquired Cellular Dysplasia
Adaptations Metaplasia
Anaplasia
Developmental Cellular Hypoplasia

Aplasia
Adaptations/Defects Agenesis
Ectopia
Hypertrophy vs. Hyperplasia

Both cause increased tissue size
Hypertrophy = Bigger Cells
Hyperplasia = More Cells

Hypertrophy
Can occur in any organ, but tends to occur in organs with:
• Stable cells
Or
• Permanent cells
Most common example is in striated muscle

Cellular Injuries and Response
Outcome of Necrosis:
From Section 1
Regeneration
IF
FYI (for now)
1) cause of necrosis is removed lls
(more on this in
Ce
and 2) animal stays alive Section 3) le
and 3) tissue/cell type can regenerate t ab
r S lls
e o Ce
bil n t
Not all cells CAN regenerate La ne
a
Hepatocytes, epithelial cells, blood vessels – CAN r m
Pe
Neurons, cardiac and skeletal muscle, red blood cells – CAN’T
Labile Cells – Constantly dividing normally
skin, enterocytes, etc.
Have stopped dividing, but have the potential to

Stable Cells – start dividing again under the right circumstances
hepatocytes, renal tubules, blood vessels, etc.
Permanent Cells - Individual cells cannot regenerate

neurons, cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle
Hypertrophy
Can occur in any organ, but tends to occur in organs with:
• Stable cells
Or
• Permanent cells
Most common example is in striated muscle

Physiologic Hypertrophy
P90X – Today’s Charles Atlas

Compensatory Hypertrophy
Loss of part of an organ results in hypertrophy of the

remaining part
Compensatory Hypertrophy
Remaining nephrons
compensate for loss of
others
Physiologic vs. Pathologic Hypertrophy

Pathologically hypertrophied muscle is not normal muscle!
Cardiomyopathy secondary
to hyperthyroidism in cats
“Double Muscled” cattle
Due to defect in gene for myostatin
(protein that normally inhibits myogenesis)
Normal Whippet
“Bully Whippet”
Hyperplasia
Increased NUMBER of cells leading to enlarged tissue/organ
These are NORMAL cells responding

to NORMAL (though increased)
stimuli to grow in number
Hyperplasia
Causes:
• Physiologic
• Compensatory
• Pathologic
Hyperplasia
Causes:
• Physiologic – response to the normal
stimulus for those cells/organs
Physiologic Atrophy
E.g. Lack of hormone influence
Decreased prolactin leads to atrophy of mammary gland

Physiologic Hyperplasia
Estrogens, progesterone, prolactin, growth hormone, etc. induce mammary

hyperplasia and lactation
Physiologic Hyperplasia
• Uterus enlarges during pregnancy

• Prostate and other male accessory sex glands
enlarge in response to testosterone
• Bone marrow becomes hyperplastic in anemia
Compensatory Hyperplasia
If there is damage to an organ, the remainder of the
organ may become hyperplastic in response
This is true of labile and stable cell types (but not

permanent cell types)
Example: If the liver is damaged, the remaining

hepatocytes may become hyperplastic in order to
maintain hepatic function
Cirrhosis = Fibrosis AND
nodular regeneration
(hyperplasia) of
hepatocytes
Development of a callus
(epidermal hyperplasia)
secondary to repeated trauma
“Nodular Hyperplasia”
Common in aged
dogs’ liver, spleen, Spleen
adrenal
Adrenal Cortex
Cause typically
unknown
Liver

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Gen Path Section 3

2023 • Host/Agent Interactions

I. Overview of Cellular Adaptation

Developmental Cellular Hypoplasia

Cellular Atrophy: Two mechanisms:

“Apoptosis” – Programmed cell death,

Decreased prolactin leads to atrophy of mammary gland

êThyroid follicular cells

Developmental Cellular Hypoplasia

Hypertrophy vs. Hyperplasia

Hypertrophy = Bigger Cells

Hyperplasia = More Cells

Most common example is in striated muscle

Have stopped dividing, but have the potential to

Permanent Cells - Individual cells cannot regenerate

Most common example is in striated muscle

P90X – Today’s Charles Atlas

Loss of part of an organ results in hypertrophy of the

Physiologic vs. Pathologic Hypertrophy

These are NORMAL cells responding

Decreased prolactin leads to atrophy of mammary gland

Estrogens, progesterone, prolactin, growth hormone, etc. induce mammary

• Uterus enlarges during pregnancy

This is true of labile and stable cell types (but not

Example: If the liver is damaged, the remaining

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