Lab Reports PCT

Assignment 1: Lab Reports
48572 POWER CIRCUIT THEORY
Aamir Faiaz | 12623195 | 09/10/2020

Aamir Faiaz 48572 Power Circuit Theory
12623195 Assignment 1
Table of Contents
1.0 Lab 1: Power and Phase ................................................................................................ 3
1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 3
1.2 objectives................................................................................................................. 3
1.3 equipment ................................................................................................................ 3
1.4 Lab work ................................................................................................................. 4
1.4.1 Part A................................................................................................................ 4
1.4.2 Part B ................................................................................................................ 7
1.4.3 Part C ................................................................................................................ 9
1.5 Discussion ............................................................................................................. 11
2.0 Lab 2: Three-Phase Circuits ......................................................................................... 12
2.1 introduction............................................................................................................ 12
2.2 Objectives .............................................................................................................. 12
2.3 Equipment ............................................................................................................. 12
2.4 Pre-lab ................................................................................................................... 13
2.4.1 Balanced Load, Lagging Power Factor ................................................................ 13
2.4.2 Balanced Load, Unity Power Factor .................................................................... 14
2.4.3 Balanced Load, Leading Power Factor ................................................................ 15
2.4.4 Unbalanced Three-Wire Circuit .......................................................................... 15
2.5 Lab-work ............................................................................................................... 18
2.5.1 Balanced Load, Lagging Power Factor ................................................................ 18
2.5.2 Balanced Load, Unity Power Factor .................................................................... 19
2.5.3 Balanced Load, Leading Power Factor ................................................................ 19
2.5.4 Unbalanced Three-Wire Circuit .......................................................................... 20
2.5.5 Unbalanced Four-Wire Circuit ........................................................................... 22
3.0 The Three-phase Transformer ...................................................................................... 24
3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 24
3.2 Objectives .............................................................................................................. 24
PAGE 1
3.3 Equipment ............................................................................................................. 24

3.4 Lab work ............................................................................................................... 25
3.4.1 Zero Sequence Impedance ................................................................................. 25
3.4.2 Positive and Negative Sequence Leakage Impedance ............................................ 32
3.4.3 Positive and Negative Sequence Magnetising Impedance....................................... 33
PAGE 2
1.0 Lab 1: Power and Phase

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Measurement of power and phase is a is fundamental base for delivering real power to
systems. The delivery of this power needs to be predicted, measured, and controlled to
create an efficient and manageable system. Power is also very important in
communication systems, where we can trade-off power with communication
performance.
Power also naturally plays a role in the conversion of one form of energy to another (e.g.
from electrical energy to acoustic energy in a home entertainment system) and it is
important to understand the conditions for maximum power transfer to take place. Real
power depends not only on the magnitudes of the sinusoidal voltage and current, but on
the phase difference between them.
1.2 OBJECTIVES
1. To become familiar with locus diagrams of admittance, impedance, current and
voltage in one-ports with a single variable element
2. To use locus diagrams for prediction and interpretation of current and voltage
behaviour.
3. To observe and analyse the resonant or unity power factor condition.
4. To measure average power entering a single-phase network using a wattmeter.
5. To observe experimentally the relationship between power entering a one-port
and the phase angle between the port voltage and current.
1.3 EQUIPMENT
• 1 single-phase 240V, 10A power supply – Panel Mounted,
• 1 rheostat (410 Ω or 235 Ω)
• 1 inductor – Oliver coil
• 2 capacitors (20 μF and 30 μF) – Panel Mounted
• 3 AC voltmeters – Panel Mounted
• 1 AC ammeter – Panel Mounted
• 1 clip-on wattmeter – Fluke
PAGE 3
1.4 LAB WORK

1.4.1 Part A
Wire up the circuit below
Figure 1: One-port Circuit Wiring Diagram
Figure 2: MATLAB schematic for part 1
PAGE 4
1. Maintain the port voltage RMS magnitude |𝑽𝒑 | constant at 120 V (adjustment will
be necessary for each reading) and vary 𝑹 to give values of |𝑽𝑹 | from 0 – 110 V in 10
V steps.
The results are tabulated below:
|𝑉𝑅 | |𝑉𝐶 | |𝐼𝑃 | |𝑉𝑅 | ∅

𝑅=
|𝐼𝑃 |
(V) (V) (A) (Ω) (°)
0 120.2 0.754 0.000 90
10 119.4 0.740 13.514 85.15
20 118.9 0.730 27.397 80.23
30 117.0 0.722 41.551 75.37
40 115.0 0.708 56.497 70.46
50 112.6 0.692 72.254 65.58
60 108.7 0.672 89.286 60.71
70 104.3 0.644 108.696 55.67
80 99.0 0.610 131.148 50.51
90 91.5 0.568 158.451 45.13
100 80.5 0.494 202.429 38.18
110 65.0 0.400 275.000 30.06
Table 1: Part A results
2. Construct loci for 𝑽𝑹 , 𝑽𝑪 and 𝑰 from your experimental values
VR LOCUS GRAPH
70.00
60.00
50.00
VR(IM)
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00
VR (RE)
Figure 3: Vr locus using experimental values
PAGE 5
VC LOCUS GRAPH
0.00
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00
-10.00
-20.00
-30.00
VC(IM)
-40.00
-50.00
-60.00
-70.00
VC (RE)
Figure 4: Vc locus using experimental values
IP LOCUS GRAPH
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
IP (IM)
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
-0.05 0.05 0.15 0.25 0.35 0.45
IP (RE)
Figure 5: Ip locus using experimental values
PAGE 6
1.4.2 Part B
Wire up the circuit shown below:
Figure 6: Part B wiring circuit diagram
Figure 7: MATLAB schematic for part B
1. Maintain the port voltage RMS magnitude |𝑉𝑃 | constant at 120V (adjustment will be
necessary for each reading and vary 𝑅 to give values of |𝑉𝑅 | from 0 – 80V in 10 V steps.
The results are tabulated below:
PAGE 7
|𝑉𝑅 | |𝑉𝐿 | |𝐼𝑃 | |𝑉𝑅 | ∠𝑉𝑅 ∠𝑉𝐿

𝑅=
|𝐼𝑃 |
(V) (V) (A) (Ω) (°) (°)
0 120.00 0.932 0.00 -90.00 0.00
10 116.70 0.884 11.31 -85.10 4.90
20 111.00 0.816 24.51 -79.79 10.21
30 103.00 0.756 39.68 -73.76 16.24
40 93.10 0.688 58.14 -66.75 23.25
50 79.50 0.610 81.97 -57.83 32.17
60 65.20 0.534 112.36 -47.38 42.62
70 54.00 0.456 153.51 -37.65 52.35
80 47.100 0.364 219.78 -30.49 59.51
Table 2: Part B experimental results
2. Construct loci for 𝑽𝑹 and 𝑽𝑳 from your experimental values.
VR(IM)
0.00
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00
-10.00
VR(IM)
-20.00
-30.00
-40.00
-50.00
VR(REAL)
Figure 8: Vr locus using experimental values
VL(IM)
50.00
40.00
VL(IMG)
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00
VL (REAL)
Figure 9: Vl locus using experimental values
PAGE 8
3. From two or three points on the locus, obtain values of 𝑹𝑳 and 𝑳.

From the following formula shown below, we can use it to calculate the values of RL and
L.
𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉𝐿′ + 𝑉𝑅𝐿 = (|𝐼𝑃 |∠𝑉𝑅 )(𝑗𝜔𝐿 + 𝑅𝐿 )
|𝑉𝐿 |∠𝑉𝐿
= 𝑗(2𝜋𝑓)𝐿 + 𝑅𝐿
|𝐼𝑃 |∠𝑉𝑅
𝑓𝑜𝑟 |𝑉𝑅 | = 20𝑉
111∠10.21
= 29.9953 + 101.4758𝑗 (Ω)
0.816∠(−79.79)
𝑅𝐿 = 29.995, 𝐿 = 0.323

93.1∠23.25
= 30.019 + 101.505𝑗 (Ω)
0.688∠(−66.75)
𝑅𝐿 = 30.019, 𝐿 = 0.323

65.2∠42.62
= 29.998 + 101.47𝑗 (Ω)
0.534∠(−47.38)
𝑅𝐿 = 29.998, 𝐿 = 0.323
Taking the average of RL = 30 Ω, L = 0.323 H
1.4.3 Part C
Wire up the circuit as shown below:
Figure 10: Part C wiring circuit diagram
PAGE 9
Figure 11: MATLAB schematic of Part C wiring diagram
1. With the port voltage maintained at 120V, obtain a series of readings of input power
and port current as a function of R (R is determined from VR and IR). When you are
satisfied you are getting sensible results, enter the readings directly into the table
below, calculating the corresponding phase angle ϕ. As each reading is taken, plot
the corresponding point on the locus.
No. |𝑉𝑅 | |𝐼𝑅 | 𝑅 |𝑉𝑃 | |𝐼𝑃 | |𝑃𝑝 | |𝑄𝑝 | ∠𝐼𝑃
|𝑉𝑅 |
(V) (A) = (V) (A) (°)
|𝐼𝑃 | (W) (W)
(Ω)
1 0.70 1.14 0.61 120.00 0.3254 38.72 -5.21 7.74
2 10.00 1.14 8.85 120.00 0.4170 49.85 -4.25 4.90
3 20.00 1.13 17.93 120.00 0.5076 60.88 -1.45 1.35
4 30.00 1.12 27.41 120.00 0.5959 71.43 3.28 -2.61
5 40.00 1.06 37.51 120.00 0.6819 81.22 9.87 -6.95
6 50.00 1.03 48.63 120.00 0.7653 89.98 18.36 -11.67
7 60.00 0.97 61.24 120.00 0.8458 97.34 28.73 -16.91
8 70.00 0.93 76.21 120.00 0.9228 102.91 40.98 -22.80
9 80.00 0.85 94.93 120.00 0.9957 106.01 55.11 -29.76
10 90.00 0.74 120.32 120.00 1.0630 105.91 71.13 -38.36
R 23.52 1.12 21.2 120.00 0.5389 64.68 -0.01 0
value
Table 3: Part C experimental results
PAGE 10
IP (IMG)
0.60
0.40
0.20
IP (IMG)
0.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40
-0.20
-0.40
-0.60
IP (REAL )
Figure 12: Ip locus from experimental values
2. Calculate a value for the variable resistance R required to produce resonance and
compare with the experimentally obtained value.
1 1
𝑌𝑒𝑞 = +
𝑗1 𝑅𝐿 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿
𝑅 − 𝜔𝐶
Isolating the imaginary component:
𝜔𝐶 𝜔𝐿
𝐼𝑚[𝑌𝑒𝑞 ] = −
(𝜔𝐶𝑅)2 + 1 𝑅𝐿2 + (𝜔𝐿)^2
When 𝐼𝑚[𝑌𝑒𝑞 ] = 0, ,substituting all the values and making R the subject, 𝑅 = 21.2064
In comparison to the experimental value of 𝑅𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 21.2 Ω
1.5 DISCUSSION
Experimental results align well enough to have a strong understanding and knowledge about the
behaviour elements in the power system with vary R. Simulations were able to confirm these
values of R, RL and L from experimental calculations. Part A, B and C explored the various
curvature of loci for various systems and conditions.
PAGE 11
2.0 Lab 2: Three-Phase Circuits

2.1 INTRODUCTION
Modern electric power systems almost universally use three-phase AC voltages and currents to
deliver real power to end-users. The delivery of electric power utilises both a 3-wire system and a
4-wire system, and the loads can be either balanced or unbalanced. It is important to realise what
the implications are, in terms of voltage, current and power, for each combination of delivery
method and load configuration. The power factor of a load determines how efficient the delivery
of real power to that load can be – the ideal is to have a “unity power factor”. Special measures
are normally taken in industrial and commercial settings to ensure that the power factor is as close
to unity as possible (taking into consideration the usual economic and technical constraints). A
three-phase system has in inherent “order” or sequence in terms of the phase of each of the
voltages. For a three-phase system there are two possible sequences for the voltage to be in: ABC
or acb. The phase sequence is important for three-phase rotating machines since it determines
either a clockwise or anticlockwise direction of rotation. Unbalanced three-phase systems can
lead to large voltages across a load, and is generally an undesirable situation that is avoided in
practice (LAB 2 Three phase circuits UTS 2020)
2.2 OBJECTIVES
1. To become familiar voltage, current and power measurements in three-phase circuits with
balanced and unbalanced loads.
2. To study the importance of the power factor of the load and means of power factor
improvement.
3. To investigate the effect of phase sequence.
2.3 EQUIPMENT
• 1 three-phase 240 V, 10A Variac – Panel Mounted
• 1 three-phase resistive load, 100 Ω per phase – Panel Mounted
• 1 three-phase capacitive load, 60 μF per phase– Panel Mounted
• 3 inductors, 0.5 H – Panel Mounted
• 2 clip-on power quality clamp meters – Fluke 345
• 1 motor and phase rotation indicator – Fluke 9062
PAGE 12
2.4 PRE-LAB
2.4.1 Balanced Load, Lagging Power Factor
Consider a balanced three-phase circuit as shown below:
Figure 13: Balanced three-phase circuit with lagging power factor
The circuit has the following parameters:
• Negative phase sequence acb

• 𝑓 = 50 𝐻𝑧
• Reference voltage 𝑉𝐴𝑁 = 150∠0° 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
• 𝑅 = 100Ω
• 𝐿 = 0.5𝐻
1. Compute the quantities and record the results below:
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃 = 𝑃𝑅𝐴 + 𝑃𝑅𝐵 + 𝑃𝑅𝐶 = 675 𝑊
PAGE 13
2. Draw the phasor diagram of the voltages and currents in the circuit.
Figure 14: Phasor Diagram for part 1 pre-lab values
2.4.2 Balanced Load, Unity Power Factor

1. Calculate the value of capacitance 𝑪 that must be connected in parallel with every
phase of the load to bring the load power factor to unity in the circuit of Figure 13.
Calculate |𝑰𝑨|, 𝑷𝑨, 𝑷𝑪 and the total average power, as well as the total reactive
power in the modified circuit.
PAGE 14
2. Explain whether power factor improvement can be achieved by a delta connection

or capacitors.
Delta connection of capacitors may improve the power factor as it produces more
reactive power to the system. Star connection could also improve the power factor
however delta connection would be more suitable due to being 3 times the impedance
compared to star. 𝑍Δ = 3 × 𝑍𝑌
2.4.3 Balanced Load, Leading Power Factor

1. Exchange the inductors L with 60 μF capacitors in the circuit of Figure 13.
2.4.4 Unbalanced Three-Wire Circuit

Consider the three-phase circuit given below:
Figure 15: Unbalanced Three-phase Circuit
PAGE 15
The circuit has:
• Positive phase sequence abc

• 𝑓 = 50 𝐻𝑧
• Reference voltage 𝑉𝐴𝑁 = 150∠0° 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
• 𝑅𝐵 = 𝑅𝐶 = 100 Ω
• 𝐿𝐴 = 0.5 𝐻
1. Using mesh analysis, calculate the following:
PAGE 16
2. Draw the voltage phasor diagram for the circuit.
Figure 16: Voltage phasor diagram of unbalance three-phase circuit
3. Deduce the voltages, and relabel the phasor diagram above, for the same circuit but
with the phase sequence a’c’b’:
4. Explain from these results how you might build a phase sequence tester.
When a three-phase supply is wye connected to an unbalanced load with 2 equal resistors and an
inductor, the greatest negative phase will produce the lowest voltage magnitude. For positive
sequence, the phase B load voltage will have the smallest voltage magnitude. For negative
sequence, load voltage in phase C will have the smallest magnitude. If the resistors were replaced
with LEDs, one of the lights will be brighter than the other when connected. This will then allow
us to show positive or negative sequence.
PAGE 17
2.5 LAB-WORK
2.5.1 Balanced Load, Lagging Power Factor
Figure 17: Balanced Load, lagging power factor wiring circuit diagram
Figure 18: MATLAB schematic of balanced load, lagging power factor
PAGE 18
1. After the circuit has been checked, turn on the Variac and bring up the voltages until the
phase voltage |𝑉𝐴𝑁 | = 150 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 Tabulate readings below.
Table 4: Balanced Load, Lagging p.f. results
The experimental results are consistent with the theoretical calculations in 2.4.1 of the pre-lab.
This indicates that the experiment is accurate.
2.5.2 Balanced Load, Unity Power Factor

1. Connect parallel capacitances across each phase load to obtain as near as practicable the unity
power factor condition.
2. Turn on the Variac and bring up the voltages until the phase voltage |𝑉𝐴𝑁 | = 150 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠.
Record the readings and results below.
Table 5: Balanced Load, Unity p.f. results
3. How do line current magnitudes compare with those for the lagging power factor case?
Why is the unity power factor condition desirable?
Line current for unity power factor is lower compared to lagging power factor. This is due to less
total power from decreased reactive power. This then decreases the current magnitudes from the
load impedance being increased. Unity power factor is desirable as there is less power loss from
less current required to be supplied.
2.5.3 Balanced Load, Leading Power Factor

Exchange the inductors 𝐿 with 60 𝜇𝐹 capacitors in the circuit.
1. Turn on the Variac and bring up the voltage to |𝑽𝑨𝑵 | = 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔, and record the
results below.
2. Compare your results with those obtained for the lagging and unity factor loads?
PAGE 19
Comparing the results, the current is significantly higher at 3.18 A, compared to 1.8 A and
1.54 A for lagging and unity, respectively. Reactive power is significantly more negative, at
-1268 VAR as compared to 409 VAR and 0 VAR, due to the replacement of the inductor
with a capacitor which causes the opposite effect of that of an inductor. However, the power
values remain similar in all three conditions, at 691.8 W as compared to the 678 W and 673
W.
2.5.4 Unbalanced Three-Wire Circuit

Figure 19: Unbalanced Three-wire circuit wiring diagram
1. Turn on the Variac and bring up the voltage to |𝑉𝐴𝑁 | = 150 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠, and record the results
below.
Table 6: Unbalanced Three-wire experiment values
2. Compare the two values of real power derived in table 6.

The real power and the derived power values are similar at 434.6 W and 418 W
respectively. This is due to phases B and C gaining most of the active power and phase A
drawing minimal power from the inductor being connected.
3. Use a graphical method for determining 𝑽𝑨𝑶 , 𝑽𝑩𝑶 and 𝑽𝑪𝑶 from |𝑽𝑨𝑶 |, |𝑽𝑩𝑶 |and
|𝑽𝑪𝑶 | and compare the results with those of pre-lab 2.4.4.
PAGE 20
𝑉𝐴𝑂 = 214.4∠17.5° 𝑉𝐵𝑂 = 68.1∠ − 108° 𝑉𝐶𝑂 = 196∠96°
As shown above, the graphical values obtained are consistent with the theoretical values.
4. Change the phase sequence by swapping B and C leads from the three-phase
Variac. Record the new readings:
Swapping phases B and C causes the values to switch for |𝑉𝐵′𝑂 | and |𝑉𝐶′𝑂 | while the value for
phase A, |𝑉𝐴′𝑂 |, remains the same. This is due to the negative phase sequence now being used.
PAGE 21
2.5.5 Unbalanced Four-Wire Circuit

This experiment setup is the same as the previous, except the neutral line is connected between N
and O. The Circuit Diagram is shown below:
Figure 20: Unbalanced Four-Wire wiring circuit diagram
1. Turn on the Variac and bring up the voltage to |𝑽𝑨𝑵 | = 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔, and record the
results below.
Table 7: Unbalanced Four-Wire experiment results
2. Compare the two values of real power derived in table above and comment. Does
the sum of the two wattmeter readings give the total power dissipated by the circuit?
As can be seen these values differ significantly from the three-wire circuit. The
magnitudes of Voltages VAO, VBO and VCO are equal to their source voltages and the
neutral current, given as ION, has the highest magnitude of current. However, it can be
also be seen that the Power calculated uses the two-wattmeter method does not equal that
calculated by adding up individual consumptions of power.
The reason behind this is that the two-wattmeter method is not accurate in unbalanced 4-
wire circuit. For the two-wattmeter method to work it needs to be able to measure all
points of power usage within the circuit as it does in all previous experiments. For it to be
accurate in this circumstance the Current in ION must be zero, which can occur in
balanced circuits. However, as it is not, this means there is power flowing through this
PAGE 22
line which is not being measured by the system. Thus, it will produce an inaccurate result
which is far less than the actual power consumption.
3. Use a phasor diagram to determine the expected value of |𝑰𝑶𝑵 | and compare this
magnitude to the measured value.
Figure 21: Graphical Analysis of ION
From the graphical method, |𝐼𝑂𝑁 | = 1.8 𝐴

4. Change the phase sequence by swapping B and C leads from the three-phase Variac.
Record the new readings:
Swapping phases B and C causes the values to switch for |𝐼𝐵′𝑂 | and |𝐼𝐶′𝑂 | while the value for
phase A, |𝐼𝐴′𝑂 |, remains the same.
PAGE 23
3.0 The Three-phase Transformer

3.1 INTRODUCTION
Modern electric power systems almost universally use three-phase AC voltages
and currents to deliver real power to end-users. The delivery of electric power
utilises both a 3-wire system and a 4-wire system, and the loads can be either
balanced or unbalanced. It is important to realise what the implications are, in
terms of voltage, current and power, for each combination of delivery method
and load configuration.
The power factor of a load determines how efficient the delivery of real power
to that load can be – the ideal is to have a “unity power factor”. Special
measures are normally taken in industrial and commercial settings to ensure
that the power factor is as close to unity as possible (taking into consideration
the usual economic and technical constraints).
A three-phase system has in inherent “order” or sequence in terms of the phase
of each of the voltages. For a three-phase system there are two possible
sequences for the voltage to be in: abc or acb. The phase sequence is important
for three-phase rotating machines, since it determines either a clockwise or
anticlockwise direction of rotation.
Unbalanced three-phase systems can lead to large voltages across a load and is generally
an undesirable situation that is avoided in practice.
3.2 OBJECTIVES
• To measure the sequence and magnetising impedances of a three-phase transformer.
3.3 EQUIPMENT
• 1 single-phase 240 V, 10A autotransformer – Panel Mounted Variac,
• 1 three-phase 415 V, 6A / 120 V, 12 A / 120 V, 12A transformer
• 1 DC power supply
• 1 three-phase resistive load, 100 _ per phase – Panel Mounted
• 1 AC voltmeter / ammeter
• 1 digital multimeter
• 2 clip-on power quality clamp meter – Fluke 345
PAGE 24
3.4 LAB WORK

3.4.1 Zero Sequence Impedance
Transformer
1. Measure the DC resistance of one phase of the primary 240 V winding and one phase of the
secondary 120 V winding.
𝑉1 = 1.8 𝑉 𝐼1 = 1 𝐴 𝑅1 = 1.8 Ω
𝑉2 = 1.1 𝑉 𝐼2 = 1 𝐴 𝑅2 = 1.1 Ω
Figure 22: Circuit diagram of winding resistance measurement
The ammeter was placed in series to measure the current flowing to the winding resistance. If it
were parallel, it would create a short circuit. Voltmeter is connected parallel to measure the
voltage across the winding resistance otherwise it would be an open circuit if connected in series.
PAGE 25
Figure 23: Zero Sequence circuit for a star(earthed) - star transformer
3. After the circuit has been checked, turn on the Variac and bring up the voltages until the
current |𝐼 ′ | = |3𝐼𝑂 | = 5.4 𝐴 𝑟𝑚𝑠
4. Measure voltage and current on the primary side of the transformer:
Primary Voltage: 6.21 V Primary Current: 5.28A
5. Calculate the transformer’s parameters (referred to the primary):
Transformer parameter Refer to primary

(𝑽𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆𝟏 )𝟐 𝟑𝟖. 𝟒𝟎 𝜴
𝒁𝒃𝟏 =
𝑺𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆
(𝑽𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆𝟐 )𝟐 𝟗. 𝟔𝟎 𝜴
𝒁𝒃𝟐 =
𝑺𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆
𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟕 𝒑. 𝒖
𝑹𝟎 = +
𝒁𝒃𝟏 𝒁𝒃𝟐
|𝑽𝟎 | |𝑽′ | 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟏 𝒑. 𝒖.
|𝒁𝟎 | = = ′
|𝑰𝟎 | |𝑰 /𝟑|
𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟏 𝒑. 𝒖
𝑿𝟎 = √|𝒁𝟎 |𝟐 − 𝑹𝟎 𝟐
6. Measure the secondary neutral current with the fluke clamp meter.
|𝐼 ′′ | = 10.2 𝐴
7. Measure the voltage between the neutral points with a DMM
|𝑉𝑁𝑀 | = 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒, 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
8. Draw the zero-sequence equivalent circuit of the transformer
PAGE 26
Figure 24: Y-Y equivalent circuit diagram
ZO is the equivalent total impedance. Since both neutral terminals in the primary and
secondary sides are grounded, the phasor sum is equal to three times the zero-sequence
current. This means there is no current flowing through the primary or secondary circuit and
is represented by the diagram below.
Transformer
1. Remove the connection to the neutral on the secondary winding
2. Leave the secondary terminals short-circuited. The wiring connection is shown below:
Figure 25: Zero sequence test circuit for a star-star transformer
3. If |𝐼 ′ | = 5.4, 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑡 |𝐼𝑆 | = 0 𝐴
PAGE 27
As the nodes a3, b3 and c3 are now being shorted together, the secondary would be the
current that would be travelling between said nodes. However, as all these nodes are
shorted together this means that this would mean that all voltage at each node would be
the same. Thus, causing no current to flow. In other words, using KCL:
𝐼𝑎+𝐼𝑏+𝐼𝑐=0
4. If |𝐼 ′ | = 5.4 𝐴, 𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡:
• V′ (and ∴Z0 ) to be: a) larger b) equal c) smaller than V′ measured in 1.
• Z0 to be a: a) magnetising b) leakage impedance.
• The current in each primary winding to be: a) the same. b) different.
In this circumstance, the primary voltage should be greater than in the last example, the
zero-sequence impedance will be a magnetising impedance and the current in each
primary winding should be the same.
If we consider transformer basics (which are derived from using Faradays and Ampere’s
Laws), so that:
𝑉𝑃 𝑁𝑃 𝐼𝑆
= =
𝑉𝑆 𝑁𝑆 𝐼𝑃
If nothing else in the circuit is changed and the secondary current is reduced to near 0, the
primary current will follow suite and reduce as well, however, based on the winding
configuration Is should be approximately 2.3 times greater in magnitude to Ip, thus Ip
should be smaller than Is. Vp will then need to increase to keep Ip at 5.4 A as the power
on each side of the transformer should be approximately equal such that: 𝑉𝑝𝐼𝑝≈𝑉𝑠𝐼𝑠
With regards to the current in each phase being equal, since this is a simulation the
windings for each phase would be ideal and as such contain equal resistances across
them. However, in a real-world scenario, these resistances would likely be different due
to imperfect windings. Thus, the currents would be different.
5. Turn on the Variac and bring up the voltages until the current |𝐼 ′ | = |3𝐼𝑂 | = 5.4 𝐴.
6. Measure voltage, current and power on the primary side of the transformer
Value of |V’|, |I’| and |P’|

Primary voltage |V’| 239.20 V
Primary current |I’| 5.26 A
Primary power |P’| 1 258.19 W
Secondary current winding |Is’| 3.58 A
7. Calculate the transformer’s parameters (referred to the primary side):
Value of 1/3 R0, |𝑍0 | and 𝑋0

𝟏 𝑷’ 1.1843 𝑝. 𝑢.
𝑹𝟎 = =
𝟑 |𝑰’|𝟐
|𝑽𝟎 | |𝑽′ | 3.5528 𝑝. 𝑢.
|𝒁𝟎 | = = ′
|𝑰𝟎 | |𝑰 /𝟑|
0.071 𝑝. 𝑢.
𝑿𝟎 = √|𝒁𝟎 |𝟐 − 𝑹𝟎 𝟐
PAGE 28
Only the neutral of the primary side of the transformer is grounded. Thus, there is no current
path to flow in the secondary windings. With no secondary current, the zero-sequence current
will flow in the neutral with an imaginary winding which transfers the zero-sequence currents
with a phase of 180.
9. Use the clamp meter to measure the current in each primary winding
The current measurement value

|IA’| 1.85 A |IB’| 1.85 A |IC’| 1.85 A
10. If predictions do not equal measurements, try to explain why.
Predicted: 𝐼𝑆 = 3|𝐼𝑂 | = 5.4 𝐴
Measured: 𝐼𝑆 = 1.85 + 1.85 + 1.85 = 5.5 𝐴. Predicted and measured values differ by
0.1A, that may be caused from fluctuations or measurement errors. Besides that, they are
consistent with each other.
11. With the secondary terminals open-circuited, set |𝐼 ′ | = 5.4 𝐴.
12. Measure the primary voltage
|𝑉 ′ | = 239.2 V
PAGE 29
ZL is removed makes the secondary side to short circuit causing Zm with a large potential
fault.
Transformer
1. Connect the transformer secondary in a delta. Circuit diagram is shown below:
Figure 26: Zero-sequence circuit for a star(earth) - delta transformer
2. Turn on the Variac and bring up the voltages until the current |𝐼 ′ | = |3𝐼𝑂 | = 5.4 𝐴 𝑟𝑚𝑠
3. Measure voltage, current and resistance on the primary side of the transformer:
Primary voltage current and DC resistance

Primary voltage |V’| 4.23 V
Primary current |I’| 5.4 A
Primary DC resistance |𝑅𝑜 | 0.0204 p.u
4. Using a DMM, measure voltages to “earth” (the primary neutral) on the secondary side of
the transformer.
|𝑉𝑎′′ | = 0 𝑉 |𝑉𝑏′′ | = 0 𝑉 |𝑉𝑐′′ | = 0 𝑉
5. Measure the secondary current:
|𝐼𝑑 | = 3.5 𝐴
The Value of 𝒁𝟎
𝒁𝟎 = 𝑹𝟎 + 𝒋𝑿𝟎 0.0204 + 𝑗0.0533 =0.057∠69.06° p.u.
PAGE 30
Figure 27: Y(earthed) / delta equivalent circuit
As with before the Y connection on the primary is grounded, thus zero sequence currents have a
path to zero. Zero-Sequence currents that are transformed into the delta winding do not need to
exit the winding because each phase of the winding has equal magnitude and phase.
8. If a secondary line terminal were shorted to “earth” (the primary neutral), what would be
the resulting current?
Using KCL if delta terminal at Vca was shorted to ground:
𝐼𝑔=𝐼𝑏𝑐−𝐼𝑎𝑏
As 𝐼𝑎𝑏=𝐼𝑏𝑐=𝐼𝑐𝑎 ,
𝐼𝑔=0
9. Is Z0 a leakage or magnetising impedance?
Leakage
10. Is the delta secondary a short-circuit to zero-sequence currents?
The delta secondary is not short-circuited to the zero-sequence currents
11. Compare values of Z0 calculated for each of the three transformer winding
configurations.
PAGE 31
3.4.2 Positive and Negative Sequence Leakage Impedance

1. Wire up the circuit shown below
Figure 28: Positive and Negative sequence wiring circuit diagram
2. Measure voltage, current and power on the primary side of the transformer:
The value of |𝑉𝑆𝐶 |, |𝐼𝑆𝐶 |and 𝑃𝑆𝐶

Primary Voltage = |𝑉𝑆𝐶 | 9.09 𝑉
Primary Current = |𝐼𝑆𝐶 | 5.46 𝐴
Primary Power =|𝑃𝑆𝐶 | 40 𝑊
The value of 𝑅1 , |𝑍1 |and 𝑋1
𝑃𝑆𝐶
𝑅1 = 0.0349 𝑝. 𝑢
|𝐼𝑆𝐶 |2
|𝑉𝑆𝐶 |
|𝑍1 | = |𝑍2 | = 0.043 𝑝. 𝑢
|𝐼𝑆𝐶 |
𝑋1 = √|𝑍1 |2 − 𝑅12 0.026 𝑝. 𝑢
4. Compare R1 and R0.
𝑅0 = 0.037 𝑝. 𝑢
𝑅1 = 0.0349 𝑝. 𝑢
PAGE 32
Both have similar values with only differing 0.0021p.u.
3.4.3 Positive and Negative Sequence Magnetising Impedance
Figure 29: Positive and negative sequence circuit for magnetising Z
1. Explain why such a circuit is used. How would 𝑅1𝑚 , 𝑋1𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍1𝑚 be determined?
This circuit is used to calculate electrical faults in transmission lines. 𝑅1𝑚 , 𝑋1𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍1𝑚
can be determined using wattmeters or clamp meter to gain the voltages and currents and
derive the values above.
PAGE 33

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Assignment 1: Lab Reports

48572 POWER CIRCUIT THEORY

Aamir Faiaz | 12623195 | 09/10/2020

3.3 Equipment ............................................................................................................. 24

1.0 Lab 1: Power and Phase

1.4 LAB WORK

Figure 1: One-port Circuit Wiring Diagram

Figure 2: MATLAB schematic for part 1

|𝑉𝑅 | |𝑉𝐶 | |𝐼𝑃 | |𝑉𝑅 | ∅

2. Construct loci for 𝑽𝑹 , 𝑽𝑪 and 𝑰 from your experimental values

Figure 3: Vr locus using experimental values

Figure 4: Vc locus using experimental values

Figure 5: Ip locus using experimental values

Figure 6: Part B wiring circuit diagram

Figure 7: MATLAB schematic for part B

The results are tabulated below:

|𝑉𝑅 | |𝑉𝐿 | |𝐼𝑃 | |𝑉𝑅 | ∠𝑉𝑅 ∠𝑉𝐿

2. Construct loci for 𝑽𝑹 and 𝑽𝑳 from your experimental values.

Figure 8: Vr locus using experimental values

Figure 9: Vl locus using experimental values

3. From two or three points on the locus, obtain values of 𝑹𝑳 and 𝑳.

𝑓𝑜𝑟 |𝑉𝑅 | = 40𝑉

𝑓𝑜𝑟 |𝑉𝑅 | = 60𝑉

Figure 10: Part C wiring circuit diagram

Figure 11: MATLAB schematic of Part C wiring diagram

Figure 12: Ip locus from experimental values

Isolating the imaginary component:

In comparison to the experimental value of 𝑅𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 21.2 Ω

2.0 Lab 2: Three-Phase Circuits

Figure 13: Balanced three-phase circuit with lagging power factor

The circuit has the following parameters:

• Negative phase sequence acb

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃 = 𝑃𝑅𝐴 + 𝑃𝑅𝐵 + 𝑃𝑅𝐶 = 675 𝑊

Figure 14: Phasor Diagram for part 1 pre-lab values

2.4.2 Balanced Load, Unity Power Factor

2. Explain whether power factor improvement can be achieved by a delta connection

2.4.3 Balanced Load, Leading Power Factor

2.4.4 Unbalanced Three-Wire Circuit

Figure 15: Unbalanced Three-phase Circuit

The circuit has:

• Positive phase sequence abc

1. Using mesh analysis, calculate the following:

2. Draw the voltage phasor diagram for the circuit.

Figure 16: Voltage phasor diagram of unbalance three-phase circuit

Figure 18: MATLAB schematic of balanced load, lagging power factor

Table 4: Balanced Load, Lagging p.f. results

2.5.2 Balanced Load, Unity Power Factor

Table 5: Balanced Load, Unity p.f. results

2.5.3 Balanced Load, Leading Power Factor

2.5.4 Unbalanced Three-Wire Circuit

Figure 19: Unbalanced Three-wire circuit wiring diagram

Table 6: Unbalanced Three-wire experiment values

2. Compare the two values of real power derived in table 6.

𝑉𝐴𝑂 = 214.4∠17.5° 𝑉𝐵𝑂 = 68.1∠ − 108° 𝑉𝐶𝑂 = 196∠96°

2.5.5 Unbalanced Four-Wire Circuit

Figure 20: Unbalanced Four-Wire wiring circuit diagram

Table 7: Unbalanced Four-Wire experiment results

Figure 21: Graphical Analysis of ION