Jordan University of Science &

Technology Aeronautical Engineering

Department Instrumentation Lab
AE (372)

Student Tamer Mahases

Number: 142218

Student Name: Eng.Majd Mhoubaki

Lecturer’s CALIBRATION

Name: 14/3/2023

Experiment

Title:

Due Date:

Date of Submission: 21/3/2023

Extension Details (if applicable):

1
ABSTRACT:

This experiment explains calibration and how to draw a calibration curve.

It also goes over experimental flaws.
The effects of temperature on the Thermistor were also discussed in this experiment.
Using NI-ELVIS II, determine the change in these measurements.

the error Calculated in the thermistor resistance and measure DMM and it was the
percentage of error is 2.561%.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS:

OBJECTIVES.................................................................................................................................PAGE 6

DATA AND RESULTS...............................................................................................PAGE 8 – PAGE 12

SAMPLE CALCULATION.............................................................................................PAGE 14

DISCUSSION…...........................................................................................................PAGE 15 – PAGE 17

CONCLUSION…...............................................................................................................PAGE 18

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LIST OF FIGURES:

Figure 1: Resistance-Temperature curve of a thermistor............................................PAGE 9

Figure 2: Thermistor circuit…..................................................................................................PAGE 10

Figure 5: Resistance-Temperature normal process…....................................................PAGE 11

Figure 6: Resistance-Temperature normal/reverse process…...................................PAGE 12

Figure 7: Thermistor....................................................................................................................PAGE 13

Figure 8: Thermistor circuit…..................................................................................................PAGE 13

Figure 9: Thermometer................................................................................................................PAGE 13

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LIST OF TABLES:

Table 1: Components value by DMM...................................................................................PAGE 8

Table 2: Voltage values for a thermistor............................................................................PAGE 10

Table 3: Calibration curve values…......................................................................................PAGE 11

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OBJECTIVES:

1. Know types and sources of experimentalerrors.

2. Calibrate a temperature sensor (Thermistor).

3. draw a curve of calibration.

4. Show the change OF voltage and resistance causedby heating.

5. To get familiar with some definitions that

areused in experimental methods.

6. Using NI-ELVIS II variable power supplyand Digital

multi- meter.

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THEORY:

 𝑩𝑻𝟏/𝑻𝟐 = (T1 X T2 / T2 ‫ ــــ‬T1) X In R1/R2

 𝑹 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟗𝟓𝟕𝟗𝟖(−𝟎.𝟎𝟒𝟒𝟓𝟐𝑻)

 RT = R1 X VT / 3 ‫ــ‬VT
 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒚= (ABSOLUTE CERTAINITY /BEST ESTIMATE) X 100%
 ERROR % = (THEORTICAL VALUE ‫ــــ‬EXPERIMENTAL VALUE /
THEORETICAL VALUE) X 100%

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DATA AND RESULTS:

Part 1: Measurement of the Resistor Component Values

Measuring the 10 k resistor and the thermistor using DMM.
1- Fill in the following chart:
10 k Resistor 5.97 K Ohms , Thermist
11.6 K
Ohms
Table 1: Components value by DMM
2- When you place the thermistor between your finger tips to
heat it up how theresistance changes.
- You can rearrange the voltage divider equation to calculate the
thermistor resistance asfollows: RT = R1 * VT / (3 -VT). (Bonus
question)
- Calculate the thermistor resistance through contacting with
your fingertips usingprevious equation and measure it using
DMM then find the error.

- Convert the measured thermistor resistance RT to real temperature using

thefollowing manufacture equation, which is called a scaling function

R = 29.95798exp(-
0.04452T)

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 3- Compare the thermistor response with an RTD (100

platinum resistancetemperature device) shown in the

following figure.

Figure 1: Resistance-Temperature curve of a thermistor

 As illustrated in the following graph, it’s noted that the thermistor

decreases exponentially when the temperature increases (NTC), while the
100  platinum resistance temperature device increases exponentially as
increase the temperature (PTC).

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Part 2: A Thermistor Circuit

Figure 2: Thermistor circuit

Fill the following table with measured voltage across the thermistor when….
Table 2: Voltage values for a thermistor

Input voltage Output voltage Output voltage around

around R1 thermistor

6 volts 5.97V 11.96mV

3 volts 5.9mV 2.9V

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Part 3: Building a Calibration Curve:
A calibration curve is a graph that shows the relationship between the measured values
of a device or instrument and the known values of a reference standard

Normal Process Reverse Process

Resistan Temperature (C) Resistance (kΩ) Temperature (C)
ce (kΩ)
100 26 0
95 26.02 5
90 18.3 10
85 13.58 15
9.5 20
1.85 75 9.2 25
2.08 70 6.4486 30
2.51 65 5.3 35
2.72 60 5.1885 40
2.98 55 4.221 45
3.2 50 3.323 50
3.4 45 3.205 55
3.82 40 2.887 60
4.81 35 2.323 65
6.5 30 1.965 70
6.9 25 1.699 75
9.7 20
11.8 15 85
14.72 10 90
17.2 5 95
27.5 0 100

Table 3: Calibration curve values

Normal Process
30

25
RESISTANCE (KΩ)

20

15

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

TEMPERATURE (C)
Figure 3: Resistance-Temperature normal
process

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 Normal-Reverse Process
30

25

20
RESISTANCE (KΩ)

15

10

5
series 1
series 2

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

TEMPERATURE (C)
Figure 4: Resistance-Temperature normal/reverse
process

Figure 5 resistances- temperatures reverse process

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13
SAMPLE CALCULATION:
*Convert the measured thermistor resistance RT to real
temperature
R = 29.95798exp(-0.04452T) .
T=LnRt / Ln29.95798/-0.04452
T=ln10.15 KΩ/ ln29.95798/-0.04452=29.3 C
*Calculate the thermistor resistance and measure DMM the
find the error:

v_Out=(v(in)*Rt)/(Rt*R1)

𝐑𝐭=(23.202*2.98v)/3-2.98v=3257.098Ω
R_t = R1 X VT / 3 ‫ــ‬VT

Percentage error: =| 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆−𝒆𝒙𝒂𝒄𝒕 /𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒆𝒙𝒂𝒄𝒕 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 |*100%

Percentage error=| 𝟏𝟏.𝟔𝑲Ω−𝟑𝟐𝟓𝟕.𝟎𝟗𝟖 /𝟑𝟐𝟓𝟕.𝟎𝟗𝟖 |*100%=2.561%

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DISCUSSION:

A thermistor is a thermal resistor, which means it alters

resistance as temperature rises.

NTC negative temperature coefficient, which means

that its resistance reduces as the temperature
increases.

PTC positive temperature coefficient: as the temperature

increases, the resistance increases with it.

When heated the thermistor using the fingers, the

resistance values decreased, noticing presence of a
previous reading which means that the circuit has an
internal temperature.

Ohm's Law states that if one variable is modified, the

others will be affected as well.

A thermistor is a type of resistor with unique characteristics. A

resistor will continuously limit current, whereas a thermistor will
limit current based on the temperature of the environment.

Because the current was constant in the experiment of

heating a thermistor with fingertips, the voltage of the
thermistor fluctuated, increasing as the resistance
decreased with increasing temperature.

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 Thermistor circuit application:

Thermistors are used in automobiles, trucks, and

buses. They're utilized to figure out how hot oil and
coolants are. This is how you can tell whether or not
your automobile is overheating. The thermistors are
connected to indicators on the dashboard of the car.
Thermistors in automobiles do not prohibit or regulate
anything.
Instead, they are used to collect data. This enables
a driver to repair their vehicle before something
bad occurs.

Rechargeable batteries: A battery's ability to recharge

is contingent on the assistance it receives. When you
first start charging batteries, things might get quite
hot. The thermistor's low resistance allows it to cease
charging if the temperature rises too high.

Microwave: Thermistors are used to determine and

maintain the interior temperature of these equipment.
There is a risk of overheating if the microwave is not
equipped with a resistor. This may result in the
occurrence of flames.

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Hysteresis is the divergence of an instrument's reading when it is
gathered in increasing and decreasing amounts.

Accuracy refers to how far a reading deviates from a known input.

Precision refers to an instrument's ability to reproduce a

specific reading with a certain level of precision.

Experimental Errors: Types and Sources:

 Errors that impact the precision of a measurement are

known as systematic errors

 Errors that impact the precision of a measurement are

known as random errors.

A. The calibration curve shows that there is a tiny difference

between the normal and inverse values of the experiment, and
that the relationship is nonlinear, as illustrated.

B. Temperature and resistance have an inverse relationship.

C. In this experiment, the evident errors are systematic and random

errors.

D. Because the resistances are equal, the two curves are crossed at 20 °
C.

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CONCLUSION:

Calibration test is acknowledged as the most

important test in the field of instrumentations.

Readings were compared and the accuracy of the

measurements was determined.

The relationship between measurements

wasfound in this experiment.

Error percentage was calculated.

The equipment may introduce built-in

errorsresulting from incorrect design,
fabrication, and maintenance, and these
errors can be corrected bycalibration.

A hysteresis calibration error occurs when

instrument responds differently to an increase
input compared to a decreasing input.

The only way detects this type of error is to do

an up- downcalibration test.

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