3 Adjectives

- i

,
~ Let , li nk it
A.. Let's play Chinese whispers with ,H"ill'l t1\l''-!
• Com1 f l\~ups 0f fi ve.
• 'I our te3cher \\ ill give each group a noun to describe. For example. 1, )';\
• One of the students will think of an adjective to describe the noun. That student will
" hisper the adjective along with the noun in the next student's ear.
• The next student will then repeat that adjective. add another adjective of his/ her own, and
whisper it to the next student. and so on. Don't forget to mention the noun at the end.
• The last student in the group will then have to add his/ her own adjective to the list and say
all the adjectives aloud along with the noun.
• Share your adjective chains with the other groups.
Wasn't that f un? You can play Chinese whispers with other grammar topics like nouns and adverbs.
You have already learnt

An adjective te lls us more about a noun or a pronoun.

Let's recap the types of adjectives you have learnt so far.

Look at these sentences.
• I bought some decorations, a bouquet of five red roses, and that Pt' n at the market for m-,,
b'rthday . What item did you like best?
We have highlighted some adjectives and the nouns that they describe. Can you say what types of
adjectives they are? You may discuss it with your desk partner.
So let's see what the answers are.
• some-adjective of quantity • five - adjective of number

• red-adjective of quality • that- demonstrative adjective

• my-possessive adjective • what- interrogative adjective

Give you~selves a pat on the back for your correct answers!

B. Read these sentences and write the highlighted adJectivcs in the correct columns in the table
that follows.
1.
~
That is a tall tree. (ljlflUJ.l
.. 1
17
 house is ours. ,v~9fln01lJ' l ll lttQ. {.
2.
-That
-·
3. Shane is my friend. Po~ ~ •t
4. I have ~ome money with me. & LHl nI : ( ~
5. ~bic~ book are you reading? -J.n fcJ,,,.OJ'1fltJ(
6. Simran won the ~ t prize. o._,i.&t'hit\ C
Quality Quantity Demonstrative Possessive Interrogative Number

You have already learnt about six types of adjectives. The table below will help you revise them.

Types of adjectives Examples

s "r ~ · y describe the qualities of a noun. • The green tiffin box is mine.
They answer the question of v hat kind?
s u o ;nl t} give us an idea about the • I drank all the milk.
quant ity of a noun. They tell us how much?
~c L ::_Je-~i\,es point to a particular noun. • I created that app myself.
They include •~ ·.s, tr-t, these, and those.
- .. , c ·ves are used to indicate who or what • Our cousin will visit us next week.
owns something. They include my, your, his, her, our,
• "'C r, and its.

,
' £er "' _ ..'e adjectives ask a question related to • Whose pencil box is this?
a noun.
...,__ r · rs of I"' 'T' her tell us about the number of
• Shubhra participated in four racing
a noun. events this year.
J':-
k, Lefs crack it
A. Underline the adjectives in these sentences and state their types.

-
1. The two white cars parked outside are mine.
2. _My eldest
..,.,,.,_ son is studying to be an architect.
-
3. ~ children saw~~ peacocks on the roof.
4. Samar drank s~m~ juice and rushed to .h.lJ school.
5. _ym person should contribut e~ money to the fund.
6. The cook bought.Jome apples and made a.~ellclou1 pie.
7. The ~..n' traveller rested under the.!J,ady tree ln,_2Yr 1arden.
8.
-
WhichJtude nt got an A for the presentation on the Panchatantra?
.
 '~
8. Fill in the blanks with appr opri ate rldl" ~tiv"

1 She_p~ck cd th e _ ·ff..,}.f
(f irst/ wide ) d ress she saw.
r tonig ht?
2. ~:..U..C... - (Wh ic h / That ) dress w ill you wea
3 On .i ! ,', ~ i (som e / little ) days I like to wake up late.

~ :,·.
_l t_ f :A (Wh ich /Th is) f ilm d id you watc h last nigh t?

5 I walk ed t o J/ 1 ' ~ JL (the ir/ them ) shop to buy a watc h .

6. The plum ber as ked ,.:/bn :( (tha t/tho se) man for help .

7. I go for a d ri ve in '1 { .'. (his / they) car ever y morn ing.

S .Jl ~1,: - ,. . (woo den / woo d) robo t by the window.

I stare d at the
9. W e w ere the X.D L+- (last /som e) pass enge rs to boar d the train .
'
:o. The boy f ell into a G: :_ \; (dee p/lev el) ditch .
I

More about adjectives of number

T"-,ere are four kin ds of adje ctive s of num ber.
• c.c,: -as deno te an exac t num ber. For exam ple,
• Ther e are fifty stud ents in the class.
.
• She bro ught only one penc il for the art class

• :, : - 2 s deno te a rank . an orde r, or

a posi tion. For exam ple,

• The as: girl in the queu e is Dee pa.

exam .
• Hari sh w as th e t·rst stud ent to com plete the

• ''.:t;,' · , ~'= a0/: ctive s do not deno te

an exac t num ber. For exam ple,

• Th~re w ere rrar 'I dres ses at the shop .

y.
• I s-;, 11 :::."r<:: child ren from my colo ny at the part
a num ber. For exam ple,
• ::, s ·-:. , .. ✓ ':: a".l~i:;ct 1,e--., refe r to each one of

• E;;c' child v1as aske d t o mak e a pain ting.

to the skit.
• Eve r I Pf::rson in th e room was look ing forw ard

Note
corre ct use of some distr ibuti ve adjectives .
Looi-' at these sent.£:nces to learn more abou t the
• ~ch is usually used to talk abou t two or
more persons or things, and ever y is more
appr opna tk for three or more people or thing
s. For example,
• She enjoyed ever y piece of candy.
• Sh(: held t 110 toHec-s in each hand.
ings indiv idua lly or wish to emphasize
• 'lie J ~ e.r h Nhen we think of people or th
of people or thing s together, in a
·ndi i,dua •~ in a grou p. We use ever y when we think
grou p. For f::/ .<1mple,
re, and ever y pictu re was colou rful.
• uc.h child in thP. c.lass room was pain ting a pictu
ates none (of the group). For example,
• Ellr;er ind,c.at.F:s ant one (of a grou p). Ne1the-r indic
er boy mus t open the door.
• Litll n boy can ansn e, the phone, but neith

19
 C. Use cac.h or every to fill in the blanks.
1. __ Ci) ( f'L an sw er is worth five points.
2. They enjoyed Cl!~11- minute of the film.
j,

3. This magazi ne has a new issue QlH ''Y week.

4. All students must be on time on ...Ql.if ,:Z ~ day.
5. COfb of the two boys promised to complete their work quickly.
6. CO l L child who participates in the competition will receive a prize.

D. Use the correct adjectives of number from the help box to fill in the blanks.

thirteen many either each every neither few third

1. I stood clh U? r£ in the race.

2. ..m ci'-tlzc°l. book contained the correct answer.
3. Will ..el{h c 12. one of you help me with the project?
4. In a baker's dozen, there are J! ti ... 1tr,)') loaves of bread.
5. ~ boy was wearing a cap. .RQ,t/z cap had a
differenf'design.
The apple tree is laden with so • :)D O.IUJ apples this year. Last year we got just a
6.
gcu,
apples.

Order of adjectives
Look at this sentence.
• That green pretty diary is mine.
Does the sentence sound right to you?
Now read this sentence.
• That pretty green diary is mine.
Both sentences have two adjectives describing the noun diary. The second sentence reads better
the adjectives are placed in a certain order.
When we use more than one adjective to describe a noun, we have to follow a certain order. Look
the flow chart carefully to understand the order of adjectives.
. ..... ... ..... .... ...... .. . ., ............................. .
r····· .. ······~~~~········ ..
·= ·=
···--= :···· .. ·······~·-····· ..........
Number Opinion
i • ten, thirteen • pretty, rough
.) .1·,. • enormous, tiny
.l ..j
·.... ..... .. ........ , .... , .....- o o o o o o ••I•• •• ••• f I•• t •••••I•••••
.:
f •

•• t I I•• I I• I 11111191 I I 19 I•••·•·•·•

...
• •

•••11 ♦ 11 ♦ t, ♦ r1'111t°V <f

.···················· ·······-·················..
. Purpose : Materlal
l 41(
' Orl1ln/
nationality i.-
. ~
I • academic, /~ • velvet,
; · cotton :.• Indian, Spanl~:: i. ...,..,lm'1V!
. Industrial
•· 1 It• t • o ••I.• f e •II•• It I
.. ···················· ····· .... ' ............. . .... .
 .\/,
~
'
E. Work in pairs and think of two or mo
re adjectives to describe these nouns.
Then use tho se
es In the
tences of your own. Write the sentenc
adjectives in the correct order In sen
given space.
1. ca r
2. film
3. book
4. game
5. lamp
6. house
7. bot tle

8. cou ntry

Dc£rees of comparison of adj ect ives

table tha t follows
parison in previous classes. Read the
You have learnt abo ut degrees of com
revision.
carefully and complete it for a qui ck

Comparative degree Superlative degree

Pos itive degree
add -est
ables add -er
1. most adjectives of one or two syll .b aP.& fL•,t
b&Rdatz,
• bold
• clever
onl y add -r onl y add -st
2. when the positive ends in -e
• pale
• noble
Prdo,i
. ft6-fn1
.m ~ !£
change the y to i change the y to i
3. when the positive ends in -y, wit h a before a~dinz -es t
before add ing -er
consonant before y 0
R{) NPf{.; C,CHl et~
• easy •01 c1.ffhi c~ I-
• wealthy
dou ble the consonant double the consonant
4. when the positive is a wor d of one bef ore adding -est
ant before adding -er
syllable and ends in a single conson
with a short vowel bef ore it
• red
• sad
put mo re before the put mo st before the
5. adjectives of more than two
adjective adjective
syllables
• courageous
• diff icu lt

•
 Irregular adjective s do not follow t hese ru les as ca n be seen below.

Positive degree Compara tive degree Superlative degree

bad w orse worst
good / well better best
----
---...
far
little
old
farther/ fu rther
less
older/eld er
farthest/ furthest
least
oldest/e ldest
---
many more most -
Note
-
Elder and eldest are used only when we speak or write about people, not animals or things.
Older and oldest are used for people, animals, and things. We do not use than with elder.
We can use both farther and further to show distance. However, in some cases, further is
also used to mean additiona l or extra.

Look at these sets of sentences.

• He is as tall as her. (positive degree)
She is not taller than him. (comparative degree)
• I think no other subject is as good as maths. (positive degree)
I think maths is the best subject. (superlative degree)
The first sentence in each set is in the positive degree. We changed the degrees of comparis
on
of both sentences without changing their meanings simply by changing a few words. Let's look
at
another example.
• No other painting looks as bright as this painting.
• This painting looks brighter than the rest.
• This painting is the brightes t.

F. Read the sentences. Then complet e the transform ation of the sentences accordin g to the
instructio ns in brackets. One has been done for you.
1. That is the brightes t corner in school. (change to compara tive degree)
No other corner in ~.Ll.l.l:.I.LL.lal...Jo.l.l...ltioLJ.1.s-L..IJ.1Jrau....1J.1Jlll..lUJ..ljc....._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _......,
2. This flower is prettier than that one. (change to positive degree)
- 0 .
That flower is not ,
3. This is the oldest building in town. (change to compara tive degree)
Ii>
No other building. .-•,...__-4W~...·~ ~LU.(LUL- i.lL.L.&.w. -4~ ~ - - - - - - - - - - - ---"'.'.
4. Lead is the heaviest metal. (change to comparative degree)
•
No other metal is ~......loCM,-...c. -.lLLloMf.JUL ........1111. C.4~~.,__ _ _ _ __ _ _,;___ ~

s. This car is the fastest. (change to positive degree)

• •
No other carJM~... .,..._frlilli ,,.--"-U... JU.MA;l- .AIM.Z:Z,.-...._ _ _ _.....,.~~ ~ ~ ~ ~
22
 \ \ •' ~ '
n, ' f orm . 11 , ti -11· , tr,,rn ti,,.~~ v1rJr<h and u'\4! th'! m In ~ntt -nc. e-t of yt)U( (YHf Ylrite the
1.. -.:fl. . .~ i
In y,,11r n,,1,-1,,,,,".
1 , t,ild wt.i f" 4, g;tt 5. gt;&d
I, •. t ,,r 'i . l'J~ / 10. tr')IA,le
11 U111lr-rllnr tt,I'! t-rro r In t:;t<.h llnl!. Wri
te th~ cnrrec.t wor d in thoe blanks.
/
1 ( ,,.,. d.,y . Ahlr,1 , t tt,~'"'J',t ',rn:.fl,:',t ~id rA th'! $;jr
b~t f.arn il I,
? d1•t ld1•d fr, w, r,r, ii trip . ~h<: r, ;,rJ,1:d t,,:r bil~':r b;;,g
:1 ,,11d w,,r r• I,r·r t,,.,. ,,.,,t dr<:','i b1:r..;tw,r:
•.hf: vN,'1 ~r,in ~
'1 . t n rlri •,, ,,,,HI ling f 11n. ~hr: c:.;:, llr;d ti,:r
rnr,1r
l.! ~,JJ':d.al
~- f rl1•r1d MN•n;,z ;,r,rl ,,,,lt,:d h1:r tfJ bring ;;,k,n
g a b,;ttf.:r cra·1vn ~.1;:t.
IJ , l twy 1.<·l <>tJl tr,w;tJ,,:r. /,him VH1lh:d mr;m
fa•)t than ,,,1~1;:naz.
7. n1Jt ,.,,,,,1
Ahi r;, •,lr,w,:d down t,,;u.1u',r:- it was mor
e nio : to wal k togl l;th~ r.
n. 11 ,r·y ft•l l rnrir<: h:,pr,y than '✓•vr;r bdv n:.
~
V Le t's pe rfe c t It
A u~~ thc•,c wor d, In &<:nt,:nc.c, CJf you r
,v,
, · 1. 1,1,., k kit
own , Wri te the sen ten ces in you r notebo
ok.
l('f, r, 2. rflfJ '.t ~tucfor,t s 3. eac.h stud1::nt 4, my frie nd
5. wl ,Id, p.iln tln~ I,. r;rJr M: can!"> 7. last day 8. small wooden house
10. many modr; ls
O. Loo k at the pair, of !.cntcnccs. Com
plet e the second sen tenc e with the adje
• ~.; ~\ l • ., l hl8h lluh tc:d wor d
ctive form of the
In the first ,cntcnc.e, .
o ,,·· ~ _,/ l .
. • .
Clo wM ;iro com ic c.harac.t<:rs. Thl:1r ac.ts
.,, are A,,' · II, LI I?
• f
J
'J . ~liyLJrni.11 h4'5 LJ passion for cooking. He is
;,t,,> ut c.r><Jklng .
- f--2.Ulf'n D a
3. :,re green In <.olo ur. The:
L1·,1v1 •r,
(m, ri chlfJrc,pl ,yll.
_:3" L:.1 11 colo ur comes

'1 . 1 I ,Is rtJc.klrig c.h,,ir Ir, rrwdc of woo d. My

unc.le made this ,.11J-{;nrft.n. rocking rh:lia ll
!i . Ahrn,1d ~tu dlc, (or two hotJr<; In ;i day
. His classmates say tha t he is a ..,t,J, ,&!fUJ.J> ~
C. R'-';arran80 lht: adjc ttlv c~ In bra cke
ts In the cor rec t ord er and rew rite the
One ha, IJccn don o for you. sen tenc es cc,rredlY•

1. MtJt Ilf'r Ir, v1 :ry f011d c,r h1:r (J,1lpurl/ncw/rcd)

saree
Mo the r Is very fond of her new red Jalo
url sarCL. __ __ ____ __ __ _-;
7. It w.,,, .1 ( r,ukl~ll/l.JcJullful/!,qu:irc) rug.
Jf ,tr (L~ ~ .£. IL'Jl t(uf1 _b/)Jf.1Jl/L1.J.JJJ..i~~.....w:..1~L----""':"I
 3. Did you see those (beau tiful/g olden /five) plates?

iS:ii& '1)Sl i .W Jfif! U ~ bcnnllf ,C9sfbfem Dfnh :, ?

4. I have bough t a (recta ngula r/big/o range ) lunch box.
r •
1 ha t'!I h&{_<a n.1 Q b. £0 .?, riln)) 9u-'1n~ o~wm3 C k ml{),_ b fl'.);;
5. They decor ated the card with (red/p aper/ pretty ) leaves .

IE't) .dcu.: ,afU\. Jh< c a~,d .l1, W, p ·,, iftJ ,2, ocf: F'if.' 'i1 .&nm! .
the garden.
6. The childr en broug ht a (stran ge/me tallic/ short) wand from
TLC Cf. i Ed:; ( }t '1 rJ r f La/, I o.. rJ,:·o7~~c ., . /, r
}
.i· j)n;A aff1( '11 ~ a r,,c{
~ i1~.tn
. th · h ·
cJ V
comparison in
q a..:i. .. ti :- r~ •
Jthe1.tblanks
D. Und erIme e error m eac sentence. Write the correct degre es of

1. He lives the far from the librar y.

6(1.,"-: Ile.I> t
2. Out of the three , he is the older.
~,t it"
~L:ll.niQJL,
3. Th is play is f_urJ..QY:- than the other one.
4. The eleph ant is the JargeL of all animals.
~e bt
5. This painti ng is the_g~ in this exhib ition. bo .h t
,m.w l ul
6.
--
His house is near to the schoo l than mine.
7. · I felt happi est than him on winni ng the prize. JyJf:r~
9.
-
8. Falcon Towe rs is the tall buildi ng in this town.
The Taj Maha l is the _beaut iful monu ment in India.
.!l}:Cf. l- ,h.c.a.LLu
f:ru.1
10.
-
Diamo nds are most expen sive than any other precious stone

E. Change the degre e of comparison of each sentence as instru

.

cted. Write the sentences in your

a:D&-z.c

has been done for you.

notebook. Don't forget, the meaning should not change. One
1. She thinks that choco late pastries are tastie r than choco late
muffin s. (posit ive degre e-use as tasty as)
She thinks that chocolate muffins are not as tasty as
chocolate pastries.
e-
2. Austr alia is the smallest contin ent in the vy-orld. (posit ive degre
..e.,nw:c
use as small as) t!t cJ: .J,'t1., ~er d trt..'1. rfli.·, ~\ a.b ALL~{- ut~l ll
0

e degre e-use not

3. That tree is as big as the one we have in our garde f!.. (comp arativ
bigge r than) 71...rd ·Ui.;s L.I. Jiil>t L.t37~;~-! ILIL,z c:
J/19 ..<'n_ -,((\(! h..lu.u. l/)t 0,U:L-
e-beg in with this is)
4. No other pen is a1 expen sive a~ this one. (superlative degre
p.~fas ~~·thf;
11
5. T~ai k~if~ is ·s-h;rp ~~J,~~1,;p arativ e degre e-beg in with this knife)
r:JJt' "·,-; .~ ,_..,(., .l.h.(1,.. f.:-U1, <Jh..o..-n di~ J ·r1. Cnd. (supe rlative degre e-beg in with
1

6. No other precious stone is more expen sive than a 'diamo {J,. • ~~

't n
f..CtC(.{e:> tL ~ ~n~ •
t ~ lt.C.
,... •
/ a diamo nd) a...
I'_•
CHf>:
•
(,',.;.. tJ"y L(., ..Jr~~ ✓lllt ~-- X~ .11.l(
>. ite the sente nces in your noteb ook.
F. Add adjec tives to make these sente nces intere sting. Rewr
1. She played a match .
 -
Pronouns

t-
.,;, Lets link it
A. Circle the nnou in this story.

One day. Chu:3ng-tzu and a friend were walking along a

riverbank They saw some fish.
'How delightfully the fish are enjoying themselves in the
water!' Chuang-tzu exclaimed.
'You are not a fish,' hi; friend said. 'How d§ ' know if
these fish are enjoying themselves?'
- 'You are not
; ""
me:
Chuang-tzu said.
/
'How dc(yo~,..___,.,,
that.-I do not know that these .fish are
kn ow'--
enjoying themselves?'
You have already learnt

A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun.

Pronouns make it easier to read and speak. Just imagine how l

write or say the noun repeatedly! Let's take a look at the types or p, ..,., __ _._ • __ ........ ......... ~

Look at the flow charts carefully. They will help you revise the types of pronouns.

JbJr I pr , 1 rs Examples:

(used as subjects in • live near a school.

sentences- I, (I 1, ,t, , • t is going home.
) , ") fi I
I , \.t , l ,and :,, )
(used in place of
name<; of people, Examples:
r h· I p o 1u 1 (used
places, and things) • Our grandparents
as objects in sentences-
, 1( I nirn I IJI ,
1 •· ,
live with u .
1 "/ I

U'> , and rt ) • Sohna bought a

gift for h m.

27
 (u~.:-d to p\'1int l'Ut !-p,' cific
}'t'l~\, nc;, t\nim,,lc;, pl,Kl"~. • Is mv P<'"•
thin~,. l''' idt','" -
. •"'d )
. ,' ,) t (' our p.,intin~!-.

l , .,mpl<'c; :
• If th is ic;n't 1r • il mus t be

.:md )
. '\ i!- much bc ltt.'r th,m

(u~<'d to be~in or introduce Ex" mplcs:

intc-rrog..1t ive sentences - • did you Invite for the lecture?
• Wh did you like best?
and h )

le\ ~ crack it
A. Fill in the blanks with suitable pronouns.
1. TF..Lb is a beautiful painting.
2. JEot is my house over there.
3. M y name is Lata. ..➔ love singing.
4. bLfio is that person?
5. Is t his your purse? I'm pretty sure it is I ~ l ()/f > r(
6. l, f1
< r are the sweets that you were talking about?
7. Celine and I are going to Darjeeling. Do , ~f' ( L want to come with_...~ ..._•
8. Last month, Ruhan, Tina, and Swati went trekking. _]li_......
C..-.;~...,_-
Emphatic pronouns
Read thi s sentence.
• f. d1ti ,md De •(•p made the arrangements themselves.
Here, the word tl1t•m•.<•lve •; shows that only Aditi and Deep did the work and they
own . It is u~cd to empha size the nouns In the sentence. Such a word Is called an
He:-r~•s anothc•r example.
• rJI ,, • rnade the model h<= r~olf.
In thl '> !.<:nknc.c, 11,~1 •,.dt e mphasizes the pronoun she.

28
 Emphatic pronouns emphasize a 1 h
,, th -self or ·setves.• '°0 " or anot er pronoun In the same sentence. They typically end

th I d I
M, -sdf, .yc-ursctf, him~clf. herself, itsdf • oneself
· , our!.nlvc"
• ._, :-, ~msc vec;, an yoursc ves are
emph.'.tt1c pronouns.
Reflexive pronouns
Re.~d this sentence.
• ~u n,.~ saw hcrs(."ff in the mirror.
W'hat is the subject here? The subject is Ruma.
And what is the object? Yes. here the object is herself. We learn that
Ruma saw herself and no one else in the mirror.
The word hc~ elf is used to point back to the noun in the sentence. Such
a pronoun is called a reflexive pronoun.
let's look at another example.
• He bought himself a new game.
In this sentence, himself points back to the pronoun he.

Reflexive pronouns are used when the doer of an action also receives the action.

Myself, hirnself, herself, itself, yourself, ourselves, and themselve s are reflexive pronouns.

B. Identify whether the highlighted pronouns are reflexive (R) or emphatic (E).
1. Ritu hurt herself. R
2. I myself finished the homework . E
3. My father himself created this dish. E
- ~-
E:
4. They completed the project themselves.
5. Sudhir heard himself in the cave of echoes. t
6. The students enjoyed themselves at the picnic.
e
7. The students themselves prepared for the test. F:
8. Shubhangi bought herself a present for her birthday.
&
Relative pronouns
Read what Raghu has to say about a new video game.
• The new app that we download ed Is very Interesting. Our friend who suggested it was sure
w~ would enjoy It.
In the first sentence, the word that comes after the noun app and Introduces a set of words, linking
them to the noun. Similarly, In the second sentence, who Introduces a set of words and links them to
the subject. our friend. Here who and that are relative pronouns.
 A relative pronoun comes after a noun to point to it or to give more information about it.

Who, whoever, whose. which, whichever, tha t. wha t. and whatever are relative pronouns.

C. Fill in the correct p .. onouns from those given in brackets.

1. I saw a car. I wondered .J.L•fr:.: it was. (whose/that)
2. Where is the DVD c/t,,O.t Rohit bought last week? (who/that)
3. This is the house clf..~tt we moved into last year. (whose/that)
4. My cousin u,•/:.11
•• lives in Bangalore is coming today. (that/who)
5. The man , 11 >-b. & is standing at the gate is my father. (which/who)
6. I would like to meet the champion, J.Lftt.C..t.5'5,, jt may be. (whatever/whoever)
7. The book JJ:f't i
Yamini gifted to her friend is a bestseller. (whichever/that)
r + .
8. My grandparents promised to buy me , tttf' ,u:
'r:~-1wanted for my birthday.
(which/ whatever)

Using pronouns
Look at these sentences.
• Salim helps his mother. H e is helpful.
• Rishabh has not come to school. Let's go meet him
• The cooks decided to cook something different They served
Italian food.
In each of these sentences, the pronouns match the nouns in gender,
number, and person. So we see that to use a pronoun correctly in a
sentence, it is important to know whether the noun is-
• the subject or the object,
• feminine or masculine, and
• singular or plural.
Here are some rul es that tell us about how pronouns should be used. Read them carefully.
• A collective noun takes a singular pronoun. For example,
• The co mrr.ittee has arrived at a decision. It will announce the decision after UICh.i
However, if the individuals that make up a collective noun are talked about. then,_. ,._,~
pronoun is used. For example,
• The t r::arn was in disagreement over the matter. They decided to discuss their
with the coach.
Here we are talking about the members of the team and not of the team as a
• Two or more singular nouns joined by and take a plural pronoun. For •v:a.....na.i
• Rahul and Gurpreet reached school late. They were not allowed

30
-
· · db
If two or more singu lar noun s are Jotne lar
• . Y and but refer to the same perso n, then a singu
pron oun 1s used . For exam ple,
· ·
• Am;:il is pres ident and treas urer of the club H 1s a respo nsibl e boy.
. e
Note-~
'you and I'.
• Is it 'you and I' or 'I and you'? ... It is polite to say
'Unni and I'.
• Is it 'Unni and I' or 'I and Unni '? ... It is polite to say
nd I' or 'you a~d me'? ··· It is 'you and I' when used as a subje ct and 'you and
• Is i~ 'you a
me when used as an obJec t. For example,
• You and I shou ld leave on time for the party.
g.
• Harit a gave some book s to vou and me befor e leavin
(Both Hari and f are subjects doing the
e Ha~, and I (not Hari and me) went to the theat re.
actio n.)

corre ct pron ouns in the blank s.

D. Unde rline the incor rect pron ouns . Writ e the
1. Anya is fri ends with .L
\ 2. The dog hurt them selve s.
.LJ,J,J
They scored as man y goals as we..-- a
4. My gran dmot her and m e like ice cream .
5. Raj esh and Ramesh are in town . I sawJJs. yeste rday.
.
6. M y siste r baked the cakes for hims elf. She ate them

-
7.
8.
--
After many years one met my child hood frien d today
The coffe e shop offer s the choc olate brow nies !
hey~
.
e at chea p rates.

~
~ Let 's per fect it
book by replacing the nouns with suitable
A Read the given passage and rewrite it in your note
pron ouns where needed.
Gepp etto made wood en toys. One day,
Gepp etto was a carp ente r who lived in a village.
pupp et sudd enly came to life. Gepp etto name d
Gepp etto made a wood en pupp et The wood en
t he pupp et Pino cchio .
sea. A huge whal e swal lowe d Gepp etto.
Once Gepp etto and Pino cchio wen t to sail on the
the wate r to save Pinoc chio' s fathe r. The whal e
Whe n Pinoc chio saw this, Pino cchio jump ed into
swallowed Pino cchio too.
Pino chhio and Gepp etto were very happ y to
Inside the whal e's belly, Pino cchio saw Gepp etto.
Pino chhio bega n to tickle the whal e's stom ach.
see each othe r. Pinoc chio made a plan to escape.
to laugh, Pino cchio and Gepp etto slipp ed out.
As soon as the whale open ed the whal e's mou th
the fathe r and son lived happ ily ever after.
Pino cchio and Gepp etto reach ed hom e safely. And

31
 otw,\
u. C t cte the srntt-nccs \l!!\n onouns from th e bra
e, su\tt1b\c pr tl<.ets.
\ . Doy \.1uo
wl'
hli\
•
1 \ lh\,./hi"') ~,w
moncv '.
.'., · Shi.' \' l'C''- · \\<
· l' nh'li \h e bl
,\.,\... s \o " " "
\ Jll\t.
\\/me) .
,he- -'\l \h\., i\ " "m
J. il
1 .'S rd @ lk d \he h .Ui.. \hcr/h
., 1.,h.t 1ccs \o - crsc\f).
4 . 0 ul . (,hl'lher) knm ---
•
\h C'lib1 ,wy ?
•.L - -- (I/me) was In
• \hat -
$. His ta n,ilv "" '
s a m o ,d h.LU .r ..
alw,ws tighlln
_ reme m
0 1
bor \ha\ _ ll
lJ .!J- (thevl\ hc
\~ \il.'!!(itscl!
ml bought th
/themselves).
7. My kev is e
ja1rnm,d in th: clothes from
lock. Can som . ,4 i,
s. My bro\her an eone help __ \us/we),
d _ 'l-- (llme) bough
__,illl.t..- \me lm
r e ) please1
t0ursdv cs /th t some apple
cmsc\ves). s for Jl ti o:,U
9. T oe flock of p
igeons saw
JJ U;,
10. The tea
m sh
the cat, and
o".'ered and c
_ J h ( ~ (it/they)
f\ew
mommg pra
ctice.
hanged alter
,JI l( t! · \it/they) ha away \n different direct·
C. Underlin d finished the
e the prono
uns th a t hav
the blanks. e been used
incorrectly.
T h e n write
the correct
1. Is that b
icycle 'i9Ur? pronouns tn
2 . ~ is
your name?
3. '!Jho of
you is faster?
4 . Give th
e comic boo
ks to l,_
5. I ~ ~
If completed th
e project.
6. That is th
e boy whi~h
had \ent me
7 · My frien a pen.
d bought a s
e t of costum
8. That is es for we.
the gir\ who
bought l an
9 . He them ice -e r e ; ; .
selv~~ \ed th
10.;. ..
11. -
:~etittir;_~h~ ~
e troupe in
elongs to yo
th e specia\
u was found
event.
You -
and m in th e playg
' ~e- sho....u. \d I round.
12. .lust be e ave for th e
tw e e party s o o n
13 R n you an d \ or it wi\\ b e
· • 'w e are p\a \a te
. urna ,s m . nn.mg a surp
eeting ~ s i s rise party fo ·
14. firoz b t e r here. rS .
ought many ura,yya.
candies for,l.
15. Marco _
gave some p
aintings to y
ou and ,1. tod
ay .

•
,
.... - - - - - - --- - - - - -

Verbs

Lets l ink 1t
A . Under line the verbs in the follow ing senten ces. Write T for verbs
that have object s and I for
verbs that don't have any object . Name the direct obJect where ver
neede d.
1. Subir has fallen asleep. I
The bell ran$_ loudly.
I
3. The peon rang the ~ T
4. She erai.?ed her friend' s £ain~ing. T
5. He heard a sound.
T
6.
--
Prabhi told Nipa a story.
-
T
You have alread y learnt that in a senten ce, a verb may need a noun
(objec t) after it to comple te its
mea ning. Somet imes there may be two such nouns after a verb. In
the last senten ce that you read
above. the two object s are s or ✓ and N 1pa. Here sto ry is the direct
object of the verb. It answers the
questio n er •• ..,., -
is the ndi rec1 obiect of the verb. It answe rs the questio n verb + to
/ for whom?
Verbs that need -.,ojec s are called transi t ive verbs. They may take
two objects .
• A o _c• is usually affecte d by the action of the verb. For examp le,
• Prabhi narrate d a s o y.
e An r r ~ is the person to whom somet hing is given or for whom somet hing
is done.
For exam ple,
• Prabhi told 1p~ a story.
Verbs that do not require objects are called intranc ;itive verbs.
Look at these sentences to unders tand the differe nce betwee n the
types of verbs.
• Childre n ,., / with their ,. y ~.
• The childre n •> every evening.
In the first sentence, the verb is used with an object - a person or thing
affecte d by the action.
So the verb is a · , r 1, here.
In the second senten ce, the verb does not have an object. So the verb
pl 1y is an intrans itive
• , here.

34
V, Let 's crack it
A. Look at the underlined words. Write DO for direct object and 10 for Indirect object.
1. Surbhi gave Amrita a P~r!-
00
2. Grandfather bought Yinoq a bicycle. TO
3. The teacher taught us a song. DO
4. Shubra gifted her sister a flute. :rn
s. Fiona made a beautiful painting. 00
Finite verbs
Read these sets of sentences. Pay attentio n to the change in the forms of verbs.
• I liked acting. • He likes acting. • They will like acting.

• I like to act. • He likes to act. • They like to act.

set, the verb
In the first set of sentences, the tense form of the verb like changes. In the second
sentences, the verb
changes to match the subject in numbe r and person {I/ He/ They). In both sets of
is a finite verb. It is sometimes also called the main verb.

A finite verb changes form with changes in the number and person of the
subject or a change in tense.

or match
• To check whethe r a verb is a main (or finite) verb, try changing the tense of the verb
of the verb,
the verb to singular and plural subjects. If doing so results in a change in the form
then the verb is finite. For example,
1/ J.. v'J '//
• They sang. They sing. • Rohan sang. Rohan sings. • He sings. They sing.

Every sentence in English needs a finite verb. It is an essential part of a sentence.

B. State whether the underlined verbs are finite (F).

1. The children started to sing.
2. Rohan stood up to answer in class.
3. The teacher asked the students for their books.
4. Jogging is good for keeping fit.
5. The principal ~ in a meeting.
6. The gardener found him hiding under the staircase.

Non-finite verbs
Now let's read these sets of sentences.
• He likes acting. • They will like acting.
• I liked acting.
• I like to act • He likes to act. • They like to act.
' In thc-~e ~C'ntE:ncE'c. , the verb<.. atir,g and to ~c.t do not c.hang
e in eithe r tense or numb er. These
c~lled nnn fw,it!" vnb-. . Th<'y neve r ~rt c1S m.:lin verbs in sentences.
lc-·t\ look ~t the- typ<'s of non finite verb,; .

Infini tive (to -f vr,-b)

RC'<"d t hc-c:c- c:c-nt c-ncc-c,
l Tho~C' l hddrr n love to, un .
2 T,, P 1(Tl fC:(' ic, hC'~lthy.
h ~,...ntc-nl c 1. the verb form t o rnn work s as a noun
. It is the objec .t of the sente nce.
Iii 5-c-ntC'nc-c 2. the verb form to cxrrc ise also work s as a
noun . It is the subje c t of the sentence.
In b0th the::-e 5c-nte nces. the verb forms to run and to exerc
.ise do not chang e with changes in
and numb er. Here is an exa mple .
• 1..,c- child loves to run . (singu lar subje ct)
T'"'tese verb forms are called infini tives .

An Infini tive is a non-f inite verb that works as a noun

in a sente nce.

Gerun d (verb + -ing)

Read these sente nces.
1. Cook ing is a good hobb y.
.....
:m:: - .
2 . ~njo y garde ning.
In sente nce 1. cook ing is the subje ct of the sente nce.
It work s as a noun .
In sente nce 2, garde ning is the objec t of the sente
nce. It also work s as a noun .
Both the verbs cook ing and garde ning are gerun ds.
Geru nds also don't chang e with changes
and numb er. For exam ple,
• I enjoy ed cook ing the veget ables yeste rday.
• She enjoy s garde ning.

A gerun d 1s a non-f inite verb w~th -Ing form that functi ons as a noun
In a

Partic iple
P.<:ad these sente nces.
•
•
/ · . ./
__ , - -
The l~uP,h ing baby delig hted every one.
I ne<::d some salt for my bake d v~~!! t>le.
,,.,--...
In th<:se senten c..es, the verbs 1.-; i~
and baked are formed by addln a •lnl anct« tdJ
,,.J,,~ re~pec.tively. Th~y funct ion as adjectives In these
sentenCN. They ctnnot
as main verb' i and are a type of non- finite verbs .
 C-." A MM~ ?
ht PMtPMIC .....

~~ ~ ~ ~ ,~. :rr '-~"'U' r\:'ttt

... . .
\...,~ u:sir., ~ - "°\. ~i .:. ,
. "' ~ • of t~ lAiffttnc'd W(W'{f,-..

, :? :-.: .=$ : .. .-: ..... '"'.., ., -~.· -~ .... : •

.

=•-=-•r::re- .- =5 : i s. cc ~r:f .-_r ~

... ~, ....
____ ____ _ __ ring. (losing. lost}
. .
= ~w - : =r e _ · . . . '___-._ ,, =::::r_2.."1),..~~ (dran k..·dn n"-i ng)
-'-__,_ _
_ ,..

.
=•_r -,;=s :_◄ =!:: - - - - -- -=-- -- - -- - - - -- - -- - - - - - -
= IJ -:: ::CE$" " : :-:.~
= 2:::
-- ,.
_ ...:c.:.,_ __:_.:,____:::.....::,_.::::.;:.;;c____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ __ _ _ _ __

=
, ·-,.;£:! ':.~ ~ie 1.r~ imed words are gerur :ds. partic iples, or infinitives.
-
F.. ~ .

,
 11. Swimm ing is one of the best exercises . c'.: • 11 ll r\
12. He loves t o_wa lk in t he garden. / !·( 1.· r i l t, • (,.
13. n
It was a tirin_g wa lk home. p l Ht r)(~
e
14. The fil)eedi ng car jumped the red light. t >, ' ·•· l t-.! 1" (
J "

15. Would you like to dr~aw a pictu re ? j.;llt ~ ).....-- .~

16. The children went out to _p lay. 11 .~ ~-I ~
17. HelpjlJ.& others is an attri bu te. f- l C'. 1LTl
18. Beading is their favourit e pastime. 61Q.", tlJ 1411i!!9!~
19. Walking is a good exercise. C:- "l~tLL1t ~
20. We ate baked vegetabl es for dinner. /)Cl "l C

P 11r asal , erb~

Read these sentences.

• Tina felt !e~ out when she could not go out and play with her friends.
• The thief t ried to get away but failed.
In the given sentences left out and get away have meanings
Idiomatic meaning implles
differen t from th e verbs and prepositions or adverbs that form
the meaning of the phrase-
them. These are phrasal verbs. not derived from the m
Phrasa l verbs have idiomati c meanings. , of the words.

G. Read the sentences in the first column and underlin e the phrasal verbs. Then match the
verbs with their meaning s in the second column.
1. What time will the party break up? - / a) enters without permission
2. Break up the sentence into its parts. / _ __ _ b) come to an end
3. A thief breaks into houses. ------ - c) divide
4.
5.
I am going t o turn ~n:
Turn down his request.
--
- . d)
e)
start
go to bed
,,, '
6. She will set out on the trek tomorro w;/ · f) refuse
7. She will set about complet ing the report. ·- --._X:-g) reserved
8. She has set apart some money for the holiday. '-h) take steps towards

Let's perfec t it
A Identify whether the underlined verbs are transitive mor lntran■ltlve (1).
1. The children Rli'ied Scrabble™.
2. The birds chimed in their nest.
3. The students wrote an essay.
4. Please '1o.K the gate .
 5. The horse at~ ab.lg of o.,ts. _ _:1:_
6. Next summer. I ~ ill.n1n my first m •.u,,thon. _r. ._
7. The nurse ~•<1~b~ the wound and b,1ndc1ged it. __:r:__
8. In 1947. Pandit Nehru g_~_ye his first sµeech as prime minister. ____:]_-- -
9. James \Vatt invrat~ the stc;m1 e11gi11e. _-r:
10. The team hJs been pra~t jsiog all morning. 7-
s. Write F for sentences where the underlined words are finite verbs.
1. The children are playing in the field. _ x__
2. Salim w as watching TV when the phone rang. X
3. The students @n after the puppies.
4. The children were reading their books silently in class.
5. M y friend helped her brother to jump over the ditch.
6. My favourite ice cream flavour is mint-pineapple. E
7. The library has books for children of all ages. f
8. The headmistress gave permission to the children to play outside. X
9. I am busy completing my homeiwork. X
10. Please don't forget to buv milk. .><
C. Use suitable participles and gerunds from the box to complete the sentences. You may use a
word more than once.

. (;; )
cooking walking reading rolling swimming

coloured trimmed playing stolen

1. __·'"'-----=-----'
A~·-::."- _ ·_~_ _ stone gathers no moss.
r e
. . I :~1__
2. Father taught me -..L./. . .r-'-.:.,·. .1'/_......
3. -~~ )·•!) is a good h~bby.
v. u
4. I will go I' 1c 1 "·1:.-:.•ll:)~V in summer~
5. My uncle likes , '~.- f t I fl / ~Q~O
U Io U
6. Children simply love Pla ~t•n@ .
7. The old man was tired of .~r,Q1~_L'1~ 1

8. The police are looking for the .l;l,rPcm car.

9. She used ,t 11 ( r 11;, r. r{! paper to make the puppet.
10. ft is easy to play cricket on J~ tn1nn~d
1
grass.
D . Identify the underlin ed verb forms. Write I for Infinitives, P for participleS, and G for gen,illds.
1. It is importa nt to sleep for at least six hours each day.
2. Coolsing and dusting are the chores t hat I do.
3. Beadil]g is my favourit e pastime.
4. The µ_proo_~Q tree fell across the road.
5. Here is the missing pi ece of the puzzle.
6. Let me repair your torn coat.
7. I want to visit Grandm other next week.
8. I am so happy to see you!
9. I saw the approac hing storm.
10. Everyon e admired my newly decorate d house.
11. Please call me to help you.
12. W hen will you finish talking?
13. Sabya likes mashed potatoes with mint sauce.
14. A lways drink filtered water.
15. He woke up early to go to the dairy.
16. Acting is a popular activity in our school.
17. I t hought I heard a hissing sound.
18. The baby likes to play with my mobile phone.

E. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs given in brackets. Then write if the
you have used are infinitives, gerunds, or participl es.
1. She likes
-:£n r/4ai'mJ mountai ns. paint)
, - .
2. The magician perform ed well, -----0.L.. ....1.~~~~ the guests. (entertai n)
3. They want -9.e .\-OJu. a walk in the park. (take)
4. .SJ H1111J idle wouldn't help you in any way. (sit)
5. She came .'Je aJi,/q, for somethi ng. (ask)
6. Please give me the
.. c..
,..upz,i.¼::Lvn. version of the stateme nt. (write)
7. I t hink !11·7 m'.:r/)'.~ is the best exercise to stay healthy. (swim)
8. She is a ~ 0 r ; ; idtl::U7} recipien t of the award. (deserve)
9. :m ~ ! l.J. )1 ~ my best friend after many years was great fun! (meet) _,__,__~
10. We want fu p.!'OJb many games at my friend's birthday
party. (play)
11. t fj 1rlt.:t11 a a tree is not very easy. (climb)
12. The ghosts st~od behind the 4PN& doors and listened. (close)