Common Native Trees ID - Pub

Common Native Trees of Virginia Tree Identification Guide
Foreword
Thank you for your purchase of the Common Native Trees of Virginia (a.k.a. the
Tree ID book). Through the hard work of many dedicated employees of the Virginia
Department of Forestry (VDOF) and the important contributions of others outside the
Agency, this book – first published in 1922 – has been revised to make it more useful
for everyone who is interested in correctly identifying the most common trees growing
in the Commonwealth of Virginia. Because of their efforts, you now have the best tool
for proper, basic identification of common Virginia trees.
To enhance your experience with this book, we have included keys that will enable
you to quickly identify tree species and reduce the amount of time you spend
searching the guide. You’ll also find a range map for each of the species. And we’ve
included information on Virginia’s State Forests, where you can walk or hike the trails
to see many of the species highlighted in the book.
Throughout the development of this edition of the Tree ID book, our focus was always
on you – the end user. I trust you will agree that the resulting Common Native Trees
of Virginia book more than meets your needs, and that it serves to further inspire your
interest in and love of Virginia’s forests.
- Your Virginia State Forester
Red Mulberry
1
Acknowledgements
Writing:
Ellen Powell – Virginia Department of Forestry
Layout and Design:
Janet Muncy – Virginia Department of Forestry
Species Illustrations:
Juliette Watts – USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Area
Range Maps:
Todd Edgerton – former Virginia Department of Forestry
Key to Common Native Trees of Virginia:
Joe Rossetti – Virginia Department of Forestry
Ellen Powell – Virginia Department of Forestry
Editing:
Janet Muncy – Virginia Department of Forestry
Raina DeFonza – former Virginia Department of Forestry
Content Review:
Joe Lehnen, Dennis Gaston,
Patti Nylander, and Joe Rossetti
– Virginia Department of
Forestry
Gerald Crowell, Dennis
Anderson,James Clark,
Barbara White, and
Karen Snape –
former Virginia
Department of
Forestry
The Department of
Forestry thanks Dr. John Seiler
and John Peterson of Virginia
Tech’s College of Natural
Resources and Environment,
Sugar Maple for permission to use some text
from their dendrology website.
© 2022 Virginia Department of Forestry

2
Contents
Foreword....................................................................................1
Acknowledgements...................................................................2
Virginia’s Forest Resources.....................................................7
The Future Depends On You....................................................8
How to Use This Book...............................................................9
Identification of Trees.............................................................10
Parts, Types and Positions of Leaves..................................... 11
Types of Leaf Margins............................................................12
Leaf Placement.......................................................................12
Landscaping With Firewise Tree Species ............................13
Leaf Key to Common Native Trees of Virginia......................14
Winter Key to Common Native Trees of Virginia..................22
Native Species.........................................................................29
Eastern White Pine.................................................................30
Shortleaf Pine.........................................................................31
Loblolly Pine...........................................................................32
Longleaf Pine..........................................................................33
Pitch Pine................................................................................34
Virginia Pine............................................................................35
Pond Pine...............................................................................36
Table Mountain Pine...............................................................37
Red Spruce.............................................................................38
Eastern Hemlock....................................................................39
Baldcypress............................................................................40
Atlantic White-cedar................................................................41
Northern White-cedar.............................................................42
Eastern Redcedar...................................................................43
Black Willow............................................................................44
Eastern Cottonwood...............................................................45
Bigtooth Aspen........................................................................46
Black Walnut...........................................................................47
Butternut.................................................................................48
Bitternut Hickory.....................................................................49
Shagbark Hickory...................................................................50
3
Contents, continued
Mockernut Hickory..................................................................51
Pignut Hickory.........................................................................52
River Birch..............................................................................53
Yellow Birch............................................................................54
Sweet Birch.............................................................................55
Eastern Hophornbeam............................................................56
American Hornbeam...............................................................57
American Beech.....................................................................58
American Chestnut.................................................................59
Alleghany Chinkapin...............................................................60
White Oak...............................................................................61
Post Oak.................................................................................62
Chestnut Oak..........................................................................63
Swamp Chestnut Oak.............................................................64
Live Oak..................................................................................65
Laurel Oak..............................................................................66
Northern Red Oak...................................................................67
Southern Red Oak..................................................................68
Black Oak...............................................................................69
Scarlet Oak.............................................................................70
Blackjack Oak.........................................................................71
Pin Oak...................................................................................72
Water Oak...............................................................................73
Willow Oak..............................................................................74
American Elm.........................................................................75
Slippery Elm............................................................................76
Winged Elm............................................................................77
Hackberry...............................................................................78
Red Mulberry..........................................................................79
Cucumbertree.........................................................................80
Sweetbay................................................................................81
Fraser Magnolia......................................................................82
Yellow-poplar..........................................................................83
Pawpaw..................................................................................84
Sassafras................................................................................85
4
Contents, continued
Sweetgum...............................................................................86
Sycamore................................................................................87
Downy Serviceberry................................................................88
Black Cherry...........................................................................89
Eastern Redbud......................................................................90
Honeylocust............................................................................91
Black Locust...........................................................................92
American Holly........................................................................93
Boxelder..................................................................................94
Sugar Maple...........................................................................95
Red Maple..............................................................................96
Silver Maple............................................................................97
Striped Maple..........................................................................98
Yellow Buckeye.......................................................................99
American Basswood.............................................................100
Flowering Dogwood..............................................................101
Sourwood..............................................................................102
Black Gum............................................................................103
Water Tupelo.........................................................................104
Common Persimmon............................................................105
White Ash..............................................................................106
Green Ash.............................................................................107
Non-Native Invasive Species................................................108
Tree-of-Heaven.....................................................................109
Mimosa................................................................................. 110
Royal Paulownia................................................................... 111
Norway Maple....................................................................... 112
White Poplar......................................................................... 113
Chinaberry............................................................................ 114
Other Trees in Virginia.......................................................... 115
Project Learning Tree (PLT).................................................. 117
Virginia Master Naturalist Program..................................... 117
Glossary................................................................................. 118
Virginia’s State Forests.........................................................122
Things to Do on State Forests..............................................123
5
Other Places to Study Trees.................................................124

Virginia’s State Nurseries.....................................................126
Bibliography ..........................................................................127
Other Resources...................................................................127
Index.......................................................................................128
Virginia Department of Forestry Contacts..........................136
Headquarters........................................................................136
State Forests........................................................................136
Nurseries..............................................................................136
Regional Offices...................................................................136
Area Offices..........................................................................136
Chestnut Oak
6
Virginia’s Forest Resources

Forests cover nearly two thirds of Virginia, and they are truly our “common wealth.”
Forests provide us with environmental, economic and cultural benefits that improve
our quality of life. Forests filter our water, clean our air, moderate our climate, provide
wildlife habitat, protect and enhance the soil, and offer recreational opportunities.
They are scenic places for observing nature and renewing the spirit. Forests
also provide thousands of products we use daily, such as lumber and paper, and
thousands of jobs for our citizens.
A forest is much more than trees. It is an ecological system made up of all the
organisms that inhabit it – from trees to mosses, and from birds to bacteria. All are
interdependent, and the interactions among the living components of the forest and
the physical environment keep a forest productive and self-sustaining for many years.
Virginia has been called an “ecological crossroads,” as both southern and northern
ecosystems are found here. From the Cumberland Plateau to the Eastern Shore, an
impressive array of plant and animal species inhabit a tremendous diversity of natural
communities.
Forests are constantly changing. Sometimes the changes are swift, as a result of fire,
ice, wind or timber harvest. At other times, the changes stretch across many years.
Nearly all of the natural forests in Virginia have been extensively modified by human
activities over hundreds of years. Most of the Piedmont and Coastal Plain forests
were cleared for agricultural use in Colonial times. The mountains were cut over for
charcoal, lumber and salvage of diseased trees through the early 1900s. Many sites
were harvested or cleared several times for farms or pasture, then later abandoned,
to be reforested over several generations. Nowadays, forests are much more likely
to be managed with an eye toward the future. The Virginia Department of Forestry
encourages landowners to manage their forests in a responsible and sustainable
manner.
The greatest threat to our forests is the conversion of forestlands to other uses. Rapid
population growth places a demand on our shrinking forestland base. Virginia loses
more than 16,000 acres of forestland each year, mainly through conversion to home
sites, shopping centers, roads and other developments. When forests are managed
responsibly, harvesting of trees improves forest health or makes way for a new, young
forest. In contrast, when land is developed, it will probably never be forested again.
Land-use changes cause fragmentation of large parcels of land, as they are broken
into smaller blocks for houses, roads and other non-forest uses. Fragmentation limits
the options for forest management because the land units are smaller. It threatens
those wildlife species that need sizable habitat free of constant disturbance and
human competition. Forestland loss and fragmentation also threaten the scenic
beauty of Virginia’s natural landscape, which delights residents and attracts millions
of tourists each year. Conserving the state’s forestland base is a major focus of the
Virginia Department of Forestry.
7
The Future Depends On You

Whether or not you own forestland, you use forest products, enjoy outdoor activities,
depend on clean water and fresh air, and view wildlife. Here are some things you can
do to help Virginia’s forests:
▲ Learn as much as you can about natural resource issues.

▲ Shop responsibly, use resources wisely and recycle.
▲ Support organizations that work to conserve and sustain forests and related
resources.
▲ Encourage land-use planning and conservation easements.
▲ Promote sustainable management to maintain Virginia’s working landscapes.
▲ Teach others about the value of our forests.
For more information about Virginia’s forests, visit the Virginia Department of
Forestry’s website: www.dof.virginia.gov
American Chestnut
8
How to Use This Book

This book describes the most common native tree species found in Virginia’s
forests. Native trees are considered to be those present in Virginia before the time
of European settlement. Natives are adapted to Virginia growing conditions, benefit
native insects and wildlife, and form a critical part of natural plant communities. This
book is intended to be a tool for tree identification, rather than a comprehensive listing
or technical manual. Therefore, non-technical descriptions have been used whenever
possible. The basic keys provide a quick identification tool, minimizing the time
spent searching for an unknown tree. The species descriptions are good for general
reference, but individual trees may vary within a species. For example, tree height
at maturity may vary a great deal because of the growing site, tree health, genetics,
competition and other factors. Some more complete resources for tree identification
are listed in the bibliography, and numerous other books and online resources are
available to enhance your study. At the back of this book, you can also find a list of
State Forests and other places to study trees.
In this text, the most accepted common name is the primary heading for each
species, with additional common names listed below it. The scientific name, which is
consistent worldwide and most useful for true identification, is listed in the format of
the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature: genus, species and author citation.
The species’ native range is indicated by the shaded section of the map; however, it is
possible to find almost any tree growing outside its native range. For those desiring to
learn more technical terms or clarify definitions, a glossary is included.
Flowering Dogwood
9
Identification of Trees
Many characteristics can be used to identify trees. These include overall size and
shape of the tree; size, shape and arrangement of leaves; texture, color and shape
of twigs and buds; color and texture of bark; and characteristics of fruit and flowers.
Knowing the tree’s natural range and typical growing sites is also helpful. Most people
use a combination of several characteristics to identify trees.
When leaves are present, they are the most commonly used feature in identification.
Leaves are either deciduous (shed annually) or evergreen (remaining on the tree for
one or more years). Most broadleaved trees, such as oaks, maples and hickories, are
deciduous. Most cone-bearing trees, such as pines, spruces, firs and hemlocks, and
some broadleaf trees, such as American holly and live oak, are evergreen.
When a tree has shed its leaves, identification can be more difficult. You must then
rely on the bark, twigs and buds, and any fruit or flower parts remaining on the tree to
make identification. Knowing these characteristics will help you identify trees during
the late fall, winter and early spring months.
A scientific key is a useful tool for identifying trees. The keys in this book are
dichotomous; that is, they give the user two choices at each step. To use a key,
always start with number one. Read both statements and choose the one that
best fits your tree. Each choice you make will direct you to another numbered pair
of statements. Continue to follow the numbers until you arrive at the name of a
tree. Once you have the name, go to the page listed to see a picture and learn
more information. It is most helpful to use keys in the field, where you can easily
see features, such as the bark and the growing site. If you need to identify a tree
and you don’t have a key with you, take good notes or make sketches so that
you can remember important features later. Keys are not perfect, and individual
trees may vary. If you don’t get a
correct identification with the key, try
again, as it is possible to make an
incorrect choice at some stage in the
process. If the tree simply will not
“key out,” it may be a non-native or
less common species not covered
in the scope of this book. You can
find more comprehensive keys in
most dendrology textbooks, or try an
interactive online key at http://www.
fw.vt.edu/dendro/forsite/key/intro.htm
The following illustrations show some

of the characteristics you will need
to observe as you use the keys. In
addition, the glossary at the back of
this book should define any confusing
or technical terms you find in the keys. Northern Red Oak
10
Identification of Trees, continued
Parts, Types and Positions of Leaves
Needle-Like Scale-Like
(White Pine) (Redcedar)
Palmately-Lobed Pinnately-Lobed Palmately-Compound Pinnately-Compound

and Veined and Veined (Yellow Buckeye) (Green Ash)
(Red Maple) (White Oak)
Leaflet
Midrib
Blade
Rachis
Petiole
11
Identification of Trees, continued
Types of Leaf Margins
Entire Wavy Finely Coarsely Doubly Incurved Bluntly Lobed

Toothed Toothed Toothed Teeth Toothed
Leaf Placement
Terminal (end) Bud
Opposite
Lateral (side) Bud
Lenticels (pores)
Leaf Scar
Alternate
Pith
12
Landscaping With Firewise

Tree Species
In Virginia, the expanding wildland-urban interface consists of www.firewisevirginia.org
many homes adjacent to fire-prone natural areas. To be “firewise”
is to be adequately prepared for the possibility of wildfire. Firewise has many
components including community design, escape routes and plans, construction
materials and landscaping around a home.
The creation of defensible space is a landscape strategy for reducing the risk of
damage from wildfires. Defensible space surrounding a home allows for easy access
by firefighting equipment and personnel, but also increases the chance of a home
surviving even if firefighters are unable to reach each home.
In high-risk areas, creating defensible space generally includes vertical and horizontal
separation of plants surrounding a home. Branches of trees should be separated
from plants beneath them by at least 10 feet. There should also be at least a 10-
foot separation between branches of individual trees, and between branches and
structures. Landscape plantings should be grouped into isolated landscape islands
separated by less flammable materials such as maintained lawn, pathways or gravel.
Any landscape beds next to a home should consist of sparse, low-growing ground
cover separated from the home by gravel or stones with no flammable landscaping
materials in contact with the home. Plant arrangement is one of the most important
factors affecting the survivability of a home during a wildfire.
Although some plants are more fire-resistant than others, THERE ARE NO FIRE-
PROOF PLANTS. UNDER EXTREME FIRE CONDITIONS, ALL PLANTS WILL
BURN! A general flammability rating has been placed on the trees listed in this
publication. These ratings can help you make sound landscaping choices and
subsequently create a Firewise Landscape around your woodland home.
Flammability of the Species

EXTREME (not firewise): These species should be avoided in landscaping within 100
feet of your home.
HIGH (at-risk firewise): These species could be placed in the landscape beyond
(greater than 50 feet) the defensible space surrounding your home.
MODERATE (moderately firewise): These species can be placed within the zone from
30 to 50 feet from your home. Routine maintenance is needed to keep the plant less
flammable.
LOW (firewise): These species have no known characteristics of high flammability.

These species are appropriate for placement within your defensible space.
For more information, visit www.firewisevirginia.org or contact your local VDOF office.
13
Leaf Key to Common Native Trees

of Virginia
Always start with number one. Read both a and b, choose the one that best describes
your tree, and go to the number where your choice directs you. Continue reading
choices and following the numbers until you reach the name of a tree. Turn to the
page indicated, and compare the picture and description to verify the tree’s identity.
1 a. Leaves are needle or scale-like, go to 2.

b. Leaves are broad and flat, go to 14.
2 a. Needles at least 1 inch long, go to 3.

b. Needles less than 1 inch long or scale-like, go to 10.
3 a. Needles in groups of 5, and 3 to 5 inches long – Eastern White Pine, pg. 30.
b. Needles in groups of 2 or 3, go to 4.
4 a. Needles mostly in groups of 3, go to 5.

b. Needles mostly in groups of 2, go to 8.
5 a. Needles generally longer than 6 inches, go to 6.

b. Needles generally shorter than 6 inches, go to 7.
6 a. Needles 6 to 9 inches, cones 3 to 6 inches long – Loblolly Pine, pg. 32.

b. Needles 8 to18 inches, cones 6 to10 inches long – Longleaf Pine, pg. 33.
7 a. Needles 3 to 5 inches, yellowish-green, stiff and twisted. Found in Appalachian

mountain range – Pitch Pine, pg. 34.
b. Needles 4 to 8 inches, green to yellowish-green. Found in Coastal Plain –
Pond Pine, pg. 36.
8 a. Needles 3 to 5 inches, dark yellowish-green, cones 1½ to 2½ inches long –

Shortleaf Pine, pg. 31.
b. Needles less than 3 inches, go to 9.
9 a. Needles 1½ to 3 inches, yellowish-green and twisted, cones 1½ to 3 inches

long. Scaly bark on older trees, may be orangish-brown on upper trunk and
large limbs – Virginia Pine, pg. 35.
b. Needles 1½ to 2½ inches, dark green, and somewhat twisted, cones 2 to 3½
inches – Table Mountain Pine, pg. 37.
10 a. Most needles not scale-like, and at least ⅓ inch long, go to 11.

b. Most needles scale-like and less than ⅓ inch long, go to 13.
11 a. Needles 4-sided, sharp, and dark yellowish-green, extending from the branch
in every direction – Red Spruce, pg. 38.
b. Needles flat, extending only to the sides of the branch, go to 12.
12 a. Needles deciduous, bark reddish-brown, fibrous and shreddy. Found in
14
Key to Common Native Trees of Virginia, continued

Coastal Plain swamps or bottomlands – Baldcypress, pg. 40.
b. Needles not deciduous, with 2 parallel white lines on the underside of the
needles. Found in western Piedmont and mountains – Eastern Hemlock, pg.
39.
13 a. Young needles prickly, up to ⅜ inch long, older needles scale-like, 1/16 inch
long, bark tan to reddish-brown and shreddy. Bluish fruit ⅛ inch in diameter –
Eastern Redcedar pg. 43.
b. Needles scale-like, 1/16 to ¼ inch long and flattened against twig. Very fragrant
– Northern White-cedar pg. 42 or Atlantic White-cedar pg. 41.
14 a. Leaves opposite, go to 15.

b. Leaves alternate, go to 25.
15 a. Leaves compound, go to 16.

b. Leaves simple, go to 19.
16 a. Leaves pinnately-compound, go to 17.

b. Leaves palmately-compound – Yellow Buckeye pg. 99.
17 a. Leaflets with large teeth, twig covered with whitish wax, bud covered with soft
white hairs – Boxelder pg. 94.
b. Leaflets with small teeth, twig not covered with wax, bud not covered with
hairs, go to 18.
18 a. Leaf scar crescent-shaped; leaflets may or may not have tiny teeth – White
Ash pg. 106.
b. Leaf scar D-shaped; leaflets have tiny teeth; often found near water – Green
Ash pg. 107.
19 a. Leaves not lobed, go to 20.

b. Leaves lobed, go to 21.
20 a. Leaves less than 6 inches long, edges not lobed or toothed, bark blocky –
Flowering Dogwood pg. 101.
b. Leaves more than 6 to 16 inches long, may be coarsely toothed, 3 lobed, or
heart-shaped – INVASIVE Royal Paulownia pg. 111.
21 a. Leaf edges toothed, go to 23.

b. Leaf edges not toothed but with wavy points, and leaf generally 5 lobed, go to
22.
22 a. Veins and petiole secrete milky white sap when broken, seed pod flat with a
wing – INVASIVE Norway Maple pg. 112.
b. No milky white sap in petiole or veins, seed pod round with a wing – Sugar
Maple pg. 95.
23 a. Leaves 3-lobed, young stems and bark green with white stripes – Striped
Maple pg. 98.
15

b. Young stems not green with white stripes, go to 24.
24 a. Leaves three or five lobed with shallow sinuses, twigs odorless when
scratched – Red Maple pg. 96.
b. Leaves five lobed with deep, rounded sinuses, green above and white or
silvery below. Twig has bad odor when scratched – Silver Maple pg. 97.
25 a. Leaves compound, go to 26.

b. Leaves simple, go to 36.
26 a.Leaflets oval or oblong and less than 2 inches long, twigs have thorns, go to
27.
b. Twigs do not have thorns, go to 28.
27 a. Leaves singly compound, thorns in pairs on either side of buds, leaflet edge
not toothed, deeply furrowed bark, and seed pods 2 to 5 inches long – Black
Locust pg. 92.
b. Leaves singly or doubly compound, leaflet ½ to 1½ inch long and edge may be
toothed, 2 to 4 inch thorns may be branched, and seed pods 8 to 15 inches
long – Honeylocust pg. 91.
28 a. Leaves bipinnately-compound, go to 29.

b. Leaves singly compound, go to 30.
29 a. Leaflets about ½ inch long, flowers look like pink pin cushions, bark rough but
not furrowed, seed in bean-like pods 5 to 6 inches long – INVASIVE Mimosa
pg. 110.
b. Leaflets 1 to 2 inches long, serrated or lobed, and with strong odor. Fruit
yellow, berry-like, ¾ inch in diameter – INVASIVE Chinaberry pg. 114.
30 a. Most leaves with 11 or more leaflets, go to 31.

b. Most leaves with less than 11 leaflets, go to 33.
31 a. Leaves with 13 to 41 leaflets and just 2-4 teeth at base, foul smell when
bruised. Terminal leaflet present, bark rough but not furrowed – INVASIVE
Tree-of-Heaven pg. 109.
b. Leaflet margin finely toothed, tree produces large nuts, go to 32.
32 a. Leaves with 14 to 24 leaflets and no terminal leaflet. Dark brown, deeply

furrowed bark. Round nut with thick green husk – Black Walnut pg. 47.
b. Leaves with 11 to 17 leaflets, bark light gray, oblong nut – Butternut pg. 48.
33 a. Most leaves with 5 (usually) or 7 leaflets, go to 34.

b. Most leaves with 7 or more leaflets, go to 35.
34 a. Bark slate gray, curled and peeling in vertical strips on trees larger than 6
inches in diameter; nut with thick husks – Shagbark Hickory pg. 50.
b. Bark with interlacing ridges, nut with thin husk – Pignut Hickory pg. 52.
16

35 a. Nuts with thick husks that split cleanly; large buds; tight interlacing ridged bark
– Mockernut Hickory pg. 51.
b. Nuts with thin husks that split partially; buds sulfur yellow – Bitternut Hickory
pg. 49.
36 a. Leaves have lobes with or without teeth, or large rounded teeth appearing like
a wavy margin, go to 37.
b. Leaves do not have lobes or margins as above, and may or may not be
toothed or spined, go to 53.
37 a. Leaves palmately-veined, and toothed or wavy-margined, go to 38.

b. Leaves pinnately-veined, go to 41.
38 a. Leaves less than 4 inches long, coarsely toothed, lobes shallow if present, leaf
white and hairy underneath – INVASIVE White poplar, p. 113.
b. Leaves not white underneath, lobes fairly obvious if present, go to 39.
39 a. Some leaves unlobed, others with several lobes, leaf base even, leaf rough.
Fruit 1 to 1½ inch long, red or purple, bumpy. Bark brownish and scaly – Red
Mulberry pg. 79.
b. Seeds contained in a bumpy or spiky ball on a long stem, go to 40.
40 a. Leaves 5 to 8 inches long and wide, with 3 to 5 large lobes, triangular and
irregular teeth. Bark brown and green, but white where exterior bark flakes
off. Seeds in a bumpy ball – Sycamore pg. 87.
b. Leaves star-shaped, with 5 to 7 lobes, very finely toothed. Bark on twigs has
corky ridges. Seeds in a spiky ball – Sweetgum pg. 86.
41 a. Leaves with 4 to 6 lobes and a tulip-like shape. Buds “duck-bill”-shaped. Bark

light gray and furrowed lengthwise – Yellow-poplar pg. 83.
b. Leaves not tulip-shaped, buds not duckbill-shaped, go to 42.
42 a. Leaf margin with very large rounded teeth, or lobes rounded and not bristle-
tipped, go to 43.
b. Leaf lobe ends tipped with a tiny, soft bristle, go to 47.
43 a. Leaf margin has large, rounded teeth, appearing wavy, go to 44.

b. At least some of leaves deeply lobed, go to 45.
44 a. Leaves 4 to 8 inches long, bark with wide, coarse, deep furrows. Found mostly
on ridge tops and dry slopes from Piedmont west – Chestnut Oak pg. 63.
b. Leaves 5 to 8 inches long, margin wavy or appearing widely toothed. Bark light
gray and scaly. Found on flooded and moist soils from the Piedmont east –
Swamp Chestnut Oak pg. 64.
45 a. Leaves have two lobes (mitten-shaped), three lobes (turkey foot-shaped), or

no lobes, leaves have a spicy/sweet odor when crushed – Sassafras pg. 85.
b. Leaves have more than three lobes, go to 46.
17

46 a. Leaf with 5 major lobes, middle lobes squared off, cap on acorn covers to ⅓ to
½ of nut. Bark reddish-brown to gray, with scaly ridges. – Post Oak pg. 62.
b. Leaf with 7 to 9 lobes, deep sinuses, acorn cap covers ¼ of nut. Bark very light
gray, in loose plates – White Oak pg. 61.
47 a. Leaf with 3 shallow lobes, or more club-shaped than lobed, go to 48.

b. Leaf with 3 to 7 well-defined lobes, go to 49.
48 a. Bark gray, not deeply fissured, leaves 2 to 4 inches long, acorn ½ inch long
and less than ¼ covered by cap. Found in southeastern Virginia on moist
sites – Water Oak pg. 73.
b. Bark dark brown to black and rough. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, acorn ¾
inch long and ½ covered by cap. Occurs throughout Virginia on dry sites –
Blackjack Oak pg. 71.
49 a. Sinuses between leaf lobes extend less than halfway to midrib, go to 50.
b. Sinuses between leaf lobes extend more than halfway to midrib, go to 51.
50 a. Leaves with 5 to 7 lobes, fuzzy underneath, bark black with rectangular or

square ridges, inner bark orange – Black Oak pg. 69.
b. Leaves with 7 to11 lobes, bark gray with long pale ridges, inner bark reddish-
brown – Northern Red Oak pg. 67.
51 a. Leaves with 3 to 7 uneven lobes. Leaves hairy underneath. Leaf base rounded
like the top of a bell. Bark dark brown to black and scaly – Southern Red
Oak pg. 68.
b. Leaves with 5 or 7 lobes, leaf base not rounded, go to 52.
52 a. All leaves 5 lobed, sinus U-shaped, lower branches growing downward, acorn
less than ½ inch long, often striped, and less than ¼ covered by cap – Pin
Oak pg. 72.
b. Leaves 5 to 7 lobed, sinus C-shaped, lower dead branches often present,
acorns ½ to 1 inch long, often with concentric rings at tip, and cap covers at
least ½ of nut – Scarlet Oak pg. 70.
53 a. The leaf margin toothed or spiny; teeth may be widely spaced or very tiny, go
to 54.
b. The leaf margin not toothed or spiny, go to 74.
54 a. The leaf has more teeth than veins, or has widely spaced sharp spines, go to
55.
b. The leaf has one tooth at the end of each vein, go to 63.
55 a. Leaves doubly toothed, with deeper notches regularly spaced, go to 56.

b. Leaves singly toothed or with sharp, spine-like teeth, go to 65.
56 a. Base of leaf uneven, with one side lower on the leaf stem than the other, go
to 57.
b. Base of leaf even on both sides of leaf stem, go to 59.
18

57 a. Twigs have 2 to 3 corky “wings,” and bark of trunk corky, leaf smooth above
and hairy below, found in southeastern Virginia – Winged Elm pg. 77.
b. Twigs do not have corky wings, go to 58.
58 a. Leaves rough and sandpapery on underside but smooth on top, white and
reddish-brown layers in cross section of bark – American Elm pg. 75.
b. Leaves rough and sandpapery on top and underside, twigs and buds hairy,
cross section of bark has brown layers only – Slippery Elm pg. 76.
59 a. Base of leaf wedge-shaped, leaf roughly triangular, twigs and young bark
reddish-brown to dark brown. Bark peels into papery strips with light tan bark
underneath. Found near bodies of water – River Birch pg. 53.
b. Base of leaf not wedge-shaped and/or leaf not triangular, go to 60.
60 a. Crushed leaf and twig are aromatic, with smell of wintergreen, go to 61.
b. Crushed leaf and twig are not aromatic, go to 62.
61 a. Base of leaf rounded or wedge-shaped, bark yellowish-brown, papery and

peeling – Yellow Birch pg. 54.
b. Base of leaf rounded, bark reddish-brown to black, with distinct horizontal
pores, becoming scaly when older – Sweet Birch pg. 55.
62 a. Bark gray, smooth and fluted (muscle-like). Small, multi-stemmed tree –

American Hornbeam pg. 57.
b. Bark grayish-brown and flaky. Small single-stemmed tree – Eastern
Hophornbeam pg. 56.
63 a. Leaf less than 3 times long as wide, bark smooth and gray, brown buds up to 1
inch long, like pointed cigars – American Beech pg. 58.
b. Leaf length at least 3 times its width, teeth turned toward tip of leaf, go to 64.
64 a. Top and bottom of leaf smooth and hairless. One or two stems, generally not
over 4 inches in diameter – American Chestnut pg. 59.
b. Bottom of leaf hairy, one nut per husk. Large shrub or small tree, often multi-
stemmed and forming thickets – Alleghany Chinkapin pg. 60.
65 a. Leaf stem 2 to 4 inches long and flattened, go to 66.

b. Leaf stem short and round, or absent, go to 67.
66 a. Leaves roughly triangular, 3 to 6 inches long, with rounded teeth. Found in

southeastern and northern Virginia – Eastern Cottonwood pg. 45.
b. Leaves more oval than triangular, 3 to 5 inches long, with large blunt teeth.
Found in mountains and northern Virginia – Bigtooth Aspen pg. 46.
67 a. Leaves thick, waxy, spiny, and remaining green through winter – American
Holly pg. 93.
b. Leaves not as above, tree loses its leaves in the fall, go to 68.
19

68 a. Leaves heart-shaped or lobed, or leaf base uneven with 3 main veins starting
at base, go to 69.
b. Leaves long and narrow, or oval-shaped, go to 71.
69 a. Leaves rough, leaf base even, some leaves lobed. Fruit 1 to 1½ inch long, red
or purple, resembling a blackberry – Red Mulberry pg. 79.
b. Leaf base uneven, go to 70.
70 a. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, with 3 main veins, bark with small corky ridges or
warts – Hackberry pg. 78.
b. Leaf heart-shaped, 4 to 8 inches long. Bark gray with vertical fissures and flaky
ridges. Found in mountains – American Basswood pg. 100.
71 a. Leaves 2 to 6 inches long, less than ½ inch wide, with edges very finely
toothed. Found on moist sites – Black Willow pg. 44.
b. Leaves wider than ½ inch, go to 72.
72 a. Leaf base heart-shaped, bark light gray and smooth when young, with narrow
vertical fissures when older. Red to purple berries in summer – Downy
Serviceberry pg. 88.
b. Leaf base not heart-shaped, go to 73.
73 a. Young bark smooth with short horizontal white lines, older bark charcoal gray
and platy, curling out at the edges – Black Cherry pg. 89.
b. Broken twig smells like potatoes. Bark brown and thick with vertical broken
fissures – Sourwood pg. 102.
74 a. Tree produces acorn-type nut, go to 75.

b. Tree does not produce acorn-type nut, go to 78.
75 a. Leaves thick and leathery, not bristle-tipped. Evergreen tree found in

southeastern Virginia – Live Oak pg. 65.
b. Leaves bristle-tipped, go to 76.
76 a. Leaves widest near tip, may be 3-lobed or club-shaped. Bark gray and not
deeply fissured – Water Oak pg. 73.
b. Leaves not widest near tip, go to 77.
77 a. Acorn ½ inch long or smaller, leaves up to ½ inch wide. Found in coastal plain
and piedmont – Willow Oak pg. 74.
b. Acorn up to 1 inch long, leaves greater than ½ inch wide. Found in coastal
plain – Laurel Oak pg. 66.
78 a. Tree found in standing water, swamp edge, or moist low woods, mainly in
Coastal Plain, go to 79.
b. Tree not necessarily found near water, go to 80.
20

79 a. Leaves thick and leathery, underside of leaf white, twigs greenish. Usually
under 20 feet tall and under 4 inches in diameter. Crushed leaves have a
sweet smell – Sweetbay pg. 81.
b. Leaves 4 to 8 inches long, may have 1 to 3 teeth near end. Found in standing
water – Water Tupelo pg. 104.
80 a. Leaves heart-shaped, pink or purple flowers in spring – Eastern Redbud pg.

90.
b. Leaves not heart-shaped, go to 81.
81 a. At least some leaves longer than 7 inches, go to 82.

b. Leaves shorter than 7 inches, go to 84.
82 a. Leaves smell unpleasant (like asphalt) when crushed, fruit resembles small
banana – Pawpaw pg. 84.
b. Leaves not smelly when crushed, fruit cone-like. Found in mountains, go to 83.
83 a. Leaves less than 10 inches long, bark tan to dark brown with vertical fissures
separating flaky ridges – Cucumbertree pg. 80.
b. Leaves 10 to 18 inches long, bark light gray to brown. Base of leaf has
earlobe-like pieces near leaf stem – Fraser Magnolia pg. 82.
84 a. End of leaf rounded and blunt. Some leaves with 2 or 3 lobes. Twigs green.
Leaves have spicy odor when crushed – Sassafras pg. 85.
b. Leaf tips pointed, all leaves same shape, go to 85.
85 a. Leaves 4 to 7 inches long, sour taste. Leaf may be very finely toothed. Broken
twig smells like potatoes. Bark has vertical broken fissures – Sourwood pg.
102.
b. Leaves, bark, and twigs not as described above, go to 86.
86 a. Leaves may be wider near tip than base, branches often at 90 degree angles
to trunk, leaf scar has 3 bundle scars. Fruit small, bluish black – Black Gum
pg. 103.
b. Leaf scar has crescent-shaped bundle scar, bark square blocky with dark
orange fissures. Fruit about 1 inch long, pale orange – Common Persimmon
pg. 105.
21
Winter Key to Common Native

Trees of Virginia
It is best to examine a twig from a tree with a trunk more than two inches across, not
a young seedling. Always start with number one. Read both a and b, choose the one
that best describes your twig, and go to the number where your choice directs you.
Continue reading choices and following the numbers until you reach the name of a
tree. Turn to the page indicated, and compare the picture and description to verify the
tree’s identity.
1 a. Green leaves or needles present in winter, go to 2.

b. Green leaves or needles not present in winter (though dead leaves may be
present), go to 18.
2 a. Green needles present in winter, go to 3.

b. Green leaves present in winter, go to 15.
3 a. Needles in bundles of two or more – a PINE, go to 4.

b. Needles single or scale-like, not in bundles, go to 11.
4 a. Needles in bundles of 5, soft and flexible, with a faint white line along each –
Eastern White Pine pg. 30.
b. Needles in bundles of 2 or 3, go to 5.
5 a. Most needles in bundles of 3, go to 6.

b. Most needles in bundles of 2, go to 9.
6 a. Most needles shorter than 6 inches and very stiff; tufts of needles may grow
directly from trunk; found in central and western Virginia – Pitch Pine p. 34.
b. Most needles longer than 6 inches, go to 7.
7 a. Most needles 9 to15 inches long; cones 6 to10 inches long; found in
southeastern Virginia – Longleaf Pine pg. 33.
b. Both needles and cones generally shorter than described above, go to 8.
8 a. Cones usually less than 3 inches long; tufts of needles may grow directly from
trunk; found in southeastern Virginia – Pond Pine pg. 36.
b. Cones usually 3 to 6 inches long; needles never grow directly from trunk;
found in eastern or central Virginia – Loblolly Pine pg. 32.
9 a. Some needles in bundles of 3; resin pits (small holes) usually present on bark
of trunk – Shortleaf Pine pg. 31.
b. All needles in bundles of 2, short, thick, and somewhat twisted, go to 10.
10 a. Thick-scaled cones in clusters, usually closed, attached directly to branches;

found in mountains – Table Mountain Pine pg. 37.
b. Open cones often remaining on tree; tree may have many broken branch
stubs; found statewide – Virginia Pine pg. 35.
22
Winter Key to Common Native Trees of Virginia, continued

11 a. Most or all needles distinct, projecting out from twig, go to 12.
b. Most or all needles tiny and scale-like, overlapping, pressed close to twig, go
to 13.
12 a. Needles stiff, sharp-pointed, on tiny pegs, growing all around twig; high
mountain areas only – Red Spruce pg. 38.
b. Needles flat, round-tipped, with 2 thin white lines on bottom, growing from 2
sides of twig – Eastern Hemlock pg. 39.
13 a. Twigs branching into flattened sprays; cones ½ inch, oblong, reddish-brown,

sitting upright on twigs – Northern White-cedar pg. 42.
b. Twigs and cones not as above, go to 14.
14 a. Cones ¼ inch, wrinkly and bumpy, at first bluish, becoming reddish-brown in

fall; growing in wet areas of eastern Virginia only – Atlantic White-cedar pg.
41.
b. Cones ¼ to ⅓ inch, berry-like, at first green, later bluish with a waxy surface –
Eastern Redcedar pg. 43.
15 a. Leaves leathery, with sharp spines; berries may be present – American Holly
pg. 93.
b. Leaves not spiny, go to 16.
16 a. Leaves with pleasant odor when crushed; fruit in cone-like clusters, with red
seeds; tree eventually sheds leaves in most of its Virginia range – Sweetbay
pg. 81.
b. Leaves have no particular scent when crushed; fruit an acorn, go to 17.
17 a. Leaves truly evergreen and leathery; acorn oblong, ⅝ to 1 inch, with deep cap;
crown often wide-spreading – Live Oak pg. 65.
b. Leaves eventually shedding in most of its Virginia range; acorn small and
rounded – Laurel Oak pg. 66.
18 a. Leaf scars opposite, go to 19.

b. Leaf scars alternate, go to 29.
19 a. End buds present, go to 20.

b. No end buds; leaf scars round; clusters of capsules may remain on tree –
INVASIVE Royal Paulownia pg. 111.
20 a. End bud large and sharp-pointed, with orange-toned scales; leaf scars large
and shield-shaped; twigs very thick – Yellow Buckeye pg. 99.
b. Leaf scars small to medium; twigs slender to moderately thick, go to 21.
21 a. Flower buds onion-shaped; leaf buds resemble dull cat claws; leaf scars very
small and connected by a line; bark has small scaly blocks – Flowering
Dogwood pg. 101.
b. Twigs and/or bark different from above, go to 22.
23

22 a. Twigs somewhat thick; end bud rounded, with a few large scales; bark ridges
interlace to form diamond pattern – an ASH, go to 23.
b. Twigs slender to medium thickness; buds scaly; bark not usually diamond
patterned – a MAPLE, go to 24.
23 a. Leaf scar shaped like a crescent or smile, with a bud nestled into the upper
curve – White Ash pg. 106.
b. Leaf scar shaped like a ‘D’ or half circle, with a bud resting against the flat
edge – Green Ash pg. 107.
24 a. Bark on younger stems greenish with white stripes; buds duckbill-like; found in
mountains – Striped Maple pg. 98.
b. Bark not white-striped; buds scaly, go to 25.
25 a. Twigs green to purplish; leaf scars form a point where they meet; buds have
white fuzz – Boxelder pg. 94.
b. Buds not white-fuzzed; twigs not green, go to 26.
26 a. Broken twig has an unpleasant odor; clusters of flower buds may be present;
bark light gray, in long strips that may peel up at the ends – Silver Maple pg.
97.
b. Broken twig does not have an unpleasant smell, go to 27.
27 a. Bark dark, furrowed, and somewhat corky, sometimes with interlaced ridges;
end buds rounded – INVASIVE Norway Maple pg. 112.
b. Bark fissures more irregular; end buds pointed, go to 28.
28 a. Buds noticeably sharp pointed; found naturally in the mountains, but may be
planted in yards anywhere – Sugar Maple pg. 95.
b. Buds small, reddish; bark of older trees rough with cracks, but upper trunk and
branches may have smooth areas; found statewide – Red Maple pg. 96.
29 a. Buds not visible (hidden under leaf scars), or very tiny and sunken into leaf
scars; spines or thorns may be present, go to 30.
b. Buds visible; no spines or thorns present, go to 31.
30 a. Pods long and twisted; may have branched thorns on trunk or twigs; mature
bark with long curling plates – Honeylocust pg. 91.
b. Pods small and flat; twigs may have paired spines; mature bark with ridges
and deep furrows, resembling twisted rope – Black Locust pg. 92.
31 a. End buds in clusters of more than 3 – an OAK, go to 32.

b. End buds 3 or fewer, go to 41.
32 a. Bark pale gray, with a shaggy appearance (at least on upper trunk), go to 33.
b. Bark darker gray and not shaggy (but may have ridges and cracks), go to 34.
33 a. Twigs and buds hairless; usually a well-formed tree – White Oak pg. 61.
24

b. Twigs and buds slightly fuzzy; tree may have twisted branches; grows in dry
soils – Post Oak pg. 62.
34 a. Acorn very large (over 1 inch long), go to 35.

b. Acorn 1 inch long or less, go to 36.
35 a. Tree growing in eastern Virginia, often in wet ground – Swamp Chestnut Oak
pg. 64.
b. Tree growing in central to western Virginia, usually on dry sites; bark deeply
ridged, like an alligator’s back – Chestnut Oak pg. 63.
36 a. Bark with light-colored, flat-topped ridges that resemble “ski trails”, go to 37.
b. Bark without “ski trails”, go to 38.
37 a. “Ski trails” run from upper trunk almost to the ground; acorn nearly an inch
long, with a very shallow cap resembling a beret – Northern Red Oak pg. 67.
b. “Ski trails” run from upper trunk to about 6 feet from the ground; base of trunk
may be swollen; acorn often with concentric rings at the tip, and a deep cap
– Scarlet Oak pg. 70.
38 a. Tree small, often with gnarled branches; found in dry soils; bark nearly black
and broken into small blocks; acorn often striped, half covered by its cap –
Blackjack Oak pg. 71.
b. Tree form, bark, or acorn different from above, go to 39.
39 a. Upper branches grow upward, middle ones straight out, and lower ones
downward; spur-like twigs often present; often planted in yards – Pin Oak
pg. 72.
b. Tree form different from above; spur-like twigs not present, go to 40.
40 a. Bark thick and dark, furrowed but with horizontal breaks; inner bark yellowish-
orange; buds definitely angular; acorn cap has fringe on the edges – Black
Oak pg. 69.
b. Inner bark pinkish to slightly yellow; buds cone-shaped to slightly angular;
acorns small, without fringe on caps – Southern Red Oak pg. 68, Water Oak
pg. 73, Willow Oak pg. 74 or Laurel Oak pg. 66 (*These species are difficult
to tell apart in winter. Dead leaves nearby may help with identification. Refer
to species pages for descriptions of each.)
41 a. True leaf scars present (containing bundle scars that look like dots, bumps or a
curve), go to 42.
b. True leaf scars lacking (small pits on twig lack bundle scars); slender twigs
may be present on ground beneath tree; bark shredded lengthwise –
Baldcypress pg. 40.
42 a. End buds naked (no scales), flattened, curved; flower buds round; tree small
or shrub-like – Pawpaw pg. 84.
b. End buds scaly (1 or more scales), go to 43.
25

43 a. Leaf scars narrowly crescent-shaped, and twigs slender to medium thickness,
go to 44.
b. Leaf scars broad (round, triangular, 3-lobed, broadly crescent, or D-shaped),
and twigs medium to thick, go to 66.
44 a. Bark light gray, smooth or striped; may be roughly grooved near base, go to
45.
b. Bark rough, furrowed, peeling or otherwise different from above, go to 47.
45 a. Tree trunk has ripples, as if it had muscles underneath; buds small – American
Hornbeam pg. 57.
b. Tree trunk not rippled; buds long and pointed, go to 46.
46 a. Buds shiny amber; nuts in small prickly husks may be present; tan leaves often
stay on tree into winter – American Beech pg. 58.
b. Buds tan to pink, usually with fine hairs; bark with vertical grooves or stripes –
Downy Serviceberry pg. 88.
47 a. Twigs green, with a sweet and spicy smell when scratched – Sassafras pg. 85.
b. Twigs not green, and odor different from above, or no odor, go to 48.
48 a. Bark, at least on upper trunk, is mottled gray, white, and greenish; bumpy balls
made of fuzzy seeds may be found on tree or ground nearby – Sycamore
pg. 87.
b. Bark and seed structures not as above, go to 49.
49 a. Leaf buds 2-ranked or nearly so (arranged along 2 sides of twig, giving a

zigzag appearance), go to 50.
b. Leaf buds more than 2-ranked (arranged all around the twig), go to 62.
50 a. Twig nearly black; leaf buds tiny, but round flower buds also present on older
stems – Eastern Redbud pg. 90.
b. Twig lighter colored, and/or round flower buds not present, go to 51.
51 a. Trunk has distinct wart-like growths – Hackberry pg. 78.

b. Trunk without wart-like growths, go to 52.
52 a. Catkins present on tree through winter, go to 53.

b. Catkins not present through winter, go to 56.
53 a. Bark brown to orange, peeling in papery curls, especially on young or upper

trunk and large branches; grows naturally near water, but often planted –
River Birch pg. 53.
b. Bark not as above, go to 54.
54 a. Twig aromatic (wintergreen smell) when broken, go to 55.

b. Twig not aromatic when broken; bark with vertical shreds as if scratched by a
cat – Eastern Hophornbeam pg. 56.
26

55 a. Bark gray to bronze, shiny, peeling away from horizontal slits – Yellow Birch
pg. 54.
b. Bark nearly black, broken into irregular scaly plates – Sweet Birch pg. 55.
56 a. Broken twig has whitish threads; bark often orange-toned – Red Mulberry pg.
79.
b. No threads in broken twigs, go to 57.
57 a. Buds fat, with one side bulging more than the other – American Basswood pg.
100.
b. Buds small or slender, go to 58.
58 a. Twigs have corky wing-like projections – Winged Elm pg. 77.

b. No wings on twigs, go to 59.
59 a. Growth form shrub-like, forming thickets; buds and twigs often fuzzy –
Alleghany Chinkapin pg. 60.
b. Tree not thicket-forming, go to 60.
60 a. Tree usually under 20 feet tall; bark dark brown, may have wound-like cankers;
buds resemble wheat kernels – American Chestnut pg. 59.
b. Tree may be much taller; bark usually rough and thick with a slight or distinct
diamond pattern, go to 61.
61 a. Bark with cracks in a diamond pattern; when outer bark is shaved, alternating
red and tan areas visible – American Elm pg. 75.
b. Bark has cracks, but diamond pattern less obvious; no color bands visible in
cut bark – Slippery Elm pg. 76.
62 a. Bark divided into distinct blocks; leaf scars have one crescent-shaped bundle
scar – Common Persimmon pg. 105.
b. Bark not in distinct blocks, go to 63.
63 a. Scratched twig smells sharp and bitter; bark looks like burnt corn flakes; thick
black growths may be present on some twigs – Black Cherry pg. 89.
b. Scratched twig has no smell, or smells different from above; bark not as
above, go to 64.
64 a. Twig olive to red; smells of potatoes when broken; buds very small –
Sourwood pg. 102.
b. Twig not as described above, go to 65.
65 a. Buds narrow, with one scale; buds pressed along twig; may be growing in wet
area – Black Willow pg. 44.
b. Buds with several scales; leaf scars have 3 bundle scars; branches often at
right angle to trunk – Blackgum pg. 103.
66 a. Leaf scars round, and buds with 2 large scales (like a duck bill) – Yellow-poplar
pg. 83.
27

b. Leaf scars any shape except round, go to 67.
67 a. Buds very shiny, go to 68.

b. Buds dull or fuzzy, go to 69.
68 a. Leaf scar with 3 white-ringed bundle scars; twig may have corky wings; spiky
balls may remain on tree through winter – Sweetgum pg. 86.
b. Leaf scar and twig different from above; no spiky balls on tree – Eastern
Cottonwood pg. 45.
69 a. Thin line (scar) encircling twig at leaf nodes, go to 70.

b. No scars encircling twig at leaf nodes, go to 72.
70 a. End bud purplish-brown, long and curved – Fraser Magnolia pg. 82.
b. End bud fuzzy, white or gray, go to 71.
71 a. Bark smooth, often splotchy; tree growing in Coastal Plain – Sweetbay pg. 81.
b. Bark gray, rough and flaky; tree growing in mountains – Cucumbertree pg. 80.
72 a. Tree growing in Southeast Virginia, in or very near water or a wetland; base of

trunk may be swollen – Water Tupelo pg. 104.
b. Tree does not fit description above, go to 73.
73 a. Buds small (usually ¼ inch or less), go to 74.

b. Buds large (usually ½ inch or more), go to 79.
74 a. Twig has a green pea odor when broken; “pea pods” may remain on tree or
ground – INVASIVE Mimosa pg. 110.
b. No pea pods present; twig has a different smell, or no smell, when broken, go
to 75.
75 a. Twig smells bad when broken; clusters of round yellow to tan fruits up to ¾
inch across remain on tree – INVASIVE Chinaberry pg. 114.
b. If fruits remain on tree, they are different from above, go to 76.
76 a. Twig extremely thick but easily broken; leaf scars very large; bark resembles
cantaloupe peel; twig smells bad when broken – INVASIVE Tree-of-Heaven
pg. 109.
b. Twig of medium thickness, does not smell bad, go to 77.
77 a. Twig covered in white wool that can be rubbed off – INVASIVE White Poplar
pg. 113.
b. Twig without white wool, go to 78.
78 a. End bud with multiple scales; bark of older trees ridged with diamond-shaped
splits, but never shaggy – Bigtooth Aspen pg. 46.
b. End bud tan, with a few large scales; bark of older trees interlaced and may be
shaggy; nuts and husks may be present on ground – Pignut Hickory pg. 52.
28

79 a. Bark very dark, with a deep diamond pattern; terminal bud tan and fuzzy; large
round, blackened nut husks or wrinkled nuts may be present on ground –
Black Walnut pg. 47.
b. Bark light gray, go to 80.
80 a. Bark peeling in long plates often over a foot long, loose at both ends –
Shagbark Hickory pg. 50.
b. Bark not peeling in long plates, go to 81.
81 a. End bud curved, yellow, with two scales meeting like a duck’s bill – Bitternut
Hickory pg. 49.
b. End bud different from above, go to 82.
82 a. End bud large, shaped like a chocolate chip; nut 4-ribbed, with thick husk –
Mockernut Hickory pg. 51.
b. End bud tan and fuzzy; nut husk oblong; nut wrinkled; tree growing in
mountains – Butternut pg. 48.
Native Species
The following section provides full descriptions of the most common native tree
species in Virginia.
Common names as well as scientific names are provided, along with key features to
assist in identifying each tree species, such as mature size, form, habitat, needles,
flowers, cones, bark and twigs. Learn more through information provided about the
values and uses of each species and other interesting facts.
Black Oak
29
Eastern White Pine Flammability

HIGH
Pinus strobus L.
Mature Size: 80 to 100 feet in height but can reach 200
feet in height, 2 to 3 feet in diameter
Form: Pyramid shape with straight trunk; branches extend horizontally in rings
circling the trunk with one ring of branches per year of growth
Habitat: Common on dry, sandy or rocky ridges; grows best on moist, sandy loam
soils
Needles: Bundles of 5, flexible, 3 to 5 inches long, and soft bluish-green with faint
white stripes on lower surface of each needle
Flowers: Males are cylindrical, yellow, and clustered at branch tips; females are light
green tinged with red
Cones: Cylindrical, 4 to 8 inches long, curved long stalk, non-spiny and often gummy
scales
Bark: Young trunks and branches are thin, smooth, greenish and shiny; older trunks
are dark gray with shallow fissures and broad, flat-topped ridges.
Twigs: Grayish-green to orangish-brown, slender; buds are long, egg-shaped and
reddish-brown
Values and Uses: The wood is light in color, straight-grained, of medium strength,
and easily worked. It is used for construction lumber, cabinet making, furniture and
interior finish. White pine is also grown for Christmas trees. Deer and squirrels browse
the foliage and bark. The seeds are a food source for red and gray squirrels and for
songbirds. White pines are often planted to stabilize the soil on strip-mined lands.
Did You Know?
Eastern white pine is
the largest conifer in
eastern North America.
Its trunks were once
in demand for use as
ships’ masts.
30
Shortleaf Pine Flammability

HIGH
(Old-Field Pine, Yellow Pine, Shortstraw Pine,
Rosemary Pine)
Pinus echinata Mill.
Mature Size: 80 to 100 feet in height, 2 to 3 feet in diameter
Form: Loose pyramid shape to oval crown; comparatively slender branches
Habitat: Pure or mixed stands on dry ridges, sandy or silty loams, and old fields;
grows best on deep, well-drained soils, but tolerates nutrient-deficient sites
Needles: Bundles of 2 or 3, flexible, 3 to 5 inches long, slender, and dark green
Flowers: Males are cylindrical, red to yellow, and in clumps at the ends of twigs;
females are prickly and light green to red
Cones: Egg-shaped, 1½ to 2½ inches long, short stalk, armed with a short spine at
the tip of each scale; remain on the tree for several years after seed-fall
Bark: Irregularly-shaped plates covered with thin, reddish scales; scattered small
holes, as if poked by a pencil point, are a unique feature
Twigs: Green and purple when young, later turning reddish-brown
Values and Uses: The wood of older trees is rather heavy and hard, yellowish-
brown or orange and fine-grained. It is less resinous than that of the other important
southern pines. It is used largely for interior and exterior finishing, flooring, general
construction, veneers, paper pulp and poles.
Did You Know? Young trees damaged by fire or injury can resprout from the root
collar.
31
Loblolly Pine Flammability

HIGH
(Old-Field Pine)
Pinus taeda L.
Form: Crown oval and somewhat open, tall and straight trunk; lower branches self
prune and remaining lower branches droop, while the higher branches grow upward
Habitat: Old fields, sandy soils where water table is close to surface, borders of
swamps, and other imperfectly-drained sites
Needles: Bundles of 3, stiff, 6 to 9 inches long, slender, and pale green
Flowers: Males are cylindrical, red to yellow, and clustered at branch tips; females
are yellow to purple
Cones: Oblong, 2 to 6 inches long, light reddish to brown, with a spine at the tip of
each scale; remain on tree for a year after seed-fall
Bark: Young tree bark is scaly and red to grayish-brown; older bark is thick, reddish
to brown, divided by shallow fissures into broad, flat-topped plates covered with thin
scales
Twigs: Orangish-brown, fine to moderately thick; buds are narrowly ovoid and light
reddish-brown
Values and Uses: The wood is coarse grained with marked contrast between early
and late wood. It is used for lumber, paper pulp, plywood, poles, pilings and fuel.
Loblolly pine is a common southern shade tree. Pine stands provide habitat for pine
warblers, brown-headed nuthatches, deer, gray and fox squirrels, quail, turkey and
other wildlife species. Large loblolly pines are a common nesting site for ospreys and
bald eagles.
Did You Know?
Loblolly pine
is the most
important
commercial
timber tree in
Virginia and the
Southeast. The
tree was named
“loblolly” after a
seafarer’s gruel,
which resembled
the dark, mucky
soil where
this pine often
grows.
32
Longleaf Pine Flammability

HIGH
Pinus palustris Mill.
Mature Size: 80 to 100 feet in height, 2 to 2½ feet in
diameter
Form: Irregular crown, tall and straight trunk; branches are thick, gnarled or twisted
Habitat: Poorly-drained flatwoods to well-drained, sandy soils; often found on acidic,
relatively infertile soils
Needles: Bundles of 3, 8 to 15 inches long, and lustrous bright green; needles often
clustered into dense tufts toward the ends of the branches; large, silvery-white, shiny
buds (called “candles”) are an identifying feature
Flowers: Males are elongated, yellowish-red and in clusters; females are oval and
purple
Cones: Ovoid to conical, 6 to 10 inches long, with spine-tipped scales; mature the
second year, dropping soon after seed-fall
Bark: Orangish-brown to reddish-brown, scaly; with age, bark separates into large
plates with thin scales
Twigs: Grayish-brown, very thick; buds are large, ovoid and silvery-white
Values and Uses: Longleaf pine once was used for commercial production of naval
stores (pitch, tar, resin and turpentine). Today, it is primarily used for poles, pilings,
lumber and plywood. The heartwood is heavy, hard, strong, tough and durable. The
seeds are a favorite source of food for wild turkey, gray and fox squirrels, and many
other wild animals. The endangered red-cockaded woodpecker nests in cavities in
live, old-growth trees.
Did You Know? Longleaf pine is a highly fire-adapted species. A longleaf seedling
resembles a clump of grass; after a few years, it shoots up into a tall stem topped by
a plume of green. Prior to European settlement, longleaf pine forest dominated much
of the eastern Coastal Plain. Exclusion of fire has been one factor in the species’
decline, but
restoration
efforts are
ongoing in
Virginia.
33
Pitch Pine Flammability

HIGH
(Hard Pine, Black Pine)
Pinus rigida Mill.
Form: Irregular, ragged yet picturesque crown; branches are often thick, contorted
and pendulous
Habitat: Dry ridges and slopes, river valleys and mountain swamps
Needles: Bundles of 3, rigid, 3 to 6 inches long, somewhat twisted, and dark
yellowish-green; tufts of needles often grow along the larger branches and trunk
Flowers: Males are cylindrical, red to yellow, and in large clusters at twig tips;
females are yellow to red, with small, curved scales
Cones: Ovoid, 1¼ to 2¾ inches long, and scales tipped with curved, rigid spines;
may remain closed on the tree for more than 10 years or until opened by the heat of
a fire
Bark: Broken into thick, plate-like scales; older trees are yellowish-brown
Twigs: Orangish-brown, moderately thick; buds are narrowly egg-shaped, light
grayish-brown
Values and Uses: Pitch pine wood is used for lumber and pulp and was once an
important source of resin. As with other pines, the seeds are a source of wildlife food,
and young growth is browsed by deer and rabbits.
Did You Know? The common name comes from the high resin content of the wood.
Knots were once burned as torches. This tree is fire-adapted and young trees can
resprout from roots or stumps if injured.
34
Virginia Pine Flammability

HIGH
(Scrub Pine, Spruce Pine, Jersey Pine)
Pinus virginiana Mill.
Mature Size: 50 to 80 feet in height, 12 to 14 inches in diameter
Form: Long, horizontal branches, often drooping, forming an open, ragged, flat-
topped crown; branch stubs often remain along the trunk for many years after the
lower branches die
Habitat: Various well-drained soils; can tolerate eroded and dry soils
Needles: Bundles of 2, thick, 1½ to 3 inches long, usually twisted, and yellowish-
green
Flowers: Males are cylindrical, yellow, and near branch tips; females are yellow to
red with a curved prickle
Cones: Egg-shaped, 1½ to 2¾ inches long, dark reddish-brown with a sharp spine at
the tip of each scale; mature the second year and remain on the tree for several years
after seed-fall
Bark: Reddish-brown, thin, scaly, with shallow fissures
Twigs: Purplish-green, slender, with a waxy coating; buds are narrowly egg-shapped
and grayish-brown
Values and Uses: The lumber is used for rough construction but warps easily with
alternate wetting and drying. The wood has a very long fiber and makes excellent
paper pulp. Small songbirds eat the seeds and may roost in thick stands of young
pine. Woodpeckers nest in decayed older trees, and mice and deer browse the young
foliage.
Did You Know? Virginia pine’s tolerance for poor soil makes it suitable for reclaiming
strip-mined lands.
35
Pond Pine Flammability

HIGH
(Pocosin Pine, Bay Pine, Marsh Pine, Black Bark Pine)
Pinus serotina Michx.
Form: Trunk often twisted, with numerous sprouts and a thin crown
Habitat: Moist to wet sites in southeastern Virginia
Needles: Bundles of 3 (occasionally 4), slender, flexible, 6 to 8 inches long, and dark
yellowish-green
Flowers: Males are cylindrical, purple to yellow, in clumps at the ends of twigs;
females are light green to red and at the ends of new growth
Cones: Globe-shaped, 2 to 2½ inches long, light yellowish-brown at maturity; scales
are flattened and tipped with a slender prickle; remain closed for several years or until
opened by the heat of a fire, staying on the branches for many years after seed-fall
Bark: Dark reddish-brown; divided by narrow, shallow fissures into small, scaly plates
Twigs: Light brown, slender to moderately thick; buds are reddish-brown
Values and Uses: The wood is resinous, heavy and often coarse-grained. It is used
for lumber and pulpwood. Stands of pond pine provide habitat for a variety of wetland
wildlife.
Did You Know? Pond pine is very resistant to fire, even intense wildfire. It has the
ability to sprout after being burned, as well as to sprout from stumps, even when
old. Trees completely defoliated by fire will resprout quickly, becoming covered with
needles that grow directly from the trunk. This feature often makes pond pine easy to
identify.
36
Table Mountain Pine Flammability

HIGH
(Hickory Pine, Mountain Pine)
Pinus pungens Lamb.
Mature Size: 30 to 40 feet in height, 1 to 1½ feet in diameter
Form: Spreading and irregular crown, straight trunk; several large, heavy branches;
on rocky ridges, often short and twisted
Habitat: Dry, rocky slopes and ridges, usually with a southwesterly aspect
Needles: Bundles of 2, stiff, 1½ to 2½ inches long, usually twisted, and dark bluish-
green; often crowded in bunches
Flowers: Males are long, cylindrical, purple to yellow, and clustered near branch tips;
females are green to light purple, often in clusters
Cones: Ovoid, 2½ to 3 inches long, light brown, and shiny when ripe; a thick hooked
spine at the top of each scale; very knobby in appearance, growing in clusters of 3 or
more; may open and shed seed as soon as they ripen or remain closed on the tree
for several years
Bark: Irregular plates covered with thin, loose, dark brown scales, tinged with red
Twigs: Orangish-brown, moderately thick and tough; buds are light brown, narrowly
egg-shaped, and often resinous
Values and Uses: The wood is light, soft, resinous and coarse-grained. It is used for
rough lumber, pulpwood and fuelwood. Wildlife, particularly squirrels, eat the seeds.
Because it grows where few other trees will, table mountain pine is an important soil
protector, minimizing erosion and runoff from the rugged landscapes where it thrives.
Did You Know? Trees growing on cliffs and rock outcrops may develop picturesque,
gnarly shapes. The botanist Andre Michaux named it after Table Mountain in North
Carolina, where he first encountered it.
37
Red Spruce Flammability

HIGH
Picea rubens Sarg.
Form: Narrowly cone-shaped in outline
Habitat: Well-drained, but moist (and usually rocky) soil, at elevations above 4,000
feet
Needles: ½ to ⅝ inch long, pointed, shiny, and yellow green; borne on tiny, raised
pegs
Flowers: Males are cylindrical, reddish but turning yellowish-brown; females are
purplish-green
Cones: Ovoid, 1¼ to 2 inches long, shiny, light reddish-brown, with smooth-edged
scales; begin to fall as soon as they ripen; all are off the tree before the following
summer
Bark: Dark brown to gray, broken into irregularly-shaped scales, with reddish inner
bark showing between scales
Twigs: Orangish-brown; fine hairs can be seen with a hand lens; needleless twigs
covered by short pegs; buds are small with loose scales, and orangish-brown
Values and Uses: The wood is light, moderately soft, strong and elastic. It is used for
lumber, pulpwood, poles, pilings, boat building, barrels and fine musical instruments.
Spruce stands are important cover for a variety of wildlife, especially in winter. The
buds are a major food source for ruffed grouse and red squirrels.
Did You Know? In the early days of flight, spruce wood was the preferred species for
airplane frame construction. Hardened spruce sap was once used as chewing gum.
Red spruce may live to be 400 years old. It is one of the high-elevation trees now
stressed by air pollution.
38
Eastern Hemlock Flammability

HIGH
(Hemlock Spruce)
Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.
Form: Broad base, pyramid shape, with branches often drooping and feathery
Habitat: Common along shady streams and on cool mountain slopes, on soils that
are moist but well drained
Needles: ⅓ to ⅔ inch long, flat, round-tipped, and marked on the lower surface with
two pale lines; needle bases form short, slender “stems” attached to rounded, dark
orange, woody pads on the twigs
Flowers: Males are small, round, and yellow; females are light green and found at
branch tips
Cones: Ovoid, ¾ inch long, light brown; rounded, entire scales growing on short,
slender stalks from the tips of branchlets
Bark: Young bark is grayish-brown and smooth; older bark is reddish-brown, scaly
with wide ridges and furrows; when cut or broken, purple streaks are obvious
Twigs: Grayish-brown, slender, with very small buds
Values and Uses: The wood is light, soft, brittle and difficult to work. Although rarely
harvested, it can be used for rough or construction lumber and for pulpwood. Hemlock
bark was once a source of tannin for the leather industry. Dense hemlock stands are
used by deer, grouse and many other wildlife species as cover.
Did You Know? Hemlock is among the most shade tolerant of all trees, and it may
live more than 800 years. Unfortunately, the hemlock woolly adelgid, an introduced
insect, is taking a heavy toll on this species. A related species, Carolina hemlock
(Tsuga caroliniana) can be clipped into hedges and is often grown as an ornamental.
39
Baldcypress Flammability
HIGH
(Cypress)
Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.
Form: Narrow and cone-shaped crown, straight slowly tapering trunk with a broad
fluted base; numerous uplifted branches
Habitat: Wet stream banks, wet bottomlands, swamps and other areas that usually
flood for long periods of time
Needles: ½ to ¾ inches long; arranged featherlike along two sides of small
branchlets which fall in autumn with the leaves still attached; the leaves are scale-like
and much shorter on rapidly growing branchlets
Flowers: Males are in long, drooping clusters; females are rounded, scaled, and
clustered near the end of the branches
Cones: Globe-shaped, 1 inch across; thick, irregular scales are brown at maturity,
shattering into irregular seeds
Bark: Dark reddish-brown to silvery brown, shredded lengthwise with a fibrous
appearance
Twigs: Non-deciduous twigs are slender, alternate, brown, rough, with round buds
near the ends; deciduous twigs are two-sided, resembling pinnately-compound leaves
Values and Uses: Baldcypress wood is light, soft and easily worked, with creamy
sapwood and brown heartwood. Because it is particularly resistant to decay,
baldcypress has been used for exterior trim of buildings, greenhouse planking, boat
building, shingles, posts, poles and crossties. Cypress swamps provide important
habitat for many wetland wildlife species. Seeds are eaten by turkeys, squirrels and
waterfowl. Bald eagles and ospreys nest in the tops of large trees, and cavity-nesting
birds use decaying trees. Catfish are known to spawn in the hollowed, sunken logs.
Cypress stands reduce flooding along rivers by slowing and absorbing water.
Did You Know? A baldcypress may live more than 1,000 years. It is one of the
few deciduous
conifers. The tree’s
root system often
produces irregular
cone-shaped
structures, called
“knees,” that rise
above the ground
or water’s surface.
A related species,
pondcypress (T.
distichum var.
nutans), has short,
scale-like needles.
40
Atlantic White-cedar Flammability

HIGH
(Juniper)
Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) B.S.P.
Mature Size: 40 to 85 feet in height, about 2 feet in diameter
Form: Narrow, pointed crown with short, horizontal branches
Habitat: Freshwater bogs, depressions, swamps and stream sides; often in pure
stands called “glades”
Needles: ⅛ inch long, dark blue-green, scaly, overlapping and pressed close to the
twig; fragrant when crushed
Flowers: Males are very small and red to yellow; females are small and green
Cones: Round, ¼ inch in diameter, blue or purple, with a waxy grayish coating and a
somewhat crumpled appearance; turns reddish-brown in fall
Bark: Light reddish-brown, peeling off in long, fibrous strips
Twigs: Covered in tight green scales, turning brown with age
Values and Uses: The wood is very durable, fine-grained and slightly fragrant,
especially in contact with water. It has been used for shingles, posts, woodenware,
barrels, interior finishes and boat construction. White-cedar glades provide cover for
many species of wetland wildlife.
Did You Know? Heavy harvesting in the early 1900s diminished this species to a
fraction of its former range. White-cedar logs are very resistant to decay; logs buried
in swamps for many years are still sound enough to be used for lumber.
41
Northern White-cedar Flammability

EXTREME
(Eastern Arborvitae)
Thuja occidentalis L.
Form: In the open, develops an even, pointed crown, giving the tree an arrowhead
shape; trunk often twisted and commonly divided into 2 or more stems; branches are
short and horizontal
Habitat: Stream sides and other cool, moist, organic soils
Needles: ⅛ to ¼ inch long and scale-like; fragrant when crushed; branchlets flattened
into fan-like sprays
Flowers: Males are round, green, tipped with brown; females are green with 4 to 6
scales
Cones: Oblong, ½ inch long, sitting upright on the branches; cone scales are
leathery, reddish-brown and rounded, with a small spine on the tip
Bark: Reddish-brown, graying with age; fibrous, ridged in a diamond pattern
Twigs: Covered in green scales, turning brown with age
Values and Uses: The wood is light brown, soft, brittle, coarse-grained, durable and
fragrant. It has been used for fencing, posts, lumber, poles, cabin logs and shingles.
The foliage is a preferred food of deer. Stands of white-cedar provide evergreen
habitat for many birds and small mammals. The tree is often grown as an ornamental
and can even be pruned into hedges.
Did You Know? A common name for this species is arborvitae, or “tree of life.” Native
Americans made a tonic tea from its bark and needles. This tea is high in vitamin C
and is said to have saved explorer Jacques Cartier and his crew from scurvy.
42
Eastern Redcedar Flammability

EXTREME
(Juniper)
Juniperus virginiana L.
Form: Dense, compact, column-like crown with short, slender branches
Habitat: Found on a wide variety of soils, from acidic wetland edges to dry, rocky
ridges; thrives on barren soils where few other trees are found
Needles: Mature needles are 1/16 inch long, shiny, dark green, scale-like, fragrant, and
pressed close to form 4-sided twigs; young needles are up to ⅜ inch long, pointed
and prickly
Flowers: Males and females are on separate trees; males are small, yellowish-
brown, and in large clusters; females are light bluish-green
Cone: Produced only on female trees; round, ¼ to ⅓ inch across, fleshy, and
berrylike; green turning blue when ripe, with a grayish-white, waxy covering
Bark: Light reddish-brown, thin, peeling and fibrous
Twigs: Scaly, green for several years, later turning brown
Values and Uses: Redcedar wood is fragrant, soft, strong and evenly textured. The
red heartwood and white sapwood create striking effects when the wood is finished.
The heartwood is very resistant to decay and can be used for fence posts, poles,
cabinets and rustic furniture. Because its natural oils repel insects, it is also used for
chests, closet linings and pet bedding. It was once used for pencils, although incense-
cedar, a western species, is now used instead. The “berries” give gin its characteristic
flavor. They are also a favorite food of many birds, from waxwings to bobwhite quail.
Redcedar’s dense foliage provides excellent roosting and nesting cover for birds.
Deer use its foliage as an emergency winter food source. Redcedar is good for
protecting soils from erosion. It is also
planted for Christmas trees.
Did You Know?
Redcedar can cause
problems when planted
near apple orchards.
The tree is the alternate
host for cedar-apple
rust, a fungus which
causes spots on apple
leaves and fruit.
43
Black Willow Flammability

LOW
(Swamp Willow)
Salix nigra Marsh.
Form: Spreading, irregular crown; often multistemmed, with trunks twisted, curved or
leaning
Habitat: Common along streams, in wet depressions and other areas with the water
table close to the surface
Leaves: Alternate, 3 to 6 inches long, ½ to ¾ inches wide, pointed, often slightly
curved, with finely toothed edges
Flowers: Males and females are on separate trees; tiny, green, on 1- to 3-inch fuzzy-
looking catkins
Fruit: Produced only on female trees; cone-shaped capsule splitting to release many
small, cottony seeds, which can blow long distances
Bark: Light brown, tinged with orange, to dark brown or nearly black; deeply divided
into broad, flat ridges that separate into thick, plate-like scales; shaggy on older trees
Twigs: Slender, orangish-brown, with a bitter aspirin taste; buds are small, covered
by one scale; twigs are brittle and easily broken at the junction with the previous
year’s growth
Values and Uses: Willow wood is light and soft. Although not a major timber tree, the
wood has been used in boxes and crates, as core stock in furniture, for woodenware
and novelties, charcoal and pulp. Black willow
is a good soil stabilizer, especially along stream
banks. Cuttings root easily when planted in moist
soil, and the dense mat of roots holds the soil in
place. Willow’s naturally occurring chemical
salicin was an original component of
aspirin and is still used today, although
it is now manufactured artificially
rather than extracted from willow.
Before the development of
plastics, black willow was used for
artificial human limbs.
Did You Know? Weeping
willow (Salix babylonica), a
related species, is not native to
Virginia but to Asia. This popular
ornamental tree has become
naturalized along stream banks
and pond edges, where its
graceful, streaming branches
make it easy to recognize.
44
Eastern Cottonwood Flammability

LOW
(Carolina Poplar)
Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh
Mature Size: Typically 80 to 100 feet in height but may reach a height of 200 feet on
good sites, 3 to 4 feet in diameter
Form: Somewhat vase-shaped with an open spreading crown
Habitat: River borders, floodplains and other moist, well-drained sites
Leaves: Alternate, 3 to 6 inches long, 3 to 5 inches wide; widest and often heart-
shaped at the base, tapering to a pointed tip; thick, yellow midvein; leaf edges with
shallow, rounded teeth; leaf stalk flattened
Flowers: Males and females are on separate trees; on dangling catkins, appearing
before the leaves
Fruit: Produced only on female trees; capsule, ¼ inch long, which splits to release
many tiny, cottony seeds
Bark: Young bark is gray to yellowish-green and smooth; older bark turns gray with
thick ridges and deep furrows
Twigs: Yellowish; thick and somewhat angular in a cross-section; buds are ¾ inch
long, covered with several brown, gummy scales
Values and Uses: The wood is soft and lightweight, often warping when dried. It can
be used for baskets, crates, rough lumber, plywood, excelsior, fiberboard and paper
pulp. It makes a fast-growing shade tree for landscape use, and it can be useful for
soil stabilization.
Did You Know? Pioneers
quickly learned that a stand of
cottonwoods indicated water
fairly close to the land’s surface
– an important consideration
for settlers of the arid West.
45
Bigtooth Aspen Flammability

LOW
(Popple)
Populus grandidentata Michx.
Form: Straight trunk; thin, irregular crown
Habitat: Moist, fertile, sandy uplands
Leaves: Alternate, generally oval, 3 to 4 inches long, with large blunt teeth; green
above and paler below; leaf stalk flattened
Flowers: Males and females are on separate trees; on hanging, 2- to 3-inch, fuzzy
catkins, appearing before the leaves
Fruit: Capsules, ¼-inch long, which split to release tiny cottony seeds
Bark: Young stems are thin, gray, olive-green to milky green and smooth; older stems
are grayish-brown, ridged with diamond-shaped pores and splits
Twigs: Grayish-brown, medium-textured; buds are egg-shaped, pointed, reddish-
brown to gray and slightly fuzzy; leaf scars are raised and heart-shaped
Values and Uses: Although seldom harvested in Virginia, the wood can be used
for paper pulp, particle board, structural panels, pallets, boxes and pelletized fuel.
Aspens are a primary food source for ruffed grouse, which eat the catkins and buds.
Deer and beavers also feed on aspen. Aspens are a pioneer species, stabilizing soil
on disturbed sites.
Did You Know? Despite the high production of seed, seedlings do not commonly
occur in nature. Instead, suckering or sprouting from the roots, is the most common
mode of reproduction. Aspen quickly colonizes disturbed sites, sometimes resulting
in large, pure
stands. Quaking
aspen (Populus
tremuloides),
a related
species, is rare
in Virginia, but
common farther
north and west.
It grows in large
stands and has
finely toothed
leaves, which
turn a beautiful
clear yellow in
fall.
46
Black Walnut Flammability

LOW
Juglans nigra L.
Form: Straight, clear trunk; narrow crown; thick twigs and branches
Habitat: Deep, well-drained soils; grows best in rich bottomlands, moist coves and
stream sides; grows best on the lower north- or east-facing slopes
Leaves: Alternate, pinnately-compound, 12 to 24 inches long, with 10 to 24 sharply
oval, finely toothed, long-pointed leaflets 3 to 3½ inches long; bright, clear yellow in
autumn
Flowers: Yellowish-green; males are in catkins 2½ to 5½ inches long; females are on
short spikes near twig ends
Fruit: Round, 2 to 2½ inches across, with a thick, green, non-splitting husk; nut inside
is furrowed and hard; matures in late summer to fall
Bark: Dark brown to black; thick, ridged and furrowed with a deep diamond pattern
Twigs: Thick and light brown with a buff-colored chambered pith inside; buds are tan,
large, with a few fuzzy scales; leaf scars are 3-lobed, resembling a “monkey face”
Values and Uses: The heartwood is heavy, hard and strong, with a rich chocolate-
brown color of superior quality and value. It is prized for veneer, fine furniture,
paneling, cabinetwork and gun stocks. The nut shells are ground into an abrasive
cleaning agent for jet engines, filler for dynamite, a filter agent in smokestacks and a
flour-like carrying agent for insecticides. Squirrels, birds and people eat the sweet, oily
nuts. Sapsuckers drill rows of holes to feed on the sap. Mice and rabbits eat the bark
of young trees, and deer browse on the buds.
Did You Know?
Black walnut
trees secrete a
toxic chemical
called juglone,
which prevents
many other
species from
growing near
them.
47
Butternut Flammability
LOW
(White Walnut)
Juglans cinerea L.
Form: Forked or crooked trunk with wide-spreading branches
Habitat: Well-drained stream banks, coves and slopes
Leaves: Alternate, pinnately-compound, 15 to 25 inches long, with 11 to 17 oblong,
pointed leaflets with toothed edges; leaf stem thick and fuzzy
Flowers: Yellowish-green; males are single-stemmed, in 2½- to 5½-inch catkins;
females are on a short spike near the end of the twig
Fruit: Lemon-shaped, with a yellowish-green, sticky, nonsplitting husk; nut is rough
and grooved with sweet, oily meat
Bark: Light ashy-gray, with flat topped, shiny ridges, later developing diamond
patterns
Twigs: Thick, sometimes fuzzy; yellowish-brown to gray with dark brown divided pith
inside; buds are large with a few fuzzy scales; leaf scars are 3-lobed, resembling a
“monkey face” with an eyebrow-shaped ridge of fuzz above the leaf scar
Values and Uses: The wood is light brown, soft, coarse-grained and takes polish
well. It is not often harvested for timber, but it is used locally for cabinets, furniture,
toys and novelties. A yellow or orange dye can be made from the nut husks. The
sweet nuts are eaten by humans and a variety of wildlife.
Did You Know? Like black
walnut, butternut produces a
chemical called juglone, which
prevents many other plant
species from growing near it.
48
Bitternut Hickory Flammability

LOW
(Swamp Hickory)
Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch.
Mature Size: Typically 50 to 70 feet in height, 1 to 2½ feet in diameter
Form: Slender straight trunk with a broad pyramid-shaped or rounded crown
Habitat: Grows best on moist, rich slopes and bottomlands, but will tolerate poor, dry
soils
Leaves: Alternate, pinnately-compound, 7 to 10 inches long with 7 to 9 long, oval,
toothed leaflets, dark yellowish-green above and lighter below
Flowers: Yellowish-green; males on 3- to 4-inch, drooping catkins, with 3 hanging
from one stalk; females short, 4-angled, at twig ends
Fruit: Mostly round but slightly flattened; 1¼ inch long, and partially splitting from the
middle to the sharp-pointed tip; husk is thin and 4-winged above the middle, often
dusty-yellow looking; 4-ribbed nut is smooth, rounded, thin-shelled, and bitter
Bark: Thin, tight and hard; at first smooth and silvery gray, later gray with shallow
furrows and interlacing ridges
Twigs: Somewhat thick; leaf scars 3-lobed; end buds clamshell-like, oblong,
4-angled, covered with sulfur-yellow to brown fuzz
Values and Uses: The wood is hard, strong and heavy, with reddish-brown
heartwood. It is used for tool handles, furniture, paneling, flooring, pallets, crates,
fuelwood, pulpwood, lumber, charcoal and the smoking of meats. Although the bitter
nuts are not favored by wildlife, they are eaten when other foods are not available.
Did You Know? The leaves are very high in calcium and improve the soil as they
decompose. Early settlers
extracted oil from the nuts to
burn in oil lamps.
49
Shagbark Hickory Flammability

LOW
(Scalybark Hickory, Shellbark Hickory)
Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch.
Mature Size: Commonly 60 to 80 feet in height but may exceed 120 feet in height, 1
to 2½ feet in diameter
Form: Tall, straight trunk with an open round or oblong crown
Habitat: Thrives on rich, damp soil along streams and on moist hillsides
Leaves: Alternate, pinnately-compound, 8 to 14 inches long with 5 (rarely 7) leaflets
that are tapered, oval, smooth and finely-toothed; end leaflet is largest
Flowers: Males are in yellowish-green 2- to 3-inch catkins, hanging in clusters of 3;
females are very short, in clusters at the end of branches
Fruit: Nearly round, 1½ to 2 inches, with a very thick 4-parted husk which splits to its
base when ripe; nut is thin-shelled, 4-ribbed, and sweet
Bark: Light gray, separating into thick plates a foot or more long, which curl outward
at both ends; older trees develop a distinctive shaggy trunk
Twigs: Thick and usually smooth, but may be somewhat fuzzy near end bud;
numerous light-colored pores; leaf scars raised, 3-lobed to semicircular, like a
“monkey face;” end bud large, brown, covered with 3 to 4 fuzzy brown scales
Values and Uses: The wood is heavy, hard, tough and very strong; in fact, no other
commercial species is equal to it in combined strength, toughness, hardness and
stiffness. It is used for tool handles, furniture, flooring, sporting equipment, charcoal
and fuelwood. The nuts are eaten by a wide variety of wildlife: squirrels, chipmunks,
black bears, foxes, rabbits, mice, mallards, wood ducks, bobwhites and wild turkey.
Did You Know?
The nuts were
a staple food of
many early Native
Americans.
50
Mockernut Hickory Flammability

LOW
(White Hickory, Whiteheart Hickory, Big-Bud Hickory)
Carya alba (L.) Nutt. ex Ell. (formerly Carya tomentosa
Nutt.)
Mature Size: 50 to 70 feet in height occasionally reaching 100 feet in height, 1 to 2
feet in diameter
Form: Straight trunk and rounded crown
Habitat: A variety of well-drained sites; reaches best growth on deep, fertile soils
Leaves: Alternate, pinnately-compound, 8 to 12 inches long with 7 to 9 (rarely 5) thin,
sharp-pointed, finely toothed leaflets that are dark green above and hairy orangish-
brown below; very aromatic when crushed
Flowers: Yellowish-green; males are in 3- to 4-inch drooping catkins, with 3 hanging
from one stalk; females are very small, in clusters of 2 to 5, near twig tips
Fruit: Oval, with a thick reddish-brown husk that splits almost to the base when ripe;
nut is very thick-shelled, round to oval, 1½ to 2 inches long, strongly 4-sided, and
sweet
Bark: Dark gray to black, deeply furrowed, often appearing interlaced or netted
Twigs: Thick and hairy; 3-lobed leaf scars resemble a “monkey face;” end bud large
and chocolate chip-shaped; dark outer scales fall to reveal a silky, nearly white bud
Values and Uses: The wood is heavy, hard, tough and strong; it is white except for
its comparatively small, dark brown heart. The wood is used for tool handles, skis,
baseball bats, furniture, fuelwood, lumber, charcoal and smoking meats. The nuts are
a preferred food for wildlife, particularly squirrels, black bears, foxes, rabbits, beavers,
white-footed
mice and white-
tailed deer.
Did You Know?
Mockernut
hickories may
live 500 years.
51
Pignut Hickory Flammability

LOW
Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet
Form: Spreading, often drooping, branches forming a tall, narrow crown
Habitat: Most common on drier soils of slopes and ridge tops, but also grows on
moist upland sites
Leaves: Alternate, pinnately-compound, 8 to 12 inches long with 5 (rarely 7) finely
toothed, sharp-pointed, tapering leaflets
Flowers: Yellowish-green; males are in 2- to 3-inch drooping catkins, with three
hanging from one stalk; females are very short in clusters at branch tips
Fruit: Pear-shaped or nearly round, 1 to 2 inches long, with a thin husk that only
partially splits when ripe; nut is not ribbed, fairly round but flattened; seed is sweet or
somewhat bitter
Bark: On young trees, smooth and light gray, soon developing scaly ridges; on older
trees, darker gray with obvious interlacing, shaggy-topped ridges
Twigs: Moderately thick; smooth; leaf scars 3-lobed to heart-shaped, resembling a
“monkey face;” end bud small, egg-shaped, light brown
Values and Uses: The wood is heavy, hard, strong and flexible. It is used for tool
handles, skis and other equipment requiring strength and impact resistance. It is
also a good fuelwood. The nuts are a favorite of squirrels, chipmunks, turkeys, black
bears, foxes, rabbits and raccoons.
Did You Know? Early settlers named the species “pignut” because their hogs loved
to eat the nuts. A
related species,
red hickory (Carya
ovalis) differs from
pignut hickory by
slight differences in
the fruit and bark.
Many hickories
hybridize with
each other, making
exact identification
difficult even for
experts.
52
River Birch Flammability

LOW
(Red Birch, Water Birch)
Betula nigra L.
Form: Trunk often divided low into several trunks; crown irregular, divided where the
arching limbs spread from the main trunk
Habitat: Deep, rich soils on stream banks, pond and swamp edges
Leaves: Alternate, simple, 1½ to 3 inches long; roughly oval or triangular, with a
wedge-shaped base and doubly toothed edges; dark green above and pale green
below
Flowers: Males are in persistent 2- to 3-inch reddish-green catkins; females are in
upright ¼- to ½-inch light green catkins, appearing in spring
Fruit: Cone-like, 1 to 1½ inches long, reddish-brown, with many hairy scales, and
containing many tiny, 3-winged seeds
Bark: Reddish-brown to cinnamon-red, peeling back in tough papery layers to reveal
multiple colors, giving the trunk a ragged and distinctive appearance; on older trees,
the bark on the main trunk becomes thick, deeply furrowed and reddish-brown
Twigs: Slender, orangish-brown, smooth or slightly fuzzy
Values and Uses: The wood is quite hard and close-grained. Seldom harvested,
it has been used in the manufacturing of inexpensive furniture, toys, basket hoops
and turned articles. River birch is commonly planted for stream bank
restoration and other erosion control situations. It is also
an attractive ornamental tree.
Did You Know? This is the
only birch native to the Coastal
Plain in the southeastern United
States.
53
Yellow Birch Flammability

LOW
Betula alleghaniensis Britton
Form: Broad irregular crown with drooping branches
Habitat: Well-drained, fertile loams, in mountains (above 3,000 feet elevation)
Leaves: Alternate, simple, 3 to 5 inches long, roughly oblong-oval, pointed, with
doubly toothed edges
Flowers: Reddish green; males are in persistent 1-inch catkins near ends of twigs;
females are in upright ⅝-inch catkins, appearing in spring
Fruit: Cone-like, ¾ to 1¼ inches long, rather plump, upright, with many hairy scales
containing 2-winged nutlets
Bark: On young trees, shiny bronze (sometimes gray), peeling horizontally in thin,
curly, papery strips; on older trees, reddish-brown, scaly plates
Twigs: Slender, greenish-brown and hairy when young, light-brown and smooth later;
slight wintergreen smell when broken; spur shoots present on older trees; buds egg-
shaped, sharply pointed, reddish-brown with ruffled scale edges
Values and Uses: The light brown wood is heavy, strong, hard and close-grained. It
can be used for lumber, veneer, flooring, paneling, plywood, cabinets, woodenware,
interior doors, pulpwood, charcoal, tar, oils and distillation of wood alcohol. The tree
furnishes browse for deer and red squirrels, and its buds and catkins are food for
grouse and other wildlife.
Did You Know? Yellow birch bark burns easily even when wet, making it a good
emergency campfire starter. Because its seeds do not grow well in leaf litter,
successful seedlings often sprout on rotten logs and
stumps.
54
Sweet Birch Flammability

LOW
(Black Birch, Cherry Birch)
Betula lenta L.
Form: Straight trunk and rounded, spreading crown
Habitat: Grows best on moist, rich slopes, especially those facing north and east, but
occasionally found on drier, rocky slopes
Leaves: Alternate, simple, oval to oblong, 2½ to 5 inches, with doubly toothed edges;
leaf stems hairy; tufts of hair near midveins on the undersides of the leaves
Flowers: Males are in persistent ¾- to 1-inch green catkins near the end of the twig;
females are in upright, ½- to ¾-inch catkins, green tinged in red, appearing in spring
Fruit: Cone-like, 1 to 1½ inches long, scaly, brown, and containing very small
2-winged nutlets
Bark: Shiny reddish-brown, with prominent horizontal pores; on older trees, nearly
black, dull, breaking into large irregular, but not papery, plates
Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown, covered with pores, with a strong wintergreen smell
when cut; buds two toned, green and brown; spur shoots are present on older trees
Values and Uses: The wood is hard, heavy and close-grained. It has been used for
lumber, veneer, furniture, cabinets, woodenware, boxes, handles and paper pulp, and
at one time, it was sold as “mahogany” for furniture and interior trim. Wintergreen oil
and flavoring (now artificially manufactured) were once obtained from the wood, bark
and sap of this tree. The buds, young twigs and catkins provide food for deer, grouse
and squirrels.
Did You Know? Birch trees can be “tapped” in spring for their sap, which is used to
make birch beer.
55
Eastern Hophornbeam Flammability

LOW
(Leverwood, Ironwood)
Ostrya virginiana (P. Mill.) K. Koch.
Form: Small and slender with a generally rounded top and long, slender branches
that may droop at the ends
Habitat: Understory in moist, well-drained floodplains and lower slopes; grows on a
wide variety of soil types
Leaves: Alternate, simple, 2 to 4 inches, oblong with narrowed tips and doubly
toothed edges
Flowers: Males in persistent ½- to 1-inch catkins, in clusters of 3 (resembling a bird’s
toes); females in slender, light green ½-inch catkins, appearing in spring
Fruit: Hanging cluster of leafy, oval, papery sacs, 1½ to 2½ inches long; each sac
contains a ¼-inch nutlet
Bark: Light brown to reddish-brown, finely divided into thin scales that peel away from
the trunk, as if shredded by a cat’s claws
Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown, smooth and may be slightly fuzzy; male catkins are
present on twig ends; buds are small, oval and covered with green and reddish-
brown, finely-grooved scales
Values and Uses: The wood is strong, hard, durable, light brown to white, with
thick, pale sapwood. Although seldom harvested, it has been used for tool handles,
mallets and other small articles. A row of young hophornbeams
can be pruned into a hedge. The buds, catkins and
nutlets provide winter food for ruffed
grouse, wild turkey, quail, red
and gray squirrels, cottontails,
white-tailed deer, ring-necked
pheasant, purple finch, rose-
breasted grosbeak and downy
woodpeckers.
Did You Know? The tree’s
common name comes from the
fruits’ resemblance to hops.
56
American Hornbeam Flammability

LOW
(Musclewood, Blue Beech, Water Beech, Ironwood)
Carpinus caroliniana Walt.
Form: Small, bushy tree with a spreading top of slender, crooked or drooping
branches
Habitat: Rich soils on low slopes and along streams, ponds and lakes
Leaves: Alternate, simple, 2 to 4 inches, oval, long-pointed, doubly toothed along the
edges
Flowers: Males are in slender, yellowish-green 1- to 2-inch hanging catkins; females
are in fuzzy, yellowish-green, ½- to ¾-inch catkins on new branch tips
Fruit: 4- to 6-inch hanging cluster of slightly folded, 1-inch, 3-lobed leafy bracts; each
bract contains a ⅓-inch ribbed nutlet; nutlets fall with bracts attached, aiding their
distribution by the wind
Bark: Light brownish-gray to dark bluish-gray; trunk fluted, resembling rippling
muscles
Twigs: Slender, somewhat zigzag, brown to gray; buds are ¼ inch, brown, angled,
with a tan silky edge to each scale (making the buds appear lined)
Values and Uses: Hornbeam wood is tough, closed-grained, heavy and strong.
Although seldom harvested, it has been used for levers, tool handles, wooden cogs,
mallets and wedges. The seeds are a valuable food source for gray squirrels and a
variety of birds. It is also used by beavers for food and building material.
Did You Know? One common name, musclewood, comes from the resemblance of
its trunk to flexed, well-defined muscles.
57
American Beech Flammability

MODERATE
Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.
Form: Thick trunk and a broad, rounded crown
Habitat: Rich, well-drained bottoms and moist coves
Leaves: Alternate, simple, 2 to 6 inches, oblong to oval and pointed, with small
incurving teeth on the edges; bright yellow in autumn, later turning light tan and often
remaining on the tree until spring
Flowers: Males are on rounded heads hanging from slender 1 inch stalks; females
are on shorter spikes
Fruit: Prickly burs, about ¾ inch long, and splitting into 4 parts; each bur contains two
3-angled, pyramid-shaped, ½-inch, shiny, brown nuts
Bark: Light gray, thin and smooth
Twigs: Slender and zigzagged; buds are shiny brown, ¾ to 1 inch long, slender,
resembling pointed cigars or long thorns
Values and Uses: The wood is very hard, strong and tough, though not durable
when exposed to weather. The wood can be used for furniture, flooring, veneer, rough
lumber, tools, wedges, novelty items, baskets, charcoal, fuel and a type of creosote
used as a medicine. Beech nuts are eaten by many birds and mammals, including
mice, squirrels, chipmunks, black bear, deer, foxes, ruffed grouse, ducks and blue
jays. Large, older trees often become hollow, providing den sites for wildlife.
Did You Know? People frequently scar this tree by carving in its smooth bark.
Beech is highly tolerant
of shade. It often forms
thickets by root suckering,
so that old trees may
appear to be surrounded
by a ring of young ones.
58
American Chestnut Flammability

LOW
Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.
Mature Size: Formerly, up to 100 feet in height , 4 feet in
diameter; now, typically reaches 20 feet in height, 4 inches
in diameter
Form: Once a well-formed, massive tree with a dense, rounded crown; now found
mostly as stump sprouts, less than 20 feet tall; larger stems deformed by chestnut
blight may sprout below wounds
Habitat: Moist upland forests
Leaves: Alternate, simple, 5 to 8 inches long, with coarse, sharply pointed teeth along
the edges
Flowers: Males are small, pale green (nearly white), in 6- to 8-inch hanging catkins;
females are at the base of catkins (near twigs); flowers have an unpleasant odor
Fruit: Very sharp, prickly burr, 2 to 2½ inches long; each bur contains 2 or 3 round, ½
to 1 inch long, shiny, brown, sweet nuts
Bark: Light gray, with broad, flat ridges and fissures that often form a spiral around
the trunk
Twigs: Moderately thick, hairless, chestnut- to orangish-brown in color with many
lighter pores; buds are orangish-brown, ¼ inch long, covered with 2 or 3 scales and
resembling kernels of wheat; leaf scars are semicircular
Values and Uses: The wood is coarse-grained, similar to oak but lacking the distinct
rays in the wood. It is very resistant to decay; in fact, chestnut split-rail fences are still
standing in some parts of Virginia. The tree was once valued for lumber, furniture,
flooring, poles, posts, fence rails, railroad ties, tannins and fuel. The nuts were a
major food source for humans, livestock and a wide variety of wildlife.
Did You Know? At one time,
American chestnut was a
dominant forest species in
much of Virginia. The chestnut
blight fungus (introduced
around 1904) killed most trees
within a few decades, thereby
changing the composition of
entire forests. Many of the old
stumps continue to sprout to
this day, sometimes reaching
20 feet and producing a few
nuts before being killed by
the blight cankers. Research
and development of resistant
varieties is ongoing and shows
promise for reintroduction of the
species.
59
Alleghany Chinkapin Flammability

LOW
Castanea pumila Mill.
Mature Size: 15 to 30 feet in height,1 foot in diameter
Form: Large shrub or small tree, often forming thickets
Habitat: Understory in upland hardwood forests, most common on drier soils
Leaves: Alternate, simple, 3 to 6 inches long and 1½ to 2 inches wide, oblong to
lance-shaped, with coarsely toothed edge; bright yellowish-green on the upper
surface, pale green and slightly fuzzy on the lower surface
Flowers: Males are small and pale yellow, on semi-upright catkins 4 to 6 inches long;
females are ⅛ inch long, at the base of some catkins; flowers have an unpleasant
odor
Fruit: Prickly bur, 1 to 1½ inches across; each bur contains a shiny, dark brown,
sweet nut
Bark: Light brown tinged with red, slightly furrowed and broken into loose, plate-like
scales
Twigs: Slender to moderate, reddish-brown, often with gray fuzz; buds grayish-brown
and fuzzy, with 2 to 3 visible bud scales
Values and Uses: The wood is light, hard,
strong, coarse-grained and dark
brown. It is seldom harvested,
but has occasionally been
used for fence posts
and railway ties. The
sweet nuts are eaten
by humans, as well
as a wide variety of
wildlife, including
woodpeckers,
squirrels, jays and
chipmunks.
Did You Know?
The Cherokee
people used dried
chinkapin leaves to
treat headaches and
fevers.
60
White Oak Flammability

LOW
(Stave Oak)
Quercus alba L.
Form: Tall, clear, sometimes stocky trunk and rounded, spreading crown
Habitat: Grows on a wide variety of upland sites; grows best on deep, well-drained,
loamy soils
Leaves: Alternate, simple, 4 to 7 inches long, 7 to 10 rounded lobes; depth of the
sinuses between lobes varies from shallow to almost reaching the midrib; leaf base is
wedge-shaped where it joins the leaf stem
Flowers: Males are yellowish-green with slender 2- to 4-inch hanging catkins;
females are reddish-green in very small single spikes; both appear along with the
leaves
Fruit: Egg-shaped to oblong acorn, ¾ inch long, and light chestnut brown when ripe;
cap is warty and bowl-shaped, covering one quarter of the acorn and detaching at
maturity; maturing in one season
Bark: Light ash gray, covered with loose scales or broad plates
Twigs: Reddish-brown to somewhat gray or purplish, hairless, and often shiny; end
bud is clustered, reddish-brown, small, rounded, and hairless
Values and Uses: The wood is light brown, heavy, strong, hard, close-grained and
durable. It is used for lumber, barrels, furniture, tools, interior finish, flooring
and fuel. The acorns are sweet and
a preferred food of deer, bear,
turkeys, squirrels and other
wildlife. White oak makes an
impressive ornamental tree
for large landscapes.
Did You Know? Vessels
in the wood are plugged
with a substance called
tyloses, making it highly
water-tight. This trait has
made the wood valuable
for whiskey and wine
barrels, and in earlier
days, for shipbuilding.
61
Post Oak Flammability

LOW
(Iron Oak)
Quercus stellata Wangenh.
Form: Dense, round-topped crown with twisted and gnarled branches
Habitat: Rocky or sandy ridges and dry woodlands
Leaves: Alternate, simple, 4 to 6 inches long, deeply divided into five rounded lobes
separated by broad sinuses; the two largest lobes are straight across from each other,
at 90 degree angles from the end lobe, giving the leaf a distinctive T-shape
Flowers: Males are yellowish-green, in 2 to 4 inch, hanging catkins; females are
reddish, in short spikes from leaf axils; both appear with the leaves
Fruit: Oval acorn, ½ to ⅔ inch long; cap is scaly and saucer-shaped, covering one
third to one half of the acorn; maturing in one season
Bark: Ashy-gray and initially quite scaly, later becoming more blocky and ridged, often
with horizontal cross-breaks in the ridges
Twigs: Gray or tawny, slightly hairy, dotted with numerous pores; clustered end buds
short, blunt, orangish-brown, somewhat fuzzy
Values and Uses: The wood is heavy, hard, close-grained and resistant to decay. It
is used for lumber, flooring, veneer, trim moldings, mine timbers, railroad ties, fence
posts, pulpwood and fuel. The acorns are eaten by a variety of wildlife and the leaves
are used for
nest building by
squirrels, birds and
raccoons. Post
oak is drought-
tolerant and is
often used in
urban landscaping
and to stabilize
poor, erodible
soils.
Did You Know?
The common
name, post oak,
refers to the
wood’s historic
use in strong,
rot-resistant fence
posts.
62
Chestnut Oak Flammability

LOW
(Rock Oak, Tanbark Oak)
Quercus prinus L.
Form: Crooked trunk and irregular crown on dry ridge tops; straight trunk and narrow
crown on better sites
Habitat: Common on dry, rocky slopes and ridges, but attains best growth in well-
drained coves and stream sides
Leaves: Alternate, simple, 4 to 8 inches long, roughly oval but often wider near the
tip, edges with large rounded teeth
Flowers: Males are yellowish-green, in 2- to 4-inch hanging catkins; females are
reddish, in spikes; both appearing with the leaves
Fruit: Oval acorn, 1 to 1½ inches long, and shiny; cap is scaly and teacup-like, with
thin edges, separating from the acorn when mature; maturing in one season
Bark: Grayish-brown to brown; on young trees, very smooth; on older trees, thick and
deeply divided into broad, rounded or flat-topped ridges, somewhat resembling the
back of an alligator
Twigs: Medium-textured, hairless, orangish-brown or grayish; clustered end buds
chestnut brown, long, pointed and narrowly cone-shaped
Values and Uses: The wood is heavy, hard, strong and resistant to decay. It is similar
to, and often marketed as, white oak, and is used for lumber, beams, railroad ties,
flooring, furniture and planking.
The large acorns are sweet
and are eaten by a variety of
wildlife, although good acorn
crops are infrequent.
Did You Know? The bark of
this tree was once used for
tanning leather. The species
takes its common name from
American chestnut, which has
somewhat similar leaves.
63
Swamp Chestnut Oak Flammability

LOW
(Basket Oak, Cow Oak)
Quercus michauxii Nutt.
Form: Tall, clear trunk, with thick branches growing upward at sharp angles to form a
round-topped crown
Habitat: Moist, well-drained, loamy bottomlands and stream sides
Leaves: Alternate, simple, roughly oval but slightly wider near the tip, 6 to 8 inches
long, edges with large rounded teeth
Flowers: Males are yellowish-green, in 2 to 4 inch hanging catkins; females are
green to reddish, very small in leaf axils; both appearing with the leaves
Fruit: Egg-shaped acorn, 1 to 1½ inches long; cap is thick and bowl-like, with rough,
wedge-shaped scales, covering one third of the acorn; maturing in one season
Bark: Light, ashy-gray; on upper trunk of old trees, broken into broad flakes or divided
into strips
Twigs: Moderately thick, smooth or quite fuzzy, orangish-brown; buds reddish-brown,
clustered at twig ends
Values and Uses: The wood
is hard, tough, very strong and
heavy. It is used for barrels,
baskets, lumber, flooring, tools
and fuel. The acorns provide
an important food source for
many species of birds and
mammals.
Did You Know? The name
“cow oak” refers to cattle’s
fondness for the large, sweet
acorns. Its other name, “basket
oak,” refers to the long, thin
strips of wood that are split
from this tree and used to
make baskets.
64
Live Oak Flammability

LOW
Quercus virginiana Mill.
Mature Size: 50 feet in height, 4 feet in diameter; open-
grown trees may have trunk diameters of more than 6 feet
and a crown span of 150 feet
Form: Relatively short, broad trunk and heavy, gnarled branches forming a dense,
spreading crown
Habitat: Mainly dry sandy woods, in coastal areas
Leaves: Alternate, simple, 2 to 5 inches long, evergreen, leathery, oval with rounded
ends, edges mostly smooth or slightly toothed
Flowers: Males are on hanging catkins, females are on spikes
Fruit: ¾-inch long, dark brown acorn; cap is warty and bowl-shaped, covering one
third of the acorn; acorns are in clusters of 3 to 5; maturing in one year
Bark: Dark brown tinged with red, slightly furrowed, later becoming black and blocky
Twigs: Slender, gray and fuzzy, with small, blunt, multiple end buds
Values and Uses: The wood is heavy and strong, but extremely difficult to saw
and dry. It was once prized for blocks and ribs on sailing ships. The acorns are a
dependable and highly desirable food for a wide variety of wildlife. Live oak is salt-
tolerant and makes a good ornamental landscape tree for southern coastal areas.
Did You Know? Live oak, as the name implies, is evergreen and also is long-lived.
It sprouts readily from the roots and root collar. The United States Navy once owned
many stands of live oak, as it was considered the
strongest wood for ship building. The timbers of
the U.S.S. Constitution, “Old Ironsides,”
are made from live oak.
65
Laurel Oak Flammability

LOW
(Darlington Oak, Diamond-leaf Oak)
Quercus laurifolia Michx.
Mature Size: 60 feet in height, 1 to 3 feet in diameter
Form: Straight trunk and dense, rounded crown
Habitat: Moist woodlands and sandy soil near rivers and swamp edges
Leaves: Alternate, simple, semi-evergreen, oblong, 3 to 5 inches long, widest near
the middle, with smooth edges
Flowers: Males are yellowish-green, in 1½- to 3-inch hanging catkins; females are
green to reddish, in small spikes; both appearing with the new leaves in spring
Fruit: Nearly-round acorn, ½ to ⅔ inch long, dark brown and striped; reddish-brown
cap is usually shallow but may cover up to one third of the acorn; maturing in two
seasons
Bark: Dark brown and smooth on young trees, later developing shallow fissures with
flat, rough ridges
Twigs: Slender, light reddish-brown, hairless; buds are sharp-pointed, reddish-brown,
clustered at twig ends
Values and Uses: The wood is heavy and hard but does not make good lumber. It
is used occasionally for fuel and pulpwood. Laurel oak is a heavy acorn producer,
making it a reliable food source for many birds and mammals. The tree is also planted
as an ornamental.
Did You Know? Laurel oak has several forms with slightly different leaves. There is
debate about whether these forms are all one species, as well as whether laurel oak
itself is a hybrid.
66
Northern Red Oak Flammability

LOW
Quercus rubra L.
Mature Size: 70 to 90 feet in height and 2 to 3 feet in
diameter
Form: Straight trunk and rounded, relatively narrow crown
Habitat: Deep, well-drained, loamy soils and fertile coves; reaches best growth on
north and east slopes
Leaves: Alternate, simple, 5 to 8 inches long, with 7 to 11 sharply pointed and bristle-
tipped lobes; fall color deep red
Flowers: Males are in yellowish-green, slender, 2- to 4-inch hanging catkins; females
are on short spikes; both appearing with the leaves in spring
Fruit: Nearly-round acorn, ¾ to 1 inch long; cap is shallow, resembling a beret,
covering one quarter or less of the acorn; maturing in two seasons
Bark: On young stems, smooth and gray; on older trees, thick and broken by shallow
fissures into regular, flat, smooth-surfaced plates or flat ridges, resembling ski trails
Twigs: Thick, reddish-brown and smooth; end buds large, cone-shaped, reddish-
brown, in clusters
Values and Uses: The wood is hard, strong, coarse-grained, with light reddish-brown
heartwood and thin, light-colored sapwood. It is used for paneling, furniture, cabinets
and flooring. The acorns provide food for many mammals and birds. The tree’s
symmetrical shape and fall color make it a desirable landscape tree.
Did You Know? Northern red oak is one of the most important timber trees in the
eastern United States.
67
Southern Red Oak Flammability

LOW
(Spanish Oak)
Quercus falcata Michx.
Mature Size: 60 to 80 feet in height but can reach 100 feet in height, 1 to 2½ feet in
diameter
Form: Large, spreading branches with a broad, round, open top
Habitat: Variable; common on uplands with dry, poor, sandy or gravelly soils; reaches
largest size along streams in fertile bottoms
Leaves: Alternate, simple, 5 to 9 inches long, 4 to 5 inches wide, dark shiny green
above, tan and downy beneath; lobes are irregularly-shaped, mostly narrow, bristle-
tipped, with the central lobe usually longest; sometimes pear-shaped with three
rounded, bristle-tipped lobes at the outer end
Flowers: Males are yellowish green, on long thread-like catkins; females are reddish
on short spikes; both appear in spring with the leaves
Fruit: Small, rounded acorn, ½ inch long; cap is a thin, saucer-shaped cup that tapers
to a short stem; ripens during the second year
Bark: Rough, though not deeply furrowed; varies from light gray on younger trees to
dark gray or almost black on older ones
Twigs: Reddish-brown to grayish-brown; young twigs often gray and fuzzy; end bud
is ¼ inch long, clustered, dark reddish-brown, pointed, fuzzy
Values and Uses: The wood is heavy, hard, strong and coarse-grained. It is used
for construction lumber, veneers and furniture. The small acorns are eaten by many
species of wildlife, including songbirds. This tree is commonly planted for shade in the
landscape.
Did You Know?
Cherrybark oak
(Quercus pagoda) is
sometimes treated as a
variety of southern red
oak. Cherrybark oak is
found on bottomland
soils, especially along
rivers. It has pagoda-
shaped leaves and
rough bark similar to
that of black cherry. It is
considered an excellent
timber species.
68
Black Oak Flammability

LOW
(Yellow Oak)
Quercus velutina Lam.
Mature Size: 50 to 80 feet in height, 1 to 2½ feet in diameter
Form: Tapering, limby trunk and open, irregular crown
Habitat: Variable; common in dry woods and along ridges, but grows best on rich,
well-drained soils
Leaves: Alternate, simple, 4 to 10 inches long, basically oval with 5 to 7 pointed,
bristle-tipped lobes, shiny green above, paler with scruffy fuzz along leaf veins on the
underside; sun leaves have deep sinuses between lobes, and shade leaves have
very shallow sinuses; fall color dull red
Flowers: Males are on slender, yellowish-green catkins; females are reddish green,
on short spikes; both appearing in spring with the leaves
Fruit: Oval or rounded acorn, ½ to ¾ inch long; cap is a deep, scaly, bowl-shaped
cup, covering one half of the acorn; maturing in two seasons
Bark: On young trees, gray and smooth; on older trees, thick, very rough, nearly
black and deeply furrowed vertically with horizontal breaks; the inner bark is
yellowish-orange (as opposed to pinkish in other oaks) and very bitter-tasting
Twigs: Thick, reddish-brown to grayish-green, usually smooth, but rapidly growing
twigs may be hairy; buds relatively large (¼ to ½ inch), buff-colored, fuzzy, pointed
and distinctly angular
Values and Uses: The wood is hard, heavy, strong, coarse-grained, reddish-brown
with a thin outer edge of paler sapwood. It is marketed with red oak and used for
flooring, furniture, interior
finish, fence posts and
railroad ties. The acorns are
a valuable food source for
wildlife.
Did You Know? The bark of
black oak was once a major
source of tannins for tanning
leather, a bright yellow dye
and for medicines.
69
Scarlet Oak Flammability

LOW
Quercus coccinea Muench.
Form: Relatively small branches, spreading to form a narrow, open, irregular crown;
often retains many small, dead branches; base of trunk may be swollen
Habitat: Dry, rocky upland soils
Leaves: Alternate, simple, 4 to 7 inches long and 3 to 5 inches wide, with 5 to 9
pointed lobes deeply separated by wide sinuses that reach almost to the midvein;
scarlet fall color
Flowers: Males are on slender yellowish-green catkins; females are on very short
spikes; both appearing with the leaves in spring
Fruit: Oval acorn, ½ to 1 inch long; cap is a deep, shiny, bowl-like cup, covering one
third to one half of its length; acorn tip is often ringed with circles resembling a target;
maturing in two seasons
Bark: On young trees, smooth and gray; on older trees, darker with irregular broad
ridges and narrow furrows, especially near the base
Twigs: Moderately thick, reddish-brown; end bud is clustered, reddish-brown, plump,
pointed, slightly angled and covered with a light colored fuzz on the top half
Values and Uses: The wood is heavy, hard, strong and coarse-grained. It is used
for lumber, flooring, beams, railroad ties and furniture. The acorns provide food for
a variety of wildlife. The tree’s brilliant fall color, rapid growth and drought tolerance
make it a popular choice for landscape planting.
Did You Know? Scarlet oak is comparatively short-lived, but it continues to produce
stump sprouts much
longer than other oaks.
The swelling at the base
of most scarlet oak trunks
is caused by the chestnut
blight fungus, which infects
but does not kill the oaks.
70
Blackjack Oak Flammability

LOW
Quercus marilandica Muench.
Mature Size: 20 to 30 feet in height but rarely may reach
50 feet in height, 6 to 12 inches in diameter
Form: Short trunk and crooked, twisting branches forming an uneven crown; small,
stiff dead branches commonly present
Habitat: Most common on heavy clay or dry gravelly or sandy upland soils
Leaves: Alternate, simple, 4 to 8 inches long, leathery, usually broader at the end
than at the base, with 3 large lobes; often described as bell-shaped; undersides
brownish or orangish and quite hairy
Flowers: Males are in 2- to 4-inch hanging catkins; females are small, single or
paired
Fruit: Oblong acorn, ¾ inch long, and often striped; cap is a thick, scaly cup covering
one half of the acorn
Bark: Rough, very dark (often nearly black), broken into small, hard rectangular
blocks
Twigs: Thick, dark brown, with some hairy tufts; buds are reddish-brown, ¼ inch long,
sharp, angled and fuzzy
Values and Uses: Blackjack oak is not valuable as a timber species, but it is
sometimes used for charcoal, firewood and occasionally for railroad ties. The acorns
are eaten by wildlife.
Did You Know? The presence of blackjack oak is said to indicate poor soil.
71
Pin Oak Flammability

LOW
(Swamp Oak)
Quercus palustris Muench.
Form: Straight trunk with pyramid-like crown; lower branches droop, middle branches
are almost horizontal, and upper branches ascend slightly; numerous spur-like twigs
give the tree a spiky appearance
Habitat: Poorly drained river edges and floodplains, typically on clay soils
Leaves: Alternate, simple, 3 to 5 inches long, 2 to 5 inches wide, with 5 to 9 pointed
lobes separated by variable, but often wide, sinuses extending nearly to the midvein;
scarlet fall color
Flowers: Males are in slender, drooping, yellowish-green catkins; females are reddish
green, on short spikes; both appearing in spring with the leaves
Fruit: Rounded acorn, ½ inch long, striped, and flattened at the cap end; cap is thin
and saucer-like, covering up to one third of the acorn; maturing in two seasons
Bark: On young trees, smooth and grayish-brown; later developing narrow, dark gray,
flat-topped ridges separated by very shallow furrows
Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown, shiny; end bud is clustered, small, pointed and
chestnut brown
Values and Uses: The wood is hard and heavy, but somewhat knotty. It is used
for rough lumber and firewood. The acorns are eaten by waterfowl, turkeys, jays,
woodpeckers and squirrels. Pin oak is a popular landscape tree because of its fast
growth, ease of transplanting, tolerance of urban stresses and good fall color.
Did You Know? This tree’s
common name comes from
its pin-like twigs. Pin oak can
tolerate flooding during its
dormant season and may form
pure stands in poorly drained,
low-lying areas.
72
Water Oak Flammability

LOW
(Possum Oak, Spotted Oak)
Quercus nigra L.
Form: Straight trunk with slender branches and rounded or pyramidal crown
Habitat: Rich bottomlands, stream and swamp edges, and moist uplands
Leaves: Alternate, simple, 2 to 4 inches long, broader at the tip than at the base; may
be spoon-shaped or slightly 3-lobed; deciduous but often remain on tree into winter
Flowers: Males are in hanging catkins, females are on spikes; both appearing with
the leaves in spring
Fruit: Rounded acorn, ½ inch long, and very dark; cap is flattened and tight scaled,
covering one third of the acorn; maturing in two seasons
Bark: Initially smooth, brown and tight; later becoming grayish-black with wide scaly
ridges
Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown; end bud is clustered, short, sharp-pointed, angular,
reddish-brown
Values and Uses: The wood is used for rough construction lumber, support beams,
plywood and firewood. Acorns are eaten by a variety of wildlife. Water oak is
commonly planted as a shade tree in the Southeast.
Did You Know? Water oak is easily injured by fire.
73
Willow Oak Flammability

LOW
(Pin Oak, Peach Oak)
Quercus phellos L.
Mature Size: 50 to 80 feet, 1 to 2½ feet in diameter
Form: Oblong crown with many slender branches; some dead lower branch stubs
may persist
Habitat: Lowlands, river and swamp borders, and rich, sandy uplands
Leaves: Alternate, simple, 2 to 5 inches long, narrow, smoothed-edged, tipped with a
bristle
Flowers: Males are on slender yellowish-green catkins; females are on very short
spikes; both appearing with the leaves in spring
Fruit: Acorn, ¼ to ½ inch, and tan; cap is thin, flat, and scaly, covering one fourth of
the acorn
Bark: Young trees are smooth and reddish-brown; older trunks are darker brown to
nearly black, slightly rough, and divided by narrow ridges
Twigs: Slender, smooth, olive-brown; clustered end bud is small, reddish-brown and
sharp-pointed
Values and Uses: The wood is heavy, strong, rather coarse-grained and light brown
tinged with red. Sold as red oak, it is used for crossties, rough construction and
pulpwood. The tree produces good acorn crops, making it a valuable and dependable
wildlife food source. Willow oak is long lived and fast growing, and it is widely planted
as a landscape tree.
Did You Know? Willow oak may be almost evergreen in the southernmost portions of
its range.
74
American Elm Flammability

LOW
(White Elm, Soft Elm)
Ulmus americana L.
Form: Straight or forked trunk and arching vase-shaped crown; trunk may be
enlarged at the base
Habitat: Most common on bottomlands and other fertile, moist soils
Leaves: Alternate, simple, smooth to slightly rough-textured, 4 to 6 inches long, oval,
with double-toothed edges, a long, slightly curved point and an uneven base
Flowers: Small, in drooping clusters of 3 to 5; appearing in early spring before the
leaves
Fruit: Small seed encased in a rounded, flattened, papery, wafer-like covering with
fuzzy edges, deeply notched at tip, ⅜ to ½ inch across; fruits are clustered on long
stems, ripening in early spring
Bark: Dark gray, divided into irregular, flat-topped, thick ridges separated by diamond-
shaped fissures; inner bark shows layers of reddish-brown and buff
Twigs: Slender, smooth, slightly zigzag, reddish-brown; buds are egg-shaped, more
than ¼ inch long, reddish-brown with darker edged scales, often set a little to one
side of the twig
Values and Uses: The wood is heavy, hard, strong, tough and difficult to split.
Although seldom harvested today, it was once used for furniture, hardwood
dimension, flooring, construction and mining timbers, crates, baskets and paper pulp.
The seeds and flower buds are eaten by birds and small mammals. This tree was
once among the most popular and beautiful of landscape and city street trees.
Did You Know? An introduced fungus,
Dutch elm disease, began killing
American elms in the 1930s.
Selective breeding has
produced some trees
with resistance to the
disease. Large, valuable
trees are occasionally
treated with costly trunk
injections of fungicide,
a technique which
manages but does not
cure the disease.
75
Slippery Elm Flammability

LOW
(Red Elm, Soft Elm)
Ulmus rubra Muhl.
Mature Size: 60 to 70 feet in height, up to 2½ feet in diameter
Form: Broad, somewhat flat-topped crown and spreading branches
Habitat: Grows best on moist, rich bottomlands, but also found on drier, upland soils
Leaves: Alternate, simple, egg-shaped to oblong, 4 to 6 inches long, 2 to 3 inches
wide, edge double-toothed, leaf base uneven; dark green above and very rough,
paler and slightly rough or hairy beneath
Flowers: Small, light green, in tight clusters of 3 to 5, appearing in early spring before
leaves open
Fruit: Small seed encased in a round, papery, wafer-like covering, ¾ to 1 inch across;
edges and surfaces are smooth, but surface of the seed cavity is fuzzy; ripening in
late spring
Bark: Dark reddish-brown, and deeply furrowed; inner bark very slippery
Twigs: Thicker than American elm, slightly zigzag, ashy-gray to brownish-gray, often
mottled, rough; buds are chestnut brown to nearly black, sometimes rusty-hairy; twigs
are sticky when chewed
Values and Uses: The wood is similar to that of American elm and, although not
often harvested, it has been used for furniture, paneling and containers. The seeds
are eaten by birds and small mammals, and twigs are browsed by rabbits and deer.
The inner bark is collected for use in folk medicines.
Did You Know? The inner bark, when steeped in water,
is a long-used remedy for coughs, sore throats and fevers.
Slippery elm is less susceptible to Dutch
elm disease than the American elm.
76
Winged Elm Flammability

LOW
(Cork Elm, Wahoo)
Ulmus alata Michx.
Form: Short trunk, with branches arching upward to form an open, rounded crown
Habitat: Common on dry, gravelly uplands, but also grows in moist river bottoms
Leaves: Alternate, simple, 1½ to 3½ inches long, oblong to oval, pointed, somewhat
rough-textured and coarsely double-toothed on the edges
Flowers: Small, reddish, in clusters; appearing before leaves in spring
Fruit: Small seed encased in a reddish, flattened, papery covering, ⅓ inch across;
hairy on edges; oblong, tipped with two long, curving bristles; ripening in early spring
Bark: Reddish-brown to ashy-gray, divided into irregular flat ridges and fissures
Twigs: Slender, smooth, slightly zigzag, reddish-brown, with reddish-brown buds and
corky wings protruding up to one-half inch from stem
Values and Uses: The heavy wood is hard and strong. It is seldom harvested but
has been used for furniture, flooring, hockey sticks, crates and boxes. Birds and small
mammals eat the seeds, and deer browse the new leaves in spring.
Did You Know? Winged elm takes its common name from the corky “wings” often
present on its twigs.
77
Hackberry Flammability
LOW
(Sugarberry, Nettletree)
Celtis occidentalis L.
Mature Size: Commonly 40 to 60 feet in height but may reach 140 feet in height, 1 to
2 feet in diameter
Form: Rounded, spreading crown; may have numerous bushy growths on branches
(“witches’ brooms”)
Habitat: Mainly bottomlands and stream sides
Leaves: Alternate, simple, 2 to 5 inches long, oval with curved, pointed tip and
uneven base; three major veins originating at leaf base; small rounded or pointed
bumps (galls) caused by an insect are often present on the leaves
Flowers: ⅛ inch, light green, and 4 or 5 lobed; produced on stalks from new leaf
axils; appearing in spring
Fruit: Round, thin-fleshed, dry but edible fruit, ¼ to ⅜ inch across, turning orange-red
to dark purple in fall when ripe; often remaining on the tree over winter
Bark: Gray and generally smooth, with characteristic corky warts and ridges
Twigs: Slender, zigzag, light reddish-brown with numerous lighter pores; buds are
small, tan, triangular, pressed close to twig; inside of a cut twig (pith) is often divided
into chambers near points of leaf attachment
Values and Uses: The wood is heavy, rather soft and weak, decaying quickly when
exposed to moisture. It is not often harvested, but it has been used for inexpensive
furniture, millwork, baskets and crates and some athletic equipment. The berries are
persistent and make a good fall and winter food source for birds and small mammals.
Did You Know?
A related species,
sugarberry (Celtis
laevigata), is
found in extreme
southeastern
Virginia.
78
Red Mulberry Flammability

LOW
Morus rubra L.
Form: Short trunk and dense, spreading crown
Habitat: Floodplains and low, moist slopes
Leaves: Alternate, simple, 3 to 5 inches long, rough above and downy beneath, with
toothed edges; leaf shape may be oval, mitten-shaped, or with 3 or more lobes
Flowers: Males and females are usually on separate trees; males are tiny, pale
green, and clustered into 1- to 2-inch hanging catkins; females are tiny, pale green
and clustered into 1-inch catkins; both appearing in late spring with the leaves
Fruit: 1- to 1¼-inch-long fleshy cluster resembling a blackberry, red when immature
and turning deep purple when ripe in mid-summer; sweet, juicy and edible
Bark: Dark brown tinged with red, but often orange on young trees; scaly with long,
irregular ridges
Twigs: Slender, zigzag, green changing to reddish-brown, sometimes fuzzy; buds
covered with brown-edged overlapping scales; leaf scars are shield-shaped and
somewhat sunken; silvery-white hairs are present when twig is broken
Values and Uses: The dark brown wood is light and soft, not strong, but quite
durable. It was traditionally used for fencing, barrels, interior finish and agricultural
tools. The berry is a favorite food for squirrels, opossums, raccoons, turkeys and
many songbirds.
Did You Know? A related species, white mulberry (Morus alba) is the main
food source for silkworm caterpillars.
White mulberry was imported from
China in the 1700s, in hopes of
establishing a silk industry
in the southern United
States. Although silk
production
here was
never
successful,
white mulberry
is now
naturalized
throughout the
South.
79
Cucumbertree Flammability
LOW
(Cucumber Magnolia)
Magnolia acuminata L.
Form: Straight trunk and a narrow, pyramid-shaped crown
Habitat: Mountain valleys and cool, moist slopes, especially those facing north or
east
Leaves: Alternate, simple, oblong-oval, 6 to 10 inches long, 3 to 6 inches wide, with
pointed ends and smooth, often wavy edges
Flowers: 2 to 3 inches long, bell-shaped, green to greenish-yellow; appearing in late
spring or early summer
Fruit: 2- to 3-inch-long cone-like cluster, maturing from green to bright red to brown;
red seeds are egg-shaped, ½ inch, and dangle on slender threads when ripe
Bark: Light grayish-brown and flaky, soft enough to dent with thumbnail, much darker
reddish-brown when flaked away
Twigs: Moderately thick, reddish-brown, with light pores; end bud is large, silky and
white; ring-like scars encircling twigs at the points of leaf attachment; twigs smell
spicy-sweet when broken
Values and Uses: The wood is light, soft and durable, harder and heavier than that of
yellow-poplar, with which it is usually marketed. It is used for pallets, crates, plywood
and furniture. The seeds are not a preferred wildlife food, but they are eaten by a few
birds and mammals. Cucumbertree is also planted as an ornamental shade tree.
Did You Know? The common name refers to the immature fruit’s resemblance to a
small cucumber.
80
Sweetbay Flammability
LOW
(Swamp Magnolia, White Bay)
Magnolia virginiana L.
Mature Size: Typically 20 to 30 feet in height but may reach 60 feet in height, 1 foot
in diameter
Form: Small tree with a rounded, narrow crown
Habitat: Swamp edges and other low, wet areas
Leaves: Alternate, simple, oblong, 4 to 6 inches long, blunt-pointed, smooth-edged,
shiny bright green above and pale or whitish below, releasing a pleasant, spicy odor
when crushed
Flowers: 2 to 3 inches across, fragrant, cup-shaped, creamy white, with 9 to 12
petals; appearing in late spring
Fruit: 2-inch-long cone-like cluster, pink ripening to dark reddish-brown, with bright
red seeds
Bark: Smooth, reddish-brown to gray, often mottled
Twigs: Moderate in size, pale green, fuzzy, with ring-like scars encircling twigs at
points of leaf attachment; buds are ½ inch long, with fuzzy, silvery-gray scales curling
at the ends
Values and Uses: Sweetbay wood is soft. It is not a major commercial species,
but it has been used for veneer, boxes, handles, novelty woodenware, core stock
for furniture, and occasionally for pulpwood. The foliage and twigs are a favorite
browse for deer, and the
seeds are eaten by birds and
small mammals. Sweetbay is
also grown as an attractive
landscape tree.
Did You Know? Sweetbay
is often late in shedding its
leaves; farther south, it may be
almost evergreen.
81
Fraser Magnolia Flammability

LOW
(Mountain Magnolia, Umbrella-tree)
Magnolia fraseri Walt.
Mature Size: Commonly 30 to 50 feet in height, 1 to 1½ feet in diameter
Form: Small tree often growing in clumps, with a wide-spreading, open crown
Habitat: Rich coves and cool slopes, in mountain areas
Leaves: Alternate, simple, oblong, 10 to 12 inches long, with earlobe-like projections
at the base; leaves often clustered at ends of branches
Flowers: Very showy, about 10 inches across, with several creamy-white petals and
an unpleasant odor; appearing with the leaves in spring
Fruit: Cone-like cluster, 4 to 5 inches long, red at maturity, later turning brown,
containing scarlet seeds
Bark: Smooth, grayish-brown, splotchy; later developing scaly plates
Twigs: Thick, purplish-brown, with large leaf scars; end bud is 1 inch long, smooth
and purplish-brown
Values and Uses: The wood is light, weak and easily worked. It occasionally is used
for lumber or pulpwood, in a mix with yellow-poplar and other magnolias. Birds and
small mammals eat the seeds, and deer sometimes browse the twigs. The tree is
sometimes planted for ornamental purposes.
Did You Know? Another magnolia species nicknamed umbrella-tree (Magnolia
tripetala) is found in scattered mountain areas of the state. Its large leaves spread
from the branch tips like the ribs of an umbrella.
82
Yellow-poplar Flammability
LOW
(Tuliptree, Tulip-poplar)
Liriodendron tulipifera L.
Mature Size: Typically 90 to 110 feet in height but can reach nearly 200 feet in height,
2 to 3 feet in diameter but can reach 10 feet in diameter
Form: Very long, straight trunk with a compact, pyramidal crown
Habitat: Various moist, well-drained sites statewide, but attains best growth on deep
moist soils along streams and in lower mountain coves
Leaves: Alternate, simple, 4 to 6 inches long and wide, smooth-edged; usually 4
pointed lobes, the outer two lobes often flattened into a squared end; fall color is yellow
Flowers: 2 to 3 inches across, tulip-shaped, yellowish-green, marked with orange
bands near the base
Fruit: 2½- to 3-inch cone-like cluster of woody, slender, wing-like seeds, breaking up at
maturity in fall, leaving a spike with a few whorls of seeds, resembling wooden flowers
Bark: Light gray with shallow furrows on young trees, later becoming thick with flat-
topped ridges and white furrows
Twigs: Reddish-brown, often appearing shiny or waxy; large scars encircling the twig
at leaf nodes; buds are elongated and “duck bill”-shaped; twigs have a sweet, spicy
odor when broken
Values and Uses: The wood is light, soft, easily worked, with wide cream-colored
sapwood and greenish-yellow heartwood. It is used for lumber, trim, veneers, flake
and chip boards, plywood, core stock of furniture, paper pulp and fuel. Sprouts and
buds are a major food of deer, and birds and squirrels eat the seeds. The flowers are
an important nectar
source for honey
production. Yellow-
poplar makes an
impressive shade tree
for large landscapes.
Did You Know?
Yellow-poplar is one of
the largest and most
valuable hardwood
trees in the United
States. Yellow-poplar
stands are popular with
mushroom hunters,
because the prized
morel mushrooms
grow best under these
trees.
83
Pawpaw Flammability
LOW
Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal
Mature Size: Up to 40 feet in height, 1 foot in diameter
Form: Small tree or shrub, often forming thickets
Habitat: Understory of hardwood forests, especially in moist floodplains
Leaves: Alternate, simple, 5 to 11 inches long, somewhat pear-shaped; when
crushed, gives an unpleasant smell like fresh asphalt
Flowers: Purplish-brown, broadly bell-shaped, 1 to 1½ inch across, with 6 petals,
appearing with or slightly before the leaves
Fruit: Fleshy, edible, 2½ to 4 inches long, resembling a short, fat banana; at first
green, turning yellowish and then brown as they ripen in the fall
Bark: Smooth, brown, splotched with wart-like pores, often with light gray patches
Twigs: Moderately-thick, reddish-brown; buds are purplish-brown, fuzzy, flattened
and often curved, end bud is ¼ to ½ inch long
Values and Uses: Pawpaw fruits are eaten by raccoons, opossums, squirrels and
birds.
Did You Know? Pawpaw leaves are the only food source for caterpillars of the
beautiful zebra swallowtail butterfly.
84
Sassafras Flammability
LOW
Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees
diameter
Form: Small tree with an irregular, often twisted trunk and flat-topped crown, often
forming thickets
Habitat: Open woods and abandoned fields, especially on moist sandy loam soils
Leaves: Alternate, simple, 4 to 6 inches long, with smooth edges and three distinct
leaf forms (oval, mitten-shaped and 3-lobed); fragrant when crushed; fall color is
yellow, orange or crimson
Flowers: Small but showy, bright yellowish-green, clustered along 2-inch stalks,
appearing in early to mid-spring; males and females are on separate trees
Fruit: On female trees only; shiny, dark blue, egg-shaped, berry-like, ⅓ inch long,
with a thin, fleshy covering on the hard seed; each fruit is held in a red cup on an
upright red stalk; maturing in late summer
Bark: Thick, reddish-brown and deeply furrowed; inner bark is cinnamon-colored
Twigs: Slender, green, with a spicy-sweet aroma when broken; buds are ¼ inch long
and green; on young plants, twigs form a 60-degree angle from main stem
Values and Uses: The wood is soft, weak and brittle. It is sometimes used for fence
posts, barrels, buckets, interior trim, cabinets and firewood. The roots and bark
contain an oil used for perfumes and flavoring. The dried leaves are ground into filé
powder, a popular ingredient in Creole cooking. The berries are a favorite of many
songbirds, and the foliage is browsed by deer and small mammals. Because it readily
forms thickets on disturbed sites, sassafras can be valuable as a soil stabilizer.
Did You Know?
Sassafras was used
medicinally by Native
Americans, and early
American colonists
exported it to Europe as
a cure-all. At one time,
sassafras was the main
flavoring in root beer, and
the roots were brewed into
a popular tea. Sassafras
tea and flavoring fell out
of favor in the 1960s,
when scientists found that
the chemical safrole can
cause cancer. Modern
products flavored with
sassafras have been
treated to remove the
safrole.
85
Sweetgum Flammability
LOW
(Redgum)
Liquidambar styraciflua L.
Form: Straight trunk and pyramid-shaped crown, becoming more spreading with age
Habitat: Rich river bottoms, swamp edges and drier uplands
Leaves: Alternate, simple, 4 to 6 inches long and wide, star-shaped, with 5
(occasionally 7) pointed lobes and finely saw-toothed edges; fragrant when crushed;
fall color red, purple, orange and gold, often on the same tree
Flowers: Small, bright yellowish-green tinged with red, in ball-like clusters; females
on slender drooping stalks; males in several clusters on an upright stalk; both
appearing early to mid-spring
Fruit: 1- to 1½-inch prickly ball, composed of many beak-shaped capsules, green at
first but becoming brown and woody; containing small seeds; “gumballs” often hang
on the tree through the winter.
Bark: Grayish-brown, roughened by corky scales, later becoming deeply furrowed
Twigs: Medium-textured, shiny green to yellowish-brown, usually with corky, wing-like
outgrowths, particularly when fast growing; end bud is large, usually sticky, covered
with green to orangish-brown, shiny scales
Values and Uses: The wood is heavy, moderately hard, close-grained and not
durable when exposed to weather. It is used for flake and strand boards, interior
finish, paper pulp, veneers, plywood and baskets. The reddish heartwood present in
large trees was once used in furniture as a substitute for mahogany. Small songbirds,
chipmunk and squirrels
eat the seeds, and the
twigs are browsed by
mice and rabbits. A
“fruitless” variety has
been developed for
landscape planting.
Did You Know? The
hardened sap was once
used as a chewing gum.
86
Sycamore Flammability
MODERATE
(Buttonwood, American Planetree)
Platanus occidentalis L.
Mature Size: 80 to 100 feet but may reach 150 feet in height, 3 to 4 feet in diameter
but may reach 10 feet in diameter
Form: Straight, often massive trunk, with spreading, crooked branches forming an
open crown
Habitat: Stream banks and rich bottomlands
Leaves: Alternate, simple, 5 to 8 inches long and wide, large-toothed edges, 3 to 5
major lobes divided by broad, shallow sinuses; several main leaf veins branching from
a single point at the leaf base; leaf stem base enlarged, encircling the bud; toothed
leaf-like growths encircling stem at base of each leaf
Flowers: Very small; both males and females are in dense, round clusters; typically a
single cluster to a stalk, appearing with the leaves
Fruit: A ball tightly packed with winged, ½-inch seeds, surrounded by fine hairs;
maturing in late fall; dispersing in the wind in late winter
Bark: Distinctive “camouflage” mottling of brown, green, tan and white; peeling
readily; older stems are grayish-brown and scaly
Twigs: Obviously zigzag, quite thick, orangish-brown; leaf scar surrounding the bud,
stipular scar surrounding the twig; buds are reddish, resinous, with a single, cap-like
scale
Values and Uses: The wood is hard and moderately strong but decays rapidly in
the ground. It is used for chopping blocks, furniture, interior finish, particleboard,
fiberboard, paper pulp and biomass
for energy production. Songbirds
eat the seeds. Large, old,
hollow trees serve as
roosting and den sites for
wildlife. Sycamore’s
distinctive bark
makes it an
attractive
tree for large
landscapes.
Did You
Know?
Sycamore has
the largest
trunk diameter
of any North
American
hardwood.
87
Downy Serviceberry Flammability

LOW
(Shadbush, Juneberry, Sarvis)
Amelanchier arborea (Michx. f.) Fern.
Mature Size: 40 feet in height, 1 foot in diameter
Form: Shrub or small tree with a rather narrow, rounded top
Habitat: Moist slopes and understory of hardwood forests
Leaves: Alternate, simple, oval, 1½ to 3 inches long, finely toothed along edges,
green above and paler below
Flowers: Showy, each with 5 white, ½-inch-long petals, in elongated, drooping
bunches; appear in spring just before or with the leaves
Fruit: Round, sweet, edible berries, ¼ to ⅜ inch in diameter, red to purple, in small
hanging clusters; ripening in early to mid summer
Bark: Thin, smooth, ashy-gray bark on young trees, later developing long vertical
splits and furrows
Twigs: Slender, flexible, reddish-brown to gray, with a few lighter scattered pores;
may be covered with fine hairs when young; buds are light yellowish-green to red,
pointed, up to ½ inch long, often slightly hooking around twigs
Values and Uses: The wood is heavy, extremely hard, strong, close-grained and
dark brown. It can be used for furniture and turnery, although it is not often harvested.
Many birds and mammals eat the berries. Serviceberry makes a beautiful ornamental
tree for the home landscape.
Did You Know? The common name of shadbush was given to the tree by early
settlers, because the tree’s blooming coincided with the spring migration of shad,
an important
food fish. Two
related species
– shadblow
serviceberry
(Amelanchier
canadensis)
and Allegheny
serviceberry
(Amelanchier
laevis) – are also
found in Virginia.
88
Black Cherry Flammability

LOW
(Wild Cherry, Rum Cherry)
Prunus serotina Ehrh.
Form: Long, clear trunk and oblong crown
Habitat: Grows on many sites that are not very wet or very dry; reaches best growth
in mountains
Leaves: Alternate, simple, 2 to 5 inches long, oblong to lance-shaped, finely toothed,
dark green and shiny above, paler below, usually with yellowish-brown fuzz along
mid-rib
Flowers: Small white flowers in hanging, narrow clusters 4 to 6 inches long;
appearing in late spring when leaves are about half expanded
Fruit: Round, ⅓ inch in diameter, dark purple to almost black when ripe; maturing in
summer
Bark: On young trees, thin, satiny, reddish-brown, with horizontal markings made up
of patches or rows of pores; on older trees, dark brown to black, covered with small,
scaly plates with slightly upraised edges, resembling burnt potato chips
Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown, with pronounced bitter almond odor when scratched;
buds are very small, with several glossy, reddish-brown to greenish scales
Values and Uses: Black cherry is the largest of the native cherries of the United
States and the only one of commercial value. The wood is reddish-brown with
yellowish sapwood. It is moderately heavy, hard, strong and fine-grained. Black
cherry is valuable for
furniture and interior
finish. The fruit is an
important food source
for many birds and
other wildlife. In earlier
days, the bark was
used medicinally and
to make a tonic. The
fruit is also sometimes
used in jelly and wine.
Did You Know? Black
cherry is often found
growing along fences,
power lines and other
spots where the seeds
have been dropped
(fertilizer included!) by
perching birds.
89
Eastern Redbud Flammability

LOW
(Judas Tree)
Cercis canadensis L.
Form: Small tree with thick, spreading branches and an often twisted trunk
Habitat: Understory of moist, well-drained woodlands
Leaves: Alternate, simple, heart-shaped, smooth-edged, 3 to 5 inches long and wide
Flowers: Bright pink to purple, ½ inch long, similar to pea flowers, in clusters along
the twigs and small branches, appearing before the leaves in early spring
Fruit: Oblong, flattened, many-seeded pod, 2 to 4 inches long; resembling a snow
pea pod
Bark: Initially smooth and brown, later ridged and furrowed to scaly and dark gray;
may have some maroon patches evident and orange in the cracks
Twigs: Slender and zigzag, nearly black, spotted with lighter pores; leaf buds tiny,
dark red to chestnut in color; flowers buds are round and often in large clusters on
older woody stems
Values and Uses: The wood is heavy, hard, not strong, and rich, dark brown in color.
It has little commercial value. Some birds and mammals eat the seeds. Redbud is
planted as an ornamental tree suitable for small landscapes.
Did You Know? Redbud bark was historically used to treat dysentery.
90
Honeylocust Flammability
LOW
Gleditsia triacanthos L.
Form: Relatively short trunk and broad, airy crown
Habitat: Moist bottomlands and soils of limestone origin
Leaves: Alternate, 5 to 8 inches long, pinnately-compound with 15 to 30 leaflets, or
bipinnately-compound with 4 to 7 pairs of minor leaflets; leaflets ½ to 1½ inches long,
elliptical to oval
Flowers: Small, greenish-yellow, on 2- to 3-inch narrow, hanging clusters, not showy,
but very fragrant, appearing in late spring
Fruit: Distinctive pod, 6 to 8 inches long, flattened, reddish-brown, which is leathery
becoming dry and twisted; resembling a rotten banana peel; pod contains many oval,
dark brown, shiny seeds, ⅓ inch long; maturing in late summer and early fall
Bark: Initially, grayish-brown to bronze, smooth with many horizontal pores, later
breaking into long, narrow, curling plates; often has clusters of large, branched thorns
on trunk
Twigs: Thick or slender, zigzag, reddish-brown to light brown, with many pores and
branched thorns; side buds very small and sunken
Values and Uses: The wood is coarse-grained, hard, strong and moderately resistant
to decay. It is sometimes used for fence posts and crossties but is not as durable as
that of black locust. Birds eat the seeds, and both wild mammals and livestock eat the
large, sweet seed pods. Honeylocust is planted for erosion control and windbreaks.
Thornless varieties are commonly planted in urban landscapes, where they tolerate
pollution and harsh growing conditions.
Did You
Know? The
species name
“triacanthos”
means “three
spines”; however,
this tree’s
branched spines
often have many
more than three
points. The
spines were
sometimes used
as pins by early
settlers.
91
Black Locust Flammability

LOW
(Yellow Locust)
Robinia pseudoacacia L.
Mature Size: 30 to 70 feet tall, 1 to 2 feet in diameter
Form: Medium-sized, with crooked branches; may form thickets through root
suckering
Habitat: Variety of sites, including disturbed areas; grows best on moist loams of
limestone origin
Leaves: Alternate, pinnately-compound, 8 to 14 inches long, with 7 to 19 oval,
smooth-edged leaflets
Flowers: Showy and fragrant, white, 1 inch long and pea-like, borne in 5-inch
hanging clusters, appearing mid to late spring
Fruit: Flat, brown pod, 2 to 4 inches; each pod containing 4 to 8 kidney-shaped,
smooth, reddish-brown seeds; ripening in fall
Bark: Gray or light brown, thick and fibrous, heavily ridged and furrowed, resembling
a woven rope
Twigs: Zigzag, somewhat thick and angular, reddish-brown with lighter pores; paired
spines at each leaf scar (often absent on older or slow growing twigs); buds are
sunken beneath the leaf scars
Values and Uses: The wood is
yellow, coarse-grained, very heavy,
very hard, strong and very resistant
to decay. In the past it was used
extensively for fence posts, poles,
mine timbers, split rails and decking,
as well as for pulpwood and fuel.
Sprouts and seedlings are important
food for cottontail rabbits and deer.
Birds that eat black locust seeds
include bobwhite quail and other
game birds. Older trees with heart
rot are used by cavity nesters, such
as woodpeckers. The flowers are an
important nectar source for honey
production. Black locust is a nitrogen
fixer and is good for reclaiming mine
sites and other disturbed lands.
Did You Know? Black locust is
damaged by many insects and
diseases, including locust borers,
leafminers and heart rot fungi.
Fungal growths are often present on
the trunks.
92
American Holly Flammability

LOW
Ilex opaca Ait.
Form: Pyramid-shaped evergreen, often retaining low branches
Habitat: Grows on a variety of sites, especially moist, well-drained, acid soils
Leaves: Alternate, simple, evergreen, leathery, glossy, 2 to 4 inches long, with widely
spaced spines along the edges
Flowers: Males and females are on separate trees; dull greenish-white; males are
in clusters of 3 to 7; females are single, with a pleasant odor; both appearing in late
spring
Fruit: On female trees only; bright red, round and berry-like, ¼ inch across, and
attached to a short stalk; ripens in fall and remains on the tree over winter
Bark: Light gray and smooth at all ages
Twigs: Slender, with rust-colored fuzz; buds are small, reddish-brown, pointed
Values and Uses: The wood is light, close-grained and bone-colored. It is not a major
commercial species, but it is sometimes used for interior finishing, inlays, veneers and
novelties. The bitter-tasting berries are food for songbirds, deer, wild turkeys and a
wide variety of other animals. Holly is a popular ornamental tree, and the foliage and
berries are used for holiday decorations.
Did You Know? Although holly wood is naturally very white, it can be easily dyed.
When dyed black, it resembles tropical ebony wood
and can be used for
piano keys and other
musical instrument
parts.
93
Boxelder Flammability
LOW
Acer negundo L.
diameter
Form: Short trunk, often multi-stemmed with sprouts along trunk
Habitat: Common in river bottoms, but tolerates a wide range of soils
Leaves: Opposite, pinnately-compound with 3 to 7 leaflets, light green; leaflets are 2
to 4 inches long, coarsely toothed, and may have one or two lobes; the 3-leaflet form
resembles poison ivy
Flowers: Males and females are on separate trees; yellowish-green, in drooping
clusters, appearing in spring
Fruit: V-shaped, 2-winged, 1 to 1½ inches long, in drooping clusters, spinning like
helicopter propellers as they fall
Bark: Light brown to gray, with rounded, interlacing ridges; may be warty on young
trees
Twigs: Green to purplish-green, moderately thick, leaf scars are narrow, meeting in
raised points, often covered with a waxy bloom; buds are white and hairy
Values and Uses: The wood is used occasionally for paper pulp. Birds and small
mammals eat the seeds, which are larger than most maple seeds and mature later,
making them available into the winter. The sap is sometimes used to make syrup.
Boxelder is drought tolerant and has been planted for windbreaks and erosion control.
Did You Know? The common name comes from the wood’s resemblance to that of
the box shrub and the resemblance of the leaves to those of elderberry.
94
Sugar Maple Flammability

LOW
(Hard Maple, Rock Maple)
Acer saccharum Marsh.
Form: Fairly large tree with dense, oval crown
Habitat: Cool slopes with moist, well-drained loamy soils
Leaves: Opposite, simple, 3 to 5 inches long and wide, palmately-lobed and veined,
with five lobes separated by rounded, shallow sinuses; turning brilliant shades of red,
yellow and orange in fall
Flowers: Light yellowish-green, small, clustered, hanging from a 1- to 3-inch stem,
appearing with or slightly before the leaves
Fruit: Horseshoe-shaped, 2-winged, 1 inch long, in clusters, spinning like propellers
when they fall
Bark: Gray to brown, darker on older trees, developing furrows, with long, thick
irregular ridges that curl outward
Twigs: Brown, slender and shiny with lighter pores; end bud is brown, very sharp
pointed, with tight scales
Values and Uses: The pale brown or pink wood is hard, heavy, strong and close-
grained. It used for flooring, furniture, veneer and novelties. Birds and small mammals
eat the seeds; rabbits, deer and squirrels browse the twigs; and sapsuckers ring the
tree with holes and return to feed on the sap and insects it attracts. The trees are
“tapped” for their sweet sap, which is used to make maple syrup and maple sugar.
Did You Know? Sugar maple wood sometimes has unique patterns, such as
“birdseye” or “curly”
figures, which make
the wood highly
prized. The causes
of this figured
wood are not well
understood.
95
Red Maple Flammability

LOW
(Swamp Maple, Soft Maple)
Acer rubrum L.
Mature Size: Up to 90 feet in height, 2½ feet in diameter
Form: Medium-sized tree with rounded crown in the open, narrow crown in the forest
Habitat: Wide variety of sites, from dry ridges to swamps
Leaves: Opposite, simple, 2 to 6 inches long, with 3 to 5 lobes and coarsely toothed
edges, green above and whitish below; leaf stem often red; leaves turn brilliant
scarlet, orange or yellow in fall
Flowers: Attractive but small, usually bright red but occasionally yellow, in hanging
clusters, appearing before leaves in spring
Fruit: Paired, winged, reddish and V-shaped, ½ to ¾ inch long, on long drooping
stems; ripening in late spring and early summer; spinning as they fall
Bark: Young trunks are smooth and light gray; older trunks are darker gray and
separated by vertical ridges into large, plate-like scales
Twigs: Reddish and shiny with small pores; buds are usually blunt, green or reddish,
with several loose scales; leaf scars are V-shaped, with 3 bundle scars; side buds are
slightly stalked
Values and Uses: The light cream colored wood, known commercially as soft maple,
is heavy, close-grained and rather weak. It is used for furniture, turnery, woodenware
and paper pulp. Red maple can be tapped for syrup-making, but the tapping season
is shorter than for the hard maples. The fruit and buds are a primary food source for
gray squirrels in late winter and early spring. Birds and mice eat the seeds, and deer
browse the young
sprouts. Red maple is
a popular shade and
ornamental tree, with
brilliant fall color.
Did You Know?
Red maple tolerates
the widest variety
of soil conditions of
any North American
forest species. Red
maple is not tolerant
of fire; however,
suppression of fire has
led to a proliferation
of red maple in the
understory of many
Virginia forests.
96
Silver Maple Flammability

LOW
(White Maple, Soft Maple)
Acer saccharinum L.
Form: Fairly short trunk, often dividing into several sub-trunks, branches sweeping
downward then curving gracefully upward
Habitat: Stream banks, flood plains and lake edges
Leaves: Opposite, simple, 2½ to 5 inches long, 5 main lobes with deep sinuses, lobe
edges coarsely toothed, light green above and silvery white below
Flowers: Greenish to reddish flowers, in dense clusters, appearing in early spring
long before leaves
Fruit: Paired, winged and shallowly V-shaped, 1½ to 2½ inches long, maturing in late
spring, spinning as they fall; able to germinate immediately
Bark: Young bark is light gray and smooth; older bark is splitting into long thin strips,
loose at ends
Twigs: Shiny, reddish- to chestnut-brown, unpleasant odor when crushed; buds are
reddish-brown with large scales; flower buds are often in dense clusters
Values and Uses: The wood is soft, brittle, weak and easily worked. It is used
mainly for boxes, furniture and fuel, and is often cut and sold along with red maple.
The tree can be tapped for syrup-making, but it yields less sap than other maples.
Silver maple’s seeds, the largest of any native maple, are an important food source
for many birds and small mammals. Squirrels feed heavily on the buds in late winter,
and beavers feed
on the bark and cut
stems. Silver maple
is often planted
as a landscape
ornamental tree.
Did You Know?
Silver maple roots
often clog water and
sewer lines if the
tree is growing near
them.
97
Striped Maple Flammability

LOW
(Moosewood, Goosefoot Maple)
Acer pensylvanicum L.
Mature Size: 25 feet in height, 8 inches in diameter
Form: Small tree or large shrub with open crown
Habitat: Cool, shady slopes under larger hardwoods
Leaves: Opposite, simple, 5 to 8 inches long, 3-lobed (resembling a goose’s foot),
edges toothed
Flowers: Males and females are on separate trees; yellowish-green, bell-shaped, ¼
inch long, appearing in long, hanging, slender clusters in late spring
Fruit: Paired, winged and shallowly V-shaped, ¾ to 1 inch long, in hanging clusters;
ripening in late summer and fall, spinning as they fall
Bark: Young bark is smooth, grayish-green with prominent white lengthwise stripes;
becomes reddish-brown with age
Twigs: Moderately thick, green changing to red or reddish-brown, smooth; reddish
buds are narrowly egg-shaped, stalked, and duckbill-like
Values and Uses: The wood is white and fine-grained and is occasionally used for
inlay, although the tree is so small it is seldom harvested. Grouse and other birds
eat the seeds. Deer, rabbits and beaver browse the young growth and bark. It is
sometimes planted as an ornamental for its attractive striped bark and its shade
tolerance.
Did You Know?
Native Americans
used this tree
medicinally,
and modern
medical research
has found that
it contains a
tumor-fighting
substance.
98
Yellow Buckeye Flammability

LOW
(Sweet Buckeye)
Aesculus flava Ait.
Mature Size: Commonly 50 to 80 feet in height, 2 to 3 feet in diameter
Form: Usually quite straight, with a rounded crown
Habitat: Moist, deep, well-drained soils of river bottoms, coves, and north-facing
slopes
Leaves: Opposite, palmately-compound, 10 to 15 inches long, 5 oval leaflets, each 3
to 7 inches long, edges sharply toothed
Flowers: Pale yellowish-orange, tubular, in large showy upright 4 to 8 inch clusters;
appearing in late spring
Fruit: Smooth-surfaced capsule, 2 to 3 inches long; capsule bears 1 to 3 brown, shiny
1½ to 2-inch nuts with a lighter spot on one side; nuts are poisonous if eaten.
Bark: Initially smooth, light grayish-brown and often splotchy; later developing large
scaly patches
Twigs: Thick, with large, shield-shaped leaf scars and orange pores; end bud is ½ to
¾ inch long, orangish-brown, sharp-pointed; side buds are much smaller
Values and Uses: The wood is light, soft and close-grained. It is sometimes used
for pulpwood and woodenware. Yellow buckeye is also planted as an attractive
ornamental tree.
Did You Know? Although the nuts are poisonous if eaten by people and animals,
mountain people used to believe that a buckeye carried in a pocket would bring good
luck.
99
American Basswood Flammability

LOW
(Linden, Linn, Beetree)
Tilia americana L.
Form: Medium tree with a dense crown; often sprouts from old stumps, resulting in a
cluster of trunks
Habitat: Tolerates variety of sites, but grows best on deep, moist, fertile loams
Leaves: Alternate, simple, oval- to heart-shaped, 5 to 6 inches long, with toothed
edges, leaf base uneven, green above and paler below
Flowers: Pale yellow, in clusters several inches long, hanging below a long,
gracefully curving leafy wing; appearing in early to mid-summer
Fruit: Round nutlet, ¼-inch in diameter, covered with grayish-brown hair; in hanging
clusters below a curving, leafy bract, which in autumn acts as a wing to carry the
seeds away with the wind
Bark: Young bark is smooth and grayish-green; later turning grayish-brown, fibrous,
ridged with long, shallow furrows and flat topped ridges
Twigs: Moderately thick, zigzag, green (summer) or red (winter); buds are plump with
one side bulging out more than the other
Values and Uses: The wood is cream colored, lightweight, soft, tough but not
durable. It is used for pulp, carved woodenware, excelsior, boxes and barrels. The
inner bark produces a fibrous material used for weaving baskets, rope and mats.
A variety of wildlife eat the seeds, twigs and buds. Bees use the fragrant flowers to
make a choice honey. Basswood is often planted as a shade tree.
Did You Know? Tilia
caroliniana and Tilia
heterophylla are very closely
related to this species. In fact,
all are often simply grouped
together as “Tilia species.”
100
Flowering Dogwood Flammability

LOW
Cornus florida L.
Mature Size: Commonly 20 to 30 feet tall, 6 to 8 inches in
diameter
Form: Small tree with spreading, uplifted branches
Habitat: Hardwood forest understories, on a variety of soils
Leaves: Opposite, simple, 3 to 5 inches long, edges smooth or wavy, with veins
curving to run parallel to the leaf edges
Flowers: Very small and inconspicuous, tightly clustered, surrounded by 4 very
showy, large, white (occasionally pink), notched, petal-like bracts, 2 inches in
diameter; appearing in mid-spring
Fruit: Oval, shiny, bright red, berry-like, and in tight clusters; ripening in October
Bark: Grayish-brown, dividing into small scaly blocks
Twigs: Slender, green or purple (on sunlit side), later turning gray, often with a waxy
coating; flower buds are onion-shaped; leaf buds resemble dull cat claws
Values and Uses: The brown to red wood is hard, heavy, strong and very close-
grained. It was once used for textile shuttles and spools and for handles and mallets,
but is seldom harvested today. Although the fruits are poisonous if eaten by humans,
more than 35 species of birds and many large and small mammals are known to
eat them. Deer and rabbits browse the foliage and twigs. Dogwood is planted as an
attractive ornamental tree.
Did You Know? Flowering dogwood is the state tree and the state flower of Virginia.
101
Sourwood Flammability
LOW
(Sorrel Tree, Lily-of-the-Valley Tree)
Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC.
Form: Poorly formed, often with leaning trunk and crooked branches
Habitat: Forest understories with acidic, well-drained soils
Leaves: Alternate, simple, elliptical, 4 to 7 inches long, shiny green above and paler
below, edges very finely-toothed, sour tasting when chewed; turning crimson in fall
Flowers: White, ¼ inch long, urn-shaped, hanging below long stems that droop then
lift upward, resembling lily-of-the-valley flowers, appearing in mid-summer
Fruit: Capsule, ⅓ to ⅜ inch, borne on long stems, turning brown and woody; capsule
splits into 5 parts in fall to release very tiny, 2-winged seeds
Bark: On very young shoots, bark may be red; on older trunks, becoming grayish-
brown, very thick with deep furrows and scaly ridges, often are broken into rectangles
Twigs: Olive green, changing to red; buds are small, round and pressed close to
stem; broken twig smells like potatoes
Values and Uses: The wood is brown, heavy, hard, very close-grained and compact.
Although not considered a commercial wood, it is sometimes used for turnery,
handles, pulp and fuel. Bees use the flowers’ nectar to make a unique and desirable
honey. It is sometimes planted as an ornamental for its attractive summer flowers and
fall foliage.
Did You Know? Sourwood often sprouts abundantly on cutover lands.
102
Black Gum Flammability

LOW
(Black Tupelo, Sour Gum, Pepperidge)
Nyssa sylvatica Marsh.
Mature Size: Commonly 40 to 60 feet in height but can reach 100 feet in height, 1 to
2 feet in diameter but can reach 4 feet in diameter
Form: Medium tree with slender limbs often growing at right angles to the trunk
Habitat: Variety of sites, from creek bottoms to upland slopes
Leaves: Alternate, simple, 2 to 5 inches long, oval with a pointed tip, smooth-edged,
occasionally with several coarse teeth near tip; turning scarlet in fall
Flowers: Males and females are usually on separate trees; light green, not showy, in
clusters hanging from slender stalks, appearing with the leaves
Fruit: Round, ½ inch across, dark blue, berry-like, thin-fleshed, clustered on stalks up
to 1½ inches long, each containing a single-ridged seed
Bark: On younger trees, gray and furrowed between flat ridges; later becoming
dense, hard and nearly black, developing squared blocks resembling alligator hide
Twigs: Moderately thick, reddish-brown to gray, pith inside divided by thin walls; 1 to
2 inch curved spur shoots often present; buds are egg-shaped, pointed, green and
light brown, darkening to brown in winter
Values and Uses: The wood is very tough, cross-grained, hard to work, and warps
easily. It can be used for containers, crossties, rough flooring and pulpwood. Sections
of trunk were used in colonial days as “bee gums,” or places for bees to make their
hives. Many species of birds and wildlife eat the fruit, and bees use the nectar to
make honey. Black gum heartwood often rots, creating dens for wildlife, including
black bears. The fall foliage
makes black gum an
attractive landscape tree.
Did You Know? A variety of
black gum, the swamp tupelo
(Nyssa sylvatica var. biflora)
often grows in year-round
swamps. It has narrower
leaves and its seed is more
deeply ridged.
103
Water Tupelo Flammability

LOW
(Tupelo Gum, Water Gum, Cotton Gum)
Nyssa aquatica L.
Size: 80 to 100 feet in height, 3 feet in diameter
Form: Long trunk with a swollen base and narrow crown
Habitat: Deep river and coastal swamps, growing in or near the water
Leaves: Alternate, simple, oblong, 4 to 8 inches long, pointed at the end, edges
smooth or occasionally with a few coarse teeth near the end
Flowers: Small, greenish white, usually in hanging clusters, appearing with the
leaves
Fruit: Oblong, 1 inch long, dark purple, with a tough skin and thin layer of flesh over
the deeply-grooved seed; borne on slender, drooping stalks, 3 to 4 inches long
Bark: Brownish-gray, variable, with scaly ridges or sometimes blocks
Twigs: Thick, yellowish-brown to reddish-brown, with large, heart-shaped leaf scar
and small buds; pith inside are divided by thin walls; spur shoots are common
Values and Uses: The wood is light, soft and close-grained but is not strong. It
is sometimes used for containers, pallets, furniture and pulpwood. Wood ducks,
squirrels, and other birds and mammals eat the fruit. Deer browse the new shoots,
and bees use the nectar to make tupelo honey. Water tupelo is often planted in wet
areas of the landscape where few other species will grow.
Did You Know? The roots have a spongy wood that has sometimes been used to
make floats for fishing nets.
104
Common Persimmon Flammability

LOW
(Simmon, Possumwood)
Diospyros virginiana L.
Form: Small to medium tree with a round-topped crown of crooked branches
Habitat: Grows on a wide variety of sites, from sandy woods to moist river bottoms to
rocky slopes
Leaves: Alternate, simple, oblong to oval, 2½ to 5 inches long, edges smooth, shiny
green above and paler or whitish below
Flowers: Males and females are usually on separate trees; white to greenish-white,
½ inch long; male flowers are in threes; females are solitary and urn-shaped; both
appearing in late spring and early summer
Fruit: Plum-like berry, ¾ to 2 inches in diameter, green at first, turning orange to deep
reddish-purple when ripe; leaf-like bracts on top of fruit; containing several flattened,
oblong, brown seeds, about ½ inch long; fruit is sweet and edible when ripe (after a
hard freeze in fall), but very astringent when green
Bark: Young bark is grayish-brown with orange in fissures; later becoming much
darker, breaking up into square scaly thick plates, resembling small charcoal
briquettes
Twigs: Slender, light brown to gray, may be rough or fuzzy; buds are dark red to
black, triangular, pressed close to stem; leaf scar has one crescent-shaped bundle
scar
Values and Uses: Persimmon heartwood is dark brown to black, and the sapwood is
cream colored to light brown
or gray. The wood is very
hard and has been used for
spindles, shuttles, golf club
heads and other items that
require shock-resistance.
The fruit is eaten by humans,
as well as by opossums,
raccoons, skunks, foxes and
many songbirds.
Did You Know? Native
Americans often dried
persimmons like prunes and
used them to make a tasty
bread.
105
White Ash Flammability

LOW
Fraxinus americana L.
Mature Size: Commonly 70 to 80 feet in height, 2 feet in
diameter
Form: Straight, clear trunk and oblong crown
Habitat: Grows best on rich, moist, well-drained soils
Leaves: Opposite, pinnately-compound, 8 to 12 inches long, with 7 toothed or
smooth-edged, 3 to 5 inch, oval to lance-shaped leaflets, green above and paler
below
Flowers: Males and females are usually on separate trees; light green to purplish,
lacking petals, females in long, loose clusters, males in tighter clusters, both
appearing after the new leaves in spring
Fruit: 1 to 2 inches long, single-winged, flattened but with a rounded seed cavity, in
crowded 6 to 8 inch clusters
Bark: Ashy-gray to brown, with interlacing corky ridges forming obvious diamonds;
may be scaly on older trees
Twigs: Thick, gray to olive green, hairless; leaf scars round at the bottom, notched
at the top, with buds in the notch; end bud is large, brown, with leathery scales, and
flanked by 2 side buds
Values and Uses: The wood is tough, elastic, and shock resistant, with a pleasing
grain. It is used for tool handles, baseball bats, oars, furniture and interior finish. Birds
and wildlife eat the seeds; beavers and rabbits eat the bark. White ash is planted as a
shade tree and sometimes to prevent soil erosion.
Did You Know? Juice
from ash leaves has been
used as a folk remedy,
said to reduce the itching
of mosquito bites.
106
Green Ash Flammability

LOW
(Red Ash, Swamp Ash)
Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.
Mature Size: 60 to 70 feet in height, 1½ feet in diameter
Form: Medium-sized tree with an irregular or rounded crown
Habitat: Moist river bottoms and stream banks
Leaves: Opposite, pinnately-compound, 6 to 9 inches long, with 7 to 9 toothed,
elliptical to lance-shaped leaflets, green above and smooth to slightly fuzzy below
Flowers: Males and females are usually on separate trees; light green to purplish,
lacking petals; males are in tighter clusters, appearing after the leaves unfold; females
are in long, loose clusters,
Fruit: 1 to 2½ inches long, narrow, flat and winged, with the wing portion extending
well past the middle of the seed-bearing part
Bark: Ashy-gray to brown, with interlacing corky ridges forming obvious diamonds;
older trees may be somewhat scaly
Twigs: Thick to medium, gray to greenish-brown, smooth or fuzzy; leaf scars are
semicircular to flat across the top, with side buds sitting on top of leaf scar; end bud is
large and flanked by 2 side buds
Values and Uses: The wood
is heavy, hard, rather strong,
brittle and coarse-grained,
light brown, with a rather broad
layer of lighter sapwood. It is
marketed with white ash and
used for tool handles, baseball
bats, rough lumber, pulpwood,
veneer, crates and boxes.
Many birds and mammals eat
the seeds, and deer browse the
foliage. Green ash is commonly
planted as a shade tree.
Did You Know? Green ash
can grow on sites that are
flooded for up to 40 percent of
the growing season.
107
Non-Native Invasive Species

From mountains to sea, and from city to country, Virginia’s landscape is a mosaic of
native and non-native plants. Some non-native species are beneficial and cause no
problems. Others, however, become invasive. An invasive species is one that is not
native and causes or is likely to cause economic, health-related or environmental harm.
Native ecosystems maintain a balance of interactions among plants, animals and
nonliving components, such as soil and water. Introducing a new species can upset
that balance, causing effects that ripple through the entire natural community. For
example, displacement of native plants can cause declines in the wildlife species that
depend on them. Invasive plants can crowd out economically important species, such
as native oaks. They might serve as carriers for diseases that attack native plants.
They can also reduce an area’s biodiversity of plants and the animals that depend on
them. Invasive plants can even change the hydrology or alter soil chemistry in an area.
Some invasive plants arrived here by accident, usually by seeds “hitchhiking” in soil
or on people or animals. Others have been planted for special purposes, such as
attractive flowers or livestock forage. No one fully understands why some non-native
plants become invasive and others do not. We do know that invasive plants tend to
have the following characteristics:
▲ Rapid growth and maturity;
▲ Prolific seed production and effective dispersal, and/or the ability to spread
vegetatively;
▲ Few or no natural predators or diseases to keep them in check in a new
area, and
▲ Traits which limit competition from other plants, such as allelopathic
chemicals, dense roots or the ability to shade out other species.
The six trees described in detail in this book are only the tip of the iceberg when it
comes to Virginia’s invasive plants. Several other trees are occasionally invasive, in
addition to an alarming number of shrubs and herbaceous plants. In addition, non-native
animals and introduced diseases can also become invasive. Unfortunately, the number
of invasive species is increasing as global travel becomes easier and more common.
What can you do to stop the spread of invasive species?

▲ Learn to identify invasive species. The websites listed in this book’s
bibliography are good sources of information.
▲ Don’t plant any species known to be invasive.
▲ If you have invasive plants on your property, get rid of them. Your local
extension office or Department of Forestry office can provide information on
how to remove problem plants and suggest alternative species to plant.
▲ Be careful not to move pieces of plants or seeds into new areas – either
purposely, by picking them, or accidentally, on your shoes or clothing.
▲ Spread the word about invasive species. Teach others what you have
learned, and encourage them to take action as well.
108
Tree-of-Heaven Flammability
LOW
INVASIVE
(Paradise Tree, Chinese Sumac, Copal-tree, Stinking Ash) Native to China
Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle
Form: Open crown with heavy branches; often grows in clumps from root sprouts
Habitat: Common in open, sunny, disturbed areas, such as roadsides, field edges
and woodland openings; tolerant of pollution and well adapted to a wide variety of
poor soils and urban conditions
Leaves: Alternate, pinnately-compound, 1 to 3 feet long, with 11 to 41 leaflets;
leaflets 2 to 6 inches long, pointed at the tip, with a few large gland-tipped teeth near
the base; leaves have a strong odor, similar to burnt peanut butter, when crushed.
Flowers: Males and females are on separate trees; small, yellowish-green, in 6 to 12
inch clusters, appearing late spring to early summer; males have an unpleasant odor
Fruit: Twisted, papery, winged, 1 to 1½ inches long, each containing one seed; in
large clusters on female trees
Bark: Thin, light brown to gray, resembling cantaloupe skin when young, later turning
darker and rougher
Twigs: Stout, yellow to reddish-brown, covered with downy hairs when young; easily
broken, with a large reddish-brown pith and strong odor; buds are fairly small, half-
moon-shaped, above large, heart-shaped leaf scars
Values and Uses: This tree was introduced to the U.S. as an ornamental for difficult
urban settings. Research is underway to find markets for tree-of-heaven wood, to
encourage people to remove it from their properties.
Problems: Tree-of-heaven sprouts from its roots and produces abundant seeds,
allowing it to displace native trees, and it produces a chemical that inhibits the growth
of many other species.
Did You Know? Tree-of-heaven’s
hardiness was made famous
in Betty Smith’s
classic 1943
novel, A Tree
Grows in
Brooklyn.
It has a
long history
of use in
traditional
Chinese
medicine.
109
Mimosa Flammability
LOW
INVASIVE
(Silk-tree) Native from Iran
to China
Albizia julibrissin Durazz.
Mature Size: Up to 30 feet in height, 6 to 12 inches in diameter
Form: Small tree which branches low and quickly spreads into a wide V-shaped
crown with a flat top; may grow in clumps from root sprouts
Habitat: Tolerates a variety of soils, but most common along stream banks and
roadsides
Leaves: Alternate, twice-pinnately-compound, feathery, 10 to 20 inches long, with
leaflets ⅜ inch long; leaflets fold up in response to handling
Flowers: Showy, in fluffy pink clusters that resemble pom-poms; individual flowers
are small with 1 inch long pink stamens; appearing in mid- to late summer
Fruit: Flattened pod, 5 to 6 inches long, grayish-brown when mature, containing hard
seeds
Bark: Smooth and grayish-brown, even on larger stems
Twigs: Medium, zigzag, greenish-brown to grayish-brown, with many pores; buds are
small, rounded, with a few scales
Values and Uses: This tree was introduced to the U.S. as an ornamental for its
unusual and attractive flowers and fern-like leaves.
Problems: Mimosa spreads rapidly through root sprouts and seeds, displacing native
trees.
Did You Know? Mimosa is susceptible to a wilt disease that has caused it to decline
in many areas.
110
Royal Paulownia Flammability

LOW
INVASIVE
(Princess Tree, Empress Tree) Native to east
Asia
Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Siebold & Zucc. ex Steud.
Form: Rounded crown with heavy, clumsy branches
Habitat: Tolerant of many soil conditions, including harsh dry sites; common along
roads, stream banks, rocky slopes and other open disturbed areas
Leaves: Opposite, simple, heart-shaped, 5 to 12 inches, velvety underneath; on
younger sprouts, leaves may be more than 2 feet long, with a few course serrations
or lobes
Flowers: 1½ to 2 inches long, purple, tubelike, very fragrant, in large, showy, upright
clusters; appearing in spring before the leaves; tan, fuzzy round flower buds are
obvious throughout the winter
Fruit: Oval capsule, 1 to 1½ inches long, filled with thousands of small, winged
seeds; capsules initially are sticky and green, later turning brown and dry, persisting
on the tree
Bark: Thin and grayish-brown with shallow fissures
Twigs: Stout, light brown, with numerous pores; buds are small; leaf
scars nearly round; bundle scars are arranged
in a circle
Values and Uses: This tree was
introduced to the U.S. as an
ornamental. The wood from
slower-grown specimens is
prized in Asia for specialty
products, such as musical
instruments and decorative
carved objects. Paulownia has
been used to reclaim strip-
mined sites.
Problems: Abundant seed
production and the ability to
sprout from roots enable this
tree to displace native trees on
disturbed sites.
Did You Know? This tree’s
abundant fluffy seeds were often
used as packing material for
porcelain and other fragile goods
shipped from China.
111
Norway Maple Flammability

LOW
INVASIVE
Acer platanoides L. Native to
continental
Mature Size: 80 feet in height, 2 feet in diameter Europe
Form: Evenly rounded crown with dense foliage
Habitat: Commonly planted in cities and suburbs, escaping to nearby forests and
edges
Leaves: Opposite, simple, palmately-veined, 5 to 7 lobes with several long points;
leaves exude milky white sap from the petiole when broken
Flowers: Males and females are usually on separate trees; ⅓ inch long, bright
yellowish-green, in clusters; appearing in early spring before the leaves
Fruit: 1½ to 2 inches long, two-winged, very widely V-shaped with a relatively flat
seed cavity, in clusters; maturing in late fall
Bark: Grayish-brown, somewhat corky; on older trees, shallowly furrowed with long,
narrow, somewhat interlacing ridges
Twigs: Stout, brown, with leaf scars meeting at a sharp angle; end bud is large,
turban-shaped, green to purple, with large bud scales
Values and Uses: Norway maple is pollution-tolerant and is often planted in city
landscapes.
Problems: Norway maple produces abundant shade-tolerant seedlings which can
invade forest understories, displacing native plants.
Did You Know? Norway maple’s shallow root system and dense crown make it
difficult to grow grass and other plants beneath it.
112
White Poplar Flammability

LOW
INVASIVE
(Silver poplar) Native to Europe
and Asia
Populus alba L.
Mature Size: Up to 80 feet in height, 2 feet in diameter
Form: Crown may be wide-spreading or narrow; often forms thickets
Habitat: Roadsides, fields and other open, sunny sites, especially those with moist
soil
Leaves: Alternate, simple, 2 to 4 inches long, margins are coarsely toothed and
sometimes lobed (maple-like), shiny green above, silvery white and velvety beneath
Flowers: Males and females are on separate trees; 2 to 3 inches long, on hanging
catkins; appearing before the leaves
Fruit: Small, egg-shaped capsule, splitting to release cottony seeds in late spring or
early summer
Bark: Smooth, milky greenish white when young, later developing many pores which
stretch into shallow dark splits and ridges
Twigs: Medium-sized, gray to reddish-brown, often with whitish hairs that can be
rubbed off; buds are oval, pointed, reddish-brown, with some fine gray hairs; side
buds are somewhat hooked
Values and Uses: White
poplar has been planted for its
attractive silver-backed leaves. It
has been bred into many forms,
including a tall, narrow form
often planted for screens and
windbreaks.
Problems: White poplar
seeds spread in the wind, and
established trees produce
abundant new sprouts from the
roots. The roots can clog water
and sewer pipes. Branches tend
to be weak-wooded and break
easily.
Did You Know? White poplar
hybrids have been grown
for pulpwood and are being
researched as a fast-growing
source of biofuel.
113
Chinaberry Flammability
LOW
INVASIVE
(Pride of India, Persian Lilac, Bead Tree) Native to India
and China
Melia azedarach L.
Mature Size: Up to 40 feet in height, 1 foot in diameter
Form: Short tree with spreading crown and many branches
Habitat: Roadsides, forest edges, fence rows and old home sites
Leaves: Alternate, singly or doubly compound, 10 to 22 inches long; leaflets are
coarsely-toothed or -lobed, 1 to 2 inches long, shiny green above, smooth on both
surfaces
Flowers: ½ to 1 inch across, purple, in long loose clusters
Fruit: Round, up to ¾ inch across, yellowish-brown, berry-like, in hanging clusters;
ripening in fall and persisting all winter
Bark: Brown to reddish-brown, with slightly criss-crossing furrows
Twigs: Very stout, olive-brown to brown with many lighter pores; leaf scars are large
and three-lobed; buds are very light brown, small, round and fuzzy
Values and Uses: Known for its attractive flowers and fruit, this tree has been planted
as an ornamental for more than 100 years.
Problems: Chinaberry displaces native trees by forming dense colonies from its
roots. Birds also disperse its seeds in their droppings, spreading the tree across the
natural landscape.
Did You Know? Chinaberry fruit is poisonous if eaten by people and livestock.
Extracts from the fruit and leaves have been used as natural pesticides.
114
Other Trees in Virginia

This book focuses on common native trees, but anyone who spends time outdoors
will likely encounter additional species. Some trees are rare in the state, or common
only in a very small area. Some are usually considered shrubs but do occasionally
reach tree size and form. In addition, many non-native species have become
naturalized in Virginia.
The table below lists some of the other trees you may encounter in Virginia’s forests.
A detailed description of these species may be found in a dendrology textbook,
horticultural reference book or a comprehensive tree identification book. Commonly
planted, non-native ornamental trees are listed only if they have become naturalized
– that is, they were originally brought from somewhere else but have become
established here.
Common Name Scientific Name Status Flammability

Fraser Fir Abies fraseri Native HIGH
Black Maple Acer nigrum Native LOW
Mountain Maple Acer spicatum Native LOW
Pecan Carya illinoensis Naturalized LOW
Red Hickory Carya ovalis Native LOW
Chinese Chestnut Castanea mollissima Naturalized MODERATE
Catalpa (Cigar-Tree) Catalpa spp. Naturalized LOW
Native;
Fringetree Chionanthus virginicus LOW
shrubby
Yellowwood Cladrastis kentukea Native LOW
Native;
Hawthorn Crataegus spp. LOW
shrubby
Somewhat
Russian-olive Elaeagnus angustifolia MODERATE
invasive
Pumpkin Ash Fraxinus profunda Native LOW
Kentucky Coffeetree Gymnocladus dioicus Naturalized LOW
Osage-orange Maclura pomifera Naturalized LOW
Umbrella-tree Magnolia tripetala Native LOW
Apple, Crabapple Malus spp. Naturalized LOW
Somewhat
White Mulberry Morus alba LOW
invasive
Norway Spruce Picea abies Naturalized LOW
Quaking Aspen Populus tremuloides Native LOW
Native;
American Plum Prunus americana LOW
shrubby
115
Other Trees in Virginia, continued
Common Name Scientific Name Status Flammability

Native;
Fire Cherry (Pin Cherry) Prunus pensylvanica LOW
shrubby
Sweet Cherry Prunus avium Naturalized LOW
Peach Prunus persica Naturalized LOW
Native;
Choke Cherry Prunus virginiana LOW
shrubby
Callery Pear (Bradford Somewhat
Pyrus calleriana LOW
Pear) invasive
Common Pear Pyrus communis Naturalized LOW
Somewhat
Sawtooth Oak Quercus acutissima LOW
invasive
Swamp White Oak Quercus bicolor Native LOW
Bear Oak Quercus ilicifolia Native LOW
Shingle Oak Quercus imbricaria Native LOW
Turkey Oak Quercus laevis Native LOW
Overcup Oak Quercus lyrata Native LOW
Bur Oak Quercus macrocarpa Native LOW
Chinkapin Oak Quercus muehlenbergii Native LOW
Cherrybark Oak Quercus pagoda Native LOW
Weeping Willow Salix babylonica Naturalized LOW
American Mountain-ash Sorbus americana Native LOW
Stewartia Stewartia spp. Native LOW
Bigleaf Snowbell Styrax americanus Native LOW
Taxodium distichum
Pondcypress Native LOW
var. nutans
Carolina Hemlock Tsuga caroliniana Native LOW
Somewhat
Siberian Elm Ulmus pumila LOW
invasive
Norway Spruce
116
Project Learning Tree (PLT)

Virginia Project Learning Tree (PLT) offers workshops regularly throughout the
state, where present and future educators can receive training in PLT’s award-
winning curriculum. At www.plt.org, there are more details about
the PLT PreK-8 Environmental Education Activity Guide, early
childhood materials, and our series of secondary modules:
Focus on Forests, Focus on Risk, Municipal Solid Waste, Places
We Live, Forests of the World, Biodiversity,
Biotechnology, and Southeastern Forest
and Climate Change. Workshops are
posted on the calendar of events at
www.plt.org. The Virginia
PLT Web site is https://sites.
google.com/site/pltvawebsite/.
Virginia Master Naturalist

Program
Virginia Master Naturalists
are volunteers who provide
education, outreach and
service dedicated to the
beneficial management of natural
resources in their communities.
Chapters exist in many localities,
and new chapters may start at any time.
Certified Virginia Master Naturalists receive a minimum of 40 hours training in
a wide variety of natural resource topics. They then devote a minimum of 40
hours per year to projects, which range from teaching others to building trails,
and from improving habitats to performing research.
The Virginia Master Naturalist program is sponsored by seven Virginia state
agencies: Department of Forestry, Department of Wildlife Resources, Department
of Conservation and Recreation, Department of Environmental Quality, Museum
of Natural History, Institute of Marine Science’s Center for Coastal Resources
Management, and Cooperative Extension.
For more information, visit www.virginiamasternaturalist.org.
117
Glossary
–A–
Acorn: Fruit of an oak tree; a smooth, hard-shelled fruit with a cap at the base
Allelopathy: Production of a chemical by one plant that hinders the growth of other
plant species
Alternate leaves: Leaves arranged singly in an alternating pattern along a twig
Axil: The angle between an attached leaf and the stem
–B–
Bark: The outer covering of a tree
Bipinnately-compound: Multi-parted leaf with leaflets arranged on side branches off
a main axis; twice-compound
Blight: A general name for a plant disease that causes wilting or death of growing
shoots
Bole: The main stem or trunk of a tree
Branchlet: A small branch
Bract: A modified leaf which is part of a flower
Browse: Leaves, tender shoots and other soft, growing parts of woody plants, that
are eaten by animals
–C–
Capsule: A seed-bearing structure that splits open when ripe
Catkin: An elongated flower cluster
Clear trunk: Trunk that lacks branches along a significant part of its length
Compound leaf: Leaf with more than one part, made up of several leaflets attached
to a slender, stem-like structure
Cone: The reproductive, seed-bearing structure of most needle-leaved evergreens,
usually consisting of overlapping woody scales
Conifer: Cone-bearing tree with needle-like or scale-like leaves, usually evergreen;
also known as softwood
Crown: The mass of branches at the top of a tree
–D–
Deciduous: Trees which lose their leaves seasonally
Dioecious: Tree having male and female flowers on separate trees
Doubly serrate (doubly toothed): Leaf edge having evenly spaced notches with
smaller notches in between
118
Glossary, continued
Downy: Covered with short, soft, fuzzy hairs
–E–
Entire: Leaf margins which are smooth, without teeth or lobes
–F–
Fruit: A mature ovary, or seed-containing structure
Fibrous: Made up of fine, threadlike strands
Fissures: Linear splits or cracks, such as those in the bark of some trees
Furrowed: Deeply grooved; often used to describe tree bark
–H–
Hardwood: Tree with broad, flat leaves, which may be deciduous or evergreen
Heartwood: Interior wood of a tree trunk that provides support but no longer has
living cells
–I–
Invasive: A species not native to an area, but present and spreading at such a pace
as to alter the ecosystem or cause economic or environmental harm
–L–
Lateral bud: An unopened leaf or shoot along the side of a twig
Leader: The central or main stem of a branch or tree
Leaf scar: An impression left at the point of leaf attachment after the leaf falls
Leaflet: A single leaf-like blade that is part of a compound leaf
Leaf margin: The outer edge of a leaf
Lenticel: A pore in the bark of some trees, usually most noticeable on twigs or
smooth areas of the bark
Loam: Soil consisting of a mix of sand, silt, and clay
Lobe: Segment of a leaf that protrudes from the main part, like fingers from a hand
–M–
Midrib: Central vein in a pinnately-veined leaf
Monoecious: Tree having both male and female flowers on the same tree
–N–
Native: Original to an area (not brought to the area by humans), and able to grow
there without aid from humans
119
Glossary, continued
Naturalized: Native to another area, but now growing and reproducing in a new place
without aid from humans
Needle: A long, very slender leaf
Node: The point on a twig where a leaf is attached
Nut: One-seeded, hard fruit that does not split naturally, and is usually contained in a
husk while on the tree
Nutlet: A small nut
–O–
Opposite leaves: Leaves arranged along a twig or shoot in pairs across from each
other
Overstory: The uppermost canopy layer in a forest
–P–
Palmately-compound: Multi-parted leaf with all leaflets arising from a common point
Palmately-veined: Major leaf veins spreading out from a common point
Panicle: Multi-branched flower cluster
Perfect flower: Flower with both male and female reproductive parts
Petiole: The stalk of a leaf
Pinnately-compound: Multi-parted leaf with leaflets arranged on opposite sides of
the main axis
Pinnately-veined: Major leaf veins branch off from a central vein
Pith: The central growth ring of a twig, branch, or trunk, best seen when the twig is
split lengthwise
Pubescent: Densely fuzzy or hairy
–R–
Rachis: The central stem-like structure in a pinnately-compound leaf, to which the
leaflets are attached
Riparian area: The land alongside a flowing body of water
–S–
Samara: A dry, winged fruit
Sapwood: Living wood that conducts water and minerals up a tree’s trunk
Serrate margin: Jagged notches or “teeth” along the edges of a leaf
Shoot: An actively growing stem
Simple leaf: Leaf consisting of a single blade or part
120
Glossary, continued
Sinus: The space or gap between two lobes of a leaf
Spur: A short side shoot or twig
Stipule: A leaf-like structure at the base of a leaf petiole or nearby on the twig
Suckering: Sending up shoots from roots, often at a distance from the main stem
–T–
Terminal bud: An unopened leaf or shoot at the end of a twig
Toothed margin: Leaf edge with many small pointed or rounded notches; pointed
teeth may resemble the edge of a saw; rounded teeth may appear evenly wavy
Trunk: The woody stem of a tree
Two-ranked: Arrangement of leaf buds along two sides of a twig, giving it a zig-zag
appearance
–U–
Understory: The area beneath and in the shade of larger trees
–W–
Whorled leaves: Leaves arranged in a circle around one point on a twig
Wing: Thin flat projection alongside a fruit, seed, or twig
121
Virginia’s State Forests

Virginia’s state forests are working forests, managed by the Virginia Department
of Forestry (VDOF) for multiple objectives, providing wildlife habitat, watershed
protection, scenic beauty, research, forest management demonstration areas, and
recreational opportunities.
All 26 of Virginia’s state forests, covering more than 74,000 acres, have been certified
to the Sustainable Forestry Initiative and American Tree Farm System standards.
Certification of state forest lands demonstrates for landowners how certification can be
part of their management efforts while validating that working forests are sustainable.
Certification ensures that forestry is practiced in an environmentally-responsible and
socially-beneficial manner.
State forests typically do not have the facilities many recreational users expect, such
as trash cans, restrooms, or improved parking areas. They do, however, offer good
places for self-directed activities, such as hiking, mountain biking, horseback riding,
orienteering, hunting, fishing, wildlife watching, and other nature study. Visitors use
the forests at their own risk. They must pack out all trash, respect research areas,
and obey all state forest regulations.
The Virginia State Forest system was established in 1919 when Emmett D. Gallion
donated 588 acres in Prince Edward County to the Commonwealth, “to advance the
course of forestry in the southern piedmont of Virginia.” More land in Appomattox,
Buckingham, Cumberland and Prince Edward counties was acquired in the mid-
1930s, when the federal government began acquiring land under the Bankhead-
Jones Farm Tenant Act. In 1939, the federal government leased these lands to the
Commonwealth of Virginia, for the purposes of demonstrating forestry and wildlife
management practices and providing for public recreation. In 1954, the federal
government deeded these lands to the Commonwealth.
When these first state forests were acquired, the land

was in a depleted condition, having been used almost
exclusively for agriculture in the preceding 200 years.
Thanks to scientific forest management and good
conservation practices, forest growth continues to exceed
harvest, soil quality has improved considerably, the
quality of water originating from the forest is excellent,
and biodiversity has significantly improved.
In the years following VDOF’s acquisition of the central

Virginia forests, the Department of Forestry began
to acquire other tracts of land as gifts from
private landowners. The state forests
are a tremendous asset for the
Commonwealth and managed by
a small staff with the help of local
VDOF field staff. These state forests
Southern Red Oak
122
are self-supporting and receive no general state funds for operations. Operating funds
are generated from the sale of forest products, and educational programs are funded
through taxpayer contributions to Virginia’s State Forest Education Fund tax check-
off. Thank you to all who have contributed in support of state forest education!
We encourage you to explore our Virginia state forests!
Things to Do on State Forests

Recreational uses of Virginia state forests vary by location, size, deed restrictions
and local demographics. A State Forest Use Permit is required for hunting, trapping,
fishing, bike riding, and horse riding on Virginia state forests. Permits are required for
individuals age 16 and older, and can be purchased online at www.dwr.virginia.gov or
where hunting and fishing licenses are sold.
Camping is allowed on state forest land by permit only, and is limited to group
activities, such as equestrian events, Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, adventure races, and
similar organized events.
Picnicking is allowed on almost all state forests. Appomattox-Buckingham,

Cumberland, Conway Robinson, Matthews, and Sandy Point State Forests have
picnic shelters that are available on a first-come, first-served basis.
Hunting is allowed seasonally on some state forests. State hunting regulations and
local regulations apply. Hunting is not allowed on some state forests due to deed
restrictions, inadequate acreage, or devotion to other recreational uses. Some hunting
restrictions may apply. Visit www.dof.virginia.gov for the most up-to-date hunting
information.
There are numerous lakes, rivers, and creeks on state forest lands suitable for
fishing. State fishing regulations apply. Some state forests, such as Zoar State
Forest, have canoe launches.
Hiking is a popular activity on many state forests. Trails developed specifically for
hiking or multiple uses include the Willis River Hiking Trail and Cumberland Multi-Use
Trail on Cumberland State Forest; the Carter Taylor Hiking Trail on the Appomattox-
Buckingham State Forest. Many other trails and gated forest roads are available at
various state forests for use by hikers, bikers and horseback riders.
Many state forests are suitable for mountain biking. Dedicated trails, gated forest
trails, and open forest roads provide more than 300 miles of opportunities for
mountain bike riding. Matthews, Whitney, and Conway Robinson State Forests have
volunteer groups that maintain developed bike trails.
Numerous state forests provide for horseback riding opportunities, with more than
300 miles of trails and roads available. Parking is limited for horse trailers on some
state forests.
123
Almost all state forest land is available for bird watching and observing nature. Due
to the tree species and age diversity, a wide variety of wildlife is present.
State forest lands have become a popular destination for orienteering activities, due
to the large acreages of contiguous land.
Visit www.dof.virginia.gov for the most updated information.
Education on State Forests

Educational tours, workshops, and youth programs are offered periodically on
some of the state forests. Our Matthews State Forest boasts a forest education center
where we host many educational programs for youth as well as adults.
Other Places to Study Trees

Virginia has…
▲ 41 State Parks
▲ 66 Natural Area Preserves
▲ George Washington and Jefferson National Forests
▲ Shenandoah National Park
▲ Many local parks and trails
Department of Forestry James W. Garner

Building Nature Trail
A one-mile, interpreted trail surrounds the Department of Forestry’s
Headquarters in Charlottesville. This trail contains some unusual species,
stemming from the days when a State Nursery occupied the site. The
Forestry Nature Trail is connected to the local Rivanna Trail system.
124
State Forest County Acres Comments

Appomattox &
Appomattox-Buckingham 19,513 Open to the Public
Buckingham
Big Woods Sussex 2,403 Open to the Public, Limited Parking
Bourassa Bedford 288 NO PUBLIC ACCESS
Browne Essex 128 Open to the Public, Limited Parking

Washington &
Channels 4,836 Open to the Public
Russell
Charlotte Charlotte 5,005 Open to the Public
Chesterfield Chesterfield 440 Open to the Public
Chilton Woods Lancaster 397 Open to the Public
Conway-Robinson Prince William 440 Open to the Public
Crawfords New Kent 264 Open to the Public, Limited Parking
Cumberland Cumberland 16,154 Open to the Public
Devil’s Backbone Shenandoah 705.5 Open to the Public
Dragon Run King & Queen 9,563 Open to the Public, Limited Parking
First Mountain Rockingham 573 Open to the Public, Limited Parking
Hawks Carroll 121 Open to the Public, No Parking
Lesesne Nelson 422 Open to the Public
Matthews Grayson 566 Open to the Public
Moore’s Creek Rockbridge 2,353 Open to the Public, No Direct Access
Niday Place Craig 264.5 Open to the Public, No Parking
Old Flat Grayson 320 Open to the Public, No Direct Access
Paul Rockingham 173 Open to the Public
Prince Edward-Gallion Prince Edward 6,491 Open to the Public
Sandy Point King William 2,074 Open to the Public
South Quay City of Suffolk 266 NO PUBLIC ACCESS
Whitney Fauquier 148 Open to the Public
Zoar King William 378 Open to the Public
Summary 74,286
Visit www.dof.virginia.gov for the most updated information.
125
Virginia’s State Nurseries

Want to plant some trees?
The Virginia Department of Forestry (VDOF) operates forest tree nurseries providing
tree and shrub seedlings to be used on private, industry and public lands. Regional
nurseries produce seedlings to be used to establish timber stands, pulpwood crops,
Christmas tree plantations, wildlife habitat, streambank stabilization, urban forests,
biodiversity and improvement of watersheds as mandated by the Code of Virginia.
Portions of the land and the physical facilities at the nurseries are used to educate
and inform the public and for research by state and private universities. The offices
and quarters are used by university students and faculty for field trips. Established
nature trails supplement school curriculum for students to study nature.
In addition to research and education, the New Kent Forestry Center, located near
Providence Forge, conducts a series of special deer hunts each fall for disabled
sportsmen. Local communities, businesses and civic groups support these activities
with volunteers, equipment and supplies.
VDOF nurseries are self-supporting through their tree seedling sales. Our employees
are dedicated to producing the highest quality seedlings available. Tree seedlings
are planted, visually inspected, harvested, hand-graded, labeled, and packaged for
delivery. Tree seedlings may be ordered online or by mail from November through
April.
The VDOF has been in the seedling production business for 100 years. When you’re
putting your money in the ground in the form of seedlings, you need to start with the
best stock available – stock suited for Virginia soils and climate. The cultural practices
that we use in growing seedlings in our seedbeds are based on more than 40 years of
research and experience in quality production.
Our seedling catalog, Virginia Trees for Virginia’s Landowners, includes more
than 40 species of seedlings that have been grown at one of our two State Forestry
Centers: the Augusta Forestry Center, near Waynesboro, and the Garland Gray
Forestry Center near Littleton. Covering more than 400 acres, our nurseries produce
more than 35 million seedlings annually.
In addition to the wide selection of bare-root seedlings, we also offer landowners
specialty seedling packs and seed mixtures suitable for various wildlife habitats,
screening, use in wetland areas and for erosion control. Our seedlings are sold
directly from the seedbed without replanting, and seedling age is one to three years
old.
FOR QUESTIONS
OR TO ORDER SEEDLINGS, CONTACT:
Augusta Forestry Center
(540) 363-7000
P.O. Box 160, Crimora, VA 24431
www.dof.virginia.gov
126
Bibliography
Burns, Russell M., and Barbara H. Honkala, 1990. Silvics of North America. USDA
Forest Service Agriculture Handbook 654. http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_
manual/table_of_contents.htm USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC.
Common Trees of North Carolina: How to Know Them – A Pocket Guide, 18th edition,
2002. http://www.dfr.state.nc.us/publications.htm North Carolina Division of Natural
Resources, Raleigh, NC.
Dirr, M.A. 1998. Manual of Woody Landscape Plants, 5th edition. Stipes Publishing
L.L.C., Champaign, IL.
Harlow, William M., Ellwood S. Harrar, and Fred M. White. 1979. Textbook of
Dendrology. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, NY.
Little, Elbert L. 1980. National Audubon Society® Field Guide to North American
Trees, Eastern Region. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, NY.
Prasad, A. M. and L. R. Iverson. 2003. Little’s Range and FIA Importance Value
Database for 135 Eastern US Tree Species. http://www.fs.fed.us/ne/delaware/4153/
global/littlefia/index.html Northeastern Research Station, USDA Forest Service,
Delaware, OH.
Seiler, Dr. John R., and John A. Peterson. Tree Fact Sheets. http://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/
dendrology/factsheets.cfm Virginia Tech College of Natural Resources dendrology
Web site.
The University of Georgia’s Bugwood Network, USDA Forest Service and USDA
APHIS. PPQ (http://www.invasive.org).
USDA, NRCS. 2007. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 1 March 2007).
National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.
Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Natural Heritage Division, 2003.
“Invasive Alien Plant Species of Virginia.” http://www.dcr.virginia.gov/natural_heritage/
invspinfo.shtml.
Other Resources
Forest Landowner Education Program – https://forestupdate.frec.vt.edu/
ForSite (Forestry Outreach Site) – http://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/forsite/LSListings.htm
USDA Forest Service – http://www.fs.fed.us/
Virginia Big Tree Database – http://www.web2.cnre.vt.edu/4h/bigtree/
Virginia Tech Dendrology Web site – http://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/dendrology/main.htm
Project Learning Tree – http://www.plt.org/
127
Index
A Augusta Forestry Center 136
Abies fraseri 115 B

Acer negundo L. 94
Acer nigrum 115 Baldcypress 40
Acer pensylvanicum L. 98 Basket Oak 64
Acer platanoides 112 Basswood, American 100
Acer rubrum L. 96 Bay, White 81
Acer saccharinum L. 97 Bay Pine 36
Acer saccharum Marsh. 95 Bead Tree 114
Acer spicatum 115 Bear Oak 116
Acknowledgements 2 Beech, American 58
Aesculus flava Ait. 99 Beech, Blue 57
Ailanthus altissima 109 Beech, Water 57
Albizia julibrissin Durazz 110 Beetree 100
Alleghany Chinkapin 60 Betula alleghaniensis Britton 54
Allegheny Serviceberry 88 Betula lenta L. 55
Amelanchier arborea (Michx. f.) Betula nigra L. 53
Fern. 88 Bibliography 127
Amelanchier canadensis 88 Big-Bud Hickory 51
Amelanchier laevis 88 Bigleaf Snowbell 116
American Basswood 100 Bigtooth Aspen 46
American Beech 58 Birch
American Chestnut 8, 59, 63 Black 55
American Elm 75, 76 Cherry 55
American Holly 93 Red 53
American Hornbeam 57 River 53
American Mountain-ash 116 Sweet 55
American Planetree 87 Water 53
American Plum 115 Yellow 54
Apple, Crabapple 115 Bitternut Hickory 49
Arborvitae, Eastern 42 Black Bark Pine 36
Ash Black Birch 55
Green 11, 107 Black Cherry 68, 89
Pumpkin 115 Blackgum 103
Red 107 Blackjack Oak 71
Swamp 107 Black Locust 92
White 106 Black Maple 115
Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal 84 Black Oak 69
Aspen, Bigtooth 46 Black Pine 34
Aspen, Quaking 46, 115 Black Tupelo 103
Atlantic White-cedar 41 Black Walnut 47
128
Index, continued
Black Willow 44 Chestnut, American 8, 59, 63

Blue Beech 57 Chestnut, Chinese 115
Boxelder 94 Chestnut Oak 63, 64
Bradford Pear 116 Chinaberry 114
Buckeye, Sweet 99 Chinese Chestnut 115
Buckeye, Yellow 11, 99 Chinese Sumac 109
Bur Oak 116 Chinkapin, Alleghany 60
Butternut 48 Chinkapin Oak 116
Buttonwood 87 Chionanthus virginicus 115
Choke Cherry 116
C Cigar-Tree 115
Callery Pear 116 Cladrastis kentukea 115
Carolina Hemlock 116 Coffeetree, Kentucky 115
Carolina Poplar 45 Common Pear 116
Carpinus caroliniana Walt. 57 Common Persimmon 105
Carya alba (L.) Nutt. ex Ell. 51 Contacts, Virginia Department of
Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Forestry 136
Koch. 49 Copal-tree 109
Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet 52 Cork Elm 77
Carya illinoensis 115 Cornus florida L. 101
Carya ovalis 52, 115 Cotton Gum 104
Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch. 50 Cottonwood, Eastern 45
Carya tomentosa Nutt. 51 Cow Oak 64
Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. Crataegus spp. 115
59 Cucumber Magnolia 80
Castanea mollissima 115 Cucumbertree 80
Castanea pumila Mill. 60 Cypress 40
Catalpa 115 D
Celtis laevigata 78
Celtis occidentalis L. 78 Darlington Oak 66
Cercis canadensis L. 90 Diamond-leaf Oak 66
Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) B.S.P. Diospyros virginiana L. 105
41 Dogwood, Flowering 9, 101
Cherry, Black 68, 89 Downy Serviceberry 88
Cherry, Choke 116
Cherry, Fire 116 E
Cherry, Pin 116 Eastern Arborvitae 42
Cherry, Rum 89 Eastern Cottonwood 45
Cherry, Sweet 116 Eastern Hemlock 39
Cherry, Wild 89 Eastern Hophornbeam 56
Cherrybark Oak 68, 116 Eastern Redbud 90
Cherry Birch 55
129
Index, continued
Eastern Redcedar 43 Gymnocladus dioicus 115

Eastern White Pine 30
Education on State Forests 124 H
Elaeagnus angustifolia 115 Hackberry 78
Elm Hard Maple 95
American 75, 76 Hard Pine 34
Cork 77 Hawthorn 115
Red 76 Hemlock, Carolina 116
Siberian 116 Hemlock, Eastern 39
Slippery 76 Hemlock Spruce 39
Soft 75, 76 Hickory
White 75 Big-Bud 51
Winged 77 Bitternut 49
Empress Tree 111 Mockernut 51
Extreme Flammability 13 Pignut 52
Red 52, 115
F
Scalybark 50
Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. 58 Shagbark 50
Firewise Tree Species 13 Shellbark 50
Fir, Fraser 115 Swamp 49
Fire Cherry 116 White 51
Flammability of the Species 13 Whiteheart 51
Flowering Dogwood 9, 101 Hickory Pine 37
Foreward 1 High Flammability 13
Fraser Fir 115 Holly, American 93
Fraser Magnolia 82 Honeylocust 91
Fraxinus americana L. 106 Hophornbeam, Eastern 56
Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. 107 Hornbeam, American 57
Fraxinus profunda 115 How to Use This Book 9
Fringetree 115
Future Depends On You, The 8 I
Identification of Trees 10–12
G
Ilex opaca Ait. 93
Garland Gray Forestry Center 136 Iron Oak 62
Gleditsia triacanthos L. 91 Ironwood 56, 57
Glossary 118–121
Goosefoot Maple 98 J
Green Ash 11, 107 James W. Garner Building Nature
Gum, Cotton 104 Trail 124
Gum, Tupelo 104 Jersey Pine 35
Gum, Water 104 Judas Tree 90
130
Index, continued
Juglans cinerea L. 48 Magnolia fraseri Walt. 82

Juglans nigra L. 47 Magnolia tripetala 82, 115
Juneberry 88 Magnolia virginiana L. 81
Juniper 41, 43 Malus spp. 115
Juniperus virginiana L. 43 Maple
Black 115
K Goosefoot 98
Kentucky Coffeetree 115 Hard 95
Key to Common Native Trees of Mountain 115
Virginia, Leaf 14–21 Red 11, 96
Key to Common Native Trees of Rock 95
Virginia, Winter 22–29 Silver 97
Soft 96, 97
L Striped 98
Sugar 2, 95
Landscaping With Firewise Tree Swamp 96
Species 13 White 97
Laurel Oak 66 Marsh Pine 36
Leaf Key to Common Native Trees of Master Naturalist Program 117
Virginia 14–21 Melia azedarach L. 114
Leaf Margins 12 Mimosa 110
Leaf Placement 12 Mockernut Hickory 51
Leverwood 56 Moderate Flammability 13
Lily-of-the-Valley Tree 102 Moosewood 98
Linden 100 Morus alba 79, 115
Linn 100 Morus rubra L. 79
Liquidambar styraciflua L. 86 Mountain-ash, American 116
Liriodendron tulipifera L. 83 Mountain Magnolia 82
Live Oak 65 Mountain Maple 115
Loblolly Pine 32 Mountain Pine 37
Locust, Black 92 Mulberry, Red 79
Locust, Yellow 92 Mulberry, White 79, 115
Longleaf Pine 33 Musclewood 57
Low Flammability 13
N
M
Nettletree 78
Maclura pomifera 115 Non-Native Invasive Species 108
Magnolia, Cucumber 80 Northern Red Oak 10, 67
Magnolia, Fraser 82 Northern White-cedar 42
Magnolia, Mountain 82 Norway Maple 112
Magnolia, Swamp 81 Norway Spruce 115
Magnolia acuminata L. 80
131
Index, continued
Nurseries 136 Water 73
Nurseries, Virginia’s State 126 White 11, 61, 63, 116
Nyssa aquatica L. 104 Willow 74
Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. 103 Yellow 69
Nyssa sylvatica var. biflora 103 Old-Field Pine 31, 32
Osage-orange 115
O Ostrya virginiana (P. Mill.) K. Koch.
Oak 56
Basket 64 Other Places to Study Trees 124
Bear 116 Other Resources 127
Black 69 Other Trees in Virginia 115–117
Blackjack 71 Overcup Oak 116
Bur 116 Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC. 102
Cherrybark 68, 116 P
Chestnut 63, 64
Chinkapin 116 Paradise Tree 109
Cow 64 Parts, Types and Positions of
Darlington 66 Leaves 11
Diamond-leaf 66 Paulownia tomentosa 111
Iron 62 Pawpaw 84
Laurel 66 Peach 74, 116
Live 65 Peach Oak 74
Northern Red 10, 67 Pear, Bradford 116
Overcup 116 Pear, Callery 116
Peach 74 Pear, Common 116
Pin 72, 74 Pecan 115
Possum 73 Pepperidge 103
Post 62 Persian Lilac 114
Red 69, 74 Persimmon, Common 105
Rock 63 Picea abies 115
Sawtooth 116 Picea rubens Sarg. 38
Scarlet 70 Pignut Hickory 52
Shingle 116 Pin Cherry 116
Southern Red 68, 122 Pine
Spanish 68 Bay 36
Spotted 73 Black 34
Stave 61 Black Bark 36
Swamp 72 Eastern White 30
Swamp Chestnut 64 Hard 34
Swamp White 116 Hickory 37
Tanbark 63 Jersey 35
Turkey 116 Loblolly 32
132
Index, continued
Longleaf 33 Pride of India 114

Marsh 36 Princess Tree 111
Mountain 37 Project Learning Tree (PLT) 117
Old-Field 31, 32 Prunus americana 115
Pitch 34 Prunus avium 116
Pocosin 36 Prunus pensylvanica 116
Pond 36 Prunus persica 116
Rosemary 31 Prunus serotina Ehrh. 89
Scrub 35 Prunus virginiana 116
Shortleaf 31 Pumpkin Ash 115
Shortstraw 31 Pyrus calleriana 116
Spruce 35 Pyrus communis 116
Table Mountain 37
Virginia 35 Q
Yellow 31 Quaking Aspen 46, 115
Pin Oak 72, 74 Quercus acutissima 116
Pinus echinata Mill. 31 Quercus alba L. 61
Pinus palustris Mill. 33 Quercus bicolor 116
Pinus pungens Lamb. 37 Quercus coccinea Muench. 70
Pinus rigida Mill. 34 Quercus falcata Michx. 68
Pinus serotina Michx. 36 Quercus ilicifolia 116
Pinus strobus L. 30 Quercus imbricaria 116
Pinus taeda L. 32 Quercus laevis 116
Pinus virginiana Mill. 35 Quercus laurifolia Michx. 66
Pitch Pine 34 Quercus lyrata 116
Planetree, American 87 Quercus macrocarpa 116
Platanus occidentalis L. 87 Quercus marilandica Muenchh. 71
Plum, American 115 Quercus michauxii Nutt. 64
Pocosin Pine 36 Quercus muehlenbergii 116
Pondcypress 116 Quercus nigra L. 73
Pond Pine 36 Quercus pagoda 68, 116
Poplar, Carolina 45 Quercus palustris Muenchh. 72
Popple 46 Quercus phellos L. 74
Populus alba 113 Quercus prinus L. 63
Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Quercus rubra L. 67
Marsh 45 Quercus stellata Wangenh. 62
Populus grandidentata Michx. 46 Quercus velutina Lam. 69
Populus tremuloides 46, 115 Quercus virginiana Mill. 65
Positions of Leaves 11
Possum Oak 73 R
Possumwood 105
Post Oak 62 Red Ash 107
Red Birch 53
133
Index, continued
Redbud, Eastern 90 Simmon 105

Redcedar, Eastern 43 Slippery Elm 76
Red Elm 76 Snowbell, Bigleaf 116
Redgum 86 Soft Elm 75, 76
Red Hickory 52, 115 Soft Maple 96, 97
Red Maple 11, 96 Sorbus Americana 116
Red Mulberry 79 Sorrel Tree 102
Red Oak 69, 74 Sour Gum 103
Red Spruce 38 Sourwood 102
Regional Offices 136 Southern Red Oak 68, 122
River Birch 53 Spanish Oak 68
Robinia pseudoacacia L. 92 Spotted Oak 73
Rock Maple 95 Spruce, Hemlock 39
Rock Oak 63 Spruce, Norway 115
Rosemary Pine 31 Spruce, Red 38
Royal Paulownia 111 Spruce Pine 35
Rum Cherry 89 State Forests, Virginia’s 122–125
Russian-olive 115 Stave Oak 61
Stewartia 116
S Stewartia spp. 116
Salix babylonica 44, 116 Stinking Ash 109
Sarvis 88 Striped Maple 98
Sassafras 85 Styrax americanus 116
Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees 85 Sugarberry 78
Sawtooth Oak 116 Sugar Maple 2, 95
Scalybark Hickory 50 Swamp Ash 107
Scarlet Oak 70 Swamp Chestnut Oak 64
Scrub Pine 35 Swamp Hickory 49
Serviceberry, Allegheny 88 Swamp Magnolia 81
Serviceberry, Downy 88 Swamp Maple 96
Serviceberry, Shadblow 88 Swamp Oak 72
Shadbush 88 Swamp Tupelo 103
Shagbark Hickory 50 Swamp White Oak 116
Shellbark Hickory 50 Sweetbay 81
Shingle Oak 116 Sweet Birch 55
Shortleaf Pine 31 Sweet Buckeye 99
Shortstraw Pine 31 Sweet Cherry 116
Siberian Elm 116 Sweetgum 86
Silk-tree 110 Sycamore 87
Silver Maple 97
T
Silver poplar 113
Table Mountain Pine 37
134
Index, continued
Tanbark Oak 63 Walnut, Black 47

Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. 40 Walnut, White 48
Taxodium distichum var. nutans 40, Water Beech 57
116 Water Birch 53
Things to Do on State Forests 123 Water Gum 104
Thuja occidentalis L. 42 Water Oak 73
Tilia americana L. 100 Water Tupelo 104
Tilia caroliniana 100 Weeping Willow 44, 116
Tilia heterophylla 100 White-cedar, Atlantic 41
Tree-of-Heaven 109 White-cedar, Northern 42
Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. 39 White Ash 106
Tsuga caroliniana 39, 116 White Bay 81
Tulip-poplar 83 White Elm 75
Tuliptree 83 Whiteheart Hickory 51
Tupelo, Black 103 White Hickory 51
Tupelo, Swamp 103 White Maple 97
Tupelo, Water 104 White Mulberry 79, 115
Tupelo Gum 104 White Oak 11, 61, 63, 116
Turkey Oak 116 White Poplar 113
Types of Leaf Margins 12 White Walnut 48
Types of Leaves 11 Wild Cherry 89
Willow, Black 44
U Willow, Weeping 44, 116
Ulmus alata Michx. 77 Willow Oak 74
Ulmus americana L. 75 Winged Elm 77
Ulmus pumila 116 Winter Key to Common Native Trees
Ulmus rubra Muhl. 76 of Virginia 22–29
Umbrella-tree 82, 115 Y
V Yellow-poplar 80, 83
Virginia’s Forest Resources 7–8 Yellow Birch 54
Virginia’s State Forests 122–125 Yellow Buckeye 11, 99
Virginia’s State Nurseries 126 Yellow Locust 92
Virginia Department of Forestry Yellow Oak 69
Contacts 136 Yellow Pine 31
Virginia Master Naturalist Program Yellowwood 115
117
Virginia Pine 35
W
Wahoo 77
135
Virginia Department of Forestry

Contacts
James W. Garner Building
Charlottesville, Virginia
Phone: (434) 977-6555 ; FAX: (434) 296-2369
State Forests
Office located at Cumberland State Forest, Cumberland, Virginia
Phone: (804) 492-4121 ; FAX: (804) 492-9213
Nurseries
Augusta Forestry Center:
Crimora, Virginia
Phone: (540) 540-363-5732 ; FAX: (540) 363-5055
Garland Gray Forestry Center:
Courtland, Virginia
Phone: (804) 834-2855 ; FAX: (804) 834-3141
Regional Offices
Western Region Office, Salem:
Phone: (540) 387-5461
Central Region Office, Charlottesville:

Phone: (434) 977-5193
Eastern Region Office, Providence Forge:

Phone: (804) 443-2211
Area Offices
Visit www.dof.virginia.gov
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Common Native Trees of Virginia Tree Identification Guide

© 2022 Virginia Department of Forestry

Other Places to Study Trees.................................................124

Virginia’s Forest Resources

The Future Depends On You

▲ Learn as much as you can about natural resource issues.

How to Use This Book

The following illustrations show some

Identification of Trees, continued

Parts, Types and Positions of Leaves

Palmately-Lobed Pinnately-Lobed Palmately-Compound Pinnately-Compound

Identification of Trees, continued

Types of Leaf Margins

Entire Wavy Finely Coarsely Doubly Incurved Bluntly Lobed

Landscaping With Firewise

Flammability of the Species

LOW (firewise): These species have no known characteristics of high flammability.

Leaf Key to Common Native Trees

1 a. Leaves are needle or scale-like, go to 2.

2 a. Needles at least 1 inch long, go to 3.

4 a. Needles mostly in groups of 3, go to 5.

5 a. Needles generally longer than 6 inches, go to 6.

6 a. Needles 6 to 9 inches, cones 3 to 6 inches long – Loblolly Pine, pg. 32.

7 a. Needles 3 to 5 inches, yellowish-green, stiff and twisted. Found in Appalachian

8 a. Needles 3 to 5 inches, dark yellowish-green, cones 1½ to 2½ inches long –

9 a. Needles 1½ to 3 inches, yellowish-green and twisted, cones 1½ to 3 inches

10 a. Most needles not scale-like, and at least ⅓ inch long, go to 11.

12 a. Needles deciduous, bark reddish-brown, fibrous and shreddy. Found in

Key to Common Native Trees of Virginia, continued

14 a. Leaves opposite, go to 15.

15 a. Leaves compound, go to 16.

16 a. Leaves pinnately-compound, go to 17.

19 a. Leaves not lobed, go to 20.

21 a. Leaf edges toothed, go to 23.

Key to Common Native Trees of Virginia, continued

25 a. Leaves compound, go to 26.

28 a. Leaves bipinnately-compound, go to 29.

30 a. Most leaves with 11 or more leaflets, go to 31.

32 a. Leaves with 14 to 24 leaflets and no terminal leaflet. Dark brown, deeply

33 a. Most leaves with 5 (usually) or 7 leaflets, go to 34.

Key to Common Native Trees of Virginia, continued

37 a. Leaves palmately-veined, and toothed or wavy-margined, go to 38.

41 a. Leaves with 4 to 6 lobes and a tulip-like shape. Buds “duck-bill”-shaped. Bark

43 a. Leaf margin has large, rounded teeth, appearing wavy, go to 44.

45 a. Leaves have two lobes (mitten-shaped), three lobes (turkey foot-shaped), or

Key to Common Native Trees of Virginia, continued

47 a. Leaf with 3 shallow lobes, or more club-shaped than lobed, go to 48.

50 a. Leaves with 5 to 7 lobes, fuzzy underneath, bark black with rectangular or

55 a. Leaves doubly toothed, with deeper notches regularly spaced, go to 56.

Key to Common Native Trees of Virginia, continued

61 a. Base of leaf rounded or wedge-shaped, bark yellowish-brown, papery and

62 a. Bark gray, smooth and fluted (muscle-like). Small, multi-stemmed tree –

65 a. Leaf stem 2 to 4 inches long and flattened, go to 66.

66 a. Leaves roughly triangular, 3 to 6 inches long, with rounded teeth. Found in

Key to Common Native Trees of Virginia, continued

74 a. Tree produces acorn-type nut, go to 75.

75 a. Leaves thick and leathery, not bristle-tipped. Evergreen tree found in

Key to Common Native Trees of Virginia, continued