Outlines

❖ MIS
Management ❖ Need of MIS
Information System ❖ Components of MIS
❖ Importance of MIS for business
❖ Information System Resources
Presented by : ❖ Activities of MIS
Zain ulabedin
Lecturer GCMS Talash Dir Lower
2

MIS
MIS MIS is a combination of two terms.
❖ MIS is the use of information technology, people, and ❖ Management: The organization and coordination of
business processes to record, store and process data to the activities of a business in order to achieve defined
produce information that decision makers can use to objectives.
make day to day decisions.
❖ The MIS is defined as a system which provides ❖ Information system
information support for decision-making in the A combination of hardware, software, infrastructure
organization. and trained personnel organized to facilitate planning,
❖ The MIS is defined as an integrated system of man control, coordination, and decision making in an
and machine for providing the information to support organization.
the operations, the management and the decision- .
making function in the organization.
3 4
Need for MIS Need for MIS
The following are some of the justifications for
The following are some of the justifications for
having an MIS system
having an MIS system
❖ Decision makers need information to make
❖ MIS facilitate communication within and
effective decisions.
outside the organization
 Management Information Systems (MIS) make
 employees within the organization are able to
this possible.
easily access the required information for the day
to day operations. Facilitates such as Short
Message Service (SMS) & Email make it possible
to communicate with customers and suppliers from
within the MIS system that an organization is
5
using. 6

Need for MIS

Components of MIS
The following are some of the justifications for
having an MIS system
❖ Record keeping
 management information systems record all
business transactions of an organization and
provide a reference point for the transactions.

7 8
Components of MIS Components of MIS cont…
The major components of a typical management ❖ Hardware – these include servers,
information system are; workstations, networking equipment, printers,
❖ People – people who use the information etc.
system ❖ Software – these are programs used to handle
❖ Data – the data that the information system the data. These include programs such as
records spreadsheet programs, database software, etc
❖ Business Procedures – procedures put in
place on how to record, store and analyze data

9 10

Importance of Information System for Importance of Information System for

Business Business
❖ 1) Operational Excellence – businesses can ❖ 3) Customer and Supplier intimacy – the better
constantly improve their efficiency of their operations services a company provides its consumers with more
in order to achieve higher profitability. They can do likely they are too come back to them and as result
this by constantly having the correct amount of stock the more they will buy off the supplier therefore
in store so consumers can always get want they want. creating a good relationship with both parties.
❖ 2) New product services and business models – I.S ❖ 4) Improved decision making – I.S systems make it
systems play a major role for businesses in creating possibly for managers to use real time data when
new products and services. New business models can making a decision to therefore make better decisions
be created and these can describe how a company and not have to waste time looking for information.
produce, create and sell there products.
11 12
Importance of Information System for
Information System Resources
Business 1) PEOPLE RESOURCES
❖ 5) Competitive advantage – if companies achieve People are required for the operation of all information
any of these 6 reasons to use I.S they will generally systems. These people resources include end users and
create a competitive advantage over their rivals. specialists.
❖ 6) Day to Day survival – business invest in these · End users (also called users or clients) for e.g
systems to make their jobs as easy as possibly. an accountants, salespersons, engineers, clerks, customers,
example is Citibank introduced the first ATM or managers.
machine to make it easier for customers to access · IS Specialists-They include systems analysts,
their money and to cut down queues in their banks. programmers, computer operators, and other managerial
technical, and clerical IS personnel.

13 14

Information System Resources Information System Resources

3) SOFTWARE RESOURCES
The concept of Software Resources includes all sets of
2) HARDWARE RESOURCES
information processing instructions. This generic
Hardware resources includes all physical concept of software includes not only the sets of
devices and materials used in information operating instructions called programs, which direct and
processing. Example of hardware in computer- control computer hardware, but also the sets of
based information systems are: information processing instructions needed by people,
· Computer systems called procedures.
· Computer peripherals following are examples of software resources:
· System Software
· Application Software
15
· Procedures 16
 Information System Resources Information System Resources
4) DATA RESOURCES The data resources of information systems are
Data is more than the raw material of typically organized into:
information systems. The concept of data · Database that hold processed and organized
resources has been broadened by managers data.
and information systems professionals. They · Knowledge bases that hold knowledge in
realize that data constitutes a valuable variety of forms such as facts, rules, and case
organization resource. Thus, you should view examples about successful business practices.
data as data resources that must be managed
effectively to benefit all end users in an
organization. 17 18

Information System Activities

The major activities of an information system

are;
❖ Input of Data Resource
❖ Processing of Data into Information
❖ Output of Information Products
❖ Storage of Data Resource
❖ Control of System Performance

19 20
 Organizational Levels and
Information Requirements

Management
Information System

Presented by :
Zain ulabedin
Lecturer GCMS Talash Dir Lower
22

Classification of Information Operations support system(OSS)

System ❖ In an organization, data input is done by the
end user which is processed to generate
In any given organization information system can be information products i.e. reports, which are
classified based on the usage of the information. utilized by internal and or external users. Such
Therefore, an information system in an organization
a system is called OSS.
can be broadly divided into
❖ The purpose of the OSS is to facilitate business
❖ Operations Support System
❖ Management Support System.
transaction, control production, support
internal as well as external communication and
update organization central database.

23 24
 Transaction Processing System
Types of OSS
❖ In manufacturing organization, there are several
types of transaction across department. Typical
The OSS is further divided into
organizational departments are Sales, Account,
❖ Transaction-processing system Finance, Planning, Engineering, Human
❖ Processing control system Resource and Marketing. Across which
❖ Enterprise collaboration system. following transaction may occur sales order,
sales return, cash receipts, credit sales; credit
slips, material accounting, inventory
management , etc.

25 26

Transaction Processing System Process Control System

❖ In a manufacturing organization, certain
◼ Transactions can be categorized into
decisions are made by a computer system
◼ batch transaction processing
without any manual intervention.
◼ single transaction processing
❖ In this type of system, critical information is
◼ and real time transaction processing. fed to the system on a real-time basis thereby
◼ Examples of TPS include enabling process control.
◼ Point of Sale
◼ Payroll system
◼ Stock control system 27 28
 Enterprise Collaboration System Management Support System
Managers require precise information in a
In recent times, there is more stress on team specific format to undertake an organizational
effort or collaboration across different decision. A system which facilitates an
functional teams. A system which enables efficient decision making process for managers
collaborative effort by improving is called MSS.
communication and sharing of data is referred ❖ MSS are essentially categorized as
to as an enterprise collaboration system. ❖ Management Information System
❖ Decision Support System
❖ Expert System
29 30

Management Information System Decision Support System

Management information system provides Decision support system provides information
information to manager facilitating the routine to manager facilitating specific issue related
decision-making process. solution.
◼ Examples of MIS ◼ Examples of DSS include
 Sales
Management system  Financialplanning system
 Budgeting system  Bank loan management system
 Human resource management system

31 32
 Expert System
Expert system is a knowledge based
information system that uses its knowledge
about a specific area to act as an expert to user.

33 34

Lecture Outlines
 Organizational levels
Management  Classification of information system
Information System

Presented by :
Zain ulabedin
Lecturer GCMS Talash Dir Lower
2
 Organizational Levels and Classification of Information
Information Requirements System
In any given organization information system can be
classified based on the usage of the information.
Therefore, an information system in an organization
can be broadly divided into
 Operations Support System
 Management Support System.

3 4

Operations support system(OSS)

Types of OSS
 In an organization, data input is done by the
end user which is processed to generate
The OSS is further divided into
information products i.e. reports, which are
utilized by internal and or external users. Such  Transaction-processing system
a system is called OSS.  Processing control system
 The purpose of the OSS is to facilitate business  Enterprise collaboration system.
transaction, control production, support
internal as well as external communication and
update organization central database.

5 6
 Transaction Processing System
Transaction Processing System
 In manufacturing organization, there are several
types of transaction across department. Typical
 Transactions can be categorized into
organizational departments are Sales, Account,
Finance, Planning, Engineering, Human  batch transaction processing
Resource and Marketing. Across which  single transaction processing
following transaction may occur sales order,  and real time transaction processing.
sales return, cash receipts, credit sales; credit  Examples of TPS include
slips, material accounting, inventory
 Point of Sale
management , etc.
 Payroll system

7
 Stock control system 8

Enterprise Collaboration System

Process Control System
 In a manufacturing organization, certain In recent times, there is more stress on team
decisions are made by a computer system effort or collaboration across different
without any manual intervention. functional teams. A system which enables
 In this type of system, critical information is collaborative effort by improving
fed to the system on a real-time basis thereby communication and sharing of data is referred
enabling process control. to as an enterprise collaboration system.

9 10
Management Support System Management Information System
Managers require precise information in a
specific format to undertake an organizational Management information system provides
decision. A system which facilitates an information to manager facilitating the routine
efficient decision making process for managers decision-making process.
is called MSS.
 Examples of MIS
 MSS are essentially categorized as
 Sales
Management system
 Management Information System
 Budgeting system
 Decision Support System  Human resource management system
 Expert System
11 12

Decision Support System Expert System

Expert system is a knowledge based
Decision support system provides information information system that uses its knowledge
to manager facilitating specific issue related about a specific area to act as an expert to user.
solution.
 Examples of DSS include
 Financialplanning system
 Bank loan management system

13 14
 System Development
Life Cycle
Prepared by :
Zain ulabedin
Lecturer GCMS Wari

15

DEVELOPING SOFTWARE DEVELOPING SOFTWARE

 Software that is built correctly can transform  As organizations reliance on software grows, so
the organization and its business transforms do the business-related consequences of software
 Software that effectively meets employee needs successes and failures including
will help an organization become more productive  Increase or decrease revenue
and enhance decision making  Repair or damage to brand reputation
 Software that does not meet employee needs may  Prevent or incur liabilities
have a damaging effect on productivity and can  Increase or decrease productivity
even cause a business to fail

2 3
How does an organization assure that new
system will be successful ? Strategic Planning
 Get top management support  important part of new system
 involve as many end users as possible so they  Businesses need way to analyze the direction
buy in they will take before they throw time, money,
 keep end users up to date on new system and personnel at a problem.
 work with corporate culture  You cant solve a problem until you know what
the problem is.

4 5

Systems Approach problem Why is this important for end users/

solving knowledge workers?
 process to define information system problems  Will define the future of IS in the organization
and opportunities and develop solutions  Affects work productivity
 7-step approach to analyze, design, and  Affects morale
develop information systems is the Systems  Affects ability of organization to compete
Development Life Cycle
 End users and knowledge workers are primary
source of input as to what IS systems are
needed

6 7
 SDLC
SDLC
 SDLC is the acronym of Software Development Life
Cycle.  What is SDLC?
 It is also called as Software Development Process.  SDLC is a framework defining tasks performed at
 Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a each step in the software development process.
process used by the software industry to design,  SDLC is a process followed for a software project,
develop and test high quality software's. within a software organization. It consists of a
 The SDLC aims to produce a high-quality software detailed plan describing how to develop, maintain,
that meets or exceeds customer expectations, reaches replace and alter or enhance specific software.
completion within times and cost estimates.  The life cycle defines a methodology for improving
the quality of software and the overall development
process.
8 9

 The following figure is a graphical representation of Stages Of SDLC

the various stages of a typical SDLC.  A typical Software Development Life Cycle consists
of the following stages −
Planning  Stage 1: Planning and Requirement Analysis
 Requirement analysis is the most important and
Deployment Defining
fundamental stage in SDLC. It is performed by the
senior members of the team with inputs from the
SDLC customer, the sales department, market surveys and
domain experts in the industry. This information is
Testing Designing
then used to plan the basic project approach and to
Building
conduct product feasibility study in the economical,
operational and technical areas.
10 11
 Stages Of SDLC Stages OF SDLC
 Stage 2: Defining Requirements
 Once the requirement analysis is done the next step is to
 Planning for the quality assurance clearly define and document the product requirements
requirements and identification of the risks and get them approved from the customer or the market
associated with the project is also done in the analysts.
planning stage. The outcome of the technical  This is done through an SRS (Software Requirement
feasibility study is to define the various Specification) document which consists of all the
technical approaches that can be followed to product requirements to be designed and developed
implement the project successfully with during the project life cycle.
minimum risks.
12 13

Stages OF SDLC
Stages OF SDLC
 Stage 3: Designing the Product Architecture
 SRS is the reference for product architects to come
out with the best architecture for the product to be  A design approach clearly defines all the
developed. Based on the requirements specified in architectural modules of the product along
SRS, usually more than one design approach for the with its communication and data flow
product architecture is proposed and documented in a representation with the external and third party
DDS - Design Document Specification. modules (if any). The internal design of all the
 This DDS is reviewed by all the important modules of the proposed architecture should be
stakeholders and based on various parameters as risk clearly defined with the minutest of the details
assessment, product robustness, design modularity,
in DDS.
budget and time constraints, the best design approach
is selected for the product. 14 15
 Stages OF SDLC Stages OF SDLC

 Stage 4: Building or Developing the Product  Developers must follow the coding guidelines
 In this stage of SDLC the actual development defined by their organization and programming
starts and the product is built. The tools like compilers, interpreters, debuggers,
programming code is generated as per DDS etc. are used to generate the code. Different
during this stage. If the design is performed in high level programming languages such as C,
a detailed and organized manner, code C++, Pascal, Java and PHP are used for
generation can be accomplished without much coding. The programming language is chosen
hassle. with respect to the type of software being
developed.
16 17

Stages OF SDLC
Stages OF SDLC  Stage 6: Deployment in the Market and
 Stage 5: Testing the Product Maintenance
 Once the product is tested and ready to be deployed it is
 This stage is usually a subset of all the stages released formally in the appropriate market. Sometimes
as in the modern SDLC models, the testing product deployment happens in stages as per the business
strategy of that organization. The product may first be released
activities are mostly involved in all the stages in a limited segment and tested in the real business
of SDLC. environment (UAT- User acceptance testing).
 However, this stage refers to the testing only  Then based on the feedback, the product may be released as it
is or with suggested enhancements in the targeting market
stage of the product where product defects are segment. After the product is released in the market, its
reported, tracked, fixed and retested, until the maintenance is done for the existing customer base.
product reaches the quality standards defined
in the SRS. 18 19
SOFTWARE PROBLEMS ARE BUSINESS SOFTWARE PROBLEMS ARE BUSINESS
PROBLEMS PROBLEMS

 Primary reasons for project failure include  Find errors early the later in the SDLC an error
 Unclear or missing business requirements is found - the more expensive it is to fix
 Skipping SDLC phases
 Failure to manage project scope
 Scope creep occurs when the scope increases
 Feature creep occurs when extra features are added
 Failure to manage project plan
 Changing technology
20 21

SDLC Models Perform a Buy vs. Build

 There are various software development life cycle models defined and
designed which are followed during the software development process. Analysis
These models are also referred as Software Development Process Models".
Each process model follows a Series of steps unique to its type to ensure  An organization faces two primary choices when
success in the process of software development. deciding to develop an information system
 Following are the most important and popular SDLC models followed in  Buy the information system from a vendor
the industry −
 Commercial off-the shelf (COTS) software
 Waterfall Model
package or solution that is purchased to support
 Iterative Model
one or more business functions and information
 Spiral Model
systems
 V-Model
 Big Bang Model  SCM, CRM, and ERP solutions are typically COTS
 Other related methodologies are Agile Model, RAD Model, Rapid  Build the information system itself
Application Development and Prototyping Models.

22 23
Perform a Buy vs. Build
Analysis
 Organizations must consider the following when
making a buy vs. build decision
 Are there any currently available products that
fit the needs?
 Are there features that are not available and
important enough to warrant the expense of
in-house development?
 Can the organization customize or modify an
existing COTS to fit its needs?
 Is there a justification to purchase or develop
based on the procurement cost?
24 25

Algorithm and Flowchart Algorithm

◼ A typical programming task can be divided into two
phases:
◼ Problem solving phase
 produce an ordered sequence of steps that describe solution
of problem
 this sequence of steps is called an algorithm

◼ Implementation phase
 implement the program in some programming language

1 2
 Steps in Problem Solving The Flowchart
◼ First produce a general algorithm (one can use
pseudocode) A graphical representation of the sequence of operations in an
information system or program.
◼ Refine the algorithm successively to get step by step
detailed algorithm that is very close to a computer Information system flowcharts show how data flows from source
documents through the computer to final distribution to users.
language.
Program flowcharts show the sequence of instructions in a single
◼ Pseudocode is an artificial and informal language that program or subroutine.
helps programmers develop algorithms. Different symbols are used to draw each type of flowchart.
Pseudocode is very similar to everyday English.

3 4

Flowchart Symbols Pseudocode & Algorithm

Basic symbols
Name Symbol Use in Flowchart
◼ Example 1: Write an algorithm to determine a
student’s final grade and indicate whether it is
Oval Denotes the beginning or end of the program

Parallelogram Denotes an input operation passing or failing. The final grade is calculated
Denotes a process to be carried out
as the average of four marks.
Rectangle
e.g. addition, subtraction, division etc.

Diamond Denotes a decision (or branch) to be made.

The program should continue along one of
two routes. (e.g. IF/THEN/ELSE)

Hybrid Denotes an output operation

Flow line Denotes the direction of logic flow in the program

5 6
 Pseudocode & Algorithm Pseudocode & Algorithm
Pseudocode: ◼ Detailed Algorithm
◼ Input a set of 4 marks ◼ Step 1: Input M1,M2,M3,M4
◼ Calculate their average by summing and dividing by Step 2: GRADE  (M1+M2+M3+M4)/4
4 Step 3: if (GRADE < 50) then
◼ if average is below 50 Print “FAIL”
Print “FAIL” else
else Print “PASS”
Print “PASS” endif

7 8

Example Example 2
Flowchart
START Algorithm ◼ Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart to
Step 1: Input M1,M2,M3,M4
Input
M1,M2,M3,M4
Step 2: GRADE  (M1+M2+M3+M4)/4 convert the length in feet to centimeter.
Step 3: if (GRADE <50) then
Print “FAIL” Pseudocode:
GRADE(M1+M2+M3+M4)/4 else
Print “PASS” ◼ Input the length in feet (Lft)
IS endif
N
GRADE<5 Y ◼ Calculate the length in cm (Lcm) by
0
multiplying LFT with 30
PRINT PRINT
“PASS” “FAIL” ◼ Print length in cm (LCM)

STOP

9 10
 Example 2 Example 3
Flowchart

Algorithm START
Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart that will
read the two sides of a rectangle and calculate its
◼ Step 1: Input Lft
Input area.
◼ Step 2: Lcm  Lft x 30
Lft

Pseudocode
◼ Step 3: Print Lcm Lcm  Lft x 30
◼ Input the width (W) and Length (L) of a rectangle
Print ◼ Calculate the area (A) by multiplying L with W
Lcm

◼ Print A
STOP

11 12

Example 3 DECISION STRUCTURES

Algorithm START ◼ The expression A>B is a logical expression

◼ Step 1: Input W,L ◼ it describes a condition we want to test
Input
W, L ◼ if A>B is true (if A is greater than B) we take the
◼ Step 2: A  L x W action on left
◼ Step 3: Print A ALxW ◼ print the value of A
◼ if A>B is false (if A is not greater than B) we take
Print the action on right
A
◼ print the value of B
STOP

13 14
DECISION STRUCTURES Example 4
◼ Write an algorithm that reads two values, determines the
largest value and prints the largest value with an identifying
message.
Y N
ALGORITHM
is Step 1: Input VALUE1, VALUE2
A>B
Step 2: if (VALUE1 > VALUE2) then
MAX  VALUE1
Print Print else
A B
MAX  VALUE2
endif
Step 3: Print “The largest value is”, MAX

15 16

Example 4 Example 5
START

Input ◼ Write an algorithm that reads three numbers

VALUE1,VALUE2
and prints the value of the largest number.
Y is
N
VALUE1>VALUE2

MAX  VALUE1 MAX  VALUE2

Print
“The largest value is”,
MAX

STOP
17 18
 Example 5 Example 5
Step 1: Input N1, N2, N3
Step 2: if (N1>N2) then
if (N1>N3) then Assignment for You!
MAX  N1 [N1>N2, N1>N3]
else Draw the flowchart of the above Algorithm.
MAX  N3 [N3>N1>N2]
endif
else
if (N2>N3) then
MAX  N2 [N2>N1, N2>N3]
else
MAX  N3 [N3>N2>N1]
endif
endif
Step 3: Print “The largest number is”, MAX

19 20

Algorithm and Flowchart Algorithm

 A typical programming task can be divided into two
phases:
 Problem solving phase
 produce an ordered sequence of steps that describe solution
of problem
 this sequence of steps is called an algorithm

 Implementation phase
 implement the program in some programming language

1 2
 Steps in Problem Solving The Flowchart
 First produce a general algorithm (one can use
pseudocode) A graphical representation of the sequence of operations in an
information system or program.
 Refine the algorithm successively to get step by step
detailed algorithm that is very close to a computer Information system flowcharts show how data flows from source
documents through the computer to final distribution to users.
language.
Program flowcharts show the sequence of instructions in a single
 Pseudocode is an artificial and informal language that program or subroutine.
helps programmers develop algorithms. Different symbols are used to draw each type of flowchart.
Pseudocode is very similar to everyday English.

3 4

Flowchart Symbols Pseudocode & Algorithm

Basic symbols
Name Symbol Use in Flowchart
 Example 1: Write an algorithm to determine a
student’s final grade and indicate whether it is
Oval Denotes the beginning or end of the program

Parallelogram Denotes an input operation passing or failing. The final grade is calculated
Denotes a process to be carried out
as the average of four marks.
Rectangle
e.g. addition, subtraction, division etc.

Diamond Denotes a decision (or branch) to be made.

The program should continue along one of
two routes. (e.g. IF/THEN/ELSE)

Hybrid Denotes an output operation

Flow line Denotes the direction of logic flow in the program

5 6
 Pseudocode & Algorithm Pseudocode & Algorithm
Pseudocode:  Detailed Algorithm
 Input a set of 4 marks  Step 1: Input M1,M2,M3,M4
 Calculate their average by summing and dividing by Step 2: GRADE  (M1+M2+M3+M4)/4
4 Step 3: if (GRADE < 50) then
 if average is below 50 Print “FAIL”
Print “FAIL” else
else Print “PASS”
Print “PASS” endif

7 8

Example Example 2
Flowchart
START Algorithm  Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart to
Step 1: Input M1,M2,M3,M4
Input
M1,M2,M3,M4
Step 2: GRADE  (M1+M2+M3+M4)/4 convert the length in feet to centimeter.
Step 3: if (GRADE <50) then
Print “FAIL” Pseudocode:
GRADE(M1+M2+M3+M4)/4 else
Print “PASS”  Input the length in feet (Lft)
IS endif
N
GRADE<5
Y  Calculate the length in cm (Lcm) by
0
multiplying LFT with 30
PRINT PRINT
“PASS” “FAIL”  Print length in cm (LCM)

STOP

9 10
 Example 2 Example 3
Flowchart

Algorithm Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart that will

START
read the two sides of a rectangle and calculate its
 Step 1: Input Lft
Input area.
 Step 2: Lcm  Lft x 30
Lft

Pseudocode
 Step 3: Print Lcm Lcm  Lft x 30
 Input the width (W) and Length (L) of a rectangle
Print  Calculate the area (A) by multiplying L with W
Lcm

 Print A
STOP

11 12

Example 3 DECISION STRUCTURES

Algorithm START  The expression A>B is a logical expression

 Step 1: Input W,L  it describes a condition we want to test
Input
W, L  if A>B is true (if A is greater than B) we take the
 Step 2: A  L x W action on left
 Step 3: Print A ALxW  print the value of A
 if A>B is false (if A is not greater than B) we take
Print
A
the action on right
 print the value of B
STOP

13 14
DECISION STRUCTURES Example 4
 Write an algorithm that reads two values, determines the
largest value and prints the largest value with an identifying
message.
Y N
ALGORITHM
is Step 1: Input VALUE1, VALUE2
A>B
Step 2: if (VALUE1 > VALUE2) then
MAX  VALUE1
Print Print else
A B
MAX  VALUE2
endif
Step 3: Print “The largest value is”, MAX

15 16

Example 4 Example 5
START

Input  Write an algorithm that reads three numbers

VALUE1,VALUE2
and prints the value of the largest number.
Y is
N
VALUE1>VALUE2

MAX  VALUE1 MAX  VALUE2

Print
“The largest value is”,
MAX

STOP
17 18
 Example 5 Example 5
Step 1: Input N1, N2, N3
Step 2: if (N1>N2) then
if (N1>N3) then Assignment for You!
MAX  N1 [N1>N2, N1>N3]
else Draw the flowchart of the above Algorithm.
MAX  N3 [N3>N1>N2]
endif
else
if (N2>N3) then
MAX  N2 [N2>N1, N2>N3]
else
MAX  N3 [N3>N2>N1]
endif
endif
Step 3: Print “The largest number is”, MAX

19 20

 E-Commerce
 E-commerce VS E-Business
 E-Commerce process
 E-Commerce Models/Types
 Advantages of E-Commerce
 Disadvantages of E-Commerce
 Commerce is a division of trade or production which deals
with the exchange of goods and services from producer to • Ecommerce is often used to refer to the sale of physical
final consumer. products online, but it can also describe any kind of
 E-Commerce or Electronic Commerce means buying and commercial transaction that is facilitated through the internet.
selling of goods, products, or services over the internet. • Ecommerce refers specifically to the transaction of goods
 E-commerce is also known as electronic commerce or and services.
internet commerce.
 These services are provided online over the internet • Whereas e-business refers to all aspects of operating an
network. online business, it include the sale and purchase of goods and
 Transaction of money, funds, and data are also considered services, Customer relationship management and Supply
as E-commerce chain management.
Examples of E-commerce:
Amazon, Ali-Baba, Flipkart, eBay, Fiverr, Upwork, Olx,
Quikr

 Business-to-business (B2B)
 Business-to-Consumer (B2C)
 Business-to-government (B2G)
 Consumer-to-consumer (C2C)
 Government to consumer (G2C)
 Government-to-business (G2B)
  B2B e-commerce is simply defined as ecommerce •The company sell their goods and/or services directly to the
between companies. About 80% of e-commerce is of this consumer.
type. •The consumer can browse their websites and look at
 Examples: products, pictures, read reviews.
 Intel selling microprocessor to Dell
 Heinz selling ketchup to Mc Donalds • Then they place their order and the company ships the
goods directly to them.
Business Organization
•Popular examples are
Order Amazon, Flipkart, Daraz etc.
Processing
Business Organization
Wholesaler Website
Orders
Order
Sells Processing

Orders
Customer Customer Website

 Business-to-government e-commerce or generally B2G is  Consumer-to-consumer e-commerce or C2C is simply

defined as commerce between companies and the public commerce between private individuals or consumers.
sector.  Example:
 Mary buying an iPod from Tom on eBay
 Example:  selling a car on OLX
 Business pay taxes, file reports, or sell goods and Place Advertisement

services to Govt. agencies.

Website
Want to buy products
Want to Sell products

Business Website Government

Organization Receive Product

Customer 2
Customer 1
Receive Money products
 This Model is also a part of e-governance.  Government-to-business (G2B) is a business model that
 The objective of this model is to provide good and effective refers to government providing services or information to
business organization.
services to each citizen.
 The Government provides the following facilities to the • Government uses B2G model website to approach
citizens through website. business organizations.
 Information of all government departments, • Such websites support auctions, tenders and application
 Different welfare schemes, submission functionalities.
 Different application forms to be used by the citizens.
Business
Government Website Organization
Government Website
Citizen

 Faster buying/selling procedure, as well as easy to find

products.  Unable to examine products personally(Lack of feel and
 Buying/selling 24/7. touch)
 More reach to customers, there is no theoretical
 Not everyone is connected to the Internet
geographic limitations.
 Low operational costs and better quality of services.
 There is the possibility of credit card number theft
 No need of physical company set-ups.
 Easy to start and manage a business.  Mechanical failures can cause unpredictable effects on the
 Customers can easily select products from different total processes.
providers without moving around physically.
 Transmission Medium,
&
Network Topologies

Classifications of Transmission Unguided Media: Wireless

Media
 Transmission Medium  Unguided media transport electromagnetic waves
 Physical path between transmitter and receiver
 Guided Media
without using a physical conductor.
 Waves are guided along a solid medium  This type of communication is often referred to as
 E.g., copper twisted pair, copper coaxial cable, optical fiber
wireless communication.
 Unguided Media
 Provides means of transmission but does not guide electromagnetic
signals
 Usually referred to as wireless transmission
 E.g., atmosphere, outer space

2 3
Unguided Media Omni directional Antenna

 Transmission and reception are achieved by

means of an antenna
 Directional
 Omni-directional

Radio waves are used for multicast

communications, such as radio and
television, and paging systems.

4 5

Unidirectional Antennas

Infrared signals can be used for short-

range communication in a closed area
using line-of-sight propagation.

Microwaves are used for unicast

communication such as cellular telephones,
satellite networks, and wireless LANs.
6 7
 Network Topologies Star Topology
 Network Topology refers to the shape of a network,
or the network's layout. How different nodes in a  All devices are connected to a central hub.
network are connected to each other and how they
communicate are determined by the network's  Nodes communicate across the network by
topology. passing data through the hub or switch.

 There are three basic topologies:

N1

N3
N5 Hub
Ring

N2
Star Bus Ring N4

8 9

Ring Topology Bus Topology

 All devices are connected to one another in the shape  All devices are connected to a central cable, called
of a closed loop. the bus or backbone.
 Each device is connected directly to two other  There are terminators at each end of the bus that stops
devices, one on either side of it. the signal and keeps it from traveling backwards.
N1
•
N5 N3
N N N
T T
N4 N2
N N N
N4

10 11
 Networking Devices

12 1

Network Devices 2. Network interface card

1. Modem
 Short for modulation-demodulation.  network interface card (NIC) is a hardware
 A device or program that enables a computer to component without which a computer cannot be
transmit data over telephone or cable lines, connected over a network. It is a circuit board
 computer information is stored digitally, whereas installed in a computer that provides a dedicated
information transmitted over telephone line is network connection to the computer. It is also
transmitted in the form of analog waves. called network interface controller, network
 Modem converts between these two forms. adapter or LAN adapter.

2 3
 3. Repeater 4. Hub –
 A repeater operates at the physical layer. Its job is to  A hub is basically a multiport repeater. A hub
regenerate the signal over the same network before connects multiple wires coming from different
the signal becomes too weak or corrupted so as to branches, for example, the connector in star topology
extend the length to which the signal can be which connects different stations.
transmitted over the same network.  Hubs cannot filter data, so data packets are sent to all
 An important point to be noted about repeaters is that connected devices.
they do not amplify the signal. When the signal  Also, they do not have intelligence to find out best
becomes weak, they copy the signal bit by bit and path for data packets which leads to inefficiencies and
regenerate it at the original strength. It is a 2 port wastage.
device.

4 5

5. Bridge 6. Switch
 A switch is a multiport bridge with a buffer and a
 A bridge operates at data link layer. A bridge is a design that can boost its efficiency and performance.
repeater, with add on the functionality of filtering  A switch is a data link layer device.
content by reading the MAC addresses of source and
 The switch can perform error checking before
destination.
forwarding data, that makes it very efficient as it does
 It is also used for interconnecting two LANs working not forward packets that have errors and forward
on the same protocol. good packets selectively to correct port only.
 It has a single input and single output port, thus
making it a 2 port device.

6 7
 7. Router

 A router is a device like a switch that routes data

packets based on their IP addresses.
 Router is mainly a Network Layer device.
 Routers normally connect LANs and WANs together
and have a dynamically updating routing table based
on which they make decisions on routing the data
packets.
 Router divide broadcast domains of hosts connected
through it.
8 9

Types of Computer Networks

Types of Computer Networks  computer networks can be categorized into various
types according to their size as well as their purpose.
 The size of a network should be expressed by the
geographical area and number of computers, which
are part of the networks.
 It includes devices housed in a single room to
millions of devices spread across the world.

1 2
PAN (Personal Area Network) Local Area Network (LAN)
 PAN can be used for establishing communication  A Local Area Network (LAN) is a group of computer
among personal devices for connecting to a digital and peripheral devices which are connected in a
network and the internet. limited area such as school, laboratory, home, and
 Characteristics of PAN office building.
 It is mostly personal devices with network equipped  It is a widely useful network for sharing resources
devices within a limited area. like files, printers, games, and other application. The
simplest type of LAN network is to connect
 PAN includes mobile devices, tablet, and laptop. It computers and a printer in someone's home or office.
can be wirelessly connected to the internet called
WPAN.
 Appliances use for PAN: cordless mice, keyboards,
and Bluetooth systems. 3 4

LAN Characteristics MAN

 Characteristics of LAN
 Coverage area of MAN is larger than LAN and
 It is a private network, so an outside regulatory body smaller than WAN.
never controls it.
 Example of MAN is part of the telephone
 LAN operates at a relatively higher speed compared company network that provide high speed DSL
to other WAN systems. line to the customer OR
 There are various kinds of media access control  Cable TV network in a city.
methods like token ring and Ethernet.

5 6
WAN (Wide Area Network)
WAN (Wide Area Network) is another important
computer network which is spread across a large
geographical area. WAN network system could be a
connection of a LAN which connects with other LAN's
using telephone lines and radio waves.
Any organization can form its global integrated network
using WAN.

7 8