PC101 - L4 Calculations

Pharmaceutical Compounding PC 101
Pharmacy Calculations
UNITS, CALCULATIONS AND CONVERSIONS
2
OBJECTIVES - to;
¨ Familarise with the systems of units likely to be likely to encountered in day-to-day
work.
¨ Be able to:
■ make conversions from 1 unit system 2 another.
■ accurately convert a stated quantity & conc of an agent into a toxic or exposure dose.
UNITS, CONCs ABBREVIATIONS, EQUIVALENTS & SYMBOLS
Units mass and volume

¨ Mass and SI unit
■ Kilogram (kg)
¨ Conversions
ü1 kilogram (kg) = 1000 grams (g)
ü1 gram (g) = 1000 milligrams (mg)
ü1 milligram (mg) = 1000 micrograms (mcg/μg)
ü1 microgram (mcg/μg) = 1000 nanograms (ng)
ü water 1g = 1mL
VOLUME
4
e.g of vol with no precise units:

v SI unit : Cubic metre (m³)
1 teaspoonful ≈ 5 mL , 1 tablespoon ≈ 15 mL
v Conversions
e.g of rough vol indications :
¨ 1 litre = 0.001 m³
Ø Mouthful
¨ 1 litre (L) = 1000 mL = 1 dm³
ü Adult male approx 25 mL
¨ 1 decilitre (dL) = 100 mL = 0.1 dm³
ü Adult female approx 20 mL
¨ 1 centilitre (cL) = 10 mL = 0.01 dm³
ü Child approx 10 mL
¨ 1 millilitre (mL) = 1 mL = 0.001 dm³ = 1 cm³
Ø Drinking can
Ø Bottle cap
ENGLISH AND AMERICAN UNITS
5
Units
6
1. 1 mg = ____ g = _____ kg = _____µg = ____ng

2. 1kg = _____ g = _____ mg = ____ µg
3. 1g = ______ µg = _____ mg = ____ng = ___ kg
4. 0.032 g = ____ mg
5. 8.8 x 105 µg = ____kg
6. 0.094 kg = _____ g
7. 62 ng = ______mg
Units
7
¨ 1 liter (L) = 1000 ml = 103 ml

¨ 1 ml = 1000 µl = 103 µl
¨ 1 ml = 1 cubic centimeter (cc)
¨ 1 L = 103 ml = 103 cc = 106 µl
¨ 1 ml = ___ cc = ______L = ______µl

¨ 1L = ______µl = ______cc
¨ 2.6 ml = ____cc
¨ 0.1 µl = L
¨ 2.37 L = ____ml
¨ 0.072 cc = ____µl
Units
8
¨ A patient receives 500 µg of estradiol benzoate by injection every day for 21 days. How
many grams of estradiol benzoate does the patient receive altogether?
¨ If 25 ml of an oil are used in the manufacture of 125000 capsules, how many µl are
contained in each capsule?
¨ In 25.0 ml of a solution for injection there are 4.00 mg of the drug. If the dose to be
administered to the patient is 200 µg, what quantity of this solution should be used?
Units
9
¨ A hospital uses the following formula for prednisolone capsules:

■ Prednisolone: 2.5 mg
■ Lactose: 0.9 mg
¨ How many grammes of each component should be used to make 1500 capsules?
¨ What quantity of each ingredient should be used to prepare 120 ml of the syrup?
nCherry juice: 475 ml
nSucrose: 800 g
nAlcohol: 20 ml
nPurified water: q.s, to 1000 ml
Calculating Doses for patients
¨ The very first thing you'll need to know is the patient's weight.
¨ Once you have the patient's weight in kilograms, you need to calculate the total dose
using the relative dose.
¨ The relative dose is often given in units of 'mg/kg’.
¨ Example
■A patient weighs exactly 10 kg. The relative dose is 15 mg/kg. What do we do?
■ CALCULATING
■ If 1kG=15MG
■ 10KG=?
¨ How many tablets should you prescribe if a patient needs 4 tablets of

METRONIDAZOLE 200mg BD X 6/7?
■ 4 tablets twice-daily = 8 tablets
■ 6/7 refers to 6 days = 8 (6) = 48 tablets
■ Answer: 48 tablets
¨ A patient enters your pharmacy asking for his PHENSEDYL.

¨ His doctor prescribed him 15mL of PHENSEDYL three times a day for 7 days.
¨ What number of doses is needed and what minimum volume of cough medicine needs to be
dispensed?
QUESTION
¨ The recommended dose of fluconazole for mucosal candidiasis in children is 3mg/kg
twice daily for 7 days.
■ Calculate the dose needed for a child ().
■ Suggest an appropriate formulation.
¨ If the weight of a child is not given, it’s not uncommon to estimate a value. For example, a 6-year old child
has an estimated weight between 18kg and 23kg – that is to say, approx. 20kg.
¨ With this in mind, a 3-year old child has an ideal body weight of 14kg. The ideal dose is, then, 14kg x 3mg =
42mg of fluconazole.
¨ What formulation should we choose?
50mg, 150mg, 200mg capsules
¨ 50mg/mL and 200mg/5mL suspensions
CONCENTRATIONS
15
v Conc of a solution of a drug/chemical can be expressed in diff. ways dep on the states
in which the solute & solvent occur.
v May be expressed:
Ø in terms of the quantity of solute in a definite volume of solution.
Ø as a quantity of solute in a definite mass of solvent or solution.
v The various expressions are summarized below.

16
Percentage strength
17
¨ % Concentration = (quantity of solute) / (quantity of preparation) X 100

■ % w/w
■ % v/v
■ % w/v
If 1.25 g of NaCl is dissolved in sufficient water to make 55.0 ml. the concentration is:
1.25 g/55.0 ml = 0.0227 g/ml
% w/v = 0.0227 g/ml x 100 = 2.27% w/v
If 12.0 g of lanolin is combined with 2.0 g of white wax and 16.0 g of petrolatum to make an
ointment, what is the percentage concentration of lanolin ointment?
12.0 g lanolin/ 30.0 g ointment = 0.4 = 40% w/w
Percentage strength
18
¨ Calculate % w/w OR w/v

i. 40.0 g glycerin dissolved in sufficient alcohol to make 25.0 ml
ii. 1.50 g phenol dissolved in 8.00 g of glycerin
iii. 10.0 ml of glycerin dissolved in sufficient water to make 38.0 ml of solution
¨ A concentration of 4.0 % w/v means that 4.0 g of X are dissolved in 100 ml of solution.
■ Rx. Zinc Sulphate 0.5% w/v
water to 60 ml
How much Zinc sulphate to add? How do you prepare this solution?
¨ Iodine tincture is a 2% W?V solution of Iodine.

How many g of Iodine will 40 ml of the tincture contain?
¨ How many L of a 0.9% aqueous solution can be made from 20.0 g of sodium chloride?
Inter-conversions
19
Molarity %(w/v)
Mass/volume
ppm Ratio e.g. 1 in 50,000
All of the outer units can readily be converted to units of mass/volume and vice versa.
20
Inter-converting concentrations expressed as mass/volume

(1) Converting between …
Molarity and mass/volume
21
(a) Molarity Mass/volume
e.g. convert 0.05M aspirin to mg/100ml. (RMM aspirin = 180)
1M = (RMM) g/L
1M = 180g/L
0.05M = 180 x 0.05g/L
= 9g/L
= 9,000mg/L
= 900mg/100ml
22
(b) Mass/volume Molarity
e.g. convert aspirin (450mg/L) to mM. (RMM aspirin = 180)
(RMM) mg/L = 1mM

180mg/L = 1mM
450mg/L = 450/180mM
= 2.5mM
23 Molarity and mass/volume
Hint:
When converting to or from a molar concentration always start by defining 1M
(or 1mM etc).
• If converting from a molarity, start with:-
1M = 180g/L or
1mM = 180mg/L etc
• If converting to a molarity, start with:-
180g/L = 1M or
180mg/L = 1mM etc
(Above all assumes RMM = 180)

24
Example questions
1) Re-express 25micromolar aspirin (RMM 180) in units of microgram/ml.
2) Re-express 0.72mg/100ml aspirin (RMM 180) in micromolar units
25
Answer 1
Re-express 25micromolar aspirin (RMM 180) in units of microgram/ml.
1microM = 180microgram/L
25microM = 180 x 25microgram/L
= 4500microgram/L
= 4.5microgram/ml
26 Molarity and mass/volume
Answer 2
Re-express 0.72mg/100ml aspirin (RMM 180) in micromolar units
Get rid of the awkward 100ml
0.72mg/100ml = 7.2mg/L
180mg/L = 1mM
1mg/L = 1/180mM
7.2mg/L = 7.2/180mM
= 0.04mM
= 40micromolar (μM)
27 %(w/v) and mass/volume
(a) %(w/v) Mass/volume
e.g. convert 0.9%(w/v) NaCl to mg per 5ml.
0.9%(w/v) = 0.9g/100ml
= 900mg/100ml
= 9mg/ml
= 45mg per 5ml
28
%(w/v) and mass/volume

(b) Mass/volume %(w/v)
e.g. convert NaCl (9g/L) to %(w/v).
9g/L = 0.9g/100ml
= 0.9%(w/v)
29
Hint:
When converting to a concentration expressed as %(w/v), the secret is to get
everything into g and ml units and then adjust so that the value is x g/100ml.
You then have the answer as a %.
30
Example questions
1) Re-express 5.5%(w/v) sodium chloride in units of mg/ml
2) Re-express 0.045g per 5ml sodium chloride in units of %(w/v).

31
Answer 1
Re-express 5.5%(w/v) sodium chloride in units of mg/ml
5.5% = 5.5g/100ml
= 5500mg/100mL
= 55mg/ml
32
Answer 2
Re-express 0.045g per 5ml sodium chloride in units of %(w/v).
0.045g per 5ml = 0.9g/100ml

= 0.9%(w/v)
33 ppm and mass/volume
(a) ppm Mass/volume
e.g. convert fluoride (5ppm) to mg/100ml.
1ppm = 1mg/L
5ppm = 5mg/L
= 0.5mg/100ml
(b) Mass/volume ppm
e.g. convert fluoride (800 microgram/L) to ppm.
1mg/L = 1ppm
800microgram/L = 0.8mg/L
800 microgram/L = 0.8ppm
Hint:
When converting to a concentration expressed as ppm, the secret is to get
everything into mg and Litre units and then adjust so that the value is x mg/L.
You then have the answer as ppm.
Example questions
1) Re-express 35microgram/100ml fluoride in units of ppm
2) Re-express 2.5ppm fluoride in units of microgram/ml µg/ml
37
ppm and mass/volume
Answer 1
Re-express 35microgram/100ml fluoride in units of ppm
35microgram/100ml = 350microgram/L
= 0.35mg/L
= 0.35ppm
Answer 2
Re-express 2.5ppm fluoride in units of microgram/ml
2.5ppm = 2.5mg/L
= 2.5microgram/ml
39
Ratio and mass/volume
(a) Ratio Mass/volume
e.g. convert adrenaline (1 in 200,000) to microgram/ml.
1 in 200,000 = 1g/200,000ml
= 1mg/200ml
= 5mg/L
= 5microgram/ml
40
Ratio and mass/volume
(b) Mass/volume Ratio
e.g. convert adrenaline (500 microgram/100ml) to a ratio
500microgram/100ml = 1mg/200ml
= 1g/200,000ml
= 1 in 200,000
41 Ratio and mass/volume
Hint:
When converting to a concentration expressed as a ratio, the secret is to get
everything into gram and ml units and then adjust so that the value is 1g/ x ml.
You then have the answer as a ratio.
Example questions
1) Re-express adrenaline (5mg/L) as a ratio.
2) Re-express adrenaline (1 in 200,000) in units of mg/100ml.
Answer 1
Re-express adrenaline (5mg/L) as a ratio.
5mg/L = 5g/1,000L
= 5g/1,000,000ml
= 1g/200,000ml
= 1 in 200,000
Answer 2
Re-express adrenaline (1 in 200,000) in units of mg/100ml.
1 in 200,000 = 1g/200,00ml
= 1mg/200ml
= 0.5mg/100ml
What you should be able to do
45
• Re-express a concentration quoted in any of the following units:-

- molarity
- %(w/v)
- ppm
- ratio
in units of mass/volume
• Vice versa
Examples of inter-converting mass/volume concentrations
46
Question 1
• Re-express 0.75mg/100ml in units of microgram/100ml
Question 2
• Re-express 2.5mg per 5ml in units of mg/L
Question 3
• Re-express 655mg/L in units of microgram/ml
Examples of inter-converting mass/volume
47
concentrations
Question 4
Re-express 800mg/L in units of g/100ml
Question 5
Re-express 40mg per 5ml in units of g/L
Question 6
Re-express 35mg/L in units of g/L
Question 7
48
• Re-express 50mg/ml in units of g/L

Question 8
• Re-express 150microgram/ml in units of mg per 5ml
Question 9
• Re-express 0.035g/100ml in units of mg/L
Question 10
• Re-express 7,500pg/ml in units of microgram/ml

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Pharmaceutical Compounding PC 101

Units mass and volume

e.g of vol with no precise units:

1. 1 mg = ____ g = _____ kg = _____µg = ____ng

¨ 1 liter (L) = 1000 ml = 103 ml

¨ 1 ml = ___ cc = ______L = ______µl

¨ A hospital uses the following formula for prednisolone capsules:

¨ How many tablets should you prescribe if a patient needs 4 tablets of

¨ A patient enters your pharmacy asking for his PHENSEDYL.

v The various expressions are summarized below.

¨ % Concentration = (quantity of solute) / (quantity of preparation) X 100

¨ Calculate % w/w OR w/v

¨ Iodine tincture is a 2% W?V solution of Iodine.

ppm Ratio e.g. 1 in 50,000

Inter-converting concentrations expressed as mass/volume

(a) Molarity Mass/volume

e.g. convert 0.05M aspirin to mg/100ml. (RMM aspirin = 180)

(RMM) mg/L = 1mM

(Above all assumes RMM = 180)

(a) %(w/v) Mass/volume

e.g. convert 0.9%(w/v) NaCl to mg per 5ml.

%(w/v) and mass/volume

e.g. convert NaCl (9g/L) to %(w/v).

%(w/v) and mass/volume

1) Re-express 5.5%(w/v) sodium chloride in units of mg/ml

2) Re-express 0.045g per 5ml sodium chloride in units of %(w/v).

Re-express 0.045g per 5ml sodium chloride in units of %(w/v).

0.045g per 5ml = 0.9g/100ml

(a) ppm Mass/volume

e.g. convert fluoride (5ppm) to mg/100ml.

(b) Mass/volume ppm

e.g. convert fluoride (800 microgram/L) to ppm.

(a) Ratio Mass/volume

e.g. convert adrenaline (1 in 200,000) to microgram/ml.

(b) Mass/volume Ratio

e.g. convert adrenaline (500 microgram/100ml) to a ratio

• Re-express a concentration quoted in any of the following units:-

• Re-express 50mg/ml in units of g/L

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1. 1 mg = __ g = _ kg = _µg = __ng

¨ 1 ml = _ cc = L = __µl