ME2121

Lecture 5: (Cont’d) The first law of thermodynamics

Engineering Thermodynamics and

Heat Transfer
2023/2024 Semester 1
Assistant Prof. SHIN Sunmi
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National University of Singapore

Office: EA-05-15
E-mail: mpeshin@nus.edu.sg
Aug 28, 2023

1
 Review of the last lecture

• Energy balance

𝑑𝑄 − 𝑑𝑊 = 𝑑𝐸 ≈ 𝑑𝑈

" "

) 𝛿𝑊 = ) 𝑃𝑑𝑉 = 𝑊!"
! !

• Isothermal process
• Adiabatic process
• Isobaric process
• Isochoric process

2
 Other derived properties
A new variable – enthalpy.
When a process undergoes a constant pressure path, the area under the process path is
the heat transfer.

• Let us consider the following processes on a P-V diagram:

Process 1-2: Isobaric process (P2=P1).

𝑄−𝑊 !#" = 𝛥𝐸 = 𝑈" − 𝑈! = 𝑚 𝑢" − 𝑢!

"

) 𝑑𝑄 $ = 𝑄!" = 𝑚 𝑢" − 𝑢! + 𝑊!"

! ℎ = 𝑢 + 𝑃𝑣
= 𝑚 𝑢" − 𝑢! + 𝑚𝑃! 𝑣" − 𝑣!
= 𝑚 𝑢" + 𝑃" 𝑣" − 𝑢! + 𝑃! 𝑣!
3
= 𝑚 ℎ" − ℎ! $
 Specific heats

• The specific heat is defined as the energy required to raise the temperature of a
unit mass of a substance by one degree. In thermodynamics, we are interested in
two kinds of specific heats: specific heat at constant volume cv and specific heat at
constant pressure cp.

4
 (Cont’d) Specific heats

• Now we try to express the specific heats in terms of other thermodynamic

properties.

• First, consider a fixed mass in a stationary closed system undergoing a constant-

volume process (and thus no expansion or compression work is involved). The
conservation of energy principle for this process can be expressed in the differential
form as:

𝛿𝐸%& − 𝛿𝐸'() = 𝑑𝑈

𝛿𝐸%& − 𝛿𝐸'() = 𝑚𝑑𝑢

𝛿𝐸%& − 𝛿𝐸'()
= 𝑑𝑢
𝑚

The net amount of energy transferred to the system

• From the definition of cv,

𝑑𝑢
𝑐* 𝑑𝑇 = 𝑑𝑢 𝑐* =
𝑑𝑇 * 5
 (Cont’d) Specific heats

• Similarly, an expression for the specific heat at constant pressure cp can be obtained
by considering a constant-pressure expansion or compression process.

𝑑ℎ
𝑐+ 𝑑𝑇 = 𝑑ℎ 𝑐+ =
𝑑𝑇 +

6
 Specific heat relations of ideal gases

• Using the definition of enthalpy and the equation of state of an ideal gas, we have:

ℎ = 𝑢 + 𝑃𝑣
ℎ = 𝑢 + 𝑅𝑇
𝑃𝑣 = 𝑅𝑇

• Invoking the definition of specific heats

𝑐+ 𝑑𝑇 = 𝑑ℎ 𝑑ℎ = 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑅𝑑𝑇

𝑐* 𝑑𝑇 = 𝑑𝑢 𝑐+ 𝑑𝑇 = 𝑐* 𝑑𝑇 + 𝑅𝑑𝑇

𝑐+ = 𝑐* + 𝑅

𝑐+ − 𝑐* = 𝑅
7
 (Cont’d) Specific heat relations of ideal gases

• For ideal gas, the relationship between specific heats is

𝑐+ = 𝑐* + 𝑅

𝑐6+ = 𝑐6* + 𝑅,

𝑅, M: molecular mass
𝑅=
𝑀

𝑐+
=𝛾 Isentropic index (specific heat ratio)
𝑐*
=Reversible adiabatic

8
 Example 5-1
A piston-cylinder device initially contains air at 150 kPa and 27 oC. At this state, the
piston is resting on a pair of stops (see figure), and the enclosed volume is 400 L. The
mass of the piston is such that a 350 kPa pressure is required to move it. The air is now
heated until its volume has doubled. Determine (a) the final temperature, (b) the work
done by the air, and (c) the total heat transferred to the air.

9
 Example 5-1
A piston-cylinder device initially contains air at 150 kPa and 27 oC. At this state, the
piston is resting on a pair of stops (see figure), and the enclosed volume is 400 L. The
mass of the piston is such that a 350 kPa pressure is required to move it. The air is now
heated until its volume has doubled. Determine (a) the final temperature, (b) the work
done by the air, and (c) the total heat transferred to the air. (hint: assume air is an ideal
gas, and internal energy of an ideal gas air is 214.07 kJ/kg at 300 K and 1113.52 kJ/kg
at 1400 K).
Solution:
Air in a piston-cylinder device with a set of
stops is heated until its volume is doubled.
The final temperature, work done, and the
total heat transfer are to be determined.

(a) The final temperature can be determined easily

by using the ideal-gas relation between states 1
and 3 in the following form:

𝑃! 𝑉! 𝑃- 𝑉- 150𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑉! 350𝑘𝑃𝑎 2𝑉!

= = 𝑇- = 1400𝐾
𝑇! 𝑇- 300𝐾 𝑇-

10
 Example 5-1
A piston-cylinder device initially contains air at 150 kPa and 27 oC. At this state, the
piston is resting on a pair of stops (see figure), and the enclosed volume is 400 L. The
mass of the piston is such that a 350 kPa pressure is required to move it. The air is now
heated until its volume has doubled. Determine (a) the final temperature, (b) the work
done by the air, and (c) the total heat transferred to the air. (hint: assume air is an ideal
gas, and internal energy of an ideal gas air is 214.07 kJ/kg at 300 K and 1113.52 kJ/kg
at 1400 K).
Solution:

(b) The work done could be determined by

integration, but for this case it is much easier to
find it from the area under the process curve on a
P-V diagram.

𝑊!" = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑉" − 𝑉! 𝑃# = 0.4𝑚" 350𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 140 m3-KPa = 140 kJ

(c) Under the stated assumptions and observations, the energy balance on the system between the initial
and final states (process 1-3) can be expressed as:

𝐸%& − 𝐸'() = 𝛥𝐸./.)01

𝑄%& − 𝑊'() = 𝛥𝑈 = 𝑚 𝑢- − 𝑢!
11
 Example 5-1
A piston-cylinder device initially contains air at 150 kPa and 27 oC. At this state, the
piston is resting on a pair of stops (see figure), and the enclosed volume is 400 L. The
mass of the piston is such that a 350 kPa pressure is required to move it. The air is now
heated until its volume has doubled. Determine (a) the final temperature, (b) the work
done by the air, and (c) the total heat transferred to the air. (hint: assume air is an ideal
gas, and internal energy of an ideal gas air is 214.07 kJ/kg at 300 K and 1113.52 kJ/kg
at 1400 K).
Solution:

𝑄%& − 𝑊'() = 𝛥𝑈 = 𝑚 𝑢- − 𝑢!

𝑃𝑉 𝑃! 𝑉! 150𝑘𝑃𝑎 0.4𝑚-
𝑚= = = = 0.697𝑘𝑔
𝑅𝑇 𝑅! 𝑇! 0.287𝑘𝑃𝑎 ⋅ 𝑚- ⁄𝑘 𝑔 ⋅ 𝐾 300𝐾

𝑢! = 𝑢-,,2 = 214.07 kJ/kg

𝑢- = 𝑢!3,,2 = 1113.52 kJ/kg

𝑄%& − 140 = 0.697 1113.52 − 214.07 𝑄%& = 767 kJ

12
 Isothermal process (dT=0)

• For ideal gas, the internal energy is assumed to be a function of temperature only,
that is U=U(T). Thus, from 1st law and apply it to the isothermal (dT=0) process,

𝑑𝑄 − 𝑑𝑊 = 𝑑𝑈 = 𝑚𝑑𝑢 = 𝑚𝑐* 𝑑𝑇 = 0

𝑑𝑄 = 𝑑𝑊 = 𝑃𝑑𝑉 = 𝑚𝑃𝑑𝑣

" " "

𝑅𝑇 𝑣"
) 𝑑𝑄 = ) 𝑚𝑃𝑑𝑣 = ) 𝑚 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇ln
𝑣 𝑣!
! ! !

13
 Adiabatic Process (dQ=0)

• For an adiabatic process, dQ=0, i.e., no heat transfer across the boundary of a
system. From the first law apply to a process,

𝑑𝑄 − 𝑑𝑊 = 𝑑𝑈

0 = 𝑑𝑈 + 𝑑𝑊

0 = 𝑚𝑐* 𝑑𝑇 + 𝑃𝑑𝑉

𝑃 𝑃
𝑑𝑇 = − 𝑑𝑉 = − 𝑑𝑣
𝑚𝑐* 𝑐*

• Invoking the equation of state of gas, Pv=RT, and differentiate implicitly,

𝑃𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣𝑑𝑃 = 𝑅𝑑𝑇

𝑃
𝑃𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣𝑑𝑃 = 𝑅 − 𝑑𝑣
𝑐* 14
(Cont’d) Adiabatic Process (dQ=0)

𝑃
𝑃𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣𝑑𝑃 = 𝑅 − 𝑑𝑣
𝑐*

𝑅
𝑣𝑑𝑃 = − 1 + 𝑃𝑑𝑣
𝑐*

𝑑𝑃 𝑅 𝑑𝑣
+ 1+ =0
𝑃 𝑐* 𝑣

𝑑𝑃 𝑐* + 𝑅 𝑑𝑣
+ =0
𝑃 𝑐* 𝑣

𝑑𝑃 𝑐+ 𝑑𝑣
+ =0
𝑃 𝑐* 𝑣

𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝑣
+𝛾 =0
𝑃 𝑣
15
 (Cont’d) Adiabatic Process (dQ=0)

𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝑣
+𝛾 =0
𝑃 𝑣

ln𝑃 + 𝛾ln𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡

𝑃𝑣 4 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡

From equation of state, Pv=RT (or Pv/T=const)

𝑇
4#! = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡
𝑃 4

𝑇! 𝑇" 4#!
4#! = 4#! 𝑇" 𝑃" 4
4 4 =
𝑃! 𝑃" 𝑇! 𝑃!

16
 Polytropic process

• During actual expansion and compression processes of gases, pressure and volume
are often related by PVn=C, where n and C are constants. A process of this kind is
called a polytropic process.

17
 Polytropic process

• During actual expansion and compression processes of gases, pressure and volume
are often related by PVn=C, where n and C are constants. A process of this kind is
called a polytropic process.

𝑃𝑉 & = 𝐶
𝑃 = 𝐶𝑉 #&
" "
#&5! #&5!
#&
𝑉" − 𝑉! 𝑃" 𝑉" − 𝑃! 𝑉!
𝑊!" = ) 𝑃𝑑𝑉 = ) 𝐶𝑉 𝑑𝑉 = C =
−𝑛 + 1 1−𝑛
! !

using 𝐶 = 𝑃! 𝑉!& = 𝑃" 𝑉"& and 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇

𝑚𝑅 𝑇" − 𝑇!
𝑊!" = 𝑛≠1
1−𝑛

For the special case of n=1 (ideal gas, Pv=RT or PV=mRT),

" "
𝑉"
𝑊!" = ) 𝑃𝑑𝑉 = ) 𝐶𝑉 #! 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑃𝑉ln
𝑉! 18
! !
 Example 5-2
An ideal gas (1mol) undergoes the following reversible processes:
(i) From an initial state of 70 oC and 1 bar is compressed to a temperature of 150 oC
adiabatically (dQ=0),
(ii) Cooled from 150 oC to 70 oC at constant pressure,
(iii) Finally, expanded isothermally (dT=0) to the original state “1”.

Calculate the work done, heat transfer and internal energy change for all processes.
Take cv=1.5R0, cp=2.5R0, and R0 is the universal gas constant = 8.3143 J/mol-K.

19
 Example 5-2
An ideal gas (1mol) undergoes the following reversible processes:
(i) From an initial state of 70 oC and 1 bar is compressed to a temperature of 150 oC
adiabatically (dQ=0),
(ii) Cooled from 150 oC to 70 oC at constant pressure,
(iii) Finally, expanded isothermally (dT=0) to the original state “1”.

Calculate the work done, heat transfer and internal energy change for all processes.
Take cv=1.5R0, cp=2.5R0, and R0 is the universal gas constant = 8.3143 J/mol-K.

Solution:

𝑐* = 1.5 8.314 = 12.471 J/mol-K

𝑐$ = 2.5 8.314 = 20.785 J/mol-K

(i) For adiabatic compression (1-2)

𝑑𝑄!" − 𝑑𝑊!" = 0 − 𝑑𝑊!" = 𝑑𝑈!"

−𝑑𝑊!" = 𝑑𝑈!" = 𝑈" − 𝑈! = 𝑛𝑐* 𝑇" − 𝑇! = 1 ⋅ 12.471 80 = 997.68 J

20
𝑑𝑊!" = −997.68 J
 Example 5-2
An ideal gas (1mol) undergoes the following reversible processes:
(i) From an initial state of 70 oC and 1 bar is compressed to a temperature of 150 oC
adiabatically (dQ=0),
(ii) Cooled from 150 oC to 70 oC at constant pressure,
(iii) Finally, expanded isothermally (dT=0) to the original state “1”.

Calculate the work done, heat transfer and internal energy change for all processes.
Take cv=1.5R0, cp=2.5R0, and R0 is the universal gas constant = 8.3143 J/mol-K.

Solution:
4#!
𝑇" 𝑃" 4
=
𝑇! 𝑃!

𝑐+ 2.5
𝛾= = = 1.667
𝑐* 1.5

𝑃" = 1.689 bar

21
 Example 5-2
An ideal gas (1mol) undergoes the following reversible processes:
(i) From an initial state of 70 oC and 1 bar is compressed to a temperature of 150 oC
adiabatically (dQ=0),
(ii) Cooled from 150 oC to 70 oC at constant pressure,
(iii) Finally, expanded isothermally (dT=0) to the original state “1”.

Calculate the work done, heat transfer and internal energy change for all processes.
Take cv=1.5R0, cp=2.5R0, and R0 is the universal gas constant = 8.3143 J/mol-K.

Solution:

(ii) For a constant pressure process (2-3)

𝑑𝑄#" = 1 𝑐$ 𝑇" − 𝑇# = 20.785 −80 = −1662.8 J

𝑑𝑈#" = 1 𝑐% 𝑇" − 𝑇# = −997.68 J

𝑑𝑊#" = 𝑑𝑄#" − 𝑑𝑈#" = −1662.8 − −997.68 = −665.12 J

22
 Example 5-2
An ideal gas (1mol) undergoes the following reversible processes:
(i) From an initial state of 70 oC and 1 bar is compressed to a temperature of 150 oC
adiabatically (dQ=0),
(ii) Cooled from 150 oC to 70 oC at constant pressure,
(iii) Finally, expanded isothermally (dT=0) to the original state “1”.

Calculate the work done, heat transfer and internal energy change for all processes.
Take cv=1.5R0, cp=2.5R0, and R0 is the universal gas constant = 8.3143 J/mol-K.

Solution:

(iii) Isothermal process (3-1)

𝑑𝑈-! = 0
𝑉! 𝑃-
𝑑𝑄-! = 1 𝑅, 𝑇! ln = 1 𝑅, 𝑇! ln
𝑉- 𝑃!
1.689
= 1 8.3143 343.15 ln = 1494.7 J
1

𝑑𝑊-! = 𝑑𝑄-! = 1494.7 J

23
 (Revisiting) Example 4-2

• 1 kg of gas (air) at a temperature of 25 oC and a pressure of 1 bar undergoes cyclical

processes in a frictionless piston-cylinder to a final pressure of 10 bar, before
expanding to its original state. Sketch these processes using a suitable state diagram.

(a) An isothermal compression to 10 bar (1 to 2 state).

(b) An isobaric heating from 2 to 3 at 10 bar
(c) An expansion that follows 𝑃𝑣 4 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡 , followed by cooling to state 1.

Compute the heat and work associated with all processes.

Take cv=1.5R0, cp=2.5R0, and R0 is the universal gas constant = 8.3143 J/mol-K.

Air molar mass = 28.97 g/mol

24
 (Revisiting) Example 4-2

• 1 kg of gas (air) at a temperature of 25 oC and a pressure of 1 bar undergoes cyclical

processes in a frictionless piston-cylinder to a final pressure of 10 bar, before
expanding to its original state. Sketch these processes using a suitable state diagram.

(a) An isothermal compression to 10 bar (1 to 2 state).

(b) An isobaric heating from 2 to 3 at 10 bar
(c) An expansion that follows 𝑃𝑣 4 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡 , followed by cooling to state 1.

Compute the heat and work associated with all processes.

Solutions:
P 2 3
10 bar

𝑃𝑣 ! = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡

Pv =RT Tutorial #3 Q2
1 bar
1

v
25
 Expression of work done
For adiabatic work (dQ=0), work done is given by

" "
𝐶 𝑃! 𝑉! − 𝑃" 𝑉"
𝑊 = ) 𝑃𝑑𝑉 = ) 𝑑𝑉 =
𝑉4 𝛾−1
! !

For adiabatic work and ideal gas (PV=mRT) system,

"
𝑃! 𝑉! − 𝑃" 𝑉" 𝑚𝑅𝑇! 𝑃" 𝑉" 𝑚𝑅𝑇! 𝑇"
𝑊 = ) 𝑃𝑑𝑉 = = 1− = 1−
𝛾−1 𝛾−1 𝑃! 𝑉! 𝛾−1 𝑇!
!

For isothermal work (dT=0) and ideal gas system,

" " "

𝑚𝑅𝑇 𝑉"
𝑊 = ) 𝑑𝑄 = ) 𝑃𝑑𝑉 = ) 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇ln
𝑉 𝑉!
! ! !

26