First Law Closed System

ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CLOSED SYSTEMS
MOVING BOUNDARY WORK

• The expansion and compression work is often called
moving boundary work.
• If the piston is allowed to move a

distance ds in a quasi-equilibrium
manner, the differential work done
during this process is;
𝜕𝑊𝑏 = 𝐹𝑑𝑠 = 𝑃𝐴𝑑𝑠 = 𝑃𝑑𝑉
• The total boundary work done during the entire
process as the piston moves is obtained by
adding all the differential works from the initial
2
state to the final state: 𝑊𝑏 = 1 𝑃𝑑𝑉 kJ
• The area under the process curve
on a P-V diagram represents the
boundary work.
2 2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝐴 = 𝑊𝑏 = 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑃𝑑𝑉
1 1
The boundary work done during

a process depends on the path
followed as well as the end states.
• The net work done during a
cycle is the difference between
the work done by the system
and the work done on the
system.
• In a car engine, for example, the boundary work done by

the expanding hot gases is used to overcome friction
between the piston and the cylinder, to push atmospheric
air out of the way, and to rotate the crankshaft.
Therefore,
𝑊𝑏 = 𝑊𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 + 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝑊𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘
2
= 𝐹𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 + 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝐴 + 𝐹𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑑𝑥

1
Boundary Work for a Constant-Volume Process
EXAMPLE 1
A rigid tank contains air at 500 kPa and 150°C. As a result
of heat transfer to the surroundings, the temperature
and pressure inside the tank drop to 65°C and 400 kPa,
respectively. Determine the boundary work done during
this process.
2
𝑊𝑏 = 𝑃𝑑𝑉 = 0
1
Boundary Work for a Constant-Pressure Process
• EXAMPLE 2
A frictionless piston–cylinder device contains 10 lbm of steam
at 60 psia and 320F. Heat is now transferred to the steam until
the temperature reaches 400F. If the piston is not attached to a
shaft and its mass is constant, determine the work done by the
steam during this process.
2 2
𝑊𝑏 = 𝑃𝑑𝑉 = 𝑃𝑜 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑃𝑜 𝑉2 − 𝑉1
1 1
𝑊𝑏 = 𝑚𝑃𝑜 (𝑉2 − 𝑉1 )
Isothermal Compression of an Ideal Gas
𝐶
PV = mR𝑇𝑜 = 𝐶 𝑜𝑟 𝑃=
𝑉
2 2
𝑑𝑉 𝑉2 𝑉2
𝑊𝑏 = 𝑃𝑑𝑉 = 𝐶 = 𝐶𝑙𝑛 = 𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑙𝑛
𝑉 𝑉1 𝑉1
1 1
Polytropic Process
P𝑉 𝑛 = 𝐶
2 2 −𝑛+1 −𝑛+1
−𝑛
𝑉2 − 𝑉1
𝑊𝑏 = 𝑃𝑑𝑉 = 𝐶 𝑉 𝑑𝑉 = 𝐶
1−𝑛
1 1
𝑃2 𝑉2 −𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑚𝑅(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
= 𝑊𝑏 = n≠1
1−𝑛 1−𝑛
ENERGY BALANCE FOR CLOSED SYSTEMS
• Energy balance for any system undergoing any kind of
process was expressed as
or, in the rate form, as

• For constant rates, the total quantities during a time
interval t are related to the quantities per unit time
as
• Energy balance can also be expressed in the

differential form as
• For a closed system undergoing
a cycle, the initial and final states
are identical, and thus
The energy balance (or the first-law) relations
Various forms of the first-law relation

for closed systems.
EXAMPLE
Electric Heating of a Gas at Constant Pressure
• A piston–cylinder device contains 25 g of
saturated water vapor that is maintained at a
constant pressure of 300 kPa. A resistance heater
within the cylinder is turned on and passes a
current of 0.2 A for 5 min from a 120-V source. At
the same time, a heat loss of 3.7 kJ occurs. (a)
Show that for a closed system the boundary work
Wb and the change in internal energy U in the
first-law relation can be combined into one term,
H, for a constant pressure process. (b)
Determine the final temperature of the steam
Solution
SPECIFIC HEATS
• The specific heat is defined as the energy required to
raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by
one degree.
• Specific heat at constant volume cv
• Specific heat at constant pressure cp.
Constant-volume and constant

pressure specific heats cv and cp
(values given are for helium gas).
SPECIFIC HEATS OF IDEAL
GASESINTERNAL ENERGY, ENTHALPY,
Ideal-gas constant pressure
specific heats for some
gases
Average specific heat
• First, the specific heats of gases with complex
molecules (molecules with two or more atoms) are
higher and increase with temperature.
• The variation of specific heats with temperature is
smooth and may be approximated as linear over
small temperature intervals (a few hundred degrees
or less). Therefore the specific heat can be replaced
by the constant average specific heat values.
Specific Heat Relations of Ideal Gases
When the specific heats are given on a molar basis, R in

the above equation should be replaced by the universal
gas constant Ru
INTERNAL ENERGY, ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS
• The constant-volume and constant-pressure
specific heats are identical for incompressible
substances
• Therefore, for solids and liquids, the subscripts

on cp and cv can be dropped, and both specific
heats can be represented by a single symbol c.
That is,
Internal Energy Changes
• The change in internal energy between states

1 and 2 is then obtained by integration:
• For small temperature intervals, a c value at

the average temperature can be used and
treated as a constant, yielding
Enthalpy Changes
• Using the definition of enthalpy h = u + Pv and noting
that v = constant, the differential form of the
enthalpy change of incompressible substances can
be determined by differentiation to be
• For solids, the term v ∆P is insignificant and thus

∆h = ∆u ≅ cavg ∆T .
• For liquids, two special cases are commonly
encountered:
• 1. Constant-pressure processes, as in heaters
(∆P = 0): h = ∆u ≅ cavg ∆ T
• 2. Constant-temperature processes, as in
pumps (∆T= 0): ∆h = v ∆P
• For a process between states 1 and 2, the last
relation can be expressed as
• h2- h1 = v(P2 - P1).
Cooling of an Iron Block by Water
• EXAMPLE
• A 50-kg iron block at 80°C is dropped into an
insulated tank that contains 0.5 m3 of liquid water at
25°C. Determine the temperature when thermal
equilibrium is reached.
• Solution
• The specific heats of iron and liquid water are
Ciron= 0.45 kJ/kg·°C and Cwater = 4.18 kJ/kg·°C.

First Law Closed System

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ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CLOSED SYSTEMS

MOVING BOUNDARY WORK

• If the piston is allowed to move a

The boundary work done during

• In a car engine, for example, the boundary work done by

= 𝐹𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 + 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝐴 + 𝐹𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑑𝑥

or, in the rate form, as

• Energy balance can also be expressed in the

Various forms of the first-law relation

Constant-volume and constant

When the specific heats are given on a molar basis, R in

• Therefore, for solids and liquids, the subscripts

• The change in internal energy between states

• For small temperature intervals, a c value at

• For solids, the term v ∆P is insignificant and thus

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