Chapter 6:

Sampling and Sampling Distributions

6.1 a. Probability distribution for one die:

Die outcome Probability
1 1/6
2 1/6
3 1/6
4 1/6
5 1/6
6 1/6

b. Sampling distribution of the sample means from rolling a pair of dice:

Total Sample x Prob. of x
2 11 1 1/36
3 1 2, 2 1 1.5 2/36
4 1 3, 3 1, 2 2 2 3/36
5 1 4, 4 1, 2 3, 3 2 2.5 4/36
6 1 5, 5 1, 2 4, 4 2, 3 3 3 5/36
7 1 6, 6 1, 2 5, 5 2, 3 4, 4 3 3.5 6/36
8 2 6, 6 2, 3 5, 5 3, 4 4 4 5/36
9 3 6, 6 3, 4 5, 5 4 4.5 4/36
10 4 6, 6 4, 5 5 5 3/36
11 5 6, 6 5 5.5 2/36
12 66 6 1/36

6.2 a. Binomial random variable with n = 2, p = .5

Probability Density Function
Binomial with n = 2 and p = 0.5
x P( X = x )
0 0.25
1 0.50
2 0.25

b. Binomial random variable with n = 4, p = .5

Probability Density Function
Binomial with n = 4 and p = 0.5
x P( X = x )
0 0.0625
1 0.2500
2 0.3750
3 0.2500
4 0.0625
152 th
Statistics for Business & Economics, 7 edition

c. Binomial random variable with n = 10, p = .5

Probability Density Function
Binomial with n = 10 and p = 0.5
x P( X = x )
0 0.000977
1 0.009766
2 0.043945
3 0.117188
4 0.205078
5 0.246094
6 0.205078
7 0.117188
8 0.043945
9 0.009766
10 0.000977

6.3 The sampling distribution of the sample mean can be generated by listing out
all possible samples of size n, calculate each possible x , determine the
probability of each possible x and generate the sampling distribution.
Alternatively, the probabilities of each x can be generated by use of the
binomial formula.
a. When n = 5: Use the binomial formula for x = 0, x = 1, etc.:
X P(X) x
0 .07776 0
1 .25920 .2
2 .34560 .4
3 .23040 .6
4 .07680 .8
5 .01024 1.0
p(1 - p) .4(.6)
E ( px ) = np = (5)(.4) = 2.0, s p =
2
== = .048, s p = .2191
n 5

b. Using the result from part a:

p(1 - p) .4(.6)
E ( px ) = np = (100)(.4) = 40, s p =
2
= = = .0024,
n 100
s p = .04899

6.4 The response should note that there will be errors in taking a census of the
entire population as well as errors in taking a sample. Improved accuracy can
be achieved via sampling methods versus taking a complete census (see
reference to Hogan, 90). By using sample information, we can make valid
inferences about the entire population without the time and expense involved
in taking a census.

6.5 a. mean and variance of the sampling distribution for the sample mean
µx = µ = 100
s 2 x = s n = 81 25 = 3.24 s x = s x 2 = 3.24
2
 Chapter 6: Sampling and Sampling Distributions 153

102 - 100
b. Probability that x > 102 z x = = 1.11 1 – Fz(1.11) = .1335
3.24
98 - 100
c. Probability that 98 £ x £ 101 z x = = -1.11 Fz = 1 – Fz(1.11)
3.24
= .1335
101 - 100
zx = = .56 Fz(.56) – [1-Fx(1.11)] = .7123 - .1335 = .5788
3.24
101.5 - 100
d. Probability that x £ 101.5 z x = = .83 Fz = .7967
3.24

6.6 a. mean and variance of the sampling distribution for the sample mean
µx = µ = 100
s 2 x = s n = 900 30 = 30 s x = s x 2 = 30
2

109 - 100
b. Probability that x > 109 z x = = 1.64 1 – Fz(1.64) = .0505
30
96 - 100
c. Probability that 96 £ x £ 110 z x = = -.73 1 – Fz(.73) = .2327
30
110 - 100
zx = = 1.83 Fz = .9664. .9664 - .2327 = .7337
30
107 - 100
d. Probability that x £ 107 zx = = 1.28 Fz = .8997
30

6.7 a. mean and variance of the sampling distribution for the sample mean
µ x = µ = 200
s 2 x = s n = 625 25 = 25 s x = s x 2 = 25
2

209 - 200
b. Probability that x > 209 z x = = 1.80 1 – Fz(1.80) = .0359
25
198 - 200
c. Probability that 198 £ x £ 211 zx = = -.40 1 – Fz(.40) =
25
.3446
211 - 200
zx = = 2.20 Fz(2.20) = .9861. .9861 - .3446 = .6415
25
202 - 200
d. Probability that x £ 202 z x = = .40 Fz = .6554
25

6.8 a. mean and variance of the sampling distribution for the sample mean
µ x = µ = 400
s 2 x = s n = 1600 35 = 45.7143 s x = s x 2 = 45.7143
2
154 th
Statistics for Business & Economics, 7 edition

412 - 400
b. Probability that x > 412 z x = = 1.77 1 – Fz(1.77) = .0384
45.7143
407 - 400
c. Probability that 393 £ x £ 407 z x = = 1.04 Fz(1.04) =
45.7143
.8508
393 - 400
zx = = -1.04 1 – Fz(1.04) = .1492. .8508 - .1492 =
45.7143
.7016
389 - 400
d. Probability that x £ 389 z x = = -1.63 1-Fz(1.63) = 1-.9484
45.7143
= .0516

s 3.6
6.9 a. E( X ) = µ x = 92. c. s x = = = 1.8
n 2
( 3.6 )
2
s2 93 - 92
b. s x 2 = = = 3.24 d. P(Z > ) = P(Z > .56) =
n 4 1.8
.2877

s 400
6.10 a. E( X ) = µ x = 1,200 c. s x = = = 133.33
n 3
( 400 )
2
s2 1, 050 - 1, 200
b. s x 2 = = = 17,778 d. P(Z< ) = P(Z<-1.13)
n 9 133.33
=.1292

24 - 25 24 - 25
6.11 a. i) P(Z > ) = P(Z < -.5) = .3085. ii) P(Z < ) = P(Z < -1)
2 2 4
=.1587
24 - 25
iii) P(Z < ) = P(Z < -2) = .0228
2 16
b. As the sample size increases, the standard error of the sampling
distribution will decrease. That is, as the sample size increases, the
sampling distribution of the sample means will clump up tighter
around the true population mean. The graph would show a tighter
distribution with less area in the tails.
 Chapter 6: Sampling and Sampling Distributions 155

6.12
æ 210,000 - 215,000 ö
a. P( x > 210,000) = Pçç z > ÷÷ = P( z > -2) = 0.9772
è 25,000 / 100 ø
b. P(213,000 < x < 217,000)
æ 213,000 - 215,000 217,000 - 215,000 ö
= Pçç <z< ÷ = P(-0.8 < z < 0.8)
è 25,000 / 100 25,000 / 100 ÷ø
= 0.5763
c. P(214,000 < x < 216,000)
æ 214,000 - 215,000 216,000 - 215,000 ö
= Pçç <z< ÷ = P(-0.4 < z < 0.4)
è 25,000 / 100 25,000 / 100 ÷ø
= 0.3108
d. The sample mean selling price is most likely to lie in the range
$214,000 to $216,000 since it is centered about the given population
mean.
e. The results were still valid because of the central limit theorem with the
sample size being larger than 30.

60
6.13 a. s x = = 20
9
270 - 280
b. P(Z < ) = P(Z < -.5) = 1 - .6915 = .3085
20
250 - 280
c. P(Z > ) = P(Z > -1.5) = .9332
20
d. If the population standard deviation is smaller, then the standard error
of the sampling distribution of the means will also be smaller. Since Z
is higher, tail areas are smaller and the probabilities calculated for
parts a and b will both be smaller.

22
6.14 a. s x = = 5.5
16
100 - 87
b. P(Z < ) = P(Z < 2.36) = .9909
5.5
80 - 87
c. P(Z > ) = P(Z > -1.27) = .8980
5.5
85 - 87 95 - 87
d. P( >Z> ) = P(-.36 > Z > 1.45) = .4329
5.5 5.5
e. Higher, higher, lower. The graph will show that the standard error of
the sample means will decrease with an increased sample size.
156 th
Statistics for Business & Economics, 7 edition

.6
6.15 a. s x = = .3
4
19.7 - 20
b. P(Z < ) = P(Z < -1) = .1587
.3
20.6 - 20
c. P(Z > ) = P(Z > 2) = .0228
.3
19.5 - 20 20.5 - 20
d. P( <Z< ) = P(-1.67 < Z < 1.67) = .905
.3 .3
19.5 - 20 20.5 - 20
e. P( <Z< ) = P(-1.18 < Z < 1.18) = .762
.6 2 .6 2

40
6.16 a. s x = =4
100
b. P(Z > 5/4) = P(Z > 1.25) = .1056
c. P(Z < -4/4) = P(Z < -1) = .1587
d. P(-3/4 > Z > 3/4) = P(-.75 > Z > .75) = .4532

8
6.17 a. s x = = 4. P(Z > 2/4) = P(Z > .5) = .3085
4
b. P(Z < -3/4) = P(Z < -.75) = .2266
c. P(-4/4 > Z > 4/4) = P(-1 > Z > 1) = .3174
d. Lower, lower, lower

1.6 Difference
6.18 a. s x = = .16, P(Z>1.645) =.05, 1.645 = , Difference =
100 .16
±.2632
Difference
b. P(Z < -1.28) = .1, -1.28 = , Difference = -.2048
.16
Difference
c. P(Z > 1.44) = .075, 1.44 = , Difference = .2304
.16

1
6.19 a. P(Z > 1.645) = .10, 1.645 = , n = 39.075, take n = 40
3.8 n
b. larger c. larger

2
6.20 a. P(Z > 1.96) = .025, 1.96 = , n = 67.766, take n = 68
8.4 n
b. smaller
c. larger
 Chapter 6: Sampling and Sampling Distributions 157

6.21 It is given that µ = 11,500 and s x2 = 4,000,000 .

Thus, s x = 4,000,000 = 2,000. Find a where P( x < a) = 0.05 .
æ a - 11,500 ö
P( x < a) = Pçç z < ÷ = 0.05 , P( z < -1.645) = 0.05
è 2,000 / 5 ÷ø
a - 11,500
So = -1.645 and a = 10,029 . The lower limit of sales should
2,000 / 5
be approximately $10,029.

0
6.22 a. N = 20, correction factor =
19
20
N = 40, correction factor =
39
80
N = 100, correction factor =
99
980
N = 1,000, correction factor =
999
9,980
N = 10,000, correction factor =
9,999
b. When the population size (N) equals the sample size (n), then there is no
variation away from the population mean and the standard error will be
zero. As the sample size becomes relatively small compared to the
population size, the correction factor tends towards 1 and the correction
factor becomes less significant in the calculation of the standard error
c. The correction factor tends toward a value of 1 and becomes
progressively less important as a modifying factor when the sample size
decreases relative to the population size

300, 000 400

6.23 a. s x = = 26,859,689
100 499
825, 000 - 800, 000
b. P(Z > )= P(Z > .93) = .1762
26,859.689
780,000 - 800,000
c. P(Z > )= P(Z > -.74) = .7704
26,859.689
790,000 - 800,000 820, 000 - 800, 000
d. P( <Z< )= P(-.37 < Z < .74) =
26,859.689 26,859.689
.4147
158 th
Statistics for Business & Economics, 7 edition

30 200
6.24 sx = = 3.8023
50 249
2.5
a. P(Z > )= P(Z > .66) = .2546
3.8023
-5
b. P(Z < )= P(Z < -1.31) = .0951
3.8023
-10 10
c. P( <Z< )= P(-2.63 < Z < 2.63) = 1 - .9914 = .0086
3.8023 3.8023

10 450
6.25 sx = = .7077
150 599
31 - 32
a. P(Z > )= P(Z > -1.41) = .9207
.7077
33 - 32
b. P(Z < )= P(Z < 1.41) = .9207
.7077
c. Normal probability graph. Due to the property of symmetry, the area
in the tails of the normal probability distribution are the same.
31 - 32 33 - 32
d. P(Z < ) or P(Z > ) = P(Z < -1.41) or P(Z > 1.41) =
.7077 .7077
.1586

(.4)(.6)
6.26 E ( pˆ ) = .4 s pˆ = = .04899
100
a. Probability that the sample proportion is greater than .45
.45 - .4
z= = P(Z >1.02) = .1539
.04899
b. Probability that the sample proportion is less than .29
.29 - .4
z= = P(Z< -2.25) = .0122
.04899
c. Probability that the sample proportion is between .35 and .51
.35 - .4 .51 - .4
d. P( <Z< ) = P(-1.02 < Z < 2.25) = .8339
.04899 .04899

(.25)(.75)
6.27 E ( pˆ ) = .25 s pˆ = = .0306186
200
a. Probability that the sample proportion is greater than .31
.31 - .25
z= = P(Z > 1.96) = .0250
.0306186
b. Probability that the sample proportion is less than .14
.14 - .25
z= = P(Z < -3.59) = .0002
.0306186
 Chapter 6: Sampling and Sampling Distributions 159

c. Probability that the sample proportion is between .24 and .40

.24 - .25 .4 - .25
P( <Z< ) = P(-.33 < Z < 4.90) = .6293
.0306186 .0306186

(.6)(.4)
6.28 E ( pˆ ) = .60 s pˆ = = .04899
100
a. Probability that the sample proportion is greater than .66
.66 - .6
z= = P(Z > 1.22) = .1112
.04899
b. Probability that the sample proportion is less than .48
.48 - .6
z= = P(Z < -2.45) = .0071
.04899
c. Probability that the sample proportion is between .52 and .66
.52 - .6 .66 - .6
P( z = <Z< z= ) = P(-1.63 < Z < 1.22) = .8372
.04899 .04899

(.5)(.5)
6.29 E ( pˆ ) = .50 s pˆ = = .01667
900
a. Probability that the sample proportion is greater than .52
.52 - .5
z= = P(Z > 1.20) = .1152
.01667
b. Probability that the sample proportion is less than .46
.46 - .5
z= = P(Z < -2.40) = .0082
.01667
c. Probability that the sample proportion is between .47 and .53
.47 - .5 .53 - .5
P( z = <Z< z= ) = P(-1.80 < Z < 1.80) = .9282
.01667 .01667

6.30 a. E ( pˆ ) = .424
(.424)(.576)
b. s pˆ 2 = = .00244
100
c. s pˆ = .0494
.5 - .424
d. P(Z > )= P(Z > 1.54) = .0618
.0494

6.31 a. E ( pˆ ) = .75
(.75)(.25)
b. s pˆ 2 = = .001875
100
c. s pˆ = .0433
.8 - .75
d. P(Z > )= P(Z > 1.15) = .1251
.0433
160 th
Statistics for Business & Economics, 7 edition

6.32 a. E ( pˆ ) = .20
(.2)(.8)
b. s pˆ 2 = = .000889
180
c. s pˆ = .0298
.15 - .2
d. P(Z < )= P(Z < -1.68) = .0465
.0298

(.3)(.7)
6.33 a. s pˆ = = .0324
200
.25 - .3
b. P(Z < )= P(Z < -1.54) = .0618
.0324
.33 - .3
c. P(Z > )= P(Z > .93) = .1762
.0324
.27 - .3 .33 - .3
d. P( <Z< )= P(-.93 < Z < .93) = .6476
.0324 .0324

(.4)(.6)
6.34 s pˆ = = .0447
120
.35 - .4 .45 - .4
P( <Z< )= P(-1.12 < Z < 1.12) = .7372
.0447 .0447

(.42)(.58)
6.35 a. s pˆ = = .0285
300
.5 - .42
b. P(Z > )= P(Z > 2.81) = .0025
.0285
.4 - .42 .45 - .42
c. P( <Z< )= P(-.7 < Z < 1.05) = .6111
.0285 .0285
d. .41 - .43

(.2)(.8)
6.36 a. s pˆ = = .0351
130
.15 - .2
b. P(Z > ) = P(Z > -1.42) = .9222
.0351
.18 - .2 .22 - .2
c. P( <Z< )= P(-.57 < Z < .57) = .4314
.0351 .0351
d. Higher, higher
 Chapter 6: Sampling and Sampling Distributions 161

(.3)(.7)
6.37 a. s pˆ = = .02739
280
.32 - .3
b. P(Z < )= P(Z < .73) = .7673
.02739
c. .29 - .31
(.5)(.5)
6.38 The largest value for s p̂ is when p = .5. In this case, s pˆ = =
100
.05

(.5)(.5)
6.39 P(Z > 1.96) = .025, .03 = 1.96 , solving for n = 1067.11. Take a
n
sample of size 1,068.

(.25)(.75)
6.40 a. s pˆ = = .0395
120
Difference
b. P(Z > 1.28), 1.28 = , Difference = .0506
.0395
Difference
c. P(Z < -1.645), -1.645 = , Difference = .065
.0395
Difference
d. P(Z > 1.036), 1.036 = , Difference = .0409
.0395

(.5)(.5) .56 - .5
6.41 s pˆ = = .04082, P(Z > )= P(Z > 1.47) = .0708
150 .04082

(.5)(.5) .58 - .5
6.42 s pˆ = = .03162, P(Z > )= P(Z > 2.53) = .0057
250 .03162

(.55)(.45) 419
6.43 s pˆ = = .05065
81 499
.5 - .55
P(Z < )= P(Z < -.99) = .1611
.05065

0.4(1 - 0.4)
6.44 a. s pˆ = = 0.0447
120
æ 0.33 - 0.40 ö
b. P( pˆ < 0.33) = Pç z < ÷ = P( z < -1.57 ) = 0.0582
è 0.0447 ø
æ 0.38 - 0.40 0.46 - 0.40 ö
c. P(0.38 < pˆ < 0.46) = Pç <z< ÷
è 0.044721 0.044721 ø
= P(-0.4472 < z < 1.34) = 0.5825
162 th
Statistics for Business & Economics, 7 edition

0.53(1 - 0.53)
6.45 a. s pˆ = = 0.05580
80
æ 0.5 - 0.53 ö
b. P( pˆ < 0.5) = Pç z < ÷ = P( z < -0.54) = 0.2946
è 0.05580 ø
c. Find a where P( pˆ > a) = 0.03 .
æ a - 0.5 ö
P( pˆ > a) = Pç z > ÷ = 0.03 , P( z > 1.88) = 0.03
è 0.05580 ø
a - 0.5
So = 1.88 and a = 0.6049 .
0.05580

.1 - .122 (.2709)(.7291)
6.46 P(Z < = P(Z < -.61) = .2709, s pˆ = = .04969
.036 81
.5 - .2709
P(Z > ) = P(Z > 4.61) » .0000
.04969

6.47 a. Find the probability that the sample mean is > 101.
101 - 100
Probability that x > 101 z x = = .80 1 – Fz(.80) = .2119
5
16
b. Find the probability that the sample variance is > 45
(n - 1) s 2 15(45)
P( > ) = P( c 2(15) > 27) = between .05 and .025
s2 25
c. Find the probability that the sample variance is > 60
(n - 1) s 2 15(60)
P( > ) = P( c 2(15) > 36) = Less than .005
s 2
25

6.48 a. Probability that the sample mean is > 200.

200 - 198
Probability that x > 200 z x = = 1.00 1 – Fz(1.00) = .1587
10
25
b. 5% of the sample variances would be less than this value
é (n - 1) s 2 ù 2 24s 2
P( s 2 > k ) = P ê ú c = 13.85 < 13.85 s 2 < 57.702
ë s
2 24,.95
û 100
c. 5% of the samples variances would be greater than this value
é (n - 1) s 2 ù 2 24s 2
P( s 2 > k ) = P ê ú c = 36.42 > 36.42 s 2 > 151.879
ë s 2
û
24,.05
100
 Chapter 6: Sampling and Sampling Distributions 163

6.49 a. Probability that the sample mean is > 50

50 - 46
Probability that x > 50 z x = = 2.40 1 – Fz(2.40) = .0082
7.07107
18
b. 5% of the sample variances would be less than this value
é (n - 1) s 2 ù 2 17 s 2
P( s > k ) = P ê
2
ú c 17,.95 = 8.67 < 8.67 s 2 < 25.50
ë s
2
û 50
c. 5% of the samples variances would be greater than this value
é (n - 1) s 2 ù 2 17 s 2
P( s 2 > k ) = P ê ú c = 27.59 > 27.59 s 2 > 81.147
ë s
2 17,.05
û 50

(n - 1) s 2 19(3.1)
6.50 P( > ) = P( c 2(19) > 33.66) = between .01 and .025 (.0201
s 2
1.75
exactly)

(n - 1) s 2
11(2.5)2
6.51 a. P( <) = P( c 2(11) < 23.79) = between .975 and .99
s 2
(1.7) 2

(.9864 exactly)
(n - 1) s 2 11(1)1
b. P( > ) = P( c 2(11) > 3.81) = between .975 and .99 (.9751
s 2
(1.7) 2

exactly)

(n - 1) s 2 15(3,000)2
6.52 a. P( > ) = P( c 2(15) > 21.6) = greater than .1 (.1187
s2 (2,500) 2

exactly)
(n - 1) s 2 15(1,500)2
b. P( < ) = P( c 2(15) < 5.4) = between .01 and .025
s 2
(2,500) 2

(.0118 exactly)

(n - 1) s 2
19(100)
6.53 a. P( ) = P( c 2(19) < 7.6) = about .01 ( .0097 exactly)
<
s 2
250
(n - 1) s 2 19(500)
b. P( > ) = P( c 2(19) > 38) = between .005 and .01 (.0059
s 2
250
exactly)
164 th
Statistics for Business & Economics, 7 edition

(n - 1)s 2 24(75)2
6.54 a. P( < ) = P( c 2(24) < 13.5) = between .025 and .05
s 2
(100) 2

(.0428 exactly)
(n - 1) s 2 24(150)2
b. P( > ) = P( c 2(24) > 54) = less than .005 (.0004
s 2
(100) 2

exactly)

(n - 1) s 229(3.5)2
6.55 a. P( > ) = P( c 2(29) > 17.54) = between .95 and .975
s 2
(4.5) 2

(.9531 exactly) – yes

(n - 1) s 2 29(6)2
b. P( < ) = P( c 2(29) < 51.56) = between .99 and .995
s 2
(4.5) 2

(.9939 exactly) - yes

6.56
Descriptive Statistics: C20, C21, C22, C23, C24, C25, C26, C27, ...
Variable Mean Variance
C20 3.00 2.00
C21 4.00 8.00
C22 4.00 8.00
C23 4.50 12.50
C24 5.00 18.00
C25 5.00 2.00
C26 5.00 2.00
C27 6.00 8.00
C28 6.0000 0.000000000
C29 6.500 0.500
C30 7.00 2.00
C31 6.500 0.500
C32 7.00 2.00
C33 7.500 0.500
C34 5.50 4.50

Descriptive Statistics: Variance

Variable Mean StDev Variance Sum
Variance 4.72 5.26 27.62 70.80
70.8
x= = 4.72 E ( s 2 ) = 15(3.91667) = 4.1964
15 (14)

6.57 a. P( c 2(5) > 11.07) = .05, 11.07 = 5(Difference), Difference = 2.214

(221.4%)
b. P( c 2(5) < 1.61) = .1, 1.61 = 5(Difference), Difference = .322 (32.2%)
 Chapter 6: Sampling and Sampling Distributions 165

6.58 a. P( c 2(9) > 14.68) = .10, 14.68 = 9(Difference), Difference = 1.6311

(163.11%)
b. P( c 2(9) < 2.7) = .025, P( c 2(9) > 19.02) = .025,
2.7 = 9a, a = .3, 19.02 = 9b, b = 2.1133
The probability is .95 that the sample variance is between 30% and
211.33% of the population variance
c. The interval in part b. will be smaller

14s 2 x
6.59 a. P( c 2 (14 ) > 29.14) = .01, 29.14 = , sx = 2.597
(1.8)2
14s 2 x
b. P ( c 2 (14 ) > 5.63) = .025, 5.63 = , sx = 1.141
(1.8)2
c. P ( c 2 (14 ) < 6.57) = .05, P( c 2 (14 ) > 23.68) = .05
14s 2 a 14s 2b
between 6.57 = , sa = 1.233, and 23.68 = , sb = 2.341
(1.8)2 (1.8)2

6.60 a. P ( c 2 (11) > 4.57) = .95, 4.57 = 11Difference, Difference = .4155

(41.55%)
b. P ( c 2 (11) > 5.58) = .90, 5.58 = 11Difference, Difference = .5073
(50.73%)
c. P ( c 2 (11) < 3.82) = .025, P( c 2 (11) > 21.92) = .025,
3.82 = 11a, a = .34727, 21.92 = 11b, b = 1.9927
The probability is .95 that the sample variance is between 34.727% and
199.27% of the population variance

(n - 1) s 2 19(2.05)
6.61 P( > ) = P( c 2(19) > 25.97) = more than 10% (.1310
s 2
1.5
exactly)

(n - 1) s 2 24(12.2)
6.62 P( < ) = P( c 2(24) < 19.01) = less than .90 (.5438 exactly)
s 2
15.4

6.63 A sample mean can be thought of as a random variable since there are a very
large number of possible samples, sample size n, that can be drawn from a
population. Each of those samples is likely to have a different sample mean.
Therefore, all possible sample means, sample size n, will have its own
probability distribution. This probability distribution is made up of all
possible sample means calculated from all possible samples of a certain size
drawn from a specific population
166 th
Statistics for Business & Economics, 7 edition

6!
6.64 a. C26 = = 15 possible samples
2!4!
b. (41, 39), (41, 35), (41, 35), (41, 33), (41, 38), (39, 35), (39, 35), (39,
33), (39, 38), (35, 35), (35, 33), (35, 38), (35, 33), (35, 38), (33, 38)
2
c. 34 PX (34) = 34 = 4.5333
15
35
35PX (35) = = 2.3333
15
35.5
35.5PX (35.5) = = 2.3667
15
36
36 PX (36) = = 2.4
15
2
36.5PX (36.5) = 36.5 = 4.8667
15
3
37 PX (37) = 37 = 7.4
15
2
38PX (38) = 38 = 5.0667
15
38.5
38.5PX (38.5) = = 2.5667
15
39.5
39.5PX (39.5) = = 2.6333
15
40
40 PX (40) = = 2.6667
15
d. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample mean is
å xPx ( x ) = 36.8333 which is exactly equal to the population mean:
1
N
å xi = 36.8333 . This is the result expected from the Central Limit
Theorem.

6.65 The central limit theorem states that as the sample size increases, the
sampling distribution of the sample mean tends toward the normal
probability distribution, allowing use of the normal probability distribution
for estimating population means.

450 - 420
6.66 a. P ( Z > ) = P(Z > 1.5) = .0668
100 25
400 - 420 450 - 420
b. P( <Z< ) = P(-1 < Z < 1.5) = .7745
100 25 100 25
x - 420
c. P(Z > 1.28) = .1, 1.28 = , x = 445.6
100 25
 Chapter 6: Sampling and Sampling Distributions 167

x - 420
d. P(Z < -1.28) = .1, -1.28 = , x = 394.4
100 25
24s 2
e. P( c (24) > 36.42) = .05, 36.42 =
2
, s = 123.1868
(100)2
24s 2
f. P( c 2(24) < 13.85) = .05, 13.85 = , s = 75.966
(100)2
g. Smaller. A larger sample size would lead to a smaller standard error
and the graph of the normal distribution would be tighter with less area
in the tails.

65 - 60
6.67 a. P(Z > ) = P(Z > 1) = .1587
10 4
Xi - 60
b. P(Z < -1.28) = .1, -1.28 = , Xi = 53.6
10 4
3s 2
c. P( c 2 (3) > 6.25) = .1, 6.25 = , s = 14.4337
(10) 2
3s 2 x
d. P( c 2 (3) < .584) = .1, .584 = , s = 4.4121
(10) 2
65 - 60
e. P(Z > ) = P(Z > 1.0) = .1587
10 4
Use the binomial formula: P(X >2) = P(X = 3) + P(X = 4)
C34 (.8413)3 (.1587)1 + C44 (.8413)4 (.1587)0 = .87896

19 - 14.8
6.68 a. P(Z > ) = P(Z > 2) = .0228
6.3 9
10.6 - 14.8 19 - 14.8
b. P( <Z< ) = P(-2 < Z < 2) = .9544
6.3 9 6.3 9
X - 14.8
c. P(Z < -.675) = .25, -.675 = i , Xi = 13.3825
6.3 9
8s 2
d. P( c 2
(8) > 13.36) = .1, 13.36 = , s = 8.1414
(6.3) 2
e. Smaller
168 Statistics for Business & Economics, 7 edition
th

1,500 - 1,600
6.69 a. P(Z > ) = P(Z > -1.00) = .8413
400 16
X - 1,600
b. P(Z > 1.04) = .15, 1.04 = i , Xi = 1,704
400 16
15s 2
c. P ( c 2
(15) > 22.31) = .1, 22.31 = , s = 487.825
(400)2

6.70 Let n = N, then X = µ x :

s 2x N - n N -n 2
E[å i =1 ( X i - X ) ] = ns
N 2 2
x -n = ns 2 x - s x=
n N -1 N -1
s 2
x Ns x 2
(nN - n - N + n) =(n - 1)
N -1 N -1
1 1 Ns 2 x
Therefore, E[
n -1
å i
( X - X ) 2
] =
n -1
E[ å i
( X - X ) 2
] =
N -1

120 - 100
6.71 a. P(Z > ) = P(Z > 2) = .0228
30 9
X - 100
b. P(Z < -.843) = .20, -.843 = i , Xi = 91.57
30 9
8s 2
c. P( c 2 (8) < 2.73) = .05, 2.73 = , s = 17.525
(30)2

æ 0.7 - 0.8 ö
6.72 a. P( pˆ < 0.7) = Pç z < ÷ = P( z < -1.94) = 0.0262
ç (0 .8 )(0 .2 ) / 60 ÷
è ø
æ 0.7 - 0.8 ö÷
b. P( pˆ < 0.7) = Pç z < = P( z < -0.61) = 0.2709
ç ( 0. 8)( 0. 2) / 6 ÷
è ø
æ 38,000 - 37,000 ö
c. P( x > 38,000) = Pçç z > ÷ = P( z > 0.61) = 0.2709
è 4,000 / 6 ÷ø
æ 38,000 - 37,000 ö
d. P( x > 38,000) = Pç z > ÷ = P( z > 0.25) = 0.5987
è 4,000 ø
 Chapter 6: Sampling and Sampling Distributions 169

15s 2
6.73 a. P( c 2 (15) > 30.58) = .01, 30.58 = , s = 2.5701
(1.8)2
Difference
b. P(Z > 1.04) = .15, 1.04 = , Difference = .468
1.8 16
Difference
c. P(Z > 1.96) = .025, 1.96 = , Difference = ±.882
1.8 16

(n - 1) s 2
6.74 P( > 20(2)) = P ( c 2 ( 20 ) > 40) = .005
s 2

.6 - .5
6.75 a. P(Z > ) = P(Z > 2) = .0228
(.5)(.5) /100
.4 - .5 .55 - .5
b. P( <Z< ) = P(-1 < Z < 1) = .6826
(.5)(.5) /100 (.5)(.5) /100
c. Replace 100 with 10 in parts a. and b. The answer will be larger for
part a. and smaller for part b.

6.76 10 < µ x < X + 10, -10 < X - µ x < 10

-10 10
P( <Z< ) = P(-1 < Z < 1) = .6826
40 16 40 16

29.5 - 30
6.77 P(Z < ) = P(Z < -1.54) = .0618
1.3 16

(.4)(.6)
6.78 a. s x = = .03098
250
p - .4
P(Z > -.843) = .8, -.843 = , p = .3739
.03098
p - .4
b. P(Z < 1.28) = .9, 1.28 = , p = .4397
.03098
Difference
c. P(Z > 1.04) = .35, 1.04 = , Difference = ±.0322
.03098

.28 - .2
6.79 a. P(Z > ) = P(Z < 3.46) = .9997
(.2)(.8) / 300
.28 - .4
b. P(Z < ) = P(Z < -4.24) » .0000
(.4)(.6) / 300
170 th
Statistics for Business & Economics, 7 edition

(n - 1) s 2 24(4,000) 2
6.80 a. P( > ) = P( c 2(24) > 8.82) = more than .99 (.9979
s2 (6,600) 2

exactly)
(n - 1)s 2 24(8,000)2
b. P( < ) = P( c 2(24) < 35.62) = between .9 and .95
s 2
(6,600) 2

(.9354 exactly)

(n - 1) s 2 19(2.5)2
6.81 P( > ) = P( c 2(19) > 29.69) = between .05 and .1 (.0559
s2 (2) 2

exactly)

6.82 a. The sample mean is x = å x = 70803 = 708.03.

n 100
The sample standard deviation is s = 8.106.
To find the standard deviation of the sample mean for each sample, use the
s
equation s x = . Use s = 8.106 as an estimate for s and note that n = 5 for
n
8.106
each sample. Thus, s x = = 3.625.
5

æ x - µ 685 - 710 ö
b. P( x < 685) = Pçç < ÷÷ = P( z < -6.90) = 0.0000
è xs 3.625 ø

æ x - µ 720 - 710 ö
c. P( x > 720) = Pçç > ÷÷ = P( z > 2.76) = 0.0029
è xs 3.625 ø

6.83 a. The sample mean is x = å x = 103469.5 = 517.3475.

n 200
The sample variance is s = 72.43989. 2

To find the variance of the sample mean for each sample, use the equation
s s2
sx = , which gives us s x2 = . Use s 2 = 72.43989 as an estimate for s 2
n n
72.43989
and note that n = 5 for each sample. Thus, s x2 = = 14.48798.
5

b. Use s x = 14.48798 = 3.80631.

æ x - µ 500 - 510 ö
P( x < 500) = Pçç < ÷÷ = P( z < -2.63) = 0.0043
è s x 3.80631 ø
 Chapter 6: Sampling and Sampling Distributions 171

c. Use s x = 14.48798 = 3.80631.

æ x - µ 508 - 510 ö
P( x > 508) = Pçç > ÷ = P( z > -0.53) = 0.7019
è sx 3.80631 ÷ø

a. The sample mean is x = å =

x 156654.6
6.84 = 1135.178.
n 138
The sample variance is s 2 = 11.3382.
To find the variance of the sample mean for each sample, use the equation
s s2
sx = , which gives us s =
2
x
. Use s 2 = 11.3382 as an estimate for s 2 and
n n
11.3382
note that n = 6 for each sample. Thus, s x2 = = 1.8898.
6

b. Use s x = 1.8898 = 1.3747.

æ 1120 - 1134 x - µ 1150 - 1134 ö
P(1120 < x < 1150) = Pçç < < ÷
è 1.8898 sx 1.8898 ÷ø
= P(-10.18 < z < 11.64) = 1.0000