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A. Speaking 24
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Read Aloud 24
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1. Bill (Shadowing) 24
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2. Agricultural Problems (Shadowing) 24
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3. Innovative Product (Shadowing) 24
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4. Urban Forests (Shadowing) 24
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5. Root Network (Shadowing) 24
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6. Child Psychology (Shadowing) 24
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7. Political Problems (Shadowing) 24
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8. Statistics (Shadowing) 25
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9. William Shakespeare (Shadowing) 25
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10. Rates of Depression (Shadowing) 25
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11. Tutor (Shadowing) 25
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12. Attendance (Shadowing) 25
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13. Enough Fluid 25
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14. Single Research 25
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15. Tortoise 26
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16. Department Stores 26
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17. Attendance to Theater 26
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18. Norms and Values 26
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19. Expression 26
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20. Learner Experience 26
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21. Natural Enviroment 26
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22. Emigrants 26
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23. Humanities 27
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24. Making Notes 27
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25. Word Radical 27
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26. New Textbook 27
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27. Volcano Behaviors 27
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28. Medical Cannabis 27
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29. Hybrid Rice 27
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30. Motivation to Fight 28
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31. Baby Hearing 28
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32. Stroke Risk 28
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33. Abortions 28
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34. Vitamin and Death 28
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35. Pollution Reduction 28
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36. Video Games 28
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36. Video Games 28
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37. Reserve Bank 28
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38. Global Changes 29
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39. Flood Control 29
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40. Window in Painting 29
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41. Psychology 29
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42. Climate Effects 29
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43. Gut Microbiome 29
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44. University Terms 29
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45. Manchester (Incomplete) 30
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46. Roman Army (Shadowing) 30
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47. Undergraduates Education 30
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48. Paraphrasing (Incomplete) 30
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49. Night Sky (Shadowing) 30
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50. Blue Whale 30
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51. Spanish and French (Incomplete) 30
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52. Ed Tech (B) (Incomplete) 30
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53. Credit Cards (Incomplete) 31
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54. Interdisciplinary Studies (Incomplete) 31
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55. Natural Networks (Incomplete) 31
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56. Microscopic Invaders (Shadowing) 31
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57. Stone Tools (Incomplete) 31
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58. Black Swan （B） (Shadowing) 31
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59. Colloquialism (Shadowing) 32
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60. Man-made Light (Shadowing) 32
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61. Only Family (Shadowing) 32
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62. Online Shopping (Shadowing) 32
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63. Beauty Contests (Shadowing) 32
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64. Companies (Shadowing) 32
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65. Nutritionally Bankrupt (Shadowing) 32
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66. Hazard Assessment (Shadowing) 33
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67. Elephant (Shadowing) 33
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68. Slang (Shadowing) 33
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69. Bookkeeper Fraud (Shadowing) 33
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70. Restaurant Location (Shadowing) 33
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71. Brain Development 33
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72. Black Swan 33
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73. Blue (B) 34
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73. Blue (B) 34
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74. Facebook (Incomplete) 34
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75. Lunar Events (Incomplete) 34
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76. Vanilla (Shadowing) 34
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77. Living Room 34
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78. Augustus (Shadowing) 34
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79. Tool-user (Incomplete) 34
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80. Undesirable Programs (Incomplete) 35
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81. Blue (Shadowing) 35
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82. Charles Darwin 35
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83. Yellow (Shadowing) 35
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84. Father 35
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85. Grand Canyon (Shadowing) 35
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86. Yellow 36
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87. Lincoln (Shadowing) 36
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88. Coastal Wetlands 36
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89. Mobile Commerce 36
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90. Shakespeare (Shadowing) 36
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91. Alphabet (Shadowing) 36
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92. Domestication 36
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Repeat Sentence 37
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Describe Image 44
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1. Supply Chain Management 44
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2. Assessment (Incomplete) 44
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3. Tax and Payroll 44
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4. Wasted Food 45
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5. Volunteer Expenses 45
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6. Production Map (Incomplete) 46
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7. Diamond Production 46
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8. Working Hours 46
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9. European Countries 47
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10. Volunteer Work 47
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11. GNH 48
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12. Plastic Bottle Recycling 48
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13. Internet Users 49
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14. Ship Lock 49
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15. Mosquito Life Cycle 50
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16. A Food Chain 50
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16. A Food Chain 50
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17. South American Rainforest 51
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18. Commuting Time 51
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19. Palm Oil Production 52
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20. Laboratory Plan 52
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21. Forest Annual Change 53
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22. Input and Output 53
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23. Australian Population Density 1 54
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24. Gnat Life Cycle 54
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25. Garbage Patches 1 55
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26. Students' Worked Age 55
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27. Pet Expenditure 56
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28. Egypt Trading 56
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29. Government Expenditure 57
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30. Happiness 57
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31. Water Treatment 58
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32. Evacuation Route 58
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33. Garbage Patches 59
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34. Adult Literacy 59
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35. Oxbow Lake 60
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Retell Lecture 61
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1. Icy Sea (Incomplete) 61
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2. Venus (Audio Available) 61
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3. Education (Incomplete) 61
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4. Pursuit of Happiness (Incomplete) 61
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5. Multitasking Man (Incomplete) 61
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6. Animal Image (Incomplete) 61
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7. Universal Philosophy (Audio Available) 62
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8. Facial Recognition (Audio Available) 62
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9. Bananas (Incomplete) 62
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10. Energy Challenge (Audio Available) 62
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11. Fashion (Incomplete) 63
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12. Sunrise and Sunset in Space (Incomplete) 63
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13. Leadership (Explanation) (Audio Available) 63
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14. A Book (Incomplete) 64
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15. Policy Changes (Incomplete) 64
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16. Windmill (Incomplete) 64
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17. Biological Forgetting (Audio Available) 64
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17. Biological Forgetting (Audio Available) 64
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18. Leadership and Management (Incomplete) 64
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19. General-purpose Cars (Incomplete) 64
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20. Edmund Wilson (Explanation) (Audio Available) 65
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21. Animal Behavior (B) (Explanation) (Audio Available) 65
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22. British Population (Incomplete) 65
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23. Overfishing (Audio Available) 65
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24. Language Disorder (Audio Available) 66
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25. Truth and Rhetoric (Explanation) (Audio Available) 66
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26. Robot and Human (Audio Available) 66
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27. Dimensions (Explanation) (Audio Available) 67
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28. Linguistic Training (Explanation) (Audio Available) 67
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29. Visual Description (Explanation) (Audio Available) 68
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30. Loggerhead Turtle (Incomplete) 68
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31. Food Quantification (Explanation) (Audio Available) 68
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32. Motivation (Incomplete) 68
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33. Melatonin (Explanation) (Audio Available) 69
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34. Large Hadron Collider (LHC) (Audio Available) 69
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35. Animal Behavior (Audio Available) 69
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36. Flower Colors (Incomplete) 70
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37. Newton’s Apple (Incomplete) 70
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38. America’s Economic Size (Incomplete) 70
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39. Wind Power (Incomplete) 70
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40. Health Worker (Audio Available) 70
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41. Springtime (Audio Available) 70
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42. Implicit&Explicit Memory (Audio Available) 71
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43. Arctic and Antarctic (Audio Available) 71
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44. London Taxi Drivers (Audio Available) 72
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45. Shy Fish (Audio Available) 72
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46. Happiness (Audio Available) 73
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47. Biology (Audio Available) 73
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48. Sugar (Audio Available) 73
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49. Early Robot (Audio Available) 74
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50. Climate Change (Explanation) (Audio Available) 74
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51. Genome Structural Variation (Audio Available) 74
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52. Marshmallow Test (Audio Available) 75
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53. Manufacturers (Audio Available) 75
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54. Museum (Audio Available) 76
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54. Museum (Audio Available) 76
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55. Licking and Grooming (Audio Available) 76
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56. Trade-off Triangle (Audio Available) 77
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57. Green Economy (Audio Available) 77
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Answer Short Question 78
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B. Writing 86
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Summarize Written Text 86
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1. Automatic Cars (Incomplete) 86
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2. Telescope 86
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3. Women in University 86
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4. Levels of Crime 87
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5. Human Traits 87
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6. Brain Wave 88
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7. Farmland (Incomplete) 88
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8. Importance of Water 88
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9. Environmental Technologies 89
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10. Family Dinner (Explanation) 89
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11. Summer Vacation (Incomplete) 90
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12. New Women (Incomplete) 90
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13. The Women Institute (Incomplete) 90
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14. Legume 90
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15. Education Technology (Explanation) 91
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16. Positive Mindset (Explanation) 91
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17. Ethics (Explanation) 92
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18. World Wide Web (Explanation) 93
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19. Energy Demand (Incomplete) 93
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20. Pre-service teachers (Incomplete) 93
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21. Asda (Explanation) 94
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22. Illusion (Explanation) 94
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23. Reading (Explanation) 95
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24. Plastic Particles (Explanation) 95
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25. Vividity of TV and Newspaper (Explanation) 96
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26. The Great Sphinx (Explanation) 96
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27. Rosetta Stone (Explanation) 97
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28. Songbird (Explanation) 97
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29. Plug-in Vehicle (Explanation) 98
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30. Plants Research (Explanation) 99
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31. Overqualified Employees (Explanation) 99
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31. Overqualified Employees (Explanation) 99
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32. Online Teaching & Learning (Explanation) 100
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33. Oil Price Decline (Explanation) 100
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34. Malaysia Tourism (Explanation) 101
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35. Geothermal Energy (Explanation) 101
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36. Electric Cars (Explanation) 102
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37. Double Blind (Explanation) 102
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38. Children Allowance (Explanation) 103
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39. Cataract Surgery (Explanation) 103
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40. Australia-US Alliance (Explanation) 104
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41. 3D Printing (Explanation) 105
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42. American English (Explanation) 105
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43. Crime Rate (Explanation) 106
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Write Essay 107
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1. Foreign Language Learning (Explanation) 107
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2. Art and Culture (Explanation) 107
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3. Replaced Textbooks (Explanation) 107
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4. Overcrowding (Explanation) 107
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5. Nature or Nurture (Explanation) 107
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6. Hyper Competition (Explanation) 107
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7. Financial Learning (Explanation) 107
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8. Travel for Education (Explanation) 107
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9. Foreign Languages (Explanation) 108
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10. City or Countryside (Explanation) 108
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11. Wage Cap (Explanation) 108
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12. Harder Life (Explanation) 108
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13. Old or Modern Buildings (Explanation) 108
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14. Compulsory Learning (Explanation) 108
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15. Working Women (Explanation) 108
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16. Short Weeks (Explanation) 108
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17. Celebrities' Privacy (Explanation) 109
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18. Less Work Hours (Explanation) 109
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19. Television (Explanation) 109
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20. Inventions (Explanation) 109
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21. Dangerous Activities (Explanation) 109
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22. Tourism's Pros and Cons (Explanation) 109
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23. Law Effect (Explanation) 109
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24. Marketing in Companies (Explanation) 110
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24. Marketing in Companies (Explanation) 110
·····································································································
25. Studying Climate Change (Explanation) 110
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26. Distraction (Explanation) 110
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27. Life Experience (Explanation) 110
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28. Credit Cards (Explanation) 110
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29. Age Limit (Explanation) 110
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30. Digital Materials (Explanation) 110
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31. Building Effects (Explanation) 110
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32. Experiential Learning (Explanation) 111
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33. Digital Age (Explanation) 111
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34. Television (Explanation) 111
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35. Emigration (Explanation) 111
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36. Getting Married (Explanation) 111
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37. Facing Issues (Explanation) 111
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38. Senior Executives (Explanation) 111
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39. Global Issue (Explanation) 111
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40. Mass Media (Explanation) 112
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41. Information Revolution (Explanation) 112
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42. Extending Life Expectancy (Explanation) 112
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43. Mark Deduction (Explanation) 112
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44. Legal Responsibility (Explanation) 112
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45. Right Balance (Explanation) 112
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46. Shopping Malls (Explanation) 112
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47. Studying Theater (Explanation) 113
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48. Personal Life (Explanation) 113
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49. Inventions (Explanation) 113
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50. Transportation Networks (Explanation) 113
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C. Reading 114
······································································································
Fill in the Blanks (Reading & Writing) 114
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1. Penicillin (Incomplete) 114
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2. Rainforest (Incomplete) 114
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3. Recruitment Tool (Explanation) 114
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4. Self Recognition (Incomplete) 114
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5. Bonus of Dendrochronology (Explanation) 114
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6. Sleep Pattern (Incomplete) 115
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7. New Material (Incomplete) 115
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8. Water Consumption (Incomplete) 115
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9. Company Culture (Incomplete) 115
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10. Station Service (Incomplete) 115
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11. Environmental Policy (Explanation) 115
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12. Clinical Trials (Incomplete) 116
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13. Korean Students (Incomplete) 116
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14. Financial Crisis (Explanation) 116
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15. Crime Prevention (Explanation) 116
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16. International Trade (Explanation) 117
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17. Pinker (Explanation) 117
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18. Plains Indians (Explanation) 117
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19. Graphene (Explanation) 118
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20. Dag Hammarskjold Library (Explanation) 118
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21. Coral Reefs (Explanation) 118
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22. Dinosaurs (Explanation) 119
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23. Shakespeare (Explanation) 119
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24. World Map of Happiness (Explanation) 120
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25. Spanish (Explanation) 120
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26. Roommates (Incomplete) 120
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27. Alcohol Consumption (Incomplete) 120
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28. Light Pollution (Explanation) 121
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29. Video Game (Incomplete) 121
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30. Kathryn Mewes (Explanation) 121
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31. Rugby Matches (Incomplete) 122
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32. Bhutan (Explanation) 122
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33. Teenage Daughter (Explanation) 122
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34. Digital Media (Explanation) 123
·····································································································
35. Lionfish (Incomplete) 123
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36. Sound Speed (Explanation) 123
·····································································································
37. Evolution (Explanation) 123
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38. Panic-striken Climate (Explanation) 124
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39. Digitalization (Explanation) 124
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40. Tokyo Skytree (Explanation) 124
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41. Charles Dickens (Incomplete) 125
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42. Sand Battery (Explanation) 125
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43. Giant Exoplanets (Explanation) 126
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44. Shrimp Farm (Explanation) 126
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45. Product Selling (Explanation) 126
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46. IQ Tests (Incomplete) 127
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47. Good Looks in Votes (Explanation) 127
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48. Mini Helicopter (Explanation) 127
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49. Intelligence Comparison (Explanation) 128
·····································································································
50. Eco-friendly Smoothies (Explanation) 128
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51. Academic Writing 128
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52. English Language (Explanation) 129
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53. Genius (Explanation) 129
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54. Cheating 129
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55. Stressors 130
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56. Cell (Explanation) 130
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57. Golden Gate Bridge (Explanation) 130
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58. PIE 131
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59. Marshmallow Test 131
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60. Drones 132
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61. Behaviorists 132
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62. Physical Activity 132
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63. Studying Law 133
·····································································································
64. Kashmiri 133
·····································································································
65. Ikebana 133
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66. Healthcare 134
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67. Colonial Era 134
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68. Colour Preference 134
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69. Sun and Moon 135
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70. Fossil Fuels 135
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71. Marshmallow 136
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72. Study of Objects 136
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73. Psychology 136
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74. Mass Extinction 137
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75. Australia's Dwellings 137
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76. Noisy Studying 137
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77. Cultural Studies 138
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78. Trinity Sport and Fitness 138
·····································································································
79. Retirement 139
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80. Agrarian Parties 139
·····································································································
81. Home Appliances 140
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82. Icebergs' Sound 140
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83. How World Works 140
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84. Brains or Brawn 141
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85. Managing Performance 141
·····································································································
86. Financial Institutions 142
·····································································································
87. Wholeness of Thought 142
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88. Interior Design 142
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89. Computational Thinking 143
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90. When to Revise? 143
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91. Paris Opera 143
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92. Stress 144
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93. Significance of Instinct 144
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94. Global Textile Industry 144
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95. Very Old Paris 145
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96. Rudman 145
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97. MBA Programs 146
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98. UNEP 146
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99. Origin of Species 147
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100. Women in Labour Force 147
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101. Origin of Music 147
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102. Standard Language 148
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103. Fresh Water 148
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104. Guilt and Responsibility 149
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105. Transportation System 149
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106. APS 149
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107. Interdisciplinary Centre 150
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108. Debt, Poverty and Development 150
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109. Spotted Owls 151
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110. Learning Process 151
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111. Maya 151
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112. Snails 152
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113. English in Change 152
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114. Scientists 153
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115. Sleep Patterns 153
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116. Australian Women Novelists 153
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117. Business 154
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118. Allergies 154
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119. Classic 154
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120. Leadership 155
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121. Oxford Course 155
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122. Dictatorship 156
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123. Zika 156
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124. DNA 156
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125. Japan and China 157
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126. Fingerprint (Incomplete) 157
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127. Cardona Salt Mountain 157
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128. Viper 158
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129. Water Security 158
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130. Generosity 158
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131. Canadian Arctic 159
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132. David Lynch 159
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133. Australia Higher Education Funding 159
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134. Hairstyles 160
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135. Sales Jobs 160
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136. Herbal 161
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137. Anesthetics 161
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138. Sales Activities 161
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139. Settlement 162
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140. Natural Capital 162
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141. Video Conference 163
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142. Pollination 163
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143. Definition of Country 163
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144. Burger King 164
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145. Pinker 164
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146. Impressionist 165
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147. Egg-eating Snakes 165
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148. Paleoanthropologist 165
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149. Australia and New Zealand 166
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150. Keith Haring 166
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151. Honorary Degree 167
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Multiple Choice (Multiple) 168
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1. Turks and Caicos (Incomplete) 168
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2. Children Care (Incomplete) 168
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3. Optional Courses (Incomplete) 168
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4. Jails (Incomplete) 168
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5. (Incomplete) 168
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6. Pink Tube (Incomplete) 169
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7. ANZAC (Incomplete) 169
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8. History of Sleep 169
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9. Decision 170
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Re-order Paragraphs 171
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1. Amazon Drought (Incomplete) 171
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2. Coral Reefs 171
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3. Notion of Engineering (Incomplete) 171
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4. Crab 171
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5. Age (Incomplete) 171
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6. Project (Incomplete) 171
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7. Darwin 171
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8. Ada (Incomplete) 172
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9. Travel (Incomplete) 172
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10. Agriculture (Incomplete) 172
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11. Temperature Measurement (Incomplete) 172
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12. Meerkats 172
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13. Leaf Structure 172
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14. Takeaway Meals 173
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15. Locomotion 173
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16. Mandarin 173
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17. US Manufacturing (Incomplete) 174
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18. Poincaré 174
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19. Sun Light (Incomplete) 174
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20. Rectangle and Square (Incomplete) 174
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21. Child Temptation（孩⼦的诱惑） 174
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22. O'Keeffe 174
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23. Actors' Performance 175
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24. Financial Literacy 175
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25. Understanding Differences（了解差异） 175
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26. Brain Function 175
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27. Hand Language (Incomplete) 176
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28. Superpower (Incomplete) 176
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29. Nightinggale 176
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30. Food Label (Incomplete) 176
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31. Mars From Earth（地球到⽕星） 176
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32. Pidgin 176
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33. Blue Halo 177
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34. Ants 177
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35. Marine Creature 177
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36. Art History 177
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37. Children's Verbal Skills 177
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38. World Feeding 178
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39. Two-and-a-half（2.5升空⽓） 178
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40. EU Fishing 178
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41. Glow Worm 178
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42. Hip Pop 179
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43. Be Objective（保持客观） 179
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44. Carbon Pricing in Canada 179
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45. Heart Attack 179
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46. Foreign Aid 179
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47. Pilot 180
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48. Local Logger（当地⽊⼯） 180
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49. A Big Challenge（⼤挑战） 180
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50. Sojourner 180
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51. Mission 181
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52. Pilot 181
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53. Some Type Soda（某些类型的苏打） 181
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Fill in the Blanks (Reading) 182
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1. Trinity Sport and Fitness 182
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2. Major Selection (Incomplete) 182
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3. Gold (Incomplete) 182
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4. Philosophy (Incomplete) 182
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5. David Lynch (Explanation) 182
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6. Charity (Incomplete) 182
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7. Ballet-pantomime (Explanation) 182
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8. Pidgins (Explanation) 183
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9. English Language (Explanation) 183
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10. Evolution (Explanation) 183
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11. Chemistry (Explanation) 184
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12. Black Hole (Incomplete) 184
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13. Electrons (Explanation) 184
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14. Tooth (Incomplete) 184
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15. Forest and Fish (Incomplete) 184
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16. Traffic Jams (Explanation) 184
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17. MBA (Explanation) 185
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18. Performance Appraisals (Explanation) 185
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19. Higher Education Shift (Explanation) 185
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20. Accounting and Finance (Explanation) 185
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21. Bioenergy (Explanation) 186
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22. Activity Tracker (Incomplete) 186
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23. Banana (Explanation) 186
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24. Dictionary (Explanation) 186
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25. Keith Haring 186
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26. Sound Speed (Explanation) 187
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27. Lizard (Incomplete) 187
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28. Management Accounting (Explanation) 187
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29. Computational Thinking (Explanation) 187
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30. Studying Law (Explanation) 188
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31. Color Preference 188
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32. Selfies (Explanation) 188
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33. Egyptian Music (Explanation) 189
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34. Green Spaces 189
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35. Egg-eating Snakes 189
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36. Long-term Goal (Incomplete) 189
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37. Gender Equality 189
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38. Fossil Fuel (Explanation) 190
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39. Ponzi Scheme 190
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40. Electric Eels 190
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41. Rudman 190
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42. Active Learning Classrooms 190
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43. Sandra Lousada (Explanation) 191
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44. Carbon Prices 191
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45. Father in Family 191
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46. Conservancy 191
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47. Inflation (Incomplete) 192
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48. Weather Predictions 192
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49. Giant Exoplanets 192
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50. Geography 192
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51. Scientists' Work 192
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52. Folklore 193
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53. Suez Canal 193
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54. Eutrophication 193
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55. Following Tips 193
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56. Alpine Newt 193
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57. Dance 194
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58. Western Firms 194
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59. Coffee 194
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60. Financial Crisis 194
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61. Concentration 195
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62. Environmental Policy 195
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63. Physical Activity 195
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64. Lithium 195
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65. Citizenship Education 195
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66. Australian Dwellings 196
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67. Changing English 196
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68. Pupil Charity 196
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69. Investment 196
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70. Moth 197
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71. Revision 197
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72. Japan and China 197
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73. Trade-off 197
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74. Lake Turkana 197
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75. Smarter Organisms 198
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76. Recruitment 198
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77. Donors 198
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78. Standard Response 198
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79. Internet Growth 199
·····································································································
80. Good Looks 199
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81. Viper 199
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82. Walt Disney World 199
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83. American People 200
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84. Canada Gallery 200
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85. Music 200
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86. Psychoanalytic and Behaviorist 200
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87. Fresh Water 200
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88. Jupiter’s Moon Europa 201
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89. Tokyo's Skytree 201
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90. Climate 201
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91. Plagiarism 201
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92. Crime Prevention 202
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93. Milky Way System 202
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94. People’s Savings 202
·····································································································
95. Agrarian Parties 202
·····································································································
96. Impressionist Painters 203
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97. Higher Education Qualifications 203
·····································································································
98. Steven Pinker 203
·····································································································
99. Sun and Moon 203
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100. Retirement 204
·····································································································
101. Cuteness 204
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102. Genius 204
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103. Kathryn Mewes 205
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104. Planes 205
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105. Ikebana 205
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106. Kashmiri 205
·····································································································
107. Sportswomen 206
·····································································································
108. University Science 206
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109. Recruitment Tool 206
·····································································································
110. Chaucer’s Tales 206
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111. (Incomplete) 207
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112. (Incomplete) 207
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113. Australian Business Etiquette (Incomplete) 207
·····································································································
114. University Ranking (Incomplete) 207
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115. Teenage Daughter 207
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116. Earthquake 207
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117. Answering Questions 208
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118. Dark Matter 208
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119. Papal Reform 208
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120. Microorganism 208
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121. Botswana 209
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Multiple Choice (Single) 210
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1. Social Scientists 210
·····································································································
2. John Robertson 210
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3. Lighthouse (Incomplete) 211
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4. Euripides (Incomplete) 211
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D. Listening 212
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Summarize Spoken Text 212
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1. International Law (Incomplete) 212
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2. Sound of Words (Incomplete) 212
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3. Old and New Business (Incomplete) 212
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4. Women Contribution (Incomplete) 212
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5. Origin of Species (Audio Available) 212
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6. Cosmology (Incomplete) 212
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7. City and Civilization (Incomplete) 213
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8. Music Record (Incomplete) 213
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9. Journalism and Internet (Audio Available) 213
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10. Singapore (Incomplete) 213
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11. Music Recorder (Incomplete) 213
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12. Social Diversity (Incomplete) 214
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13. Accent and Dialect (Incomplete) 214
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14. Women Contribution (Incomplete) 214
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15. Dialect (Incomplete) 214
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16. Trade System (Incomplete) 214
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17. Black Fly (Incomplete) 214
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18. African American Rights (Audio Available) 215
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19. Fish (Audio Available) 215
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20. Air Pollution (Audio Available) 215
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21. Exercise (Incomplete) 216
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22. Tissue Engineering (Explanation) (Audio Available) 216
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23. Aristotle (Explanation) (Audio Available) 216
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24. Human Behaviors (Explanation) (Audio Available) 217
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25. Time Travel (Incomplete) 217
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26. Internet and Journalism (Audio Available) 217
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27. Hook Sentence (Explanation) (Audio Available) 217
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28. Energy of Internet (Audio Available) 218
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29. Approach and Avoidance (Explanation) (Audio Available) 218
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30. Boys and Girls (Explanation) (Audio Available) 218
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31. Credit Card (Incomplete) 219
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32. DNA Pieces (Explanation) (Audio Available) 219
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33. Chimpanzees (Explanation) (Audio Available) 219
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34. Internet Growth (Incomplete) 220
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35. Competition and Performance (Audio Available) 220
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36. Group Students (Incomplete) 220
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37. Newspaper Industry (Explanation) (Audio Available) 220
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38. Automatic Driving (Similar) (Audio Available) 221
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39. Sugar (Explanation) (Audio Available) 221
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40. Stone Balls (Explanation) (Audio Available) 221
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41. Bees and Darwin (Incomplete) 222
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42. National Wealth (Incomplete) 222
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43. Sleep (Explanation) (Audio Available) 222
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44. Dancing Bees (Explanation) (Audio Available) 223
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45. Children Directors (Explanation) (Audio Available) 223
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46. Literature in Poem (Explanation) (Audio Available) 223
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47. Food Waste (Explanation) (Audio Available) 224
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48. Moods (Incomplete) 224
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49. Leadership (Explanation) (Audio Available) 224
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50. MPA Campaign (Explanation) (Audio Available) 225
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51. Engineer and Engineering (Explanation) (Audio Available) 225
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52. Stock Market and Business (Explanation) (Audio Available) 225
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53. Luxury Brand (Explanation) (Audio Available) 226
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54. Paper Rejection (Explanation) (Audio Available) 226
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55. Global Economy (Explanation) (Audio Available) 226
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56. Survey on Happiness (Explanation) (Audio Available) 227
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57. Genetic Impact (Explanation) (Audio Available) 227
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58. Sign Language (Explanation) (Audio Available) 228
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59. Change of Body Fat (Explanation) (Audio Available) 228
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60. Brand Image (Explanation) (Audio Available) 228
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61. Facial Recognition (Explanation) (Audio Available) 229
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62. Orgnization Study (Incomplete) 229
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63. Architecture Design (Explanation) (Audio Available) 229
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64. Children's Life Quality (Incomplete) 230
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65. Globalization (Explanation) (Audio Available) 230
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66. Mapping of Genes (Incomplete) 230
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67. Big Bang (Explanation) (Audio Available) 230
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68. Mars and Earth (Explanation) (Audio Available) 231
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69. Dropping from School (Audio Available) 231
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70. Separation of Power (Incomplete) 232
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71. Language Levels (Explanation) (Audio Available) 232
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72. Smile of Mother (Explanation) (Audio Available) 232
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73. Market Economy (Explanation) (Audio Available) 233
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74. Spectacles (Audio Available) 233
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75. Are We Animals (Explanation) (Audio Available) 233
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76. Technological Nature (Explanation) (Audio Available) 234
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77. Eco-tourism (Explanation) (Audio Available) 234
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Multiple Choice (Multiple) 236
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1. Complaints (Incomplete) 236
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2. Nano-gold (Incomplete) 236
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3. Sharks (Incomplete) 236
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Fill in the Blanks 237
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1. Sceptical Environmentalist (Audio Available) 237
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2. Ocean and Climate (Incomplete) 237
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3. Giant Exoplanets (Audio Available) 237
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4. Star (Incomplete) 237
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5. Space Exploration (Incomplete) 237
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6. Dinosaurs (Incomplete) 237
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7. Stars (Incomplete) 237
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8. LSE (Incomplete) 237
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9. UCLA (Incomplete) 238
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10. Kashmiri (Audio Available) 238
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11. Shouxing (Incomplete) 238
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12. Culture (Incomplete) 238
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13. Advertisement (Incomplete) 238
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14. Burial (Audio Available) 238
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15. Degree (Incomplete) 238
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16. Green Chemistry (Audio Available) 238
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17. Life on Mars (Audio Available) 239
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18. Library Catalog (Audio Available) 239
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19. Belief (Audio Available) 239
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20. Malaria (Audio Available) 239
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21. Locomotion (Audio Available) 240
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22. Industrial Productivity (Audio Available) 240
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23. Banana (Audio Available) 240
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24. Feasting Food (Audio Available) 240
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25. Viking (Audio Available) 241
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26. Curie (Audio Available) 241
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27. Memory (Audio Available) 241
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28. Banana (Audio Available) 241
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29. Technology and Business (Audio Available) 242
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30. Lead-in Time (Audio Available) 242
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31. Early Chocolate (Audio Available) 242
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32. Palm Oil (Audio Available) 242
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33. Loose Theme (Audio Available) 243
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34. Seminal Difference (Audio Available) 243
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35. Dogs (Audio Available) 243
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36. Bees (Audio Available) 243
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37. Gap Year (Incomplete) 244
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38. Green Chemistry (Audio Available) 244
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39. Tax Increases (Audio Available) 244
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40. Nanotechnology (Audio Available) 244
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41. Financial Markets (Audio Available) 244
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42. CPG (Audio Available) 245
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43. Water Crisis (Audio Available) 245
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44. Online Dating (Audio Available) 245
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Highlight Correct Summary 246
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1. Ambassador (Incomplete) 246
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2. Ugly Building (Audio Available) 246
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3. Pancake Ice (Audio Available) 246
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Multiple Choice (Single) 248
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1. Lost Dog (Incomplete) 248
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2. Children Genders (Incomplete) 248
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3. Timetable (Incomplete) 248
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4. Wright Brothers (Incomplete) 248
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5. Bibliography and Reference (Incomplete) 248
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Select Missing Word 249
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2. Eclipse (Incomplete) 249
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Highlight Incorrect Words 250
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1. Experimental Scientist (Audio Available) 250
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2. Sotheby (Audio Available) 250
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3. Dramatic Changes (Audio Available) 250
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4. Written Assessment (Audio Available) 250
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5. Definition of Happiness (Audio Available) 251
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7. Australia's Greenhouse Gas (Audio Available) 251
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8. BioBonanza (Audio Available) 251
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9. Poverty Ending (Audio Available) 252
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10. Article (Audio Available) 252
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11. Height (Audio Available) 252
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Write From Dictation 254
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A. Speaking
Read Aloud
1. Bill (Shadowing)
The bill calls for the establishment of the National Landslide Hazards Reduction Program within one year
of becoming law. The program serves numerous functions, including to identify and understand landslide
hazards and risks, reduce losses from landslides, protect communities at risk of landslides hazards, and
improve communication and emergency preparedness.
(APEUni Website / App RA #1034)
2. Agricultural Problems (Shadowing)

Agricultural problems due to climate change of normal weather, water depletion and the collapse of soil
have become big problems in all parts of the world. Many are now focusing on ethics and family farming
as a way to combat these issues.
3. Innovative Product (Shadowing)

An innovative new product or service can give a firm a head start over its rivals, which can be difficult for
a new entrant to overcome. If the new technology is also patented, then other firms cannot simply copy
its design. It is legally protected.
4. Urban Forests (Shadowing)

A community's urban forest is an extension of its pride and community spirit. Trees enhance community
economic stability by attracting businesses and tourists as people tend to linger and shop longer along
tree-lined streets. Apartments and offices in wooded areas rent more quickly and businesses leasing
office spaces in developments with trees reported higher productivity and fewer absences.
5. Root Network (Shadowing)

The networks of roots that plants use to absorb water and nutrients can encompass a space larger than
the part of the plant visible above ground. The nature of these roots systems can help plants adapt to
challenging environments such as deserts. For instance, mesquite trees can develop tap roots capable of
digging more than 50 yards deep to reach water.
6. Child Psychology (Shadowing)

Within this free course, you will be introduced briefly to the discipline of child psychology and to theories
and approaches that have been developed to help us understand and support children's lives by focusing
on the individual children. Psychologists can assess changes in their child's abilities over time, including
their physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development.
7. Political Problems (Shadowing)

The course considers the ways in which thinkers have responded to the particular political problems of
their day and the ways in which they contribute to a broader conversation about human goods and
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needs, justice, democracy, and the proper relationship of the individual to the state.
8. Statistics (Shadowing)
Statistics are indicators of change and allow meaningful comparisons to be made. While it may be the
issues rather than the statistics as such that grab people's attention, it should be recognized that it is
the statistics that informed the issues. Statistical literacy, then, is the ability to accurately understand,
interpret and evaluate the data that inform these issues.
9. William Shakespeare (Shadowing)

Three hundred and eighty years after his death, William Shakespeare remains the central author of the
English-speaking world; he is the most quoted poet and the most regularly produced playwright — and
now among the most popular screenwriters as well. Why is that, and who "is" he?
10. Rates of Depression (Shadowing)

At a time when stress levels are soaring, rates of depression are increasing and the gap between rich
and poor is ever widening. We believe that giving can play a positive role in helping people to feel
connected to those around them and generate a sense of purpose and hope. When we give, we feel
valued, useful and happy.
11. Tutor (Shadowing)

Your tutor helps you make the most of your time at university by giving you guidance and support along
the way. All new students are allocated a personal tutor who will encourage you to get the most out of
your course, direct you to other sources of support and help you achieve your goals.
12. Attendance (Shadowing)

To some extent, attendance at cultural venues and events is influenced by a person's age and the
composition of the household in which they live. For example, those people in households with
dependent children were more likely to visit zoological parks and aquariums than people living in single
person households.
13. Enough Fluid

Your body is nearly two-thirds water. And so it is really important that you consume enough fluid to stay
hydrated and healthy. If you don't get enough fluid you may feel tired, get headaches, and not perform at
your best.
14. Single Research

Rarely, however, does a single research study produce the certainty needed to assume that the same
results will apply in all or most settings. Rather, research is usually an ongoing process, based on many
accumulated understandings and explanations that, when taken together, lead to a generalization about
educational issues and practice, and ultimately, to the development of theories.
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15. Tortoise
The tortoise size and shell shape varies depending on where they live. The shell is made of bone and is a
dull brown color. Their ribs, backbone and breastbone have become part of the shell, which is why you
can never separate the tortoise from its shell.
16. Department Stores

In this course, we will explore how such things as department stores, nationally advertised brand-name
goods, mass produced cars and suburbs transformed the American economy, society and politics. The
course is organized both thematically and chronologically. Each period deals with a new development in
the history of consumer culture.
17. Attendance to Theater

Experts discuss the significance of attending the theater as a civic occasion, associated with the
political and cultural achievements of Athens. Through archeology and analyses of contemporary art
forms such as decoration on pottery, a picture is built up of ancient Greek theater.
18. Norms and Values

Members of a culture must conform to its norms for the culture to exist and function. Hence, members
must want to conform and obey rules. They first must internalize the social norms and values that dictate
what is normal for the culture. Then they must socialize or teach norms and values to their children.
19. Expression
Expression became important during the romantic movement with artwork expressing a definite feeling,
as in the sublime or dramatic. Audience response was important, for the artwork was intended to evoke
an emotional response. This definition holds true today as artists look to connect with and evoke
responses from their viewers.
20. Learner Experience

We seek to improve learner's experience of education at college and help them to aspire, achieve and
progress. We must embed equality and diversity in everything we do, both as a provider and an employer.
We hope to prepare our students for work, higher education and citizenship by equipping our staff with
the skills to meet this agenda.
21. Natural Enviroment

The natural environment can be hazardous, and, with increased travel and leisure, people today are more
likely than ever to be exposed to potentially life-threatening conditions. Although the human body can
adjust to some extent, it cannot cope with poisons or prolonged exposure to extremes of environment.
22. Emigrants
In the late 16th and 17th centuries, many English, French and Dutch emigrants went to North America in
search of gold and silver. But they did not find it. Instead, settlers were forced to support themselves by
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cultivating crops that they could sell in Europe, like tobacco, indigo and rice.
23. Humanities
We believe in the inherent value of research in the humanities and social sciences. And our research data
agenda is given by the pursuit of new knowledge that will be of benefit of Australia and the world. We
offer one of the most comprehensive programs in the humanities and social sciences in Australia and the
Asian Pacific region.
24. Making Notes

The whole purpose of making notes is to aid your learning. It is important to go back over them within a
day of making them to make sure they make sense and make them legible for future revisions. Also,
going back over them should highlight the key questions of areas in which you want to do further
reading.
25. Word Radical

The word radical from the Latin word for roots means anyone who advocates fundamental change in the
political system. Literally, a radical is one who proposes to attack some political or social problems by
going deep into the social or economic fabric to get at the root cause and alter this basic weakness.
26. New Textbook

This is a new, accessible and engaging textbook written by academics who also work as consultants with
organizations undergoing change. It offers a unique combination of rigorous theoretical exploration
together with practical insights from working with those who are actually responsible for managing
change.
27. Volcano Behaviors

There were various explanations for volcano behavior before the structure of the earth mantle as a
semisolid material was developed. For decades, awareness that compression and radioactive materials
may be heat sources was discounted and volcanic action was often attributed to chemical reactions and
a thin layer of molten rock near the surface.
28. Medical Cannabis

According to a peer-reviewed study medical cannabis led to "a statistically significant improvement" in
quality of life, employment status, and in the reduction of the number of medications in those with
Tourette's Syndrome, in addition to improving comorbidities.
29. Hybrid Rice

A new breed of rice that is a hybrid of an annual Asian rice and a perennial African rice could be a more
sustainable option. The hybrid rice was able to produce grain for 8 consecutive harvests over four years
at a yield comparable to the standard annual Asian rice, with much lower costs and labour.
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30. Motivation to Fight

USA sexually ‘teased’ its troops in the First World War to make them fight harder. Believing that sexually
satisfied men could not be easily motivated, the aim of this teasing was to generate unmet sexual desire,
which the War Department could leverage as motivation to fight.
31. Baby Hearing

Most babies start developing their hearing while still in the womb, prompting some hopeful parents to
play classical music to their pregnant bellies. Some research even suggests that infants are listening to
adult speech as early as 10 weeks before birth, gathering the basic building blocks of their family's native
tongue.
32. Stroke Risk

People in their 20s and 30s who drink moderate to heavy amounts of alcohol may be more likely to have
a stroke as young adults than people who drink low amounts or no alcohol, according to a study. The
risk of stroke increased the more years people reported moderate or heavy drinking.
33. Abortions
The Texas law prohibiting abortion after detectable embryonic cardiac activity was associated with a
decrease in in-state abortions and an increase in residents obtaining out-of-state abortions. The
proportion of out-of-state abortions obtained at 12 weeks increased significantly from 17.1% to 31%.
34. Vitamin and Death

Vitamin D deficiency linked to premature death. Over a 14-year follow-up period, researchers found that
the risk for death significantly decreased with increased vitamin D concentrations, with the strongest
effects seen among those with severe deficiencies.
35. Pollution Reduction

Air pollution reduced when U.S. embassies around the world installed monitors and tweeted the
Readings. The resulting reductions in air pollution levels had large health benefits for residents in these
cities, speaking to the potential efficacy of other monitoring and information interventions.
36. Video Games

A study of nearly 2,000 children found that those who reported playing video games for three hours per
day or more performed better on cognitive skills tests involving impulse control and working memory
compared to children who had never played video games.
37. Reserve Bank

Most people do not realize that some banks literally make money by giving loans without having money
on deposit. The system is called fractional reserve banking and is used in most economies. It sounds as
though it is safe because it says that banks have to keep a fraction of their deposits with the Reserve
Bank.
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38. Global Changes

Globalization refers to a set of changes rather than a single change. Many of these changes are social,
cultural and political rather than purely economic, and one of the main drivers in addition to the global
marketplace is the communication revolution.
39. Flood Control

We've spent a lot of money over the last seventy years on flood control, and it's protected millions of
people and has saved us billions of dollars. We've built dams to hold back the waters. We've built levees
to keep the water off the people, and we've raised the ones that were originally started in seventeen
eighteen.
40. Window in Painting

We can see from the X-rays that at an early stage of painting, a window was painted at the left of the
portrait. It seems that there may have been two windows in the initial design for the portrait or that the
window was moved at an early stage.
41. Psychology
Psychology is the study of cognitions, emotions, and behavior. Psychologists are involved in a variety of
tasks. Many spend their careers designing and performing research to understand how people behave in
specific situations, how and why we think the way we do, and how emotions develop and what impact
they have on our interactions with others.
42. Climate Effects

Changes in climate affect, for example, the plant and animal life of a given area. The presence of coal
beds in North America and Europe along with evidence of glaciation in these same areas indicates that
they must have experienced alternately warmer and colder climates than they now possess.
43. Gut Microbiome

Research has shown that the gut microbiome is important for human physiology and health. Disturbances
to the composition of the gut microbiome can be associated with chronic diseases such as
gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders, neurological, cardiovascular and respiratory illnesses. The human
body has evolved strategies to ensure that a symbiotic relationship exists between the microbes in our
gut and our cells.
44. University Terms

An industry or workplace often has its own terms for certain items, places, or groups of people, and a
university is no different. Here we have attempted to explain some of the terms you may come across on
our websites that are specific to higher education.
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45. Manchester (Incomplete)

Points: About a person who graduated from Cambridge and what his position was. He lived in
Manchester, and died there.
46. Roman Army (Shadowing)

There were two types of soldier in the Roman Army: the roman legionary and the auxiliaries. The
legionaries were the very best soldiers and the auxiliaries were actually non-Roman citizens. Legionaries
wore an undershirt made of linen and a woollen tunic. The linen helped the soldiers to stay cool while the
wool helped to trap heat, keeping the soldiers warm.
47. Undergraduates Education

Undergraduates may choose to major in any one of 125 academic majors. The universities distinguished
faculty includes internationally known scientists, authors and teachers who are committed to continuing
the university's tradition in providing one of the highest quality undergraduate educations available.
48. Paraphrasing (Incomplete)

Points: We define paraphrasing as putting a passage from an author into your own words. However,
what are your own words? How different must your paraphrase be from the original? The answer is it
should be considerably different. The whole point of paraphrasing is to show you have read and
understood another person's ideas and can summarize them in your own writing style rather than
borrowing their phrases. If you just change a few words or add some bits of your own to an otherwise
reproduced passage, you will probably be penalized for plagiarism. You should aim to condense and
simplify a writer's ideas and describe them using different sentence structures and expressions.
49. Night Sky (Shadowing)

Nature offers no greater splendor than the starry sky on a clear, dark night. Silent, timeless, jeweled with
the constellations of ancient myth and legend, the night sky has inspired wonder throughout the ages —
a wonder that leads our imaginations far from the confines of Earth and the pace of the present day,
out into boundless space and cosmic time itself.
50. Blue Whale

Blue whales are the largest living mammals. Though reports of maximum length and weight vary from
one account to another, Antarctic blue whales are known to have reached lengths to 100 feet and
weights of over 150 tons before stocks were severely depleted by whaling operations. North Atlantic blue
whales may be expected to reach lengths of 80-85 feet.
51. Spanish and French (Incomplete)

Points: Spanish is one of the languages that are most spoken in the United States. ... French is very
common in American.
52. Ed Tech (B) (Incomplete)
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Points: Today, however, Skinner’s heirs are forcing the sceptics to think again (see article). Backed by
billionaire techies such as Mark Zuckerberg and Bill Gates, schools around the world are using new
software to "personalize" learning. This could help hundreds of millions of children stuck in dismal
classes—but only if edtech boosters can resist the temptation to revive harmful ideas about how
children learn. To succeed, edtech must be at the service of teaching, not the other way around.
53. Credit Cards (Incomplete)

Points: credit cards used instead of cash, benefits and problems
54. Interdisciplinary Studies (Incomplete)

Points: Interdisciplinarity or interdisciplinary studies involves the combination of two or more academic
disciplines into one activity (e.g., a research project). It draws knowledge from several other fields like
sociology, anthropology, psychology, economics etc. It is about creating something by thinking across
boundaries. It is related to an interdiscipline or an interdisciplinary field, which is an organizational unit
that crosses traditional boundaries between academic disciplines or schools of thought, as new needs
and professions emerge.
55. Natural Networks (Incomplete)

Points: Neural networks are some of the most important tools in AI. So far, they run on traditional
processors in the form of adaptive software, but experts are working on an alternative concept, the
'neuromorphic computer'. In this case, neurons are not simulated by software but reconstructed in
hardware components. A team of researchers has now demonstrated a new approach to such hardware
- targeted magnetic waves that are generated and divided in micrometer-sized wafers.
56. Microscopic Invaders (Shadowing)

We all know about bacteria, viruses and microscopic protozoa. We can watch the way that these tiny
agents move into our bodies and damage our organs. We have a growing understanding of how our body
mounts defensive strategies that fight off these invaders, and have built some clever chemical that can
help mount an assault on these bio-villains.
57. Stone Tools (Incomplete)

Points: Modern humans arrived in westernmost Europe 41,000 to 38,000 years ago, about 5,000 years
earlier than previously known, according to an international team of researchers that discovered stone
tools used by modern humans dated to the earlier time period in a cave near the Atlantic coast of central
Portugal. The tools document the presence of modern humans at a time when Neanderthals were
thought to be present in the region.
58. Black Swan （B） (Shadowing)

Before the discovery of Australia, people in the old world were convinced that all swans were white, an
unassailable belief as it seemed completely confirmed by empirical evidence. The sighting of the first
black swan might have been an interesting surprise for a few scientists, but that is not where the
significance of the story lies.
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59. Colloquialism (Shadowing)

Australians speak English of course. But for many tourists and even some locals, Australian English has
only tenuous links with mother tone. Our speech is prepared with words and phrases whose arcane
meanings are understood only by the initiate. It is these colorful colloquialisms that Australian slang set
to truly explain.
60. Man-made Light (Shadowing)

Have you ever pictured a world without light? Just think how much we rely on man-made light sources in
our lives. Without engineers, we wouldn't be able to live the way we do. No street lights, no TV, no
computer display, no house lights. Engineers design and build all these things, and they also design, build
and run the electricity systems that power all these light sources.
61. Only Family (Shadowing)

Imagine living all your life as the only family on your street. Then, one morning, you open the front door
and discover houses all around you. You see neighbors tending their gardens and children walking to
school. Where did all the people come from? What if the answer turned out to be that they had always
been there — you just hadn't seen them?
62. Online Shopping (Shadowing)

A unique characteristic of online shopping environments is that they allow vendors to create retail
interfaces with highly interactive features. One desirable form of interactivity from a consumer
perspective is the implementation of sophisticated tools to assist shoppers in their purchase decisions by
customizing the electronic shopping environment to their individual preferences.
63. Beauty Contests (Shadowing)

Beauty contests, whether it's Miss Universe or Miss Teen International, are demeaning to women and out
of sync with the times. Opponents say that they are nothing more than symbols of decline. Since
Australians Jennifer Hawkins and Lauryn Eagle were crowned Miss Universe and Miss Teen International
respectively, there has been a dramatic increase in interest in beauty pageants in this country.
64. Companies (Shadowing)

Companies will want to be known not just for the financial results they generate, but equally for the
imprint they leave on society as a whole. First, ensuring that their products contribute positively. Second,
operating in a way that approaches a "net-neutral" impact to the natural environment. And third,
cherishing their people.
65. Nutritionally Bankrupt (Shadowing)

Globalization has affected what we eat in ways we are only beginning to understand. Modern food
production no longer relates to our biological needs but is in direct conflict with them. The relationship
between diet and our fertility, our risk of cancer, heart disease and mental illness is becoming clearer.
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Yet much of our food is nutritionally bankrupt.

66. Hazard Assessment (Shadowing)

A Hazard Assessment should be performed for work involving distillations of organic liquids and should
thoroughly address issues relating to residual water and possible decomposition of the solvent in
question, as well as the physical placement of the distillation apparatus and heating equipment to be
employed.
67. Elephant (Shadowing)

The elephant is the largest living land mammal. During evolution, its skeleton has greatly altered from the
usual mammal, designed for two main reasons. One is to cope with the great weight of huge grinding
cheek teeth and elongated tusk, making the skull particularly massive. The other is to support the
enormous bulk of such a huge body.
68. Slang (Shadowing)

Australians do speak English. However, for some tourists and travelers, it can be difficult to understand
the slang. Also, the links between Australian and American English were seen to be very tenuous. At least
some colloquialisms in Australian English do not exist in other types of English.
69. Bookkeeper Fraud (Shadowing)

A national study into fraud by bookkeepers employed at small and medium-sized businesses has
uncovered 65 instances of theft in more than five years, with more than thirty one million dollars stolen.
Of the cases identified by the research, 56 involved women and nine instances involved men. However,
male bookkeepers who defrauded their employer stole three times, on average, the amount that women
stole.
70. Restaurant Location (Shadowing)

The physical location of a restaurant in the competitive landscape of the city has long been known as a
major factor in its likely success or failure. Once restaurants are established in such environments they
can do little about their location. All they can do is work to improve customer access to their premises.
71. Brain Development

Scientific studies show that by age three there is a gap in brain development between kids who read
aloud and those who do not, and children from low-income families are disproportionately impacted by
this gap. Making sure all parents know the importance of reading aloud to their children is critical to
closing the achievement gap.
72. Black Swan

Before European explorers had reached Australia, it was believed that all swans were white. Dutch
mariner, Antonie Caen, was the first to be amazed at the sight of Australia's Black swans on the Shark
Bay in 1636. Explorer Willem de Vlamingh captured two of these creatures on Australia's Swan River and
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returned with them to Europe to prove their existence. From that point on, black swans and Australia
have been closely linked.
73. Blue (B)

Blue is the most popular color. Food researchers disagree when humans searched for food, they learned
to avoid toxic or spoiled objects, which were often blue, black, or purple. When food dyed blue is served
to study subjects, they lose appetite.
74. Facebook (Incomplete)

Points: Facebook has defended itself against claims that using the site can damage wellbeing and
mental health. In a blogpost, it said while there was evidence it could negatively affect mood, the way it
affected people was determined by how they used it. Facebook's downsides could be combated by
making more use of the site and interacting positively. A social media expert said the way Facebook was
built made it hard to use it in those better ways.
75. Lunar Events (Incomplete)

Points: Three unusual lunar events will coincide on Wednesday night: a blue moon, a super moon and a
blood moon. A blue moon signifies two new moons during the same month, because the moon's orbit
does not coincide completely with the calendar. A super moon is when the moon gets the closest to
earth. And a blood moon or total lunar eclipse happens when the earth, sun and moon are all lined up,
making the moon appear red.
76. Vanilla (Shadowing)

The uniquely scented flavor of vanilla is second only to chocolate in popularity on the world’s palate. It’s
also the second most expensive spice after saffron. But highly labor intensive cultivation methods and
the plant’s temperamental life cycle and propagation mean production on a global scale is struggling to
keep up with the increasing demand for the product.
77. Living Room

Living room is the most used part that withholds most of the traffic coming in and out of the house. It is
highly recommended that the flooring should be strong enough that it can endure all such amendments
done with your furniture or to the increasing and decreasing ratio of visitors. For this purpose, you can
opt for hardwood flooring.
78. Augustus (Shadowing)

Augustus was given the powers of an absolute monarch, but he presented himself as the preserver of
republican traditions. He treated the Senate, or state council, with great respect, and was made Consul
year after year. He successfully reduced the political power of the army by retiring many soldiers, but
giving them land or money to keep their loyalty.
79. Tool-user (Incomplete)
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Points: The human animal's status as the only clever tool-user who can talk about our feelings is
crumbling. Prairie dogs can make up words for new animals. Crows are born with the ability to make
tools. Elephants recognise and stroke the bones of a lost family member. As biologists delve into these
subjects, they're demonstrating that we're not nearly as unique as we once thought. It's the perfect time,
scientifically speaking, to reassess our place in the animal kingdom.
80. Undesirable Programs (Incomplete)

Points: Parents can communicate their personal feelings about undesirable programs both by
discouraging their children from watching them and by writing to their local television station or to the
programs sponsors. The public does have a voice. Clearly, not all programs need please everybody. We
do have a choice of programs and we also have a choice, for ourselves and at least for our younger
children, of watching or not watching. There is an off button on every set!
81. Blue (Shadowing)

While blue is one of the most popular colors, it is one of the least appetizing. Food researchers say that
when humans searched for food, they learned to avoid toxic or spoiled objects, which were often blue,
black, or purple. When food dyed blue is served to study subjects, they lose appetite.
82. Charles Darwin

Darwin published his paper "On the Origin of Species" in 1859. It is one of the most well-known pieces
of scientific literature. In the paper, Darwin proposes the theory of natural selection. He states for any
generation of any species, there will always be a struggle for survival. Individuals who are better suited to
the environment are "fitter", and therefore have a much higher chance of surviving and reproducing.
83. Yellow (Shadowing)

Cheerful sunny yellow is an attention getter. While it is considered an optimistic color, people lose their
tempers more often in yellow rooms, and babies will cry more. It is the most difficult color for the eye to
take in, so it can be overpowering if overused. Yellow enhances concentration, hence its use for legal
pads. It also speeds metabolism.
84. Father
Ever since I remembered, father woke up at five thirty every morning, made us all breakfast and read
newspaper. After that, he would go to work. He worked as a writer. It was a long time before I realized
he did this for a living.
85. Grand Canyon (Shadowing)

The Grand Canyon is 277 miles long, up to 18 miles wide and attains a depth of over a mile. While the
specific geologic processes and timing that formed the Grand Canyon are the subject of debate by
geologists, recent evidence suggests the Colorado River established its course through the canyon at
least 17 million years ago.
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86. Yellow
Yellow is considered as the most optimistic color. Yet surprisingly, people lose their tempers more often
in yellow rooms and babies cry more in them. The reason may be that yellow is the hardest color for
eyes to take in. So it can be overpowering if overused.
87. Lincoln (Shadowing)

Lincoln's apparently radical change of mind about his war power to emancipate slaves was caused by
the escalating scope of war, which convinced him that any measure to weaken the Confederacy and
strengthen the Union war effort was justifiable as a military necessity.
88. Coastal Wetlands

The coastal wetlands have environmental and economic importance. Wetlands provide natural wealth.
They have important filtering capabilities. As the runoff water passes, they retain excess nutrients and
some pollutants. They maintain water flow during dry periods. Thousands of people depend on
groundwater for drinking. They act as natural sponges of flood waters and contain soil erosion. They
control floods and save the buildings from collapsing during heavy rains.
89. Mobile Commerce

IT may well change the way you live, yet again. Welcome to the world mobile commerce, where your
hand-held device, be it a mobile phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA) or any other wireless
application will soon be used for commercial transactions. Skeptical? Consider these facts In Japan,
mobile phones are used for location based services where the mobile service providers tie up with a host
of other players.
90. Shakespeare (Shadowing)

A young man from a small provincial town — a man without independent wealth, without powerful family
connections and without a university education — moved to London in the late 1580's and, in a
remarkably short time, became the greatest playwright not of his age alone but of all time. How was this
achievement of magnitude made? How did Shakespeare become Shakespeare?
91. Alphabet (Shadowing)

The problem begins with the alphabet itself. Building a spelling system for English using letters that
come from Latin — despite the two languages not sharing exactly the same set of sounds — is like
building a playroom using an IKEA office set.
92. Domestication
Domestication is an evolutionary, rather than a political development. They were more likely to survive
and prosper in an alliance with humans than on their own. Humans provided the animals with food and
protection, in exchange for which the animals provided the humans their milk and eggs and yes — their
flesh.
Page 36 of 260
Repeat Sentence
Audio Available: There're audio records available for this question. Search by the question number at
APEUni Website / App to listen.
1. The energy that we absorb from food can help us prevent the cold and become warmer. #2309
(Audio Available)
2. There are many different religions across the world. #2308 (Audio Available)
3. The campus library will be closed during the winter break. #715 (Audio Available)
4. Digital scans of archived materials are provided for a small fee. #686 (Audio Available)
5. The bus for London will leave 10 minutes later than planned. #613 (Audio Available)
6. If you show your student card, you will get a discount. #148 (Audio Available)
7. After considering all the options she decided to take risks. #2307 (Audio Available)
8. The full list of undergraduate programs can be found on the website. #2306 (Audio Available)
9. The graph shows the population growth in the last century. #2305 (Audio Available)
10. The origin of psychology can be traced back to ancient Greece. #2304 (Audio Available)
11. Experts cannot agree on a single definition of intelligence. #312 (Audio Available)
12. There is a lot more about this topic in the university website. #2303 (Audio Available)
13. The literal output of this research is prolific and diverse. #656 (Audio Available)
14. Knowledge becomes a vital role in young generations. #2302 (Audio Available)
15. All students depend on their future. #2301 (Audio Available)
16. Students must attend the safety course before entering the engineering workshop. #2300
(Audio Available)
17. At that time, people moved from towns to villages. #1065 (Audio Available)
18. Points: Students fear to write essays because they do not know how to ... #2299 (Incomplete)
19. She has a small business about toys. #2298 (Audio Available)
20. Points: The ... staff ... student union. #2297 (Incomplete)
21. It is expected that all students have their own laptops. #2296 (Audio Available)
22. You have to submit the project by the end of the week. #2295 (Audio Available)
23. None of the students found it difficult to get a job. #2294 (Audio Available)
24. His particular interest is in the eighteenth century French society. #2293 (Audio Available)
25. Such behaviors are regarded as a deviation of the norm. #2292 (Audio Available)
26. There are lots of opportunities available for the student on campus. #2291 (Audio Available)
27. Before submitting the paper, your thesis must be approved by your tutor. #2290 (Audio Available)
28. The office opens on Monday and Thursday following the freshman seminar. #2289
(Audio Available)
29. The professor took a year off to work on her book. #450 (Audio Available)
30. You may not be allowed to read any books without the reading list. #761 (Audio Available)
31. Most of the student advisors are extremely helpful. #2288 (Audio Available)
32. If you are worried about your work, you should see a study counselor. #2287 (Audio Available)
33. We have specially assigned staff to help you find appropriate work placements. #2286
(Audio Available)
34. Renewable energy sources are now used to produce electricity. #2285 (Audio Available)
35. Living in the twenty first century is increasingly stressful. #2284 (Audio Available)
36. Please make sure you use the standard form of quotation. #2283 (Audio Available)
37. Please read the article that was given out yesterday. #2282 (Audio Available)
38. Compiling a bibliography can present a major challenge for some students. #2281
(Audio Available)
Page 37 of 260
39. By logging in, you agree to all terms and conditions regarding your enrollment. #2280
(Audio Available)
40. We weren't able to agree on the appropriate independent variables. #697 (Audio Available)
41. The chemistry building is located near the entrance of the campus. #2279 (Audio Available)
42. Today we have a guest speaker who is visiting from Canada. #2228 (Audio Available)
43. Tomorrow's lecture has been canceled due to the power cut. #2177 (Audio Available)
44. This will be the first art exhibition to be held by the university. #2175 (Audio Available)
45. I think that to raise the issue and to talk about it is great. #2174 (Audio Available)
46. The university hosts a wide range of events both on and off campus. #2173 (Audio Available)
47. Our capacity to serve the community is a vital part of our role. #2172 (Audio Available)
48. A balanced diet will help you study more effectively. #2171 (Audio Available)
49. At the end of the day, people want to profit from return on their investment. #2170
(Audio Available)
50. The support and advice of lecturers within the department has been invaluable. #2169
(Audio Available)
51. Graduates from this course generally find jobs in the insurance industry. #2168 (Audio Available)
52. All the works you consult need to be mentioned in the bibliography. #2167 (Audio Available)
53. One of the first mass transit systems was located in France. #2166 (Audio Available)
54. I have lectures on Tuesday from nine o'clock until two o'clock. #2164 (Audio Available)
55. The professor plans to discuss issues in the news that reflect concepts taught in class. #2163
(Audio Available)
56. Each group should submit a rough outline of their project to their tutor. #370 (Audio Available)
57. There is a fitness center next to the student union. #2161 (Audio Available)
58. Animal behavior appears to contain both similar and distinct aspects to that of humans. #2160
(Audio Available)
59. Tomorrow evening, there will be a panel discussion on sustainable development. #800
(Audio Available)
60. It's a great privilege to welcome our guest speaker to our college. #2159 (Audio Available)
61. Key aspects of this investigative paradigm may prove useful in other spheres. #2158
(Audio Available)
62. Points: New universities should allow students to enroll on other ... activities. #2156 (Incomplete)
63. All laboratory equipment will be provided in class. #2155 (Audio Available)
64. Students’ papers should be about a current social issue. #2153 (Audio Available)
65. The college operates on a system of continuous assessments. #2152 (Audio Available)
66. Please note, submission deadlines are only negotiable in exceptional circumstances. #2149
(Audio Available)
67. Eating a healthy breakfast can provide energy throughout the day. #2146 (Audio Available)
68. The cafeteria is open on Monday and Thursday. #2143 (Audio Available)
69. Points: When we take exams ... radio and audio. #2141 (Incomplete)
70. The bus right out in the front will take you to the station. #1862 (Audio Available)
71. Extension is only available under special circumstances. #1840 (Audio Available)
72. The beggar was laughed at by the children. #1710 (Audio Available)
73. The percentage of respondents who knew that the earth circles the sun once each year remained
essentially unchanged. #1708 (Audio Available)
74. This Thursday is the last day for students to withdraw subjects without any penalty. #755
(Audio Available)
75. The final exam will test material from all chapters covered in class this term. #1686
(Audio Available)
Page 38 of 260
76. You can borrow up to two books at the same time in the library. #1681 (Audio Available)
77. Mobile phone chargers vary enormously from one place to another. #1680 (Audio Available)
78. There are many welcoming activities for new undergraduate and postgraduate students. #1678
(Audio Available)
79. Students can choose graduate certificate, graduate diploma and master course. #1677
(Audio Available)
80. Numerous courses devoted to life sciences are listed in the prospectus. #1662 (Audio Available)
81. Assignments should be submitted to the department office before the deadline. #1655
(Audio Available)
82. Points: Chocolate ... machine ... #1653 (Incomplete)
83. Points: ... review chapter five discussed on Monday. #58 (Incomplete)
84. You may use your student identification card to borrow books at the library. #1650
(Audio Available)
85. Keeping organized class notes will make study time more efficient. #1646 (Audio Available)
86. In your introduction, show you understand the question in no more than four sentences. #1584
(Audio Available)
87. Telecommunication is based on the array of networks. #1548 (Audio Available)
88. My favorite sports are soccer, tennis and basketball. #1508 (Audio Available)
89. The contemporary literature works have been broadened and extended through interpretation.
#1488 (Audio Available)
90. The current labor force is more competitive than it has been for a long time. #1448
(Audio Available)
91. Newspapers around the country are reporting the stories of the president. #1431 (Audio Available)
92. My tutor told him not to repeat the same argument again and again. #1215 (Audio Available)
93. Several students raised different examples. #1209 (Audio Available)
94. The website has probably the most attractive designs and layouts. #1205 (Audio Available)
95. The solution when boiled deposits most of its oxide in the meta-hydrate form. #1202
(Audio Available)
96. Fungi are important in the process of decay, which returns ingredients to the soil, enhances soil
fertility, and decomposes animal debris. #1149 (Audio Available)
97. Weather here is unpredictable. #1138 (Audio Available)
98. There is no point in designing efficient cars if we use them more and more. #1132
(Audio Available)
99. The rising inflation rate indicates a decrease in demand for consumer product. #357
(Audio Available)
100. Points: Australia is the only country who donates ... #1117 (Incomplete)
101. Any textual references you make should be cited appropriately in the footnotes. #461
(Audio Available)
102. The brain is our central computer of our bodies. #1110 (Audio Available)
103. We have three distinctive libraries which are nationally acclaimed. #1091 (Audio Available)
104. Everyone should get access to art galleries no matter where they live. #1085 (Audio Available)
105. Until you complete the form, you cannot attend. #1084 (Audio Available)
106. There is too much information on this topic. #1083 (Audio Available)
107. Major sports on campus include rugby, soccer and tennis. #1081 (Audio Available)
108. It is clear that the effects of climate change will damage the world economy. #1080
(Audio Available)
109. The library is located on the north side of the campus. #1075 (Audio Available)
110. Biographical information should be removed prior to the publication of the results. #1068
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(Audio Available)
111. The United States is the largest chocolate manufacturing country. #1067 (Audio Available)
112. If you need help, I can give you a hand in finding a flat. #1022 (Audio Available)
113. The course comprises twenty hours of lectures, seminars and tutorials each week. #1021
(Audio Available)
114. Professor Gordon just called me a few minutes ago. #1014 (Audio Available)
115. You need to use a Bunsen burner and a test tube. #1013 (Audio Available)
116. Her father prevented me from talking to her. #1008 (Audio Available)
117. It is necessary to solve the equation to determine the unknown variable. #1002 (Audio Available)
118. The library offers group study rooms, so you can work with other students. #999 (Audio Available)
119. If you want to receive the reimbursement, you must submit the original receipts. #980
(Audio Available)
120. Students can download the lecture handouts from the course website. #975 (Audio Available)
121. I would like an egg and tomatoes on white sandwich bread with orange juice. #640
(Audio Available)
122. Ideally, free trade is beneficial to both trading partners. #968 (Audio Available)
123. In English, the first letters of the months of the year are always capitalized. #931
(Audio Available)
124. Contemporary critics dismissed his idea as eccentric. #960 (Audio Available)
125. You must ensure you do not include too much irrelevant information. #953 (Audio Available)
126. The university supplies a number of scholarships for qualified students. #946 (Audio Available)
127. Is the hypothesis on black hole rendered moot as the explanation of astrophysics? #939
(Audio Available)
128. In this library, the reserve collection of books can be borrowed for up to three hours. #938
(Audio Available)
129. Our capacity to respond to national needs will determine our ability to flourish. #933
(Audio Available)
130. I don't like cheese and tomato sandwiches on white bread and orange juice. #907
(Audio Available)
131. Arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart to other parts of the body. #901 (Audio Available)
132. Companies are aiming to earn the money not to change the society. #895 (Audio Available)
133. The timetable will be posted on the website before the class starts. #868 (Audio Available)
134. The hypothesis on black hole is rendered moot as the explanation of the explosion. #103
(Audio Available)
135. We want to attract the very best students regardless of their financial circumstances. #848
(Audio Available)
136. Our school of arts and technology accepts applications at all points throughout the year. #811
(Audio Available)
137. Many undergraduate students go back home to stay with their parents after graduation. #788
(Audio Available)
138. Number the beakers and put them away until tomorrow. #775 (Audio Available)
139. I would like tomato and cheese sandwiches on white bread and orange juice. #762
(Audio Available)
140. It seems that language appears from nowhere. #557 (Audio Available)
141. Fishing is a sport and a means for survival. #869 (Audio Available)
142. The Arts Magazine is looking for a new Assistant Editor. #854 (Audio Available)
143. By clicking this button, you agree with the terms and conditions of this website. #838
(Audio Available)
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144. Physics is a detailed study of matter and energy. #836 (Audio Available)
145. This small Indian state is a land of forests, valleys and snowy islands. #823 (Audio Available)
146. I’m glad you got here safely. #821 (Audio Available)
147. To receive the reimbursement, you must keep the original receipts. #799 (Audio Available)
148. The office opens on Mondays and Thursdays directly following the freshman seminar. #785
(Audio Available)
149. Sport is the main cause of traumatic brain injuries in the United States. #759 (Audio Available)
150. The resident's hall is closed prior to the closing time of the academic building at the end of the
semester. #756 (Audio Available)
151. Put the knife and fork next to the spoon near the edge of the table. #754 (Audio Available)
152. I will be in my office every day from ten to twelve. #736 (Audio Available)
153. Farmers do not always receive fair prices for agricultural goods. #732 (Audio Available)
154. Elephant is the largest land living mammal. #731 (Audio Available)
155. All undergraduate students should participate in the seminar. #717 (Audio Available)
156. Your watch is fast, you need to reset it. #700 (Audio Available)
157. You can find the student service center on level one of Home Building. #709 (Audio Available)
158. Please do not bring food into the classroom. #708 (Audio Available)
159. I expect a long and stagnant debate for a week or two on this issue. #349 (Audio Available)
160. Number the beakers and put them away. #665 (Audio Available)
161. Our university has strong partnerships with industry as well as collaborative relationships with
government bodies. #664 (Audio Available)
162. What distinguishes him from others is his dramatic use of black and white photography. #663
(Audio Available)
163. A lot of people who have up until now been spending money in having a good time now need to be
more careful with their money. #662 (Audio Available)
164. The US ranks twenty second in foreign aid, given it as a percentage of GDP. #647
(Audio Available)
165. He is almost never in his office. #639 (Audio Available)
166. The study of archeology requires intensive international fieldwork. #635 (Audio Available)
167. You can retake the module if your marks are too low. #621 (Audio Available)
168. Hypothetically, insufficient mastery in the areas slows future progress. #616 (Audio Available)
169. Please sort and order the slides of the presentation according to topic and speech time. #614
(Audio Available)
170. Our class is divided into two groups. You come with me, the others stay here. #609
(Audio Available)
171. No crop responds more readily than careful husbandry and skillful cultivation. #597
(Audio Available)
172. We are delighted to have professor Robert to join our faculty. #584 (Audio Available)
173. There is no entrance fee for tonight’s lecture. #567 (Audio Available)
174. The bus in front of the building will take you to bus station. #537 (Audio Available)
175. No more than four people can be in the lab at once. #511 (Audio Available)
176. If you forgot your student number, you should contact Jenny Brice. #496 (Audio Available)
177. He kept giving me suggestive looks. #475 (Audio Available)
178. Reserve collection of books can be borrowed for up to three hours. #467 (Audio Available)
179. A preliminary bibliography is due the week before the spring break. #449 (Audio Available)
180. The topic next week on colonialism will be the nuclear disarmament. #448 (Audio Available)
181. The library is located at the other side of the campus behind the student center. #447
(Audio Available)
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182. Residence Hall is closed prior to the academic building closing time in the semester. #446
(Audio Available)
183. Many students are so scared of writing essays, because they never learned how. #442
(Audio Available)
184. The first person in space was from the Soviet Union. #426 (Audio Available)
185. Lecture theater is located on the ground floor of the building. #422 (Audio Available)
186. Anatomy is the study of internal and external body structures. #411 (Audio Available)
187. All the assignments should be submitted by the end of this week. #398 (Audio Available)
188. Even with the permit, finding a parking spot on campus is still impossible. #397 (Audio Available)
189. Please register your student email account at your earliest convenience. #394 (Audio Available)
190. Basketball was created in 1891 by a physician and physical education instructor. #432
(Audio Available)
191. Portfolio is due to the internal review office no later than Tuesday. #393 (Audio Available)
192. Eating too much can lead to too many health problems. #385 (Audio Available)
193. The university celebrated the Earth Day by planting trees. #383 (Audio Available)
194. 39.5% California residents speak a language other than English at home. #379 (Audio Available)
195. Students are afraid of writing an essay, because they have learned nothing about it. #371
(Audio Available)
196. Company exists for money, not for society. #344 (Audio Available)
197. Knives and forks should be placed next to the spoon on the edge of the table. #338
(Audio Available)
198. The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy. #305
(Audio Available)
199. The student welfare officer can help with questions about exam techniques. #299
(Audio Available)
200. Knife and fork should be placed next to the spoon on the edge of the table. #280
(Audio Available)
201. This part of the story is the story of my father. #276 (Audio Available)
202. Trade financing for the local market or the international market for exports begins from the first
stop at the banks. #258 (Audio Available)
203. At night, sailors in the Mediterranean can see the glow from the fiery molten material that is thrown
into the air. #235 (Audio Available)
204. Most teaching staff make their lecture notes available online. #205 (Audio Available)
205. By the way, if you want more information about any of the trips, have a look in the student
newspaper. #202 (Audio Available)
206. The initial results are intriguing, but statistically speaking, they are insignificant. #358
(Audio Available)
207. The bus will depart from outside of the building in 5 minutes. #160 (Audio Available)
208. Surprisingly, some people actually enjoy watching advertisements on television. #190
(Audio Available)
209. We could invest in effective public transport. #111 (Audio Available)
210. He needs to talk to you about your industrial architecture class. #94 (Audio Available)
211. Factors such as cost and function influence the design of a bridge. #40 (Audio Available)
212. There are several reasons for population growth, such as better education. #30 (Audio Available)
213. Please come to the next seminar properly prepared. #3 (Audio Available)
214. Lack of sleep can lead to changes in behavior. #60 (Audio Available)
215. Teenagers more than most age groups feel strong pressure to conform. #54 (Audio Available)
216. He's shown an interest in exciting new art movements. #42 (Audio Available)
Page 42 of 260
217. There is a lot of sugar in many fast foods. #65 (Audio Available)
218. There are on-going problems with over-consumption of junk food. #39 (Audio Available)
Page 43 of 260
Describe Image
1. Supply Chain Management
Answer:
The following graph gives information about supply chain management. It shows how the process is
done. The steps include raw materials, components and manufacturer. According to this graph, the fist
step is to collect raw materials and turn them to components with machine. Followed by that, the
second step is to send components to the manufacturer and make products of them there. You can see
from this graph that the third step is to send products to the retailer. The final step is to sell products to
consumers. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
(APEUni Website / App DI #191)
2. Assessment (Incomplete)
Points: 'Assessment' may be 'Dissertation'
3. Tax and Payroll
Answer:
The following graph gives information about payroll and superannuation in recent years. The items
include countries like Australia, Austria, and Denmark. According to this graph, in Australia, the value is
around sixteen point six percent, and that of Austria is the same. You can see from this graph that the
Page 44 of 260
lowest value is in Denmark, which is eight percent. You can also see from this graph that the weighted
average is thirteen percent. In conclusion, Both Australia and Austria have the highest percentage.
4. Wasted Food
Answer:
The following graph gives information about wasted food in UK. The items include saved, recycled and
thrown away. According to this graph, in distribution and retail, the value of saved food is around one
megaton, and that of household including to drain is higher which is around two megaton. You can see
from this graph that the highest value of thrown away food is in household including to drain, which is
eight megatons. You can also see from this graph that the highest value of saved food is in food and
drink manufacturing waste. In conclusion, hospitality sector has the second highest amount of thrown
away food.
5. Volunteer Expenses
Answer:
The following graph gives information about volunteers who incurred expenses. The items include
postage, phone calls, and uniform. According to this graph, in meals, the value of reimbursement is
around sixteen percent, and that of phone calls is higher, which is around nineteen percent. You can see
from this graph that the highest value of reimbursement is in postage, which is thirty-seven. You can
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also see from this graph that the lowest value of reimbursement is uniform. In conclusion, this bar chart
is very informative.
6. Production Map (Incomplete)

Points: A map of Africa (Asia?), in which different things are produced in different areas. Himalayas is
above, woods in the right upper corner, cotton in the middle, and ...
7. Diamond Production
Answer:
The following pie chart gives information about diamond production by value. The items include Russia,
Botswana, Canada, and other countries. According to this graph, the value of Canada is around fourteen
percent, and that of others is higher, which is eighteen percent. You can see from this graph that the
highest value is Russia, which is around twenty-six percent. You can also see from this graph that the
lowest value is South Africa, which is around eight percent. In conclusion, the countries produce so much
diamond.
8. Working Hours
Answer:
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The following graph gives information about working hours in Germany. The horizontal axis is year,
ranging from nineteen seventy to twenty seventeen. According to this graph, in the year of nineteen
seventy, the value is around one thousand nine hundred. And according to this graph, in the year of
nineteen seventy-five, the value is around one thousand eight hundred. The lowest value is around one
thousand three hundred, which is in twenty seventeen. On the contrary, the second lowest value is one
thousand three hundred and seventy, which is in twenty ten. In conclusion, if this trend continues,
working hours will be lower in the future.
9. European Countries
Answer:
The following graph gives information about Europe. Positions of different countries are displayed on the
map. At the central area, there are Austria, Germany, Poland and Czechia. In the left area, there are
Ireland and Portugal. According to this graph, the largest country is Russia, which is located on the right
side. In comparison, small countries include Denmark and Belgium. In conclusion, there are many
European countries shown on the map.
10. Volunteer Work
Answer:
The following graph gives information about volunteer work. The items include male and female. The
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horizontal axis is year, ranging from nineteen ninety to two thousand and four. According to this graph,
in nineteen ninety, the value of male is around twenty-six, the same as female. According to this graph,
the highest value of male is forty-five, which is in two thousand and four. According to this graph, the
value of male is higher than female, and the highest value of female is thirty. In conclusion, there is a
gap between male and female on volunteer work.
11. GNH
Answer:
The following graph gives information about Gross National Happiness. Information of different areas
are displayed on the map. In the central area, there is a large circle named GNH. There are many small
circles surrounding the large circle. According to this graph, these small circles are health, time use,
education, good governance, community vitality, living standards, psychological wellbeing and cultural
diversity and resilience. And these small circles are respectively red, green, purple, blue, brown, and so
on. In conclusion, there are many factors in Gross National Happiness.
12. Plastic Bottle Recycling
Answer:
The following graph gives information about plastic bottle recycling. The steps include new bottles,
refilling, used bottles and plastic processing, and . According to this graph, the first step is newly-
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produced bottles, which are empty. According to this graph, the second step is to fill the empty bottles
with beverage. You can see from this graph that the third step is to open the bottles and drink up it,
followed by the forth step is to transport used bottles back to the factory and use them as materials.
The final step is the plastic materials turn into new bottles waiting for refilling. In conclusion, this graph
13. Internet Users
Answer:
The following graph gives information about internet users who accessed via mobile phone. The items
include sixteen to twenty-four, fifty-five to sixty-four, and sixty-five plus. You can see from this graph
that, in forty-five to fifty-four, the value is around thirty-two percent. You can see from this graph that,
in thirty-five to forty-four, the value is around fifty, which is higher. You can see from this graph that, in
sixteen to twenty-four, the value is around seventy percent，which is the highest. You can also see from
this graph that, in sixty-five plus, the value is around eight percent, which is the lowest. In conclusion,
this graph is very informative.
14. Ship Lock
Answer:
The following graph gives information about how a ship lock works. It shows how the process is done.
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The items include a ship lock, a ship, dams, and pipes under the bottom. You can see from this graph
that the first step is that the upstream gate opens and the ship goes into the lock. You can see from this
graph that the second step is that the upstream gate closes and the water level evens. You can see
from this graph that the third step is that the downstream gate opens and the ship moves out of the
lock. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
15. Mosquito Life Cycle
Answer:
The following graph gives information about the mosquito life cycle. It shows how the process is done.
The items include adult, eggs, larva and pupa. You can see from this graph that the first step is the
adult laying eggs into water. You can see from this graph that the second step is eggs developing as the
larva below the water surface. You can see from this graph that the third step is the larva developing as
the pupa. You can see from this graph that the next step is the adult emerging on the water surface.
The final step is a new fully developed adult flying out of water. In conclusion, this graph is very
informative.
16. A Food Chain
Answer:
The following graph gives information about a food chain. It shows how the process is done. The items
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include bees, small fish, bear, and a tree. You can see from this graph that the first step is bees feeding
on flowers of the tree. You can see from this graph that the second step is small fish feeding on bees.
You can see from this graph that the third step is a bear feeding on fish and a fish skeleton remaining.
You can see from this graph that the next step is the dead bear decaying into a skeleton. The final step
is dead bear nourishing the tree. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
17. South American Rainforest
Answer:
The following graph gives information about the rain forest distribution in South America. According to
this graph, the largest part of rain forest is in Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, Suriname, which is tropical
rain forest, coloured with light green. We can also see a narrow, long stretch of tropical rain forest lying
along the eastern coast of South America, next to Atlantic Ocean. And aother stretch is located along
the northwest coast of South America, next to Pacific Ocean. We see temperate rain forests in Chile, the
southmost area of South America, coloured with dark green. In conclusion, this is an informative map.
18. Commuting Time
Answer:
The following graph gives information about commuting time in different regions in Britain, 2014. The
items include London, Yorkshire, South east, North west, and South west. According to this graph, in
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London, the value of the commuting time is around 107 minutes, which is the highest value. You can see
from this graph that the second highest value of the commuting time is in East of England, which is 71.
The lowest value of commuting time is in South west, which is around 56. In conclusion, London has the
highest value of commuting time.
19. Palm Oil Production
Answer:
The following line chart gives information about palm oil production of Indonesia and Malaysia.
According to the line chart, we can see the red line of Indonesia rises from the lowest point, about 5
million tones in 1997/1998, to the highest point, about 18 million tons in 2007/2008. We can also see
the blue line of Malaysia rises from the lowest point, about 8.5 million tons in 1997/1998, to the highest
point, about 16 million tons in 2007/2008. And Malaysia is always higher than Indonesia until
2005/2006. After that, Indonesia is higher than Malaysia. In conclusion, this chart is very informative.
20. Laboratory Plan
Answer:
The following graph gives information about the graduation laboratory. Data of different areas are
displayed on the map. At the central area, there are storage and toilets. At the left area, there are animal
sciences. According to this graph, the largest area is plant sciences. In comparison, the smallest area is
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office. In conclusion, there are computer station and meeting room shown on the map.
21. Forest Annual Change
Answer:
The following graph gives information about the annual change in forest area by region. Data of different
areas are displayed on the map. The items include net gain, states, and net loss, According to this
graph, the largest areas of forest gain in the 1990-2000 year are in Asia. In comparison, the smallest
areas of the net gain in 1990-2000 are in Africa. You can see from this graph that the largest areas of
net loss in 1990-2000 are in Africa. In conclusion, the area of the net gain in Asia is much larger than
that of the net loss.
22. Input and Output
Answer:
The following graph gives information about two examples of input-process-output. It shows how the
process is done. The steps include materials, factory, and product, According to this graph, the first step
is input materials. According to this graph, the second step is to go to the factory, You can see from
this graph that the third step is to become the product, which is the output. .You can also see from this
graph that the next step is data is the input. According to this graph, the next step is to go to the
computer. According to this graph, the next step is to become the information, which is the output. In
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conclusion, this graph is very informative.

23. Australian Population Density 1
Answer:
The following graph gives information about the Australian population density. Data of different areas
are displayed on the map, based on statistical local area boundaries, with one dot equal to one thousand
people. According to this graph, the most densely populated cities are Sydney, Canberra and Melbourne
which are located in southeast coast, followed by eastern Australia's Brisbane, southern Australia's
Adelaide, Hobart, western Australia's Perth, northern Australia's Darwin. In comparison, the most sparsely
populated areas are the vast outback in the middle of the continent. In conclusion, the most highly
populated areas are in the southeast coast.
24. Gnat Life Cycle
Answer:
The following graph gives information about fungus gnat lifecycle is about 28 days. It shows how the
process is done. The steps include eggs, larva, pupa, and adult. According to this graph, the first step is
eggs. According to this graph, the second step is from eggs to larva in 4-6 days. You can see from this
graph that the third step is from larva to pupa in 12 - 14 days. You can also see from this graph that the
next step is from pupa to adult in 3 - 6 days. The final step is from adult to eggs in 7-10 days. In
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conclusion, the process will repeat.

25. Garbage Patches 1
Answer:
The picture shows us out of sight, out of mind. According to the picture, we can see the continent-sized
cortex of plastic waste is blighting the Pacific. Specifically. There are two rubbish soups, the eastern
garbage patch which is next to Japan and the western garbage patch which is next to the Hawaii, The
north pacific gyre currents are running differently in two different patches. Apart from that, the
translucent soup of degrading plastic waste is as deep as 10 meters and the north pacific gyre currents
keep soup in constant movement. We can also see the section of garbage patch is in color red. In
conclusion, the picture indicates that we need to take environmental problems seriously.
26. Students' Worked Age
Answer:
The following graph gives information about the number of students who worked at ages 14 to 18. The
number of students who worked is represented in blue and that of students who did not work is
represented in red. Students who are 14 have the highest number of did not work, at about 25 students,
while students who are 18 has the least number of did not work, at about 3 students. In contrast, there
are 23 students who are 18 and worked, and there is about 1 student who is 14 and worked. In
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conclusion, this graph gives very thorough information.

27. Pet Expenditure
Answer:
The following graph gives information about the proportion of pet expenditure in the US. The items
include vet care and wellbeing, food and litter, pet purchase and so on. According to this graph, the
proportion of vet care and wellbeing is around 47%, and that of food and litter is lower, which is around
41%. You can see from this graph that the highest proportion is vet care and wellbeing, which is around
47%. You can also see from this graph that the lowest proportion is the pet purchase, which is around
2%. In conclusion, vet care and wellbeing have the highest proportion of pet expenditure in the US.
28. Egypt Trading
Answer:
The following graph gives information about ancient Egypt trading. It shows how the process is done.
The steps include import goods and export goods. According to this graph, the first step is to import
cedar oil and timber from Lebanon. According to this graph, the second step is to import copper,
precious stones and gold from Nubia. You can see from this graph that the third step is to import slaves
and animals from Africa. You can also see from this graph that the next step is to import horses, fruit,
and honey from other countries. The final step is to exports linen, tools, beads and weapons to other
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countries. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.

29. Government Expenditure
Answer:
This graph shows the government expenditure in different sectors of education. It is shown on the graph
that $11 billion are invested in education in total. At the top of the pyramid, we can see higher education
in which $1.8 billion are invested, followed by which vocational educational training and schools get $2
billion and $3-4 billion respectively. At the bottom of the pyramid, we can see the early childhood in
which $0.8-1.4 billion are invested. It can be seen that schools get the highest investment while early
childhood gets the least. In conclusion, this graph gives very interesting information.
30. Happiness
Answer:
The following graph gives information about what determines happiness. The items include the genetic
set point, intentional activities, and life circumstances. According to this graph, the proportion of genetic
set point is around 50%, and that of intentional activities is lower, which is around 40%. You can see
from this graph that the highest proportion is the genetic set point, which is around 50%. You can also
see from this graph that the lowest proportion is life circumstances, which is around 10%. In conclusion,
this graph is very informative.
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31. Water Treatment
Answer:
The following graph gives information about water treatment. It shows how the process is done. The
steps include drinking water, recycled water, and household water. According to this graph, the first step
is Water transferred from dam to water treatment plant. According to this graph, the second step is to
transfer drinking water to the house. You can see from this graph that the third step is to transfer
household wastewater to the wastewater treatment plant. You can also see from this graph that the
next step is to transfer excess treated water to the river. The final step is the river transferred water to
the dam. In conclusion, the process will repeat.
32. Evacuation Route
Answer:
The following graph gives information about the school map. In this map, we can see there are two
hydrant exits. For the one located on the top left corner, students from the photography lab and
micromachining lab and officers, as well as the 1295 room, can follow this route to evacuate. For the
other one, students and faculty staffs from room 1292 research deposition furnaces and room 1286
research photo geography lab, mechanical room, and microelectronics lab can go for this route to the
stairs for an exit, which is located on the bottom left corner. In conclusion, the picture gives us clear
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information about the two hydrant exits for evacuation.

33. Garbage Patches
Answer:
The following graph gives information about out of sight, out of mind. According to the picture, we can
see the continent-sized cortex of plastic waste is blighting the Pacific. Specifically, there are two
rubbish soups, the eastern garbage patch which is next to Japan and the western garbage patch which
is next to Hawaii, the north pacific gyre currents are running differently in two different patches. Apart
from that, the translucent soup of degrading plastic waste is as deep as 10 meters and the north pacific
gyre currents keep soup in constant movement. We can also see the section of the garbage patch is in
color red. In conclusion, the picture indicates that we need to take environmental problems seriously.
34. Adult Literacy
Answer:
The following graph gives information about adult literacy by region from 2000-2004. As we can see
the largest amount can be found in Latin America and the Caribbean, which is 89% in females and 91%
in males. Following that Asia has the second largest rate, which is 73% in females and 86% in males.
However, we can find the smallest amount in sub-Saharan Africa, which is 53% in females and 79% in
males. In conclusion, males have a larger adult literacy rate than males in all the regions.
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35. Oxbow Lake
Answer:
The following graph gives information about water channels and how they can be formed. From the first
picture, we can see that there is a meander and along the meander, there are lots of trees, there is also
a neck in between the meander. However, when we move to the next stage, the sand becomes
deposited in the river and finally, it becomes silt around the river neck, therefore there is a new channel
formed and a new oxbow lake begins to run in this way. In conclusion, the formation of the oxbow lake
requires water and sand forces to shape its channels.
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Retell Lecture
1. Icy Sea (Incomplete)

Points: A video. The camera move forwards above the sea which likely has ice on the surface.
Keywords: countries, ocean, the United Kingdom, Norway, New Zealand, ... (these country names are
repeated twice in the lecture).
(APEUni Website / App RL #289)
2. Venus (Audio Available)

Original:
There is a picture, sort of artist's impression, before the space age of what Venus might be like on its
surface and so this was looking at the planet Venus, it was science fiction and science fact all the way
up to 56 before the start of the space age but it wasn't completely disproved, this idea of a really sort
of lush environment on Venus until 1967, which is when the first measurements in detail were done at
Venus. So Mariner four and Mariner five confirmed the feeling from an earlier space mission that in fact
the surface of Venus was not like this at all, but extremely hot and, and also that the clouds were made
of sulfuric acid so there wasn't a nice water cycle like is going on in this picture and so, that it had to
wait for these in situ measurements by space craft to actually do that and so Venus turned out not to be
quite as Earth like as we thought and I'll sort of tell you about some of the latest results from Venus
Express, which, which they actually there are some Earth like features, but to a large extent, it's not like
the Earth. Okay, so a brief comparison between.
There're audio records available for this question. Search by the question number at APEUni Website /
App to listen.
3. Education (Incomplete)
Points: A picture about education, similarly as shown here. Keyword: education, skills, potential.
4. Pursuit of Happiness (Incomplete)

Points: Well-being is usually defined in different ways. Despite different races, genders, and nationalities
people pursue well-being in the same way, the way they pursue fortune and health.
5. Multitasking Man (Incomplete)

Points: A video in which a bare-headed man in a meeting talks about what a smart man does in the
security council. He has strong will power, but also has a soft side. Others find that the guy sits quietly in
the meeting and keeps nodding and don't know why. In fact that is the way he pays attention: he listens
to talks in Russian and the simultaneous interpretation into English, and he can point out errors in the
interpretation. In some special situation, he talks directly to the other party in Russian. Besides, people
near him find that he is also sketching images of the security council members. People pick up the scape
papers that he left. Now there is a dark market that sells his drawings.
6. Animal Image (Incomplete)
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Points: A lecture with a video about how to find images of animals. Six trillion triangles in the video. How
to use computers to create images of animals. The more triangles we use, the more details we can see.
7. Universal Philosophy (Audio Available)

Original:
Okay. So this is the this is the big benefit of a universal philosophy. It says it applies to everybody. Well,
looks that doesn't, you know, 205 or 206 countries in the world. And you've got something that applies
to everybody. That's a bit strange, isn't it? No, says liberal theory. There are same value structures that
apply to all of us. You couldn't have the United Nations without it. It couldn't tell you that the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights without this idea of values that apply to all of us just because we are
humans. Now, the idea is to test that as well. Why is sport universal? Why does everybody play football?
It's because the values are specified at a very thin level at the top. There are these rules and we all have
to abide by just these rules. But there are lots of things about football that aren't rules specified. So
Brazilian football is different from Italian football, from British football, from German football, from
Spanish football. It's culturally specific, but acknowledges that there are these universal general rules to
apply to everybody.
App to listen.
8. Facial Recognition (Audio Available)

Original:
Last week we talked about how people recognize objects and really how well people recognize objects,
given how difficult the problem is, given how objects can be seen in all different sorts of illumination, in
different positions, in different angles. And yet we are able to extract that information, we are able to
take the visual stuff out there, interpret it in a way that allows us to recognize all the different things that
we can see in our environment. Today we're gonna kind of carry on looking at that, but we gonna look at
what's really a special class of objects. That's the human face. So we gonna look at how we recognize
human faces and how we do it quite as well as we do. We're really expert at recognizing faces. So again
we can think about how do we take that visual information and how do we transform it into a form
which allows us to put a name to a face, and to do all the other clever things that we can do with faces.
So I'm gonna start off again by just pointing out that it's a hard problem. Face recognition is a hard
problem, and it's a clever thing we do. If you think about all the different types of faces you can
recognize, and all the different types of information you can get from the face, you kind of start to
appreciate how well we can do face recognition.
App to listen.
9. Bananas (Incomplete)
Points: A picture with a banana and an apple in a basket. The relation between politics and scientific
truth is mentioned. The banana is an example. ... system can be used to examine safety of food, like
sugar, sauce, ... ... understand and appreciate bananas ... The value of science is the fact.
10. Energy Challenge (Audio Available)

Original:
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Most Americans take energy for granted. But, for many families, maintaining access to reliable and
affordable energy is a persistent challenge and a significant material hardship. This is a problem referred
to as energy insecurity, and it affects millions of American households each year. We have found that
energy insecurity is a growing and vexing problem among low-income households, and the COVID-
Nineteen pandemic has made this problem worse. Our analysis finds that there are disparities in rates of
energy insecurity across various socio-demographic groups. Black and Hispanic households, for
example, are significantly more likely to experience energy insecurity and face utility disconnection than
white households. So too are households with young children, individuals that require electronic medical
devices, and those in dwellings with inefficient or poor conditions. Households that cannot pay for
energy are unable to power electronic learning or medical devices, keep perishable, healthy food in the
refrigerator, or maintain safe body temperatures. Under conditions of extreme heat or cold, people can
suffer from mental and physical health consequences, including the possibility of death. Strategies for
coping with uncomfortable temperatures, such as burning trash or sitting in one's car with the heat
running, can lead to tragic outcomes as well. Our research underscores the importance of public policy
that targets energy insecurity and its underlying causes. Weatherization assistance, incentives for
residential solar power, energy bill assistance, and utility disconnection protections are all viable
strategies for helping the millions of households across the country that are currently unable to pay their
energy bills.
App to listen.
11. Fashion (Incomplete)

Points: A video about the history of fashion dress. … king grand land … dutch duke … provide services
to the king … It’s like a show in the street，where people enjoy looking at others and being looked at.
Key words: aesthetic, hat, Paris, London, stage, French fashion, society development.
12. Sunrise and Sunset in Space (Incomplete)

Points: When watching the earth from space, the first view is beautiful, phenomenal. A sunrise and a
sunset can be seen every 90 minutes, 45 minutes in darkness and 45 minutes in light, so a sunrise every
45 minutes and a sunset every 45 minutes. Orbit is also mentioned.
13. Leadership (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
A leader can define or clarify goals by issuing a memo or an executive order, an edict or a fatwa or a
tweet, by passing a law, barking a command, or presenting an interesting idea in a meeting of
colleagues. Leaders can mobilize people’s energies in ways that range from subtle, quiet persuasion to
the coercive threat or the use of deadly force. Sometimes a charismatic leader such as Martin Luther
King Jr. can define goals and mobilize energies through rhetoric and the power of example. We can think
of leadership as a spectrum, in terms of both visibility and the power the leader wields. On one end of
the spectrum, we have the most visible: authoritative leaders like the president of the United States or
the prime minister of the United Kingdom, or a dictator such as Hitler or Qaddafi. At the opposite end of
the spectrum is casual, low-key leadership found in countless situations every day around the world,
leadership that can make a significant difference to the individuals whose lives are touched by it. Over
the centuries, the first kind–the out-in-front, authoritative leadership–has generally been exhibited by
men. Some men in positions of great authority, including Nelson Mandela, have chosen a strategy of
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“leading from behind”; more often, however, top leaders have been quite visible in their exercise of
power. Women (as well as some men) have provided casual, low-key leadership behind the scenes. But
this pattern has been changing, as more women have taken up opportunities for visible, authoritative
leadership.
App to listen.
14. A Book (Incomplete)

Points: A video with a woman having a book in her hands. The book is about how to do research, and
you can read the book's name directly according to the video. The woman introduces the book to her
listeners, and talks about the book's audience, likely students. She also talks about what the first and the
second chapters are about, and why the book is good.
15. Policy Changes (Incomplete)

Points: A picture with a crowd of foreign women working in it, talking about changes in lives and
policies of some country in Europe.
16. Windmill (Incomplete)

Points: A picture with 'windmill' and 'watermill' written on it. Environmental issues are getting worse and
people don't know how to decrease the emission of carbon dioxide. Research of new energy aims to the
protection of existing energy. The speaker tells how much electricity can be generated by windmills.
17. Biological Forgetting (Audio Available)

Original:
People forget things every day including experiences, feelings and thoughts. We call this process
biological forgetting. Remembering is hard for people, and people try to overcome biological forgetting.
Human' memory is not fixed, but it can be reconstructed and shaped by the past. Since ancestors, we
have always been trying to improve our memory.
App to listen.
18. Leadership and Management (Incomplete)

Points: About profound differences between management and leadership. Leaders often dislike the
status quo, and want to make some challenges to change directions. However, management stays in the
status quo and follows procedures to make sure everything goes well. So in other words, leadership
disrupts management.
19. General-purpose Cars (Incomplete)

Points: A picture in which there is a red car with a number plate as 'VJxxx' and how many passengers it
can carry is mentioned. The topic is about the changes brought to people's lives by general-purpose
cars. People can drive and go everywhere more comfortably. ... go to Scotland。 It changed the way we
live and the way we educate because we can go to school by car. ... improve individual mobility ... be
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more wealthy.
20. Edmund Wilson (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Wilson came then from a different world and he became the focal point of a broad mainstream American
culture that thought that modern literature and wanted modern literature to be able to be read and
appreciated by ordinary people. They were not modernists in an abstract sense and certainly some of
them like TS Eliot and Faulkner were too difficult for some of their writings to be read by ordinary
people, but this was a world before the division between the brows or between elite or whatever had
established itself as part of our consciousness. Wilson was a major player in the successful effort of his
generation to establish at the heart of American life and innovative literature that would equal the great
cultures of Europe. And he knew that the great cultures of Europe were there he was not a product of a
narrow American Studies kind of training at all. He joined a high artistic standard with an openness to all
experience and a belief that literature was as much a part of life for everyone as conversation. He
thought that Proust and Joyce and Yeats and Eliot could and should be read by ordinary Americans and
helped that to happen. Wilson was a very various man over a period of almost 50 years. He was a
dedicated a literary journalist, an investigative reporter, a brilliant memoirist and a dedicated journal
keeper.
App to listen.
21. Animal Behavior (B) (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Why should we bother studying animal behavior? Well, first and foremost, because we are interested in
understanding why animals do what they do. There are lots of other reasons for studying animal
behavior. Conservation biologists need to know what animals do if they’re going to save them. Are those
animals social or solitary? How much space do they need and how many mates do they have?
Sometimes you can’t predict the outcome of the research. Fernando Nottebohm started out being
interested in how birds know what to sing. Yet his research eventually led to a complete overhaul of the
entire field of neurobiology, a totally unanticipated yet utterly monumental effect. And this is the course
textbook by John Alcock the fact that this is in its ninth edition tells you how fast an afield animal
behavior is. There are lots of new developments.
App to listen.
22. British Population (Incomplete)

Points: There are three million people in Wales, five million in Scotland, and seven million in London. The
population of London is almost as large as those of Wales and Scotland combined. So many British
people in England live in London, almost one out of seven. But people in Soctland and Wales live
sparsely. So, it is difficult for England to manage London with such a large population because it doesn't
have a nationalist party which can be used to administrate people. However, Scotland and Wales have
their nationalist parties.
23. Overfishing (Audio Available)
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Original:
Aquaculture, the farming of fish, shrimp, shellfish and seaweeds, has been the sources of human protein
for nearly four thousand years, especially in Asia. In the last decade, however, there is been
unprecedented growth in aquaculture production, more than 300% since 1984, which has increased the
importance of the modern food supply. It’s the world’s fastest growing food production activity. And
globally, more than 25% of the odd fishing and shellfish production in 1999 was attributable to
aquaculture. Yes, this industry’s contributions to human diet is actually greater than the numbers imply,
whereas 1/3 of the conventional fish catch is used to make fish meal and fish oil. Virtually all farmed fish
are used as human food. Today, nearly 1/3 of fish consumed by human is the product of aquaculture,
and that percentage will only increase as aquaculture expands the world’s conventional fish catch, for
the oceans and lakes continues to decline because of overfishing and environmental damage.
App to listen.
24. Language Disorder (Audio Available)

Original:
Language is a human essence that defines human characters. Language disorder is children’s disability
to produce speech. 10% of children have language disability in the US. People can not take it for
granted, and should this problem seriously. Children‘s language is different from that of adults, so it
should be dealt with separately. Not being able to generate sentences is a philosophical issue because it
involves children’s psychology. In adults, it is a logical issue. To solve this problem, we need to ask
questions about language itself first. We should know what language is, how language is learned, and
how children can speak different sentences by words.
App to listen.
25. Truth and Rhetoric (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
But Aristotle says the reason we need rhetoric is we have to be able to use it. To use rhetoric influence
the ramble, we try to get them to understand truth. Truth is suggest ... is different than XX Rhetoric is
the dressing, is the body, right? Truth is the spirit, is the soul, is abstract. It doesn't have a body. It's not
particular. If you wanna get somebody to the truth, you might have to use some kind of tricks. Right?
Because most of people are not sound and can see the truth. That's what we think. Most people are
rambles. Really. Only the educated be erudite are actually capable of seeing the truth. If you wanna get
the general mass there, you may have to do a little bit. So Aristotle that is rhetoric. Rhetoric is
something that is used to influence people. Right? And it's a kind of mentally promised a logic.
App to listen.
26. Robot and Human (Audio Available)

Original:
Why is it difficult to make a robot like a human being? Why cannot robots finish the work easily like
human beings? For some tasks, it is easy and simple for humans to complete, but it is very difficult to
ask a robot to do what we want because humans and robots have different recognition functions. For
example, considering the insights, it is hard for robots to recognize colors because they do not have
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sensory mechanisms. Artificial intelligence scientists have to devise a sensor that is implanted to robots
to enable them to recognize different colors. The sensor has a camera on it to capture pixels, and then
will translate the pixels into an image, which is not as easy as expected. This process is very complex.
The translation of every pixel to accurate things could be difficult, especially color differentiation which
needs complicated sensors to fulfil. So the improvement of the sensor is necessary. In conclusion, there
is no comparison between humans and robots.
App to listen.
27. Dimensions (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Well, there' s a number of ways to think about what dimensions are. I hope we all know where three
dimensions are, which you can say are left, right; forward, backward; up, down. And if you think about it,
three . we say there are three dimensions of space. And sometimes we need three coordinates to locate
some objects in space. So, you can say longitude, latitude and altitude. So if there were more
dimensions, you would need more coordinates. Now of course for whatever reason we are not
physiologically designed to observe those dimensions, but that doesn’t mean they don’t exist. One way
of thinking about it is, Maybe the best way of thinking about it is the way that someone named Edwin
Abbott did it in the late 19th century in a book called flatland. And he said suppose there were two
dimensional creatures living in a two dimensional universe. They would have the same trouble
conceptualizing three dimensions that we have when we try to conceptualize more than three, such as
four. And so, he asked questions like, “What would observers in this two dimensional universe see, say,
if a three dimensional object like a sphere passed through the universe?” And what this flatland universe
would see would be a series of disks that grow in size and then decreased in size. In the same way that
we can certainly think about a two dimensional world inside a three dimensional world, it could be that
we observe three dimensions but really there are more. And if a hyper sphere say a four dimensional
sphere passed through our universe, we would see a series of spheres that grew in size and then
decreased in size. The fact that we don’t observe those extra dimensions doesn’t mean they don’t exist.
And they are hard to conceptualize. They certainly are hard to visualize. But we can think about them
mathematically and conceptually without too much trouble.
App to listen.
28. Linguistic Training (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
I think with our linguistic training we also get all this invisible training to be authorities, to be the people
who know. It is part of that process that you come out as a world authority on your chosen subject. But
when we move into working with communities, we have to recognise that the communities have to be
the authority in their language. Actually, a woman in the class I'm teaching at Sydney at the moment, a
career woman, expressed this very nicely, although she was talking about something else, she was
distinguishing expertise from authority. And certainly linguists, because of our training we do, have
expertise in certain very narrow areas of language, but we don't have the authority over what to do with
that knowledge or what to do with other knowledge that the community produces. I guess for me the
bottom line is languages are lost because of the dominance of one people over another. That's not
rocket science, it's not hard to work that out. But then what that means is if in working with language
revival we continue to hold the authority, we actually haven't done anything towards undoing how
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languages are lost in the first place, so in a sense the languages are still lost if the authority is still lost.
App to listen.
29. Visual Description (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
The comics I show you with lots of people chatting around in a room is a form of description. We use
different kinds of methods to describe a situation. Sometimes we have to use visual description,
particularly when we do not witness the scenario. I was born during the Second World War and my
hometown is X, for example when I asked my mother about the war, I always ask her you have mentioned
this or that when you talked to me when asked her about the shelter, I asked her what the shelter looks
like and when did you go to the shelter. From her response I could get more visual evidence as I can to
write my book.
App to listen.
30. Loggerhead Turtle (Incomplete)

Points: About loggerhead turtle, one of the largest turtles in the world, and almost distinct in the USA.
They have big heads and short necks. In September, 1986, scientists put a tracker on a turtle’s shell, and
used satellites to track and locate the migration route of the turtle. They reached different localities in
different time. The migration took three months, from the south Florida to the north. A map of the East
Coast of the US is given and the turtle migration route and the year are marked it.
31. Food Quantification (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
I'm a dietitian and I work in clinical weight-loss recently. Accurately estimating portion size is critical in
research or real-world settings. For example, if you're trying to watch your weight and you're out to
dinner and you're presented with a bowl of food, there's no really good way to actually estimate how
much you're eating unless you're gonna whip some scales out of your bag. So we wanted to find a more
objective way for people to quantify what they're eating when they're out and about. I came up with a
more hands-on approach. We got people to measure the dimensions of the food using the width of their
fingers and remembering back to primary school maths. We use the geometric volume formulas to
estimate the weight of the food. To show you how this works, I've ordered a piece of lasagna. And that's
my box, a glass of wine and that's my cylinder. And I'm feeling pretty healthy, so I order some
watermelon for dessert. And that's my wedge. So this was I know it's seven by five, by four fingers. In the
future, I see this method be incorporated into smartphone applications. So you put your finger, it's in
along with your height and your weight. And the app will do all of the calculations for you. And then
you've got a more accurate way to estimate the portion size.
App to listen.
32. Motivation (Incomplete)

Points: About two types of motivation, Approach Motivation and Avoidance Motivation. Approach
Motivation means moving to things that are positive, such as vocational plans. Avoidance Motivation is
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driving away things that are negative and whose purpose is to reduce anxiety. Avoidance Motivation is
quite intense.
33. Melatonin (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
I'm just going to take on where stuff left off. The hormone I want to now talk about it's called melatonin.
The synthesis is in the Pineal Gland, which is very small. It is the size of a pea in your brain. Descartes
called it the 'seat of soul', and it is where melatonin is made. And it has a rhythm as well. And in the
sense, it is the opposite of the cortisol. It peaks at night. We call it as the darkness hormone. In every
species that we studied, melatonin occurs at night. And it's hormone that prepares you for the things,
that your species, does at night. So, of course, in humans we sleep, but animals, like rodents, they are
awake. So, it's a hormone that is related to darkness behavior.
App to listen.
34. Large Hadron Collider (LHC) (Audio Available)

Original:
Protons are finally transferred to the LHC (both in a clockwise and an anticlockwise direction) where
they are accelerated for 20 minutes to 6.5 TeV. Beams circulate for many hours inside the LHC beam
pipes under normal operating conditions. For each collision, the physicist's goal is to count, track and
characterize all the different particles. The charge of the particle, for instance, is obvious since particles
with positive electric charge bend one way and those with negative charge bend the opposite way. Also
the momentum of the particle can be determined. Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest
particle accelerator lies in a tunnel. The LHC is a ring roughly 28km around that accelerates protons
almost to the speed of light before colliding them head-on. Protons are particles found in the atomic
nucleus, roughly one thousand-million-millionth of a meter in size. The LHC starts with a bottle of
hydrogen gas, which is sent through an electric field to strip away the electrons, leaving just the protons
Electric and magnetic fields are the key to a particle accelerator.
App to listen.
35. Animal Behavior (Audio Available)

Original:
We can ask 2 fundamental questions about animal behavior they referred to as proximate and ultimate.
Proximate questions are those concerned with the mechanisms that bring about behavior. Ultimate
questions are those concerned with the evolution of behavior. We can divide the proximate and ultimate
into 2 sub-questions. For proximate, how does behavior develop and secondly what causes the behavior.
For ultimate, you can ask how did the behavior evolve and secondly what is the adaptive of significance
of the behavior. What’s its purpose? Together these comprise what are called Tinbergen’s 4 questions
about animal behavior. Niko Tinbergen was one of the founding fathers of the study of the animal
behaviors. These questions represent different ways of studying animal behavior and understanding the
difference between those 4 questions are fundamental to understanding behavior and indeed the whole
of biology. How do we study animal behavior? Well that depends on the type of question we’re hoping to
answer.
Page 69 of 260
App to listen.
36. Flower Colors (Incomplete)

Points: About the relation between flower colors and nectar qualities. Nectars, as well as temperature,
have an impact on insects' choices. Some insects, such as bees, prefer to inhabit in warmer flowers,
because they seek infusion of energy while collecting nectar. Given the same quality and quantity of
nectar, hornets will choose warmer nectar. So, flowers evolve to have warmer colors to attract insects.
37. Newton’s Apple (Incomplete)

Points: A picture with a teen sitting under a tree watching an apple falling from above. Main point is 'to
see through the appearance to perceive the essence'. Key words: observation, gravity, magnitude, earth
and planets.
38. America’s Economic Size (Incomplete)

Points: In terms of the size of economy, the US economy is more than the total amount of China, Japan
UK and Germany. In terms of the industrial output, US output is $2.8 trillion, but it only equals to the sum
of China and Japan.
39. Wind Power (Incomplete)

Points: In Australia wind power is just 1% of the whole; But in Denmark, wind power has a larger
proportion; In other countries, hydropower has a larger proportion.
40. Health Worker (Audio Available)

Original:
According to the World Health Organization, 400 million people worldwide have no access to essential
health care. That’s a staggering number of people. Some of those services include things like basic
sanitation and clean water, prenatal care, and vaccinations or immunizations for children. Many things
contribute to this crisis. Sometimes people live to remotely to get timely care if emergency occurs. Even
when living in a city, the patient to doctor ratio can be as high as 50,000 people to just one doctor,
making it impossible for that doctor to meet the demands of health care in that area. These are valuable
people made in the image of God who are physically suffering. Many of them go without a personal
relationship with Christ. So we do this with a week of hands-on training, consisting of a variety of topics
like basic sanitation and hygiene, taking vital signs, wound care and infection prevention, basic birth
assisting and emergency skills. Those who participate in the training then have practical skills in supplies
to care for others in their community in a way that glorifies God and opens the door for sharing the
gospel in a new way.
App to listen.
41. Springtime (Audio Available)

Original:
The Earth’s temperature is rising. And as it does, springtime phenomena—like the first bloom of flowers
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—are getting earlier and earlier. But rising temperatures aren't the only factor. Urban light pollution is
also quickening the coming of spring. "So temperature and light are really contributing to a double
whammy of making everything earlier." Richard ffrench-Constant, an entomologist at the University of
Exeter. He and his colleagues compiled 13 years of data from citizen scientists in the U.K., who tracked
the first bud burst of four common trees. Turns out, light pollution—from streetlights in cities, and along
roads—pushed bud burst a full week earlier. Way beyond what rising temperatures could achieve. This
disruptive timing can ripple through the ecosystem. "The caterpillars that feed on trees are trying to
match the hatching of their eggs to the timing of bud burst. Because the caterpillars want to feed on the
juiciest and least chemically protected leaves. And it's not just the caterpillars, of course, that are
important. But the knock-on effect is on nesting birds, which are also trying to hatch their chicks at the
same time that there's the maximum number of caterpillars." So earlier buds could ultimately affect the
survival of birds, and beyond. The findings are in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B. The world's
becoming increasingly urbanized, and light pollution is growing—which ffrench-Constant says could trick
trees into budding earlier and earlier. But smarter lighting—like LEDs that dial down certain wavelengths
—could help. "Perhaps the exciting thing is, if we understand more about how light affects this bud
burst, we might be able to devise smarter sort of street lighting that has less red components, and
therefore less early bud burst." Thus keeping springtime an actual springtime phenomenon.
App to listen.
42. Implicit&Explicit Memory (Audio Available)

Original:
I want you to try and remember two things. First, I want you to try and remember learning how to ride a
bike. Maybe you have a scar you received when you flipped over the handlebars. The next thing I want
you to remember is how to ride a bike. The reason I asked you to recall both of these memories is that
they belong to two different designated realms of memory. Memory is a fluid and dynamic system that is
exceedingly complicated. To this end, psychologists have attempted to divide memory up to make it
easier to study. There are two main categories. Explicit memory is a memory that can be intentionally
and consciously recalled. This is your memory of riding a bike and falling over the handlebars, and
skinning your knee. The other is implicit memory which is an exponential functional form of memory that
cannot be consciously recalled. This is your memory of how to ride a bike or how to balance. These are
often not tied to a visual memory, but a more like muscle memory. The examples of implicit memory
include using language naturally, driving and reading, and answering multiple questions in the test, etc.,
will be natural. Let's look at explicit and implicit memory in a little more detail, and see how age
influences these. It is an experimental or functional form of memory. Explicit memory consists of a great
deal of highly personal memories related to time, space and people. It is totally different from implicit
memory. Now, if we look at the examples of explicit memory, it includes remembering people's birthdays
and answering multiple questions on the test.
App to listen.
43. Arctic and Antarctic (Audio Available)

Original:
So, when we talk about the polar regions, just to clarify exactly what we mean. And we have first of all
the Arctic at the top of the earth and the Antarctic at the bottom, and so the Arctic was named after the
Greek word for bear. Now surprisingly it’s not after the polar bears that live in the Antarctic or live in the
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Arctic and based on it’s after the little and great bear constellations that can be seen in the sky. Now the
Greek also hypothesize that there would be the Anti-arctic, which is how we get the name Antarctica
and of course it wasn’t discovered until much later on. Now these regions are opposite in many ways
other than just their names and their location on the globe, and so if we look at the arctic first of all, and
the Arctic is actually ocean surrounded by land, and so you can see here this is the UK down here and
this kind of Russia and then American Canada around here, and so there is a bit of land cover in our ice
on the top in the Arctic, which is Greenland here and Macie all this area here. Surprisingly a lot of
people don’t realize that this isn’t actually land. The north pole isn’t on land. It’s just one big ocean.
App to listen.
44. London Taxi Drivers (Audio Available)

Original:
But we can really thank the Great Exhibition of 1851 for giving us the world’s premier taxi service, for it
was going to this exhibition, and this fabulous exhibition inventions from all around the four corners of
the Empire that the visitors were appalled, dismayed and vexed by their journeys to this exhibition
because the cabbies of the day, and their horse-drawn carts were absolutely terrible, could not find their
way to this exhibition. And, so, a great public outcry, the London Authority sets up Public Carriage
Office, which is an organization that still exists. And you can take a short walk to Penton Street up the
road. And this Public Carriage office took on the responsibility of licensing all major taxi drivers in
London. All taxi drivers from 1851 onwards had to pass what is now known as the London knowledge,
was phenomenal knowledge of London. What is the London knowledge? It’s the ability to remember the
25,000 streets, have it all interconnected and all the main arterial roads in and out of London. Cabbies
need to know all this plus a thousand points of specific interest cafes, bars, public offices. They need to
know them all as part of their training.
App to listen.
45. Shy Fish (Audio Available)

Original:
But a new study of fish called sticklebacks shows that shy individuals actually prefer to follow fish that
are similarly timid. Researchers had trios of sticklebacks with known personalities play follow the leader.
The fish were placed in a tank that had some plastic plants at one end and some food hidden at the
other. In some of the groups, a bold fish and a shy fish acted as leaders, while another shy fish followed.
And in other groups, it was a bold fish that did the following. The researchers recorded whether the
follower sallied forth more frequently with the fish that was behaviorally similar or the one that was
different. What they found is that shy fish were more likely to emerge from undercover when an equally
wary fellow was already out there. Bold follower fish did not seem to care which leader they followed. Of
course, no matter which fish a stickleback chose to stick with, the bold fish did lead more expeditions
over the course of the experiment than their more retiring friends. That's because the bold fish initiated
more trips, regardless of who might be tailing them. The researchers write that "when offered a choice
of leaders, sticklebacks prefer to follow individuals whose personality matches their own, but bolder
individuals may, nevertheless, be able to impose their leadership, even among shy followers, simply
through greater effort."
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App to listen.
46. Happiness (Audio Available)

Original:
As Joanne pointed out, only one country, tiny little Bhutan, wedged between China and India, has
adopted the Gross National Happiness as the central index of the government policy, and actually has a
good deal of success in education and in health and in economic growth and in environmental
preservation. They have a rather sophisticated way of measuring the effects of different policies on
people's happiness. They are the only country to go that far. But you are now beginning to get other
countries interested enough to do kind of white paper policy analyses of happiness research—what
effects would it have if we used it more for public policy? You are beginning to get countries like
Australia, France, Great Britain, that are considering publishing regular statistics on happiness. So it is
beginning to become a subject of greater interest for policymakers and legislators in different advanced
countries.
App to listen.
47. Biology (Audio Available)

Original:
Welcome to your very first tutorial in biology. Now, in this video series what I want to do is I want to talk
to you guys about many different topics concerning biology. For example, I want to talk to you guys
about DNA and genetics in cells, in bacteria, in life and a whole bunch of interesting stuff. But since this
is the very first video, I think what we should do in this video is just stick with the very basics. And the
first thing I want to do is talk to you guys about what is biology. So, let's go ahead and answer that
question. And the definition of biology is this: the study of life in living organisms. All right, that makes
sense up to a certain point up until organisms because you may have heard of organisms before. And
you may have your own definition but the scientific definition of an organism is a living thing. Well, that's
easy. We know what living things are. I'm a living thing, plants, grass is a living thing. My puppy named
old Dan, cutest puppy ever, by the way, is a living thing but whenever we talk about living things. Believe
it or not, things get rid of complicated because then you have to ask yourself 'what is life'. Well, of
course, if you ask your grandma or your best friend or even if you ask a philosopher 'what is life',
everyone is going to give you kind of a different definition of their outlook on life. However, whenever
scientist and biologists were first deciding, you know what, what is life? That's the problem that they had
everyone had their own separate definition of life itself. So, what they need to do before biology was
even invented, which is, of course, the study of life is scientists needed to agree on the definition of life.
App to listen.
48. Sugar (Audio Available)

Original:
There's sugar in a lot of foods where you don't expect it. Of course there's lots of sugar in donuts of ice
cream, or pastries, or other things that are sweet; candy of course, but there are other places where you
see it and you don't necessarily expect it. So as an example: peanut butter. Here's a list of ingredients
from Skippy Peanut Butter and you see that sugar is the second most common ingredient. So that you
may know from the reading food labels that these ingredients in any food labels that are listed in order
of how much there is in the food itself, so sugar comes right after peanuts. Here's another example,
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Beef stew, you wouldn't necessarily expected to find sugar in beef stew but it's there. Now it's down the
list of ingredients, it's actually toward the end, but if you look at the marketing of this and food at the
can, it says, there's fresh potatoes and carrots, but actually there's more sugar in this than there is
carrots. And so you wouldn't eat something like beef stew and expect to find this to be the case.
App to listen.
49. Early Robot (Audio Available)

Original:
This is a kind of object that you're probably all familiar with when you had the term robot, but I'm gonna
show you the very, very first robots. These were the very first robots. They were characters in a play in
the 1920s called Rossum's Universal Robots and they, the play was written by Czech writer called Karel
Capek. And basically, these robots, you know, people tend to think of robots as kind of cute cuddly toys
or, you know, Hollywood depictions kind of devoid of politics. But the first robots were actually created
and imagined in a time of absolute political turmoil. You just had the First World War, you know, it
finished had a devastating impact across Europe and so people will kind and people are kind of
reflecting on what does it mean to be human, what makes us human, those kinds of question. And this
kind of context is what inspired Capek to kind of write this play. And interestingly, these robots being
human, they are actually in the play assembled on a production line, a bit like the Ford manufacturing
production line. So even though they are human, they are assembled and these robots are designed to
labor, and that is their primary purpose in society.
App to listen.
50. Climate Change (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Climate change, some adverse effects of climate changes to agricultural productions. Some lands are
unsuitable for growing crops. There will be millions of people facing hunger in Africa in the future.
Climate change will result in less production and less food. It is difficult for developing countries to deal
with climate change due to their financial status and other issues. There are many people living in hunger
especially in Africa. The climate change has devastating effects on world economy. The tropical areas
on earth are dry and hot, and are originally not suitable for food production. The change of the climate
leads to extreme weather conditions such as flood and hurricane, which exacerbates the food
production. As a result, it leads to a continuous decline in food supply annually around 10-17%. And this
trend is perceived to be continue in the future by 2070. The regions suffering the most will be some
African countries.
App to listen.
51. Genome Structural Variation (Audio Available)

Original:
But I'm going to focus on today, is really different larger forms of genetic variation involving essentially
gains losses and inversions of sequence. so showing here is a 30 in the simple diagram. we have an
example of some structural variation operationally defined as events greater than a KB in size. so we
have pieces of DNA that sometimes become deleted. we have pieces of DNA that sometimes become
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duplicated on chromosomes and regions which can be in fact inverted or turned around with respect to
another orientation. so this very busy map here represents probably about three years of work in my lab,
just to kind of characterize the general pattern of structural variation in eight human genomes. so shown
here are different human chromosomes for from African, and for from non-African the distinctions really
aren't that important, but what I'm showing you here, is the presence of insertions deletions and
inversions as red as blue red and green and so each line here represents a different human genome that
has been analyzed looking for structural variation of events greater than 5,000 base pairs in size, so a
couple things you can maybe get from. this is you can see that there's a lot of genetic variation out
there , that is above the level of single base pair change and most of the events that you're seeing here
are essentially inherited , but we now know based on studying roughly about 2,000 human genomes, but
there's a significant fraction of very large events often hundreds of KB in size that are either individually
specific or specific to specific families , so this is kind of changing our view of the dynamic nature of
the human genome.
App to listen.
52. Marshmallow Test (Audio Available)

Original:
Let's take a look at this video of these little kids they were offered the option of having one
marshmallow immediately now or two marshmallows 15 minutes later and you've got some very cute
video tape of this experiment. So let's take a look okay, what we found is a very simple and direct way of
measuring a competence that seems to make an important life difference a researcher tells these
preschoolers that she's going to leave the room if they wait for her to come back without eating the
marshmallows. They'll get two marshmallows or they can ring the bell and she'll come back right away
but then they only get one marshmallow. I would baby though you won't ring the bell. okay, looking at
children over time. Dr. Michelle has found that being able to wait longer at four has some pretty powerful
implications and what are those powerful implications is that that later in life. They're more discipline
and have more self-control is that pretty much it. Well, they are more likely to achieve their life goals.
They have better relationships. They did better on their SI is crazy all because they waited 15 minutes for
don't wash me, and I think it is crazy. I probably would have eaten all three but yeah me too. But um you
know actually yes, the ability to be able to pursue your goals in this case it was stabbed two
marshmallows versus one and not going automatic and just grabbed the marshmallow is a very important
skill, but I think a main point in mind in the making is that these skills can be caught, taught if you' re 14
or 40 or or four it's not ever too late and any child can learn the many adult can teach them and it's
never too late.
App to listen.
53. Manufacturers (Audio Available)

Original:
Current studies show that what goes on labels is an important consideration for manufacturers, since
more than seventy percent of shoppers read food labels when considering whether to buy a product. A
recent controversy as to whether labels on prepared foods should educate or merely inform the
consumer is over, and a consumer group got its way. The group had maintained that product labels
should do more than simply list how many grams of nutrients a food contains. Their contention was that
labels should also list the percentage of a day's total nutrients that the product will supply to the
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consumer, because this information is essential in planning a healthy diet. A government agency
disagreed strongly, favoring a label that merely informs the consumer, in other words, a label that only
lists the contents of the products. The agency maintained that consumers could decide for themselves if
the food is nutritious and is meeting their daily needs. The consumer group, in supporting its case, had
cited a survey in which shoppers were shown a food label, and were then asked if they would need more
or less of a certain nutrient after eating a serving of this product. The shoppers weren't able to answer
the questions easily when they were not given a specific percentage. This study, and others helped get
the new regulation passed, and now food products must have the more detailed labels.
App to listen.
54. Museum (Audio Available)

Original:
From Boston to Los Angeles, from New York City to Chicago to Dallas, museums are either planning,
building, or wrapping up wholesale expansion programs. These programs already have radically altered
facades and floor plans or are expected to do so in the not-too-distant future. In New York City alone,
six major institutions have spread up and out into the air space and neighborhoods around them or are
preparing to do so. The reasons for this confluence of activity are complex, but one factor is a
consideration everywhere - space. With collections expanding, with the needs and functions of museums
changing, empty space has become a very precious commodity. Probably nowhere in the country is this
more true than at the Philadelphia Museum of Art, which has needed additional space for decades and
which received its last significant facelift ten years ago. Because of the space crunch, the Art Museum
has become increasingly cautious in considering acquisitions and donations of art, in some cases
passing up opportunities to strengthen its collections. Deaccessing - or selling off - works of art has
taken on new importance because of the museum's space problems. And increasingly, curators have
been forced to juggle gallery space, rotating one masterpiece into public view while another is sent to
storage. Despite the clear need for additional gallery and storage space, however," the museum has no
plan, no plan to break out of its envelope in the next fifteen years," according to Philadelphia Museum of
Art's president.
App to listen.
55. Licking and Grooming (Audio Available)

Original:
So the way a mother rat takes care of its pups is by licking and grooming, nipple switching an arch back
nursing. So the rats that do a lot of licking and grooming and their last rats that rule very little. But most
rats are in between. So that resembles a human human behavious as well, right, you have mothers that
are highly mothering and mothers that couldn't care less and most mothers are somewhere in between.
So if you look at these rats. So all you do you observe them and put them in separate cages. So you put
the high lickers in one cage not the mothers, but the offspring and the low lickers in another cage and
then you let them grow and they're adults now, their mothers are long buried and you look in the brain
and you see that those who had high licking mothers express a lot of glucocorticoid receptor, gene and
though so our lawmakers express know that reflects a number of factors and that results in a different
stress response, but this is not the only difference. We found later on there are hundreds of genes that
are differently expressed. So if you get in a mutation, you know polymorphism once in a million. Here,
just the motherly lauching just hundreds of genes in one shot and it changes them in a very stable way
Page 76 of 260
that you can look at the old rat and you can say whether it was licked or not. But you can also save by
behavior. So if you walk to the cages to the room the rats that were poorly lit are highly anxious, hard to
handle, aggressive, and , and the rats that were very well handled as as off as little pups. They are much
more relaxed much easier to handle. So you know, like every technician in the lab knows looking at the
adult rat how it was licked when it was a little tough any question , of course, mechanism , how does
this work?
App to listen.
56. Trade-off Triangle (Audio Available)

Original:
Well, it‘s about whether you can achieve a win-win solution, whether you can achieve economic growth
which brings wealth in order to cut poverty without damaging the biodiversity. And the argument is that
if you want to protect biodiversity, you have to focus on that as a goal; but if you do that, you have…
you run the risk of hurting the poor and you also run the risk of inconveniencing and reducing the
economic growth. We use the developed and industrialized countries to see this argument, this axis
argued about with, let us say, a government wishing to start drilling for oil in place X which is full of
wildlife, and wildlife conservation society is urging them not to on the grounds that it’s a wilderness
refuge. We use to that debate. What I’m saying is that in the developing world there’s a third axis and
it’s a complex one.
App to listen.
57. Green Economy (Audio Available)

Original:
The green economy could easily be the next Industrial Revolution. I mean energy is... you know, we all
need energy. We do an annual report which studies how much oil is left in the world and demand for oil.
And with China, India, South America, Africa even, growing at the rate they're now growing, you know,
we think that four or five years from now the demand for fuel will exceed supply. That could push prices,
you know, through the roof. For that reason you know, forget global warming for one minute just for
that reason alone, we should be hurrying up, you know, saving on energy and creating alternative
sources of energy. And I think those people who invest in this sector, hopefully, you know, will get their
thanks, and get the right; get their just returns.
App to listen.
Page 77 of 260
Answer Short Question

1. What do we call the clothing that covers the hand with individual sections for each finger?
Answer: Glove (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1689) (Audio Available)
2. What is the hair called that grows on the skin of a sheep?

Answer: Wool / fleece (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1688) (Audio Available)
3. What is the opposite of 'affluence'?

Answer: Poverty (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1687) (Audio Available)
4. Which one do you spend longer time in, eating, drinking or sleep?
Answer: Sleep (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1686) (Audio Available)
5. What do we call the period between sunrise and sunset?

Answer: Daytime (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1685) (Audio Available)
6. What do we call the water flowing down the cliff?

Answer: Waterfall (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1684) (Audio Available)
7. What do we measure in Celsius?

Answer: Temperature (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1678) (Audio Available)
8. What is the three-dimensional shape of circle?

Answer: Sphere (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1683) (Audio Available)
9. What is the verb that means employing someone or renting something?

Answer: Hire (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1682) (Audio Available)
10. Points:
Answer: (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1681) (Incomplete)
11. What is the weather condition related with heavy rain and strong wind occurring in the western Pacific
or Indian Ocean?
Answer: Typhoon (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1680) (Audio Available)
12. What is the other form of water other than gas and solid?
Answer: Liquid / fluid (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1679) (Audio Available)
13. Points:
14. How many years are there in two centuries?

Answer: Two hundred (APEUni Website / App ASQ #288) (Audio Available)
15. What do we call an amount of money that is taken off the usual cost of something?
Answer: Discount / reduction (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1676) (Audio Available)
16. What is the generic term for gold, silver and copper?
Page 78 of 260
Answer: Metal (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1675) (Audio Available)
17. Points: What is the field of study?

Answer: Geography (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1674) (Incomplete)
18. Which continent is Canada located in?

Answer: North America (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1673) (Audio Available)
19. What is the opposite of the minus sign?

Answer: Plus sign (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1672) (Audio Available)
20. What is the food that is used in a recipe?

Answer: Ingredient (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1671) (Audio Available)
21. How many years are there in two decades?

Answer: Twenty (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1670) (Audio Available)
22. What is the colorful sticker that is attached to an envelope?

Answer: Stamp (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1669) (Audio Available)
23. What is the summary at the beginning of an academic paper called?

Answer: Abstract (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1668) (Audio Available)
24. Where can we find the footnote on a page?

Answer: Bottom (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1667) (Audio Available)
25. What is the part powering a car, ship or an air craft?

Answer: Engine (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1666) (Audio Available)
26. What do you call the hair that grows above your eyes?
Answer: Eyebrow (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1665) (Audio Available)
27. What is the famous canal linking the Mediterranean Sea with the Indian Ocean?
Answer: Suez (APEUni Website / App ASQ #305) (Audio Available)
28. Points:
29. What is the generic term for a person who once had the same title as you have now?
Answer: Predecessor (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1664) (Audio Available)
30. What do we say if we call brothers and sisters in a same way?

Answer: Siblings (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1659) (Audio Available)
31. If a driver drives the car, what does a pilot do to the plane?
Answer: Fly / flies (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1654) (Audio Available)
32. What type of work is a sabbatical a lengthy time away from?

Answer: Teaching (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1651) (Audio Available)
33. Where is a suspect convicted of a crime?

Answer: Court (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1648) (Audio Available)
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34. What do we call the weather conditions like rain, hail, etc.?
Answer: Precipitation (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1646) (Audio Available)
35. What do we call a person who trains a team in a particular sport?

Answer: Coach (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1643) (Audio Available)
36. What do we call a vehicle equipped for carrying the injured or sick?
Answer: Ambulance (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1530) (Audio Available)
37. How often is a quarterly journal published?

Answer: Every three months / once a quarter (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1517) (Audio Available)
38. If you do something everyday, you do daily what?

Answer: Routine (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1516) (Audio Available)
39. What is the part of the leg below the thigh?

Answer: Shank / calf (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1507) (Audio Available)
40. How many continents are there in the world?

Answer: Seven (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1496) (Audio Available)
41. What do we call the female's partner in a marital relation？

Answer: Husband (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1465) (Audio Available)
42. What do you call your cousin's father?

Answer: Uncle (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1331) (Audio Available)
43. What day comes after Monday?

Answer: Tuesday (APEUni Website / App ASQ #987) (Audio Available)
44. What is the antonym of 'entrance'?

Answer: Exit (APEUni Website / App ASQ #978) (Audio Available)
45. What does the word 'T V' stand for?

Answer: Television (APEUni Website / App ASQ #974) (Audio Available)
46. Who serves and helps passengers in a plane?

Answer: Flight attendant / cabin crew / air hostess / steward / stewardess (APEUni Website / App ASQ
#964) (Audio Available)
47. What’s the calendar that follows the movement of the moon?
Answer: Lunar calendar (APEUni Website / App ASQ #956) (Audio Available)
48. What do we call a ship that carries goods from one place to another?
Answer: Freighter / cargo ship (APEUni Website / App ASQ #946) (Audio Available)
49. What do we call a short piece of writing containing the main ideas in a document?
Answer: Abstract / summary (APEUni Website / App ASQ #923) (Audio Available)
50. What do we call a person whose job is cutting up and selling meat?
Answer: Butcher (APEUni Website / App ASQ #920) (Audio Available)
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51. What is the room in which you keep things when you don't need them?
Answer: Storeroom (APEUni Website / App ASQ #904) (Audio Available)
52. Who is a person who gives evidence in court?

Answer: Witness (APEUni Website / App ASQ #900) (Audio Available)
53. Where do passengers stand waiting for a train in the railway station?
Answer: Platform (APEUni Website / App ASQ #229) (Audio Available)
54. What is the process of choosing a person for a position by voting?

Answer: election (APEUni Website / App ASQ #898) (Audio Available)
55. What is the opposite of horizontal?

Answer: vertical (APEUni Website / App ASQ #890) (Audio Available)
56. What is the part of each day after sunset called?

Answer: evening (APEUni Website / App ASQ #874) (Audio Available)
57. What do we use to get to the third floor when the elevator is broken?
Answer: stairs (APEUni Website / App ASQ #852) (Audio Available)
58. What is the opposite of maximum?

Answer: minimum (APEUni Website / App ASQ #849) (Audio Available)
59. What do we call a group of mountains such as the Himalayas?

Answer: range (APEUni Website / App ASQ #832) (Audio Available)
60. What instrument would you use when you want to weigh something up?
Answer: scale (APEUni Website / App ASQ #829) (Audio Available)
61. What is the storyline or the series of scenes of novels, movies, short stories or plays?
Answer: plot (APEUni Website / App ASQ #828) (Audio Available)
62. What is the subject to study the past events?

Answer: history (APEUni Website / App ASQ #823) (Audio Available)
63. We call numbers like one, three, five odd numbers, then what do we call numbers like two, four, six?
Answer: even (APEUni Website / App ASQ #816) (Audio Available)
64. What do we call one of four equal parts of something?

Answer: quarter (APEUni Website / App ASQ #657) (Audio Available)
65. What is the low land between two hills or mountains?

Answer: Valley / canyon / trough (APEUni Website / App ASQ #795) (Audio Available)
66. What do people usually use to cut food in the plate？

Answer: Knife (APEUni Website / App ASQ #755) (Audio Available)
67. Points:
68. What is the term used to describe a period of seven days?
Page 81 of 260
Answer: week (APEUni Website / App ASQ #730) (Audio Available)
69. What do you call the diagram which includes X-axis and Y-axis?
Answer: coordinate system (APEUni Website / App ASQ #728) (Audio Available)
70. How many years are there in a century?

Answer: one hundred (APEUni Website / App ASQ #727) (Audio Available)
71. How many days are there in a fortnight？

Answer: fourteen (APEUni Website / App ASQ #712) (Audio Available)
72. What do we call a machine which carries people from one floor to another in a high building?
Answer: lift / lyft / elevator (APEUni Website / App ASQ #251) (Audio Available)
73. What is the boat that carries people from one side of a river to the other?
Answer: ferry (APEUni Website / App ASQ #692) (Audio Available)
74. What do you call the buildings of a university or college and the land around them?
Answer: campus (APEUni Website / App ASQ #689) (Audio Available)
75. What gas will be generated from the boiling water?

Answer: water vapor / steam (APEUni Website / App ASQ #683) (Audio Available)
76. What clothing do people wear, such as students or nurses, to show that they belong to the same
organizations?
Answer: uniform (APEUni Website / App ASQ #679) (Audio Available)
77. What will you hear after a flash of lightning?

Answer: thunder (APEUni Website / App ASQ #654) (Audio Available)
78. What do we call a baby cat?

Answer: Kitten / kitty (APEUni Website / App ASQ #645) (Audio Available)
79. What device do you type on when you use a computer?

Answer: keyboard (APEUni Website / App ASQ #280) (Audio Available)
80. Jack is having a presentation on Wednesday. Today is Tuesday. When will Jack have his speech,
today, tomorrow or next week?
Answer: tomorrow (APEUni Website / App ASQ #580) (Audio Available)
81. What is the thing used for sun protection in summer?

Answer: Sunscreen / sunblock / suncream / suntan lotion (APEUni Website / App ASQ #556)
(Audio Available)
82. What is a word or expression that has the same or nearly the same meaning as another in the same
language?
Answer: synonym (APEUni Website / App ASQ #364) (Audio Available)
83. What do we call the condition that people cannot sleep?

Answer: insomnia / sleeplessness (APEUni Website / App ASQ #538) (Audio Available)
84. What is the habitat of camels?
Page 82 of 260
Answer: desert (APEUni Website / App ASQ #531) (Audio Available)
85. How many sides are there in a pentagon?

Answer: five (APEUni Website / App ASQ #529) (Audio Available)
86. Name a month that falls between September and November.

Answer: october (APEUni Website / App ASQ #11) (Audio Available)
87. Tomorrow’s lecture has been cancelled. If today is Tuesday, then on which day is the lecture
cancelled?
Answer: wednesday (APEUni Website / App ASQ #512) (Audio Available)
88. What do we call dollars, cents, pounds and euros?

Answer: currency (APEUni Website / App ASQ #509) (Audio Available)
89. When you have the PRIMARY, the SECONDARY, what do you have next?
Answer: tertiary (APEUni Website / App ASQ #497) (Audio Available)
90. What is the place you share bedroom with your classmates?
Answer: dormitory (APEUni Website / App ASQ #494) (Audio Available)
91. What is the room that is under the ground floor?

Answer: basement (APEUni Website / App ASQ #491) (Audio Available)
92. What are the two holes in your nose to breathe?

Answer: nostrils (APEUni Website / App ASQ #484) (Audio Available)
93. What do we call the northernmost and southernmost parts of the earth?
Answer: Pole / poles (APEUni Website / App ASQ #482) (Audio Available)
94. How do you call the two siblings born by a mother at the same time?
Answer: twins (APEUni Website / App ASQ #291) (Audio Available)
95. How would you describe an animal that no longer exist on the earth?
Answer: extinct (APEUni Website / App ASQ #454) (Audio Available)
96. What are the people who study history and historical evidence?
Answer: historian (APEUni Website / App ASQ #649) (Audio Available)
97. What is the opposite of artificial?

Answer: natural (APEUni Website / App ASQ #465) (Audio Available)
98. What is H2O in chemical substances?

Answer: water (APEUni Website / App ASQ #463) (Audio Available)
99. How many eggs are there in a dozen?

Answer: twelve (APEUni Website / App ASQ #607) (Audio Available)
100. What does IT stand for?

Answer: information technology (APEUni Website / App ASQ #447) (Audio Available)
101. What word can describe both a color and the environment?
Page 83 of 260
Answer: Green (APEUni Website / App ASQ #442) (Audio Available)
102. Which color do we make by blending black and white?

Answer: grey (APEUni Website / App ASQ #441) (Audio Available)
103. Who sits in the cockpit of an airplane?

Answer: pilot (APEUni Website / App ASQ #431) (Audio Available)
104. Which part of your leg can make it possible to bend?

Answer: knee (APEUni Website / App ASQ #425) (Audio Available)
105. What do we call a doctor who can sell prescribed medicines?

Answer: pharmacist / chemist (APEUni Website / App ASQ #415) (Audio Available)
106. What do we call a festival which is held every four years gathering people together as a sporting
event?
Answer: the olympic games (APEUni Website / App ASQ #396) (Audio Available)
107. Which kind of mountain can erupt?

Answer: volcano / volcanos (APEUni Website / App ASQ #373) (Audio Available)
108. What is the opposite of positive?

Answer: negative (APEUni Website / App ASQ #362) (Audio Available)
109. What is the name of the student who has not completed his course?
Answer: undergraduate student (APEUni Website / App ASQ #350) (Audio Available)
110. What do we call the thread in the center of the candle?

Answer: wick (APEUni Website / App ASQ #332) (Audio Available)
111. How many years are there in a decade?

Answer: ten years (APEUni Website / App ASQ #283) (Audio Available)
112. What is the antonym of vertical?

Answer: horizontal (APEUni Website / App ASQ #277) (Audio Available)
113. How many years does it typically take to finish undergraduate study?
Answer: three years / four years (APEUni Website / App ASQ #267) (Audio Available)
114. How many days are there in a week?

Answer: Seven (APEUni Website / App ASQ #246) (Audio Available)
115. What is the most important document you would have to show if you would to hire a car?
Answer: driver's license / driving license (APEUni Website / App ASQ #205) (Audio Available)
116. What we call it when the moon completely blocks out the light from the sun?
Answer: a solar eclipse / an eclipse (APEUni Website / App ASQ #198) (Audio Available)
117. What is the job of someone that looks after your teeth and gums?
Answer: dentist / surgeon dentist (APEUni Website / App ASQ #171) (Audio Available)
118. What plan shows how much money is available and how it will be spent?
Page 84 of 260
Answer: budget (APEUni Website / App ASQ #168) (Audio Available)
119. What kind of book is written by a person about their own life?
Answer: autobiography (APEUni Website / App ASQ #152) (Audio Available)
120. What do we call the things of 88 keys covered by colors white and black?
Answer: Pianos / piano (APEUni Website / App ASQ #322) (Audio Available)
121. What do we call the date that a piece of work must be finished by?
Answer: deadline / due date (APEUni Website / App ASQ #115) (Audio Available)
122. If someone lives in an urban area, where do they live?

Answer: city / town (APEUni Website / App ASQ #35) (Audio Available)
123. What do you call a professional trained to treat illnesses?

Answer: doctor / mediciner (APEUni Website / App ASQ #27) (Audio Available)
124. At what ceremony do students receive their degree or diploma at the end of their period of study?
Answer: graduation / commencement (APEUni Website / App ASQ #8) (Audio Available)
125. Would it be better to use kilometers or kilograms to measure the distance between two cities?
Answer: Kilometers (APEUni Website / App ASQ #109) (Audio Available)
126. How many languages can a monolingual person speak?

Answer: one (APEUni Website / App ASQ #105) (Audio Available)
127. Would it be better to go jogging at noon or in the early morning if you want to avoid the hottest
part of the day?
Answer: In the early morning (APEUni Website / App ASQ #26) (Audio Available)
128. How many years does a millennium have?

Answer: One thousand / a thousand (APEUni Website / App ASQ #122) (Audio Available)
129. Where do people usually go to deposit money?

Answer: Bank (APEUni Website / App ASQ #106) (Audio Available)
130. What is the word for a period of one hundred years?

Answer: Century (APEUni Website / App ASQ #12) (Audio Available)
131. What are winter, spring, summer and autumn?

Answer: Seasons (APEUni Website / App ASQ #134) (Audio Available)
132. What do we call the organs in our chest that we use to breathe?
Answer: Lungs / lung (APEUni Website / App ASQ #41) (Audio Available)
Page 85 of 260
B. Writing
Summarize Written Text
1. Automatic Cars (Incomplete)
Points:
(APEUni Website / App SWT #419)
2. Telescope
Original:
On a starry night in Padua 400 years ago, Galileo first turned a telescope toward the sky. It might seem
the most natural of actions—after all, what else does one do with a telescope? But in 1609, the
instrument, which had been invented only the year before by Dutch opticians, was known as a "spyglass,"
in anticipation of its military uses. The device was also sold as a toy. When Galileo read of it, he quickly
set about making a much more powerful version. The Dutch telescopes magnified images by 3 times;
Galileo's telescopes magnified them by 8 to 30 times. At the time, astronomy, like much of science,
remained under the spell of Aristotle. Almost 2,000 years after his death, the giant of Greek philosophy
was held in such high regard that even his most suspect pronouncements were considered
unimpeachable. Aristotle had maintained that all celestial objects were perfect and immutable spheres,
and that the stars made a dizzying daily journey around the center of the universe, our stationary Earth.
Why scrutinize the sky? The system had already been neatly laid out in books. Astronomers "wish never
to raise their eyes from those pages," Galileo wrote in frustration, "as if this great book of the universe
had been written to be read by nobody but Aristotle, and his eyes had been destined to see for all
posterity." In Galileo's day, the study of astronomy was used to maintain and reform the calendar.
Sufficiently advanced students of astronomy made horoscopes; the alignment of the stars was believed
to influence everything from politics to health.
3. Women in University
Original:
If women are so far ahead of men, why are they so far behind? Reports from both sides of the Atlantic
show that female students dominate university courses, yet women still do not make it to the top. A
report on inequality in the UK said last week that girls had better educational results than boys at 16,
went to university in greater numbers and achieved better degrees once they got there. "More women
now have higher education qualifications than men in every age group up to age 44," the report said. In
the US, 57 per cent of college graduates in 2006-07 were women. Women form the majority of all
graduates under 45. Yet few women make it to the boards of companies in either country. In the UK, the
proportion of women on FTSE 100 boards rose fractionally from 11.7 per cent to 12.2 per cent last year,
according to the Cranfield University School of Management, but that was only because of a fall in the
size of the boards. In the US, women accounted for 15.2 per cent of board seats on Fortune 500
companies, according to Catalyst, the research organization, which said the numbers had barely budged
for five years. The hopeful way of looking at this is that the rising generation of female graduates has
yet to reach director age. Give it 10 years and they will dominate boards as they do universities. If that
were true, however, we would surely see the number of women director numbers moving up by now. The
first year that women college graduates outnumbered men in the US was 1982. These graduates must be
entering their 50s – prime director age.
Answer:
Page 86 of 260
More women now have higher education qualifications than men in every age group up to age 44, and
women form the majority of all graduates under 45, which means that we would surely see the number
of women director numbers moving up by now, so the younger generation of women is thriving in the
workplace; there was still a large pay gap.
4. Levels of Crime
Original:
The British Crime Survey (BCS) provides an important source of information about levels of crime, public
attitudes to crime and other related issues. The results play an important role in informing Home Office
policy. The BCS measures the amount of crime in England and Wales by asking people about crimes
they have experienced in the last year. This includes crimes not reported to the police, so it is an
important alternative to police records. Victims do not report crime for various reasons, and without the
BCS there would be no official source of information on these unreported crimes. Because members of
the public are asked directly about their experiences, the survey also provides a consistent measure of
crime that is unaffected by the extent to which crimes are reported to the police, or by changes in the
criteria used by the police when recording crime. The survey also helps to identify those most at risk of
different types of crime, and this helps in the planning of crime prevention programs. The BCS also
examines people's attitudes to crime, such as how much they fear crime and what measures they take
to avoid it. The survey also covers attitudes to the Criminal Justice System (CJS), including the police
and the courts, and has also been successful at developing special measures to estimate the extent of
domestic violence, stalking and sexual victimization, which are probably the least reported to the police,
but among the most serious of crimes in their impact on victims.
Answer:
The British Crime Survey provides an important source of information, and the survey also provides a
consistent measure of crime that is unaffected, which means that the survey also helps to identify those
most at risk of different types of crime, so the BCS also examines people's attitudes to crime; the
survey also covers attitudes to the Criminal Justice System.
5. Human Traits
Original:
The age-old question of whether human traits are determined by nature or nurture has been answered, a
team of researchers say. Their conclusion? It’s a draw. By collating almost every twin study across the
world from the past 50 years, researchers determined that the average variation for human traits and
disease is 49 percent due to genetic factors and 51 percent due to environmental factors. University of
Queensland researcher Beben Benyamin from the Queensland Brain Institute collaborated with
researchers at VU University of Amsterdam to collate 2,748 studies involving more than 14.5 million pairs
of twins. “Twin studies have been conducted for more than 50 years but there is still some debate in
terms of how much the variation is due to genetic or environmental factors,” Benyamin said. He said the
study showed the conversation should move away from nature versus nurture, instead looking at how the
two work together. “Both are important sources of variation between individuals,” he said. While the
studies averaged an almost even split between nature and nurture, there was wide variation within the
17,800 separate traits and diseases examined by the studies. For example, the risk for bipolar disorder
was found to be 68 percent due to genetics and only 32 percent due to environmental factors. Weight
maintenance was 63 percent due to genetics and 37 percent due to environmental factors. In contrast,
risk for eating disorders was found to be 40 percent genetic and 60 percent environmental, whereas the
Page 87 of 260
risk for mental and behavioral disorders due to use of alcohol was 41 percent genetic and 59 percent
environmental. Benyamin said in psychiatric, ophthalmological and skeletal traits, genetic factors were a
larger influence than environmental factors. But for social values and attitudes it was the other way
around.
Answer:
The average variation for human traits and disease is 49 percent due to genetic factors and 51 percent
due to environmental factors, and both are important sources of variation between individuals, which
means that in psychiatric, ophthalmological and skeletal traits, genetic factors were a larger influence
than environmental factors, but for social values and attitudes it was the other way around.
6. Brain Wave
Original:
We can't see it, but brains hum with electrical activity. Brain waves created by the coordinated firing of
huge collections of nerve cells pinball around the brain. The waves can ricochet from the front of the
brain to the back, or from deep structures all the way to the scalp and then back again. Called neuronal
oscillations, these signals are known to accompany certain mental states. Quiet alpha waves ripple
soothingly across the brains of meditating monks. Beta waves rise and fall during intense conversational
turns. Fast gamma waves accompany sharp insights. Sluggish delta rhythms lull deep sleepers, while
dreamers shift into slightly quicker theta rhythms. Researchers have long argued over whether these
waves have purposes, and what those purposes might be. Some scientists see waves as inevitable but
useless by-products of the signals that really matter — messages sent by individual nerve cells. Waves
are simply a consequence of collective neural behavior, and nothing more, that view holds. But a growing
body of evidence suggests just the opposite: instead of by-products of important signals, brain waves
are key to how the brain operates, routing information among far-flung brain regions that need to work
together. MIT’s Earl Miller is among the neuroscientists amassing evidence that waves are an essential
part of how the brain operates. Brain oscillations deftly route information in a way that allows the brain
to choose which signals in the world to pay attention to and which to ignore, his recent studies suggest.
Answer:
Brains hum with electrical activity, and these signals are known to accompany certain mental states,
which means that brain waves are key to how the brain operates, routing information among far-flung
brain regions that need to work together, so brain oscillations deftly route information in a way that
allows the brain to choose which signals in the world to pay attention to and which to ignore.
7. Farmland (Incomplete)
Points:
8. Importance of Water
Original:
Water is at the core of sustainable development. Water resources, and the range of services they
provide, underpin poverty reduction, economic growth and environmental sustainability. From food and
energy security to human and environmental health, water contributes to improvements in social well-
being and inclusive growth, affecting the livelihoods of billions. In a sustainable world that is achievable
in the near future, water and related resources are managed in support of human well-being and
ecosystem integrity in a robust economy. Sufficient and safe water is made available to meet every
Page 88 of 260
person's basic needs, with healthy lifestyles and behaviors easily upheld through reliable and affordable
water supply and sanitation services, in turn supported by equitably extended and efficiently managed
infrastructure. Water resources management, infrastructure and service delivery are sustainably financed.
Water is duly valued in all its forms, with wastewater treated as a resource that avails energy, nutrients
and freshwater for reuse. Human settlements develop in harmony with the natural water cycle and the
ecosystems that support it, with measures in place that reduce vulnerability and improve resilience to
water-related disasters. Integrated approaches to water resources development, management and use
and to human rights are the norm. Water is governed in a participatory way that draws on the full
potential of women and men as professionals and citizens, guided by a number of able and
knowledgeable organizations, within a just and transparent institutional framework.
Answer:
Water is at the core of sustainable development, and water contributes to improvements in social well-
being and inclusive growth, affecting the livelihoods of billions, which means that in a sustainable world
that is achievable in the near future, water and related resources are managed in support of human well-
being and ecosystem integrity in a robust economy, so water is duly valued in all its forms.
9. Environmental Technologies
Original:
Many technologies have promised these qualities, but few have been commercially viable. What's been
lacking is the performance data needed to demonstrate that these technologies are durable, genuinely
environmentally beneficial, and suitable to be insured. Over the past 13 years, our Department of
Architecture & Civil Engineering has led on research into straw as a low-impact building material. This
work, which has included developing a unique straw bale panel as well as scientific monitoring and
testing, has now culminated in crucial industry certifications. The BM TRADA’s Q-Mark certification
guarantees a straw building’s energy efficiency, fire safety, durability and weather-resilience and means
that developers and homebuyers can now get insurance and mortgages for straw homes and buildings.
The innovative straw walls in the new houses provide two times more insulation than required by current
UK building regulations. Based on monitoring a residential straw-bale development in Leeds, fuel bill
reductions up to 90% can be expected. The walls have been built using ModCell technology;
prefabricated panels consisting of a wooden structural frame infilled with straw bales or hemp and
rendered with either a breathable lime-based system or ventilated timber or brick cladding. This
technology combines the lowest carbon footprint and the best operational CO² performance of any
system of construction currently available. In fact, as an agricultural co-product, straw buildings can be
carbon negative as straw absorbs CO² when it grows.
Answer:
Our Department has led research into straw as a low-impact building material and the BM TRADA’s Q-
Mark certification guarantees a straw building’s energy efficiency, fire safety, durability and weather-
resilience as the technology combines the lowest carbon footprint and the best operational CO²
performance, which enables the innovative straw walls to provide insulation and reduce fuel bills.
10. Family Dinner (Explanation)

Original:
As a family therapist, I often have the impulse to tell families to go home and have dinner together rather
than spending an hour with me. And 20 years of research in North America, Europe and Australia back
up my enthusiasm for family dinners. It turns out that sitting down for a nightly meal is great for the
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brain, the body and the spirit. And that nightly dinner doesn’t have to be a gourmet meal that took three
hours to cook, nor does it need to be made with organic arugula and heirloom parsnips. For starters,
researchers found that for young children, dinnertime conversation boosts vocabulary even more than
being read aloud to. The researchers counted the number of rare words – those not found on a list of
3,000 most common words – that the families used during dinner conversation. Young kids learned
1,000 rare words at the dinner table, compared to only 143 from parents reading storybooks aloud. Kids
who have a large vocabulary read earlier and more easily. Older children also reap intellectual benefits
from family dinners. For school-age youngsters, regular mealtime is an even more powerful predictor of
high achievement scores than time spent in school, doing homework, playing sports or doing art. Other
researchers reported a consistent association between family dinner frequency and teen academic
performance. Adolescents who ate family meals 5 to 7 times a week were twice as likely to get A’s in
school as those who ate dinner with their families fewer than two times a week.
Answer:
Sitting down for a nightly meal is great for the brain, the body and the spirit, because dinnertime
conversation boosts vocabulary even more than being read aloud to, and kids who have a large
vocabulary read earlier and more easily; older children also reap intellectual benefits from family dinners,
and other researchers reported a consistent association between family dinner frequency and teen
academic performance.
11. Summer Vacation (Incomplete)

Points:
12. New Women (Incomplete)

Points: About New Women in British and North America, which was a concept brought forward by a
writer named Sarah, who wrote a book which triggered dispute between two kinds of commentators. The
book mainly talks about women's position in the middle class, including a few aspects, such as finance,
employment, marriage, etc.. The write advocated protecting women's position. Although the idea did not
go well, it was still commemorated as women's movement.
13. The Women Institute (Incomplete)

Points: It has been more than 100 years since The Women Institute was established, but gender equality
has not yet been achieved. Even with the equality law, the gender pay gap still exists and women are still
earning much less than men are. Women need to improve themselves, in areas including…… So there is
still a lot more that we need to do, such as STEM. And governments should also take actions.
14. Legume
Original:
Gardeners can feed their families and enrich the soil by growing legumes, such as green beans,
soybeans, lentils and peas. Legume roots produce their own nitrogen, which is a major fertilizer nutrient
needed by all plants for growth. Nitrogen is produced in nodules that form on the roots of legumes,
which contain Rhizobium bacteria. The bacteria take nitrogen from the air and convert it into a form the
plants can use. When legumes are pulled up in the fall, excess nitrogen from the nodules is left in the
soil. The excess organic nitrogen can be used by other plants the following growing season. It's
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considered organic nitrogen because it was produced naturally, making green beans or peas great
rotational crops in an organic crop production system. Organic growers prefer organic nitrogen because
of its natural origins and because it breaks down slowly in the soil, thus slowly feeding plants throughout
the growing season. Synthetic nitrogen fertilizers tend to release nitrogen quickly and are harsher on the
environment. Synthetic nitrogen fertilizers are generally applied in split applications during the season to
mimic the slow release of organic nitrogen sources. Each specific legume generally requires a specific
type of Rhizobium bacteria to produce nodules on their roots. Gardeners who have never grown green
beans before can purchase small bags of inoculum or bacteria from most popular vegetable seed
catalogs. Before planting beans, open the package and pour in the dust-like bacteria among the seed.
Shake the package and then plant. Nodules will form on the roots as they develop. The bacteria will
remain in the soil, making it unnecessary to inoculate the seed next year. Do not apply extra nitrogen
fertilizer to bean crops. Doing so makes bacteria in the nodules lazy, encouraging them to stop
producing their own nitrogen. Legumes that are particularly popular in the home vegetable garden
include lima beans, peas, edible soybeans, lentils and fava beans. In a recent survey, 44 percent of
gardeners trained through New Mexico State University's Master Gardener Program said they grew
green beans and other legumes in their home gardens. When planting, be sure to purchase appropriate
strains of Rhizobium bacteria for each type of legume.
15. Education Technology (Explanation)

Original:
In 1953 B.F. Skinner visited his daughter’s maths class. The Harvard psychologist found every pupil
learning the same topic in the same way at the same speed. A few days later he built his first "teaching
machine", which let children tackle questions at their own pace. By the mid-1960s similar gizmos were
being flogged by door-to-door salesmen. Within a few years, though, enthusiasm for them had fizzled
out. Since then education technology (edtech) has repeated the cycle of hype and flop, even as
computers have reshaped almost every other part of life. One reason is the conservatism of teachers
and their unions. But another is that the brain-stretching potential of edtech has remained unproven.
Today, however, Skinner’s heirs are forcing the sceptics to think again (see article). Backed by billionaire
techies such as Mark Zuckerberg and Bill Gates, schools around the world are using new software to
"personalize" learning. This could help hundreds of millions of children stuck in dismal classes—but only
if edtech boosters can resist the temptation to revive harmful ideas about how children learn. To
succeed, edtech must be at the service of teaching, not the other way around. The conventional model
of schooling emerged in Prussia in the 18th century. Alternatives have so far failed to teach as many
children as efficiently. Classrooms, hierarchical year-groups, standardized curriculums and fixed
timetables are still the norm for most of the world’s nearly 1.5bn schoolchildren.
Answer:
Despite education technology, which must be at the service of teaching, having repeated the cycle of
hype and flop, schools around the world are using new software to "personalize" learning, helping
hundreds of millions of children stuck in dismal classes, but alternatives of the conventional model of
schooling failed to teach as many children as efficiently, with classrooms, hierarchical year-groups,
standardized curriculums and fixed timetables being still the norm for most of the world's schoolchildren.
16. Positive Mindset (Explanation)

Original:
Research shows that when people work with a positive mind-set, performance on nearly every level –
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productivity, creativity, engagement - improves. Yet happiness is perhaps the most misunderstood driver
of performance. For one, most people believe that success precedes happiness. “Once I get a
promotion, I'll be happy,” they think. Or, “Once I hit my sales target, I'll feel great.” But because success
is a moving target – as soon as you hit your target, you raise it again, the happiness that results from
success is fleeting. In fact, it works the other way around: People who cultivate a positive mind-set
perform better in the face of challenge. I call this the "happiness advantage” – every business outcome
shows improvement when the brain is positive. I've observed this effect in my role as a researcher and
lecturer in 48 countries on the connection between employee happiness and success. And I'm not alone:
In a meta-analysis of 225 academic studies, researchers Sonja Lyubomirsky, Laura King, and Ed Diener
found strong evidence of directional causality between life satisfaction and successful business
outcomes. Another common misconception is that our genetics, our environment, or a combination of the
two determines how happy we are. To be sure, both factors have an impact. But one's general sense of
well-being is surprisingly malleable. The habits you cultivate, the way you interact with coworkers, how
you think about stress – all these can be managed to increase your happiness and your chances of
success.
Answer:
People who cultivate a positive mind-set perform better in the face of challenge, which is called
"happiness advantage”, supported by strong evidence of directional causality between life satisfaction
and successful business outcomes, and another common misconception is that our genetics, our
environment, or a combination of the two determines how happy we are, despite the fact that one's
general sense of well-being is surprisingly malleable.
17. Ethics (Explanation)

Original:
Ethics is a set of moral obligations that define right and wrong in our practices and decisions. Many
professions have a formalized system of ethical practices that help guide professionals in the field. For
example, doctors commonly take the Hippocratic Oath, which, among other things, states that doctors
"do no harm" to their patients. Engineers follow an ethical guide that states that they "hold paramount
the safety, health, and welfare of the public." Within these professions, as well as within science, the
principles become so ingrained that practitioners rarely have to think about adhering to the ethic – it's
part of the way they practice. And a breach of ethics is considered very serious, punishable at least
within the profession (by revocation of a license, for example) and sometimes by the law as well.
Scientific ethics calls for honesty and integrity in all stages of scientific practice, from reporting results
regardless to properly attributing collaborators. This system of ethics guides the practice of science,
from data collection to publication and beyond. As in other professions, the scientific ethic is deeply
integrated into the way scientists work, and they are aware that the reliability of their work and scientific
knowledge in general depends upon adhering to that ethic. Many of the ethical principles in science
relate to the production of unbiased scientific knowledge, which is critical when others try to build upon
or extend research findings. The open publication of data, peer review, replication, and collaboration
required by the scientific ethic all help to keep science moving forward by validating research findings
and confirming or raising questions about results.
Answer:
Within the professions, where many professions have a formalized system of ethical practices, ethical
principles become so ingrained that practitioners rarely have to think about adhering to the ethic, a set
of moral obligations defining right and wrong, and scientific ethics, deeply integrated into the way
scientists work, calls for honesty and integrity in all stages of scientific practice, which guides the
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practice, with the ethical principles relating to the production of unbiased scientific knowledge.
18. World Wide Web (Explanation)

Original:
Tim Berners-Lee believes the internet can foster human understanding and even world peace. He is the
man who has changed the world more than anyone else in the past hundred years. Sir Tim Berners-Lee
may be a mild-mannered academic who lives modestly in Boston, but as the inventor of the world wide
web he is also a revolutionary. Along with Galileo, William Caxton and Sir Isaac Newton, he is a scientist
who has altered the way people think as well as the way they live Since the web went global 20 years
ago, the way we shop, listen to music and communicate has been transformed. There are implications
for politics, literature, economics even terrorism because an individual can now have the same access to
information as the elite. Society will never be the same. The computer scientist from Oxford, who built
his own computer from a television screen and spare parts after he was banned from one of the
university computers, is a cultural guru as much as a technological one. It is amazing how far we've
come, he says. But you're always wondering what’s the next crazy idea, and working to make sure the
web stays one web and that the internet stays open. There isn't much time to sit back and reflect. We
speak for more than an hour about everything from Facebook to fatwas, Wikipedia to Google. He
invented the web, he says, because he was frustrated that he couldn't find all the information he wanted
in one place. It was an imaginary concept that he realized.
Answer:
Tim- Berners-Lee, the inventor of the world wide web, is a revolutionary scientist who has altered the
way people think as well as the way they live, believing the internet can foster human understanding and
even world peace, because an individual now have the same access to information as the elite; there is
not much time to sit back and reflect because society will never be the same.
19. Energy Demand (Incomplete)

Points: With the population growth, the demand for resources has been growing as well. There is an
expected increase in demand for various alternative resources, raw materials, timber for paper using, (…
energy… materials…). The increase of demand also happen in the non-renewable resource field, such as
metal. The demand for petrol, diesel and crude oil is also huge to cope with the demand for
manufacturing plastics.People should ensure natural world can still work well to earn the future well-
being because the world population rises.
Answer:
There is an expected increase in demand for various alternative resources, but people should ensure
natural world can still work well to earn the future well-being because the world population rises.
20. Pre-service teachers (Incomplete)

Points: 1) Each course has a specific syllabus that highlights specific technologies required. 2) Some
teachers know how to integrate technologies while some others don’t. 3) There will be instructors
helping pre-service teachers learn how to integrate technology and experiences in class, and to
encourage pre-service teachers to think about the integration, which always allows them to learn online
anytime.
Answer:
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While each course has a specific syllabus to highlight specific technologies required, some teachers
know how to integrate technologies while some others don’t, but there will be instructors helping pre-
service teachers learn how to integrate technology and experiences in class, which allows them to learn
online anytime.
21. Asda (Explanation)

Original:
Asda has become the first food retailer in the country to measure how much customers can save by
cutting back on food waste, thanks to a Knowledge Transfer Partnership (KTP) with the University of
Leeds. The idea behind the KTP was for the University, using Asda’s customer insight data, to apply its
research to identify, investigate and implement ways of helping customers to reduce their food waste.
This was one of the first times that a major retailer had tried to deliver large-scale sustainability
changes, with the two year project seen as a way for Asda to position themselves as true innovators in
this area. The campaign focused on providing customers with advice on everything from food storage
and labelling, to creative recipes for leftovers. Meanwhile, in-store events encouraged customers to
make changes in their own. They will make changes to how they deal with food waste in their own
homes, leading to an average saving of 57 pounds per customer, as well as a reduction in waste. A key
aspect of a KTP is that an associate is employed by the University to work in the firm and help deliver
the desired outcomes of the KTP. As a part of the collaboration with Asda, Laura Babbs was given the
task of driving forward the sustainability changes in the retailer. As a result of the success of her work,
Laura eventually became a permanent member of the team at Asda.
Answer:
Asda has become the first food retailer in the country to measure how much customers can save by
cutting back on food waste, with a campaign focusing on providing customers with advice on everything
from food storage and labelling, to creative recipes for leftovers, and with in-store events encouraging
customers to make changes in their own, and an associate is employed by the University to work in the
firm.
22. Illusion (Explanation)

Original:
According to researchers, the invisibility cloak illusion stems from the belief that we are much more
socially observant than the people around us. This means that, while we watch and wonder about other
people as much as possible, we often think that people around us are less aware. This illusion occurs
because, while we are fully aware of our own impressions and speculations about other people, we have
no idea about what those other people are thinking unless they choose to share with us, something that
rarely happens except in exceptional circumstances. To better understand what is happening, it is
important to consider the groundbreaking research by Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman on cognitive
biases. When people make judgments about other people in social situations, they often depend on
specific biases such as the availability heuristic, i.e., that we attach more significance to thoughts that
come to mind easily. This is why we consider thoughts about other people as being more important than
thoughts about inanimate objects. And so, as we look around us, we tend to focus our thoughts on the
people we see and what they happen to be doing. Which is why people-watching can be so addictive.
What adds to the sense that we are relatively invisible to others is that people tend to be as discreet as
possible about their people-watching. Just because other people aren't sharing their observations with
us, it's easy to pretend that they are not as observant as we are. Of course, people may share their
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people-watching observations with anyone they happen to be with but, for the most part, that only
applies to something remarkable enough to comment on. For most of us, what we are seeing tends to
be extremely private and not to be shared with others.
Answer:
The invisibility cloak illusion stems from the belief that we are much more socially observant than the
people around us, which means while we watch and wonder about other people as much as possible, we
often think they are less aware, and occurs because, while we are fully aware of our own impressions
and speculations about other people, we have no idea about what those other people are thinking.
23. Reading (Explanation)

Original:
It might seem a little eccentric, but reviewing your work by reading it aloud can help to identify the
woolliest areas. This works best if you perform your reading in a theatrical way, pausing at the commas
and ends of sentences. If you run out of breath during a sentence, it is probably too long. You ought to
be able to convert your writing into a speech in this way if it sounds too stilted and convoluted, perhaps
you could rework these parts until they sound fluid. It is unlikely that your reader will be fooled by the
idea that long words make you sound clever. Cluttering a sentence with too many complicated words
can prevent its meaning from being understood at all. A short word is always preferable to a long one.
Why should anyone choose the word erroneous over the word wrong in an essay? Usually, writers who
employ more obscure words are trying to sound impressive but can appear pretentious. Direct words
enable you to control what you are saying, and are not necessarily babyish, but the most appropriate
ones for the job. When you read your writing aloud, you will notice that the key stress comes at the end
of your sentence. It is, therefore, most effective to end with a short and emphatic word to secure your
point. Try to resist the impulse to waffle at the end of your sentence by trailing off into qualifying
clauses. It might be worth relocating the clause to the beginning of the sentence or losing it altogether if
you feel that it adds little to its meaning. Your sentences might be the most grammatically perfect in the
world, but still, cause your writing to sound wrong if you have misjudged its tone. A colloquial style,
which uses slang and exclamations, is an inappropriately chatty tone for an essay. However, style can be
equally jarring if your vocabulary is too formal or ambitious for its context. It is much more impressive to
make complicated points using simple language and grammar.
Answer:
Reviewing your work by reading it aloud can help to identify the woolliest areas, including cluttering a
sentence with too many complicated words, which can prevent its meaning from being understood
because direct words enable you to control what you are saying, and your sentences might be the most
grammatically perfect while a colloquial style is an inappropriate tone for an essay and style can be
jarring if your vocabulary is too formal or ambitious.
24. Plastic Particles (Explanation)

Original:
Fish are being killed, and prevented from reaching maturity, by the litter of plastic particles finding their
way into the world's oceans, new research has proved. Some young fish have been found to prefer tiny
particles of plastic to their natural food sources, effectively starving them before they can reproduce.
The growing problem of microplastics - tiny particles of polymer-type materials from modern industry -
has been thought for several years to be a peril for fish, but the study published on Thursday is the first
to prove the damage in trials. Microplastics are near-indestructible in natural environments. They enter
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the oceans through litter, when waste such as plastic bags, packaging and other convenience materials
are discarded. Vast amounts of these end up in the sea, through inadequate waste disposal systems and
sewage outfall. Another growing source is microbeads, tiny particles of hard plastics that are used in
cosmetics, for instance as an abrasive in modern skin cleaners. These easily enter waterways as they are
washed off as they are used, flushed down drains and forgotten, but can last for decades in our oceans.
The impact of these materials has been hard to measure, despite being a growing source of concern.
Small particles of plastics have been found in seabirds, fish and whales, which swallow the materials but
cannot digest them, leading to a build-up in their digestive tracts. For the first time, scientists have
demonstrated that fish exposed to such materials during their development show stunted growth and
increased mortality rates, as well as changed behavior that could endanger their survival.
Answer:
Fish are being killed and prevented from reaching maturity, by the litter of plastic particles finding their
way into the world's oceans, as some young fish have been found to prefer tiny particles of plastic to
their natural food, effectively starving them before they can reproduce, which has been thought for
several years to be a peril for fish, with the impact of these materials hard to measure, despite being a
growing source of concern.
25. Vividity of TV and Newspaper (Explanation)

Original:
To understand the final reason why the news marketplace of ideas dominated by television is so
different from the one that emerged in the world dominated by the printing press, it is important to
distinguish the quality of vividness experienced by television viewers from the “vividness” experienced by
readers. I believe that the vividness experienced in the reading of words is automatically modulated by
the constant activation of the reasoning centers of the brain that are used in the process of concreating
the representation of reality the author has intended. By contrast, the visceral vividness portrayed on
television has the capacity to trigger instinctual responses similar to those triggered by reality itself—and
without being modulated by logic, reason, and reflective thought. The simulation of reality accomplished
in the television medium is so astonishingly vivid and compelling compared with the representations of
reality conveyed by printed words that it signifies much more than an incremental change in the way
people consume information. Books also convey compelling and vivid representations of reality, of
course. But the reader actively participates in the conjuring of the reality the book’s author is attempting
to depict. Moreover, the parts of the human brain that are central to the reasoning process are
continually activated by the very act of reading printed words: Words are composed of abstract symbols
—letters—that have no intrinsic meaning themselves until they are strung together into recognizable
sequences. Television, by contrast, presents to its viewers a much more fully formed representation of
reality—without requiring the creative collaboration that words have always demanded.
Answer:
The news marketplace of ideas dominated by television is so different from the one that emerged in the
world dominated by the printing press, because the quality of vividness experienced by television viewers
is different from that by readers, and the simulation of reality accomplished in the television medium is
much more compelling and vivid compared with the representation of reality conveyed by printed words.
26. The Great Sphinx (Explanation)

Original:
The face, though better preserved than most of the statue, has been battered by centuries of weathering
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and vandalism. In 1402, an Arab historian reported that a Sufi zealot had disfigured it “to remedy some
religious errors.” Yet there are clues to what the surface looked like in its prime. Archaeological
excavations in the early 19th century found pieces of its carved stone beard and a royal cobra emblem
form its headdress. Residues of red pigment are still visible on the face, leading researchers to conclude
that at some point, the Sphinx’s entire visage was painted red. Traces of blue and yellow paint elsewhere
suggest to Lehner that the Sphinx was once decked out in gaudy comic book. For thousands of years,
sand buried the colossus up to its shoulders, creating a vast disembodied head atop the eastern edge of
the Sahara. Then, in 1817, a Genoese adventurer, Capt. Giovanni Battista Caviglia, led 160 men in the
first modern attempt to dig out the Sphinx. They could not hold back the sand, which poured into their
excavation pits nearly as fast as they could dig it out. The Egyptian archaeologist Selim Hassan finally
freed the statue from the sand in the late 1930s. “The Sphinx has thus emerged into the landscape out
of shadows of what seemed to be an impenetrable oblivion,” the New York Times declared.
Answer:
The face, battered by centuries of weathering and vandalism, like a Sufi zealot disfiguring it “to remedy
some religious errors”, with pieces of its carved stone beard and a royal cobra emblem form its
headdress found in the early 19th century, and at some point painted red, was once decked out in gaudy
comic book, and in 1817, a Genoese adventurer, attempted to dig out the Sphinx with the statue freed
from the sand.
27. Rosetta Stone (Explanation)

Original:
When the Rosetta Stone was discovered in 1799, the carved characters that covered its surface were
quickly copied. Printer's ink was applied to the Stone and white paper laid over it. When the paper was
removed, it revealed an exact copy of the text—but in reverse. Since then, many copies or "facsimiles"
have been made using a variety of materials. Inevitably, the surface of the Stone accumulated many
layers of material left over from these activities, despite attempts to remove any residue. Once on
display, the grease from many thousands of human hands eager to touch the Stone added to the
problem. An opportunity for investigation and cleaning the Rosetta Stone arose when this famous object
was made the centerpiece of the Cracking Codes exhibition at The British Museum in 1999. When work
commenced to remove all but the original, ancient material, the stone was black with white lettering. As
treatment progressed, the different substances uncovered were analyzed. Grease from human handling,
a coating of carnauba wax from the early 1800s and printer's ink from 1799 were cleaned away using
cotton wool swabs and liniment of soap, white spirit, acetone and purified water. Finally, white paint in
the text, applied in 1981, which had been left in place until now as a protective coating, was removed
with cotton swabs and purified water. A small square at the bottom left corner of the face of the Stone
was left untouched to show the darkened wax and the white infill.
Answer:
Since the Rosetta Stone was discovered in 1799, the carved characters that covered its surface were
quickly copied, which leaves the surface of the Stone accumulated many layers of material left over from
these activities, despite attempts to remove any residue, so when the work of the Cracking Codes
exhibition at The British Museum in 1999 commenced to remove all but the original, ancient material the
stone was black with white lettering.
28. Songbird (Explanation)

Original:
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Males do the singing and females do the listening. This has been the established, even cherished view of
courtship in birds, but now some ornithologists are changing tune. László Garamszegi of the University
of Antwerp, Belgium, and colleagues studied the literature on 233 European songbird species. Of the 109
for which information on females was available, they found evidence for singing in 101 species. In only
eight species could the team conclude that females did not sing. Females that sing have been
overlooked, the team say, because their songs are quiet, they are mistaken for males from their similar
plumage or they live in less well studied areas such as the tropics. Garamszegi blames Charles Darwin
for the oversight. “He emphasised the importance of male sexual display, and this is what everyone has
been looking at.” The findings go beyond modern species. After carefully tracing back an evolutionary
family tree for their songbirds, Garamszegi’s team discovered that, in at least two bird families, singing
evolved in females first. They suggest these ancient females may have been using their songs to deter
other females from their territories, to coordinate breeding activities with males, or possibly to attract
mates. “It leaves us with a perplexing question.”
Answer:
Now some ornithologists are changing tune on the previous belief that males do the singing and females
do the listening, with females that sing having been overlooked, because in at least two bird families,
singing evolved in females first, who may have been using their songs to deter other females from their
territories.
29. Plug-in Vehicle (Explanation)

Original:
Here's a term you're going to hear much more often: plug-in vehicle, and the acronym PEV. It's what you
and many other people will drive to work in ten years and more from now. At that time, before you drive
off in the morning you will first unplug your car - your plugin vehicle. Its big on board batteries will have
been fully charged overnight, with enough power for you to drive 50-100 kilometers through city traffic.
When you arrive at work you'll plug in your car once again, this time into a socket that allows power to
flow from your car's batteries to the electricity grid. One of the things you did when you bought your car
was to sign a contract with your favorite electricity supplier, allowing them to draw a limited amount of
power from your car's batteries should they need to, perhaps because of a blackout, or very high
wholesale spot power prices. The price you get for the power the distributor buys from your car would
not only be most attractive to you, it would be a good deal for them too, their alternative being very
expensive power form peaking stations. If, driving home or for some other reason your batteries looked
like running flat, a relatively small, but quiet and efficient engine running on petrol, diesel or compressed
natural gas, even bio-fuel, would automatically cut in, driving a generator that supplied the batteries so
you could complete your journey. Concerns over 'peak oil', increasing greenhouse gas emissions, and the
likelihood that by the middle of this century there could be five times as many motor vehicles registered
worldwide as there are now, mean that the world's almost total dependence on petroleum-based fuels
for transport is, in every sense of the word, unsustainable.
Answer:
While people can charge their plug-in vehicles overnight before driving, they can plug vehicles into
sockets allowing the power to flow from your car's batteries to the electricity grid, and an engine driving
a generator will supply alternative power, which means more people will drive plug-in vehicles in the
future because the world’s almost total dependence on petroleum-based fuels for transport is
unsustainable.
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30. Plants Research (Explanation)

Original:
Plants serve as the conduit of energy into the biosphere, provide food and materials used by humans,
and they shape our environment. According to Ehrhardt and Frommer, the three major challenges facing
humanity in our time are food, energy, and environmental degradation. All three are plant related. All of
our food is produced by plants, either directly or indirectly via animals that eat them. Plants are a source
of energy production. And they are intimately involved in climate change and a major factor in a variety
of environmental concerns, including agricultural expansion and its impact on habitat destruction and
waterway pollution. What’s more, none of these issues are independent of each other. Climate change
places additional stresses on the food supply and on various habitats. So, plant research is instrumental
in addressing all of these problems and moving into the future. For plant research to move significantly
forward, Ehrhardt and Former say technological development is critical, both to test existing hypotheses
and to gain new information and generate fresh hypotheses. If we are to make headway in
understanding how these essential organisms function and build the foundation for a sustainable future,
then we need to apply the most advanced technologies available to the study of plant life, they say.
Answer:
The three major challenges facing humanity in our time are food, all of which is produced by plants as a
source of energy production, energy, a source of whose production plants are, and environmental
degradation, and they are intimately involved in climate change and a major factor in a variety of
environmental concerns, with none independent of each other, so plant research is instrumental in
addressing all of these problems and moving into the future.】
31. Overqualified Employees (Explanation)

Original:
If your recruiting efforts attract job applicants with too much experience—a near certainty in this weak
labor market—you should consider a response that runs counter to most hiring managers’ MO: Don’t
reject those applicants out of hand. Instead, take a closer look. New research shows that overqualified
workers tend to perform better than other employees, and they don’t quit any sooner. Furthermore, a
simple managerial tactic—empowerment—can mitigate any dissatisfaction they may feel. The prejudice
against too-good employees is pervasive. Companies tend to prefer an applicant who is a “perfect fit”
over someone who brings more intelligence, education, or experience than needed. On the surface, this
bias makes sense: Studies have consistently shown that employees who consider themselves
overqualified exhibit higher levels of discontent. For example, over-qualification correlated well with job
dissatisfaction in a 2008 study of 156 call-center reps by Israeli researchers Saul Fine and Baruch Nevo.
And unlike discrimination based on age or gender, declining to hire overqualified workers is perfectly
legal. But even before the economic downturn, a surplus of overqualified candidates was a global
problem, particularly in developing economies, where rising education levels are giving workers more
skills than are needed to supply the growing service sectors. If managers can get beyond the
conventional wisdom, the growing pool of too-good applicants is a great opportunity. Berrin Erdogan
and Talya N. Bauer of Portland State University in Oregon found that overqualified workers’ feelings of
dissatisfaction can be dissipated by giving them autonomy in decision making. At stores where
employees didn’t feel empowered, “overeducated” workers expressed greater dissatisfaction than their
colleagues did and were more likely to state an intention to quit. But that difference vanished where
self-reported autonomy was high.
Answer:
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Prejudice against too-good employees is pervasive as employees who consider themselves overqualified
exhibit higher levels of discontent and declining to hire overqualified workers is perfectly legal, but the
growing pool of too-good applicants is a great opportunity for managers because overqualified workers
tend to perform better than other employees, and empowerment can mitigate any dissatisfaction they
may feel.
32. Online Teaching & Learning (Explanation)

Original:
What makes teaching online unique is that it uses the internet, especially the World Wide Web, as the
primary means of communication. Thus, when you teach online, you don’t have to be someplace to
teach. You don’t have to lug your briefcase full of paper or your laptop to a classroom, stand at a
lectern, scribble on a chalkboard (or even use your high-tech, interactive classroom “smart” whiteboard),
or grade papers in a stuffy room while your students take a test. You don’t even have to sit in your
office waiting for students to show up for conferences. You can hold “office hours” on weekends or at
night after dinner. You can do all this while living in a small town in Wyoming or a big city like Bangkok,
even if you are working for a college whose administrative office is located in Florida or Dubai. You can
attend an important conference in Hawaii on the same day you teach your class in New Jersey, logging
on from your laptop via the local café’s wireless hotspot or your hotel room’s high-speed network. Or
you may simply pull out your smartphone to quickly check on the latest postings, email, or text messages
from students. Online learning offers more freedom for students as well. They can search for courses
using the Web, scouring their institution or even the world for programs, classes, and instructors that fit
their needs. Having found an appropriate course, they can enroll and register, shop for their books, read
articles, listen to lectures, submit their homework assignments, confer with their instructors, and receive
their final grades-all online.
Answer:
Because teaching online uses the internet as the primary means of communication, teachers don’t have
to be someplace to teach and they can hold “office hours” on weekends or at night after dinner; online
learning offers more freedom for students as they can search for courses using the Web, scouring their
institution or even the world for programs, classes, and instructors that fit their needs.
33. Oil Price Decline (Explanation)

Original:
A plunging oil price has dragged UK inflation to zero over recent months. But analysts say the fall in
retail prices cannot solely be attributed to oil. Discount retailers continue to steal market share from
established industry giants, taking an increased chunk of both food and non-food markets. And, as retail
analyst Nick Bubb notes, “the big supermarkets have had to respond to this by bringing down their own
‘rip off’ prices”. The result is a sector-wide fall in prices paid at the till. The growth of online retailers
has also brought prices down, in part due to the ease with which customers can compare prices and
purchase goods elsewhere if they find an item cheaper on a competitor’s site. Retailers are also reluctant
to offer different prices in their physical and online stores, according to retail analyst Richard Hyman,
which means shops are forced to cut prices on the high street. An ever-expanding range of shops is also
to blame, according to Mr. Hyman. “Overcapacity is the biggest of the issues affecting prices,” he says.
“In the last 10 years, online alone has added the equivalent of 110m square feet of trading space —
that’s roughly equal to 65 additional Westfield London shopping malls. An increase in supply of retailers,
with no increase in demand, has left the industry massively oversupplied.”
Page 100 of 260

Answer:
While analysts say the fall in retail prices cannot just be attributed to the plunging oil price, discount
retailers continue to steal market share from established industry giants, and the growth of online
retailers and the increase in supply of retailers are both to blame.
34. Malaysia Tourism (Explanation)

Original:
Malaysia is one of the most pleasant, hassle-free countries to visit in Southeast Asia. Aside from its
gleaming 21st century glass towers, it boasts some of the most superb beaches, mountains and national
parks in the region. Malaysia is also launching its biggest-ever tourism campaign in effort to lure 20
million visitors here this year. Any tourist itinerary would have to begin in the capital, Kuala Lumpur,
where you will find the Petronas Twin Towers, which once comprised the world tallest buildings and now
hold the title of second-tallest. Both the 88-story towers soar 1,480 feet high and are connected by a
sky-bridge on the 41st floor. The limestone temple Batu Caves, located 9 miles north of the city, have a
328-foot-high ceiling and feature ornate Hindu shrines, including a 141-foot-tall gold-painted statue of
a Hindu deity. To reach the caves, visitors have to climb a steep flight of 272 steps. In Sabah state on
Borneo island not to be confused with Indonesias Borneo you'll find the small mushroom-shaped
Sipadan island, off the coast of Sabah, rated as one of the top five diving sites in the world. Sipadan is
the only oceanic island in Malaysia, rising from a 2,300-foot abyss in the Celebes Sea. You can also
climb Mount Kinabalu, the tallest peak in Southeast Asia, visit the Sepilok Orang Utan Sanctuary, go
white-water rafting and catch a glimpse of the bizarre Proboscis monkey, a primate found only in
Borneo with a huge pendulous nose, a characteristic pot belly and strange honking sounds. While you're
in Malaysia, consider a trip to Malacca. In its heyday, this southern state was a powerful Malay sultanate
and a booming trading port in the region. Facing the Straits of Malacca, this historical state is now a
place of intriguing Chinese streets, antique shops, old temples and reminders of European colonial
powers. Another interesting destination is Penang, known as the Pearl of the Orient. This island off the
northwest coast of Malaysia boasts of a rich Chinese cultural heritage, good food and beautiful beaches.
Answer:
While Malaysia is one of the most pleasant countries to visit in Southeast Asia, it is also launching its
biggest-ever tourism campaign to lure more visitors this year, and people can visit lots of places, such
as the Petronas Twin Tower in Kuala Lumper, the limestone temple Batu Caves, the Sipadan island in
Sabah, the Mount Kinabalu as well as Malacca.
35. Geothermal Energy (Explanation)

Original:
What is the solution for nations with increasing energy demands, hindered by frequent power cuts and
an inability to compete in the international oil market? For East Africa at least, experts think geothermal
energy is the answer. More promising still, the Kenyan government and international investors seem to
be listening. This is just in time according to many, as claims of an acute energy crisis are afoot due to
high oil prices, population spikes and droughts. Geothermal energy works by pumping water into
bedrock, where it is heated and returns to the surface as steam which is used directly as a heat source
or to drive electricity production. Source: Energy Information Administration, Geothermal Energy in the
Western United States and Hawaii. Currently over 60% of Kenya’s power comes from hydroelectric
sources but these are proving increasingly unreliable as the issue of seasonal variation is intensified by
erratic rain patterns. Alternative energy sources are needed; and the leading energy supplier in Kenya,
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Kenya Electricity Generating Company (KenGen), hopes to expand its geothermal energy supply from
13% to 25 % of its total usage by 2020. The potential of geothermal energy in the region was first
realised internationally by the United Nations Development Program, when geologists observed thermal
anomalies below the East African Rift system. Locals have been utilising this resource for centuries;
using steam vents to create the perfect humidity for greenhouses, or simply to enjoy a swim in the many
natural hot lakes. Along the 6000 km of the rift from the Red Sea to Mozambique, geochemical,
geophysical and heat flow measurements were made to identify areas suitable for geothermal wells. One
area lies next to the extinct Olkaria volcano, within the Hell’s Gate National Park, and sits over some of
the thinnest continental crust on Earth. This is a result of the thinning of the crust by tectonic stretching,
causing hotter material below the Earth’s surface to rise, resulting in higher temperatures. This thin crust
was ideal for the drilling of geothermal wells, reaching depths of around 3000 m, where temperatures
get up to 342°C, far higher than the usual temperature of 90°C at this depth. Water in the surrounding
rocks is converted to steam by the heat. The steam can be used to drive turbines and produce
electricity.
Answer:
With the increasing energy demands in East Africa and the current unreliable energy source, Kenya has
already adopted a geothermal energy as an alternative source and hopes to increase its supply in the
future, which is mainly generated from the thinnest continental crust on Earth where the water is
converted into steam that can be either used as a direct heat source or drive electricity production.
36. Electric Cars (Explanation)

Original:
Although we tend to think of electric cars as being something completely modern, they were in fact
some of the earliest types of motorized vehicle. At the beginning of the twentieth century electric cars
were actually more popular than cars with an internal combustion engine as they were more comfortable
to ride in. However, as cars fuelled by petrol increased in importance, electric cars declined. The
situation became such that electric vehicles were only used for certain specific purposes - as fork-lift
trucks, ambulances and urban delivery vehicles, for example. Although electricity declined in use in road
vehicles, it steadily grew in importance as a means of powering trains. Switzerland, for example, was
quick to develop an electrified train system, encouraged in this no doubt by the fact that it had no coal
or oil resources of its own. Nowadays there is renewed interest in electricity as a means of powering
road vehicles. Why is this the case? Well, undoubtedly economic reasons are of considerable
importance. The cost of oil has risen so sharply that there is a strong financial imperative to look for an
alternative. However, there are also environmental motivations. Emissions from cars are blamed in large
part for - among other things – the destruction of the ozone layer and the resultant rise in temperatures
in the polar regions. A desire not to let things get any worse is also encouraging research into designing
effective electric transport.
Answer:
Although electric cars were actually more popular than cars with an internal combustion engine as they
were more comfortable to ride in, they declined because cars fuelled by petrol increased in importance, ;
however because of economic reasons and environmental motivations, nowadays there is renewed
interest in electricity as a means of powering road vehicles.
37. Double Blind (Explanation)

Original:
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The feature of being “double blind”, where neither patients nor physicians are aware of who receives the
experimental treatment, is almost universally trumpeted as being a virtue of clinical trials. Hence, trials
that fail to remain successfully double blind are regarded as providing inferior evidential support. The
rationale for this view is unobjectionable: double blinding rules out the potential confounding influences
of patient and physician beliefs. Nonetheless, viewing double blind trial as necessarily superior is
problematic. For one, it leads to the paradox that very effective experimental treatments will not be
supportable by best evidence. If a new drug were to make even the most severe symptoms of the
common cold disappear within seconds, most participants and investigators would correctly identify it as
the latest wonder drug and not the control (i.e. placebo) treatment. Any trial testing the effectiveness of
this wonder drug will therefore fail to remain double blind. Similar problems arise for treatments, such as
exercise and most surgical techniques, whose nature makes them resistant to being tested in double
blind conditions. It seems strange that an account of evidence should make priori judgments that certain
claims can never be supported by ‘best evidence’. It would be different if the claims at issue were
pseudoscientific – untestable. But so far as treatments with large effects go, the claim that they are
effective is highly testable and intuitively they should receive greater support from the evidence than do
claims about treatments with moderate effects.
Answer:
While double blind is a virtue of clinical trials because it rules out the potential confounding influences of
patients and physician beliefs, viewing double blind trial as necessarily superior is problematic because it
leads to the paradox that effective experimental treatments will not be supportable by the best evidence,
but claims treatments are effective is highly testable and intuitively they should receive greater support
from the evidence than do claims about treatments with moderate effects.
38. Children Allowance (Explanation)

Original:
Many people who have written on the subject of allowances say it is not a good idea to pay your child
for work around the home. These jobs are a normal part of family life. Paying children to do extra work
around the house, however, can be useful. It can even provide an understanding of how a business
works. Allowances give children a chance to experience the things they can do with money. They can
share it in the form of gifts or giving to a good cause. They can spend it by buying things they want. Or
they can save and maybe even invest it. Saving helps children understand that costly goals require
sacrifice: you have to cut costs and plan for the future. Requiring children to save part of their allowance
can also open the door to future saving and investing. Many banks offer services to help children and
teenagers learn about personal finance. A savings account is an excellent way to learn about the power
of compound interest. Compounding works by paying interest on interest. So, for example, one dollar
invested at two percent interest for two years will earn two cents in the first year. The second year, the
money will earn two percent of one dollar and two cents, and so on. That may not seem like a lot. But
over time it adds up.
Answer:
Although many people say it is not a good idea to pay your child for work around the home, it can
provide an understanding of how a business works and give them a chance to experience the things they
can do with money because children can spend the money or understand saving and investing, so that
they can learn about the power of compound interest.
39. Cataract Surgery (Explanation)
Page 103 of 260

Original:
Scientists believe they may have found a way to prevent complications that can arise following cataract
surgery, the world’s leading cause of blindness. Detailing why complications can occur after surgery,
researchers from the University of East Anglia (UEA) explained that while cataract surgery works well to
restore vision, a few natural lens cells always remain after the procedure. Over time, the eye’s wound-
healing response leads these cells to spread across the underside of the artificial lens, which interferes
with vision, causing what’s known as ‘posterior capsule opacification’ or secondary cataract. UEA’s
School of Biological Sciences academic, Dr. Michael Wormstone, who led the study, said: “Secondary
visual loss responds well to treatment with laser surgery. But as life expectancy increases, the problems
of cataract and posterior capsule opacification will become even greater in terms of both patient well
being and economic burden. It’s essential that we find better ways to manage the condition in future.”
As a result, researchers are designing new artificial lenses that can be placed into a capsular bag that
stays open, instead of shrink-wrapping closed, which currently occurs. It is believed that, through the
new approach, fluid in the eye can flow around the artificial lens, therefore diluting and washing away
the cell-signaling molecules that encourage cell re-growth.
Answer:
Complications following cataract surgery are the world’s leading cause of blindness because it will cause
secondary cataract which will become even greater in terms of patients’ wellbeing and economic burden
as life expectancy increases, but researchers are designing new artificial lenses that are proved to be
able to prevent complications following cataract surgery.
40. Australia-US Alliance (Explanation)

Original:
Some "moments" seem more important in hindsight than they were at the time. David Day, for example,
looks at John Curtin's famous "Australia looks to America" statement of December 1941, a moment
remembered as embodying a fundamental shift in Australia's strategic alliance away from Britain towards
the US. As Day points out, the shift to the US as our primary ally was a long, drawn-out process which
occurred over half a century. Curtin's statement is iconic - it represents and symbolizes the shift - but in
and of itself it made almost no difference. Russell McGregor makes similar arguments with regard to the
1967 referendum, falsely hailed in our memories as a huge advance in Aboriginal rights. There are many
other important events which our contributors examine - the campaign to save the Franklin River; the
landings at Gallipoli, the discovery of gold in 1851, the disastrous Premiers' Plan designed to cope with
the Great Depression, to name just a few. Taken together, our contributors show that narrative
approaches to Australian history are not as simple as might be imagined. There is of course the issue of
what should be included and what should not be - what, after all, makes a moment or an event
sufficiently important to be included in an official narrative? Just as importantly, the moments and events
that are included in narrative histories are open to multiple interpretations. We hope this collection will
provide an important reminder to those wanting to impose a universal history curriculum for our
schoolchildren, and indeed a lesson to all Australians wishing to understand their nation's past. History is
never simple or straightforward, and it always resists attempts to make it so.
Answer:
While a moment is remembered as embodying a fundamental shift in Australia’s strategic alliance away
from Britain towards the US, there are many other important events which our contributors examine,
which suggests our contributors show that narrative approaches to Australian history are not as simple
as might be imagined, and the moments and events that are included in narrative histories are open to
multiple interpretations.
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41. 3D Printing (Explanation)

Original:
Madeline Gannon is a researcher, teacher at the Carnegie Mellon University School of Architecture and
Ph.D. candidate in Computational Design — but that’s not all. She is on a mission to open up the infinite
design possibilities of 3D printing to the world. “Currently you have to have a lot of technical background
in order to participate in creating things for 3D printers,” Gannon says. “There is still a huge knowledge
barrier for how we create digital models.” As the technology has advanced, prices have plummeted, and
now anyone can buy a 3D printer for a few hundred dollars, Gannon notes. However, not just anyone can
create original designs for 3D-printed artifacts. To put true creative power into the hands of any
ordinary 3D printer owner, Gannon has developed an innovative new system called “Tactum.” Tactum is
a new type of software that lets users create their own unique designs for 3D printers by simply
touching a projected image. Using their innate hand gestures, someone using Tactum can poke, rub and
otherwise manipulate the projected image that will become their 3D printed object, and see it instantly
change shape in response. In keeping with the goal of democratizing the process, Gannon designed her
first series of Tactum artifacts on a surface that everyone can access freely and manipulate instinctively,
that being the human body. “My goal was to bring the digital out to the physical world and out onto your
body,” says Gannon. Along with a companion project called Reverb — which translates these user-
created designs into printable meshes — that impulse has resulted in a spectacular diversity of bracelet
and necklace designs, ranging from smooth landscapes, intricate textures and chaotic free forms to
delicate geometries derived from the 19th century art of chronography.
Answer:
Although anyone can buy a 3D printer to participate in creating things, not just anyone can create
original designs for 3D-printed artifacts, so Madeline Gannon has developed an innovative new system
called Tactum, which lets users create their own unique designs for 3D printers by simply touching a
projected image, and that impulse has resulted in a spectacular diversity of bracelet and necklace
designs with a companion projected called Reverb.
42. American English (Explanation)

Original:
American English is, without doubt, the most influential and powerful variety of English in the world
today. There are many reasons for this. First, the United States is, at present, the most powerful nation
on earth and such power always brings with it influence. Indeed, the distinction between a dialect and a
language has frequently been made by reference to power. As has been said, a language is a dialect
with an army. Second, America’s political influence is extended through American popular culture, in
particular through the international reach of American films (movies, of course) and music. As Kahane
has pointed out, the internationally dominant position of a culture results in a forceful expansion of its
language... the expansion of language contributes... to the prestige of the culture behind it. Third, the
international prominence of American English is closely associated with the extraordinarily quick
development of communications technology. Microsoft is owned by an American, Bill Gates. This means
a computer’s default setting for language is American English, although of course this can be changed
to suit one’s own circumstances. In short, the increased influence of American English is caused by
political power and the resultant diffusion of American culture and media, technological advance, and the
rapid development of communications technology.
Answer:
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While American English is a dialect with an army because the United States is the most powerful nation
on the earth and such power brings with it influence, America’s political influence is extended through
American popular culture which also results in an expansion of its language, and the international
prominence of American English is associated with the quick development of communications
technology, which suggests American English is the most influential and powerful variety of English.
43. Crime Rate (Explanation)

Original:
The Home Office's periodic British Crime Survey estimates that the true level of crime (the sorts,
anyway, which inform the official figures) is about four times than is registered in the annual statistics.
Quite often, especially in the financial services sector, businesses do not report crimes against
themselves for fear of lowering their public image. Many citizens today are not insured against car theft
or property loss (because they cannot afford the premiums) so they have no incentive to tell the police if
they become victims. A steep statistical rise in crime can sometimes arise not from a real growth in a
particular type of conduct but from a new policing policy - offences of "lewd dancing" rose by about
300 per cent during 12 months in the 1980s in Manchester, but only because the zealous Chief
Constable James Anderton had deployed a great many officers in gay night clubs. Sometimes the
enactment of a new range of offences or the possibility of committing old offences in a new way (like
computer offences involving fraud and deception) can cause an upward jolt in crime levels. The figures
just released show a startling jump in street robbery but much of this seems to be a very particular
crime: the theft of the now ubiquitous mobile phones. Conversely, if crimes like joyriding and some
assaults are kept out of the categories measured in the annual statistics, as is the case, the official
figures do not reflect even what is reported to the police as criminal. The way that criminal statistics are
compiled by the Home Office is also relevant. From April 1998, police forces started to count crime in a
way which, according to the government, will give "a more robust statistical measure".
Answer:
There are several reasons that contribute to a rise in crime rate including that businesses do not report
crimes against themselves for fear of lowering their public image, that citizens have no incentive to tell
police if they become victims, a new policing policy, the enactment of a new range of offenses or the
possibility of committing old offenses in a new way, and the way that criminal statistics are compiled by
the Home Office.
Page 106 of 260

Write Essay
1. Foreign Language Learning (Explanation)
Question:
What can make learning a new foreign language unimportant? Give your example and explanation.
(APEUni Website / App WE #177)
2. Art and Culture (Explanation)

Question:
Should the government or charity/private investment be responsible for the funding of art and culture?
Give your opinion.
3. Replaced Textbooks (Explanation)

Question:
Do you think textbooks should be replaced by online resources and technological innovations?
4. Overcrowding (Explanation)
Question:
As the urban population grows, traffic is heavy and public areas such as parking lots are packed. What
solutions do you think can address such problems?
5. Nature or Nurture (Explanation)

Question:
Scientists have been debating the impact of nature and nurture on people’s personality and behavior.
Nature brings you inborn skills and nurture helps you obtain skills by practices. Which one do you think
has a greater influence?
6. Hyper Competition (Explanation)

Question:
Some people claim that competition improves the quality of our private and professional lives. Others
believe that hyper competition is bad for society in general. What is your opinion?
7. Financial Learning (Explanation)

Question:
As dealing with money is such an important skill, all children should be taught financial management at
school. Do you agree with it or not?
8. Travel for Education (Explanation)

Question:
Some believe the value of travel is overrated. Some talented people know things across the world
without travel. People argue whether travel is or not a necessary part of education. To what extent do
you agree with it?
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9. Foreign Languages (Explanation)

Question:
While artificial intelligence becomes so advanced, people can use computers to translate foreign
languages. That makes learning a foreign language unnecessary. Do you agree with it? Give examples or
your experiences to support.
10. City or Countryside (Explanation)

Question:
Some people prefer to live in cities, while some people prefer to live in the countryside. Which is better
for you? Give your reasons or experience.
11. Wage Cap (Explanation)

Question:
Some people say there should be a maximum wage for high-paying jobs. Do you support that？Can you
give your point of view or your own experience？
12. Harder Life (Explanation)

Question:
It is harder for children living in the 21st century than that in the past. How far do you agree with this
statement? Give your opinions.
13. Old or Modern Buildings (Explanation)

Question:
More and more countries spend large amounts of money on the restoration of buildings instead of on
modern housing. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this analysis? Support your writing with
your experience or examples.
14. Compulsory Learning (Explanation)

Question:
Some people think learning a foreign language at school should be compulsory. Do you agree with it?Use
your experience or examples to support your viewpoint.
15. Working Women (Explanation)

Question:
More and more women are managing to combine raising a family and following a career. Some people
believe this is a challenge for women. Please give your suggestions about this challenge on a personal
level and a national level.
16. Short Weeks (Explanation)
Page 108 of 260

Question:
Unemployment among young people is a serious problem.One solution has been suggested is to shorten
the working week. What do you think are the advantages and disadvantages? Do you think this policy
should apply to just young workers or the whole workforce？
17. Celebrities' Privacy (Explanation)

Question:
People who are famous entertainers or sportspeople should give up the right to privacy as this is the
price of fame. To what extent do you agree/disagree with this point of view? Give your opinion with your
experiences.
18. Less Work Hours (Explanation)

Question:
“In the future, people will work fewer hours at their jobs than they do now.” To what extent do you agree
with it? Please support your opinion with your own experience.
19. Television (Explanation)

Question:
Television serves many useful functions. It helps people to relax. Besides, it can also be seen as a
companion for lonely people. To what extent do you agree with this? Explain why with your own
experience.
20. Inventions (Explanation)

Question:
In our technological world, the number of new inventions has been evolving on a daily basis. Please
describe a new invention, and determine whether it brings beneficial or harmful impact to society.
21. Dangerous Activities (Explanation)

Question:
Nowadays, more and more people engage in dangerous activities, such as skydiving, skiing and extreme
motorcycling. Are you in favor of such activities or not? Why?
22. Tourism's Pros and Cons (Explanation)

Question:
For less developed countries, the disadvantages of tourism are as great as the advantages. What is your
opinion?
23. Law Effect (Explanation)

Question:
Some people think human behavior can be changed by laws, while others think laws have little effect.
What is your opinion?
Page 109 of 260

24. Marketing in Companies (Explanation)

Question:
Should marketing in companies which produce consumer goods, like food and clothing, place emphasis
on reputation of the company or short-term strategies like the discounts and special offers? Why?
25. Studying Climate Change (Explanation)

Question:
Imagine you have been assigned on the study of climate change. Which area of climate change will you
choose and why? Use examples.
26. Distraction (Explanation)

Question:
Effective study requires time, comfort and peace. it is impossible to combine learning with employment
because one may distract the other. To what extent do you think the statements are realistic? Give your
opinion with examples.
27. Life Experience (Explanation)

Question:
Experience is the best teacher. Some people think life experiences teach people more effectively than
books or formal education can. How far do you agree with this statement? Give your reason or provide
your personal experience.
28. Credit Cards (Explanation)

Question:
In a cashless society, people use more credit cards instead of cash. Cashless society seems to be a
reality. How realistic do you think it might be? What are the benefits or problems of this phenomenon?
29. Age Limit (Explanation)

Question:
Age restriction should be placed on many activities such as driving and smoking. What do you think the
minimum age should be? Give your reasons and examples.
30. Digital Materials (Explanation)

Question:
With the increase of digital information available online, the role of the library has become obsolete.
Therefore universities should only procure digital materials rather than constantly update textbooks.
Discuss both the advantages and disadvantages of this position and give your own point of view.
31. Building Effects (Explanation)
Page 110 of 260

Question:
Do you think the design of buildings affects positively or negatively where people live and work?
32. Experiential Learning (Explanation)

Question:
Some people point that experiential learning (i.e. learning by doing it) can work well in formal education.
However, others think a traditional form of teaching is the best. Do you think experiential learning can
work well in high schools or colleges?
33. Digital Age (Explanation)

Question:
Some people claim that digital age has made us lazier, others claim it has made us more knowledgeable.
Discuss both opinions, use examples to support.
34. Television (Explanation)

Question:
Nowadays television has become an essential part of life. It is a medium for disseminating news and
information, and for some it acts as a companion. What is your opinion about this?
35. Emigration (Explanation)

Question:
Many people choose to emigrate to other countries. What are the advantages and disadvantages of
living in a foreign country? Discuss with your own experience.
36. Getting Married (Explanation)

Question:
It is argued that getting married before finishing studying or getting established in a good job is foolish.
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
37. Facing Issues (Explanation)

Question:
The world's governments and organizations confront a multitude of global problems. Which do you think
is the most pressing problem for the inhabitants of our planet and give the solution?
38. Senior Executives (Explanation)

Question:
Employers involve workers in decision making process about products and services. What are the
advantages and disadvantages of such a policy?
39. Global Issue (Explanation)
Page 111 of 260

Question:
Climate change is a concerning global issue, and many people hold a negative attitude towards it. Who
should take the main action to solve this problem, governments, big companies or individuals?
40. Mass Media (Explanation)

Question:
The mass media, such as TV, radio and newspapers, have an influence on people, particularly on younger
generations. It plays a pivotal role in shaping the opinions of people, especially teenagers and young
people. To what extent do you agree with this? Please give examples.
41. Information Revolution (Explanation)

Question:
The information revolution brought about by modern mass communications has both positive and
negative consequences to individuals and society. To what extent do you agree with this statement?
Discuss with your own experience.
42. Extending Life Expectancy (Explanation)

Question:
Medical technology is responsible for increasing the average life expectancy. Do you think it is a blessing
or a curse?
43. Mark Deduction (Explanation)

Question:
Some universities deduct marks from students' work if it is given in late. What is your opinion? Suggest
some alternative actions.
44. Legal Responsibility (Explanation)

Question:
Should parents be held legally responsible for the actions of their children? Support your opinion with
personal examples.
45. Right Balance (Explanation)

Question:
Nowadays, it is increasingly more difficult to maintain the right balance between work and the other
aspects of one’s life, such as leisure pursuits with family members. How important do you think this
balance is? What are the reasons that make some people think that this is hard to achieve？
46. Shopping Malls (Explanation)

Question:
In many towns and cities, large shopping malls are replacing small local shops. Do you think this is a
positive development? Give your reasons and examples.
Page 112 of 260

47. Studying Theater (Explanation)

Question:
There are both problems and benefits for high school students to study plays and other works for
theater that were written centuries ago. Use your own experience to discuss it.
48. Personal Life (Explanation)

Question:
Nowadays, people devote too much time to their job. This leaves very little time for their personal life.
How widespread is the problem? What problem will this shortage of time cause?
49. Inventions (Explanation)

Question:
In the past 100 years, there have been many inventions such as antibiotics, airplanes and computers.
What do you think is the most important one? Why?
50. Transportation Networks (Explanation)

Question:
As cities expand, governments should look forward to creating better networks of public transport
available for everyone rather than building more roads for vehicle owning population. To what extent do
you agree or disagree?
Page 113 of 260

C. Reading
Fill in the Blanks (Reading & Writing)
1. Penicillin (Incomplete)
Points: The initial use of penicillin is mentioned. ... infection ... prevention ... Drug resistance has
occurred. But it is all right because more other types of medicine have been invented.
(APEUni Website / App FIBRW #54)
2. Rainforest (Incomplete)
Points: In the rainforest, there are more than two hundred kinds of animals and plants well (known /
knowing / know / knew) to people. ... (con ... / com ...) ...
3. Recruitment Tool (Explanation)

The six programs represented here report that word of mouth is by far their most effective recruitment
tool, particularly because it typically yields candidates who are similar to previously successful
candidates. Moreover, satisfied candidates and school systems are likely to spread the word without any
special effort on the part of their program. Other, less personal advertising approaches, such as radio
and television spots and local newspaper advertisements, have also proven fruitful, especially for newer
programs. New York uses a print advertising campaign to inspire dissatisfied professionals to become
teachers. Subway posters send provocative messages to burned-out or disillusioned professionals.
"Tired of diminishing returns? Invest in NYC kids" was just one of many Madison Avenue-inspired
invitations. News coverage has also proven to be a boon to alternative programs. When the New York
Times, for example, ran a story about the district's alternative route program, 2,100 applications flooded
in over the next six weeks.
Options:
1) spread, deepen, unfold, splay
2) effect, errand, effort, emotion
3) rarely, totally, especially, likely
4) telling, warning, messages, stories
5) facet, charge, boon, burden
4. Self Recognition (Incomplete)

Points: About how personal identities and social identities form. Individuals will be influenced by the
group, and thus everyone ( ) his or her social identity. ... people will (lower) esteem ... A group of people
from society and colleges usually put personal identity and social identity together for comparison and
discussion. 'self-esteem, personal identity, social identity' are frequently mentioned.
5. Bonus of Dendrochronology (Explanation)

A bonus of dendrochronology is that the width and substructure of each ring reflect the amount of rain
and the season at which the rain fell during that particular year. Thus, tree ring studies also allow one to
reconstruct past climate; e.g., a series of wide rings means a wet period, and a series of narrow rings
means a drought .
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Options:
1) covet, reflect, register, copy
2) timing, duration, division, season
3) then, before, past, pass
4) seam, serious, serial, series
5) drought, hardness, humidity, strength
6. Sleep Pattern (Incomplete)

Points: About research on sleep of different ages. Compared with the patterns of youth and adults,
infants fall asleep sooner and less likely to be affected by environment. Part time employees' sleep is
more likely to be affected by factors such as work. Key words: eyelash, the number of blink.
7. New Material (Incomplete)

Points: About the cooperation between a scientific research institute and Samsung. ... new (result /
method / conclusion) was published in academic periodicals. ... academic and industrial (researchers /
people / areas) ... the method that has been studied for years ... The new material can lower costs in
production. ... (whereby / whereas / wherever) the performance of the material ... The material is
(comparable / preferable / compatible) with ... industrial product.
8. Water Consumption (Incomplete)

Points: A short passage about water consumption with three, or four blanks. The growing population
makes the city's water (pollution / consumption). We should improve water resource's (efficiency). In rich
countries, water consumption has gradually been slowed down by increased prices and the use of
modern technologies and recycling.
9. Company Culture (Incomplete)

Points: The use of company culture is for ... A company will (copy / resemble) company culture, ... small
companies and large companies will ... large companies will have crisis ...
10. Station Service (Incomplete)

Points: About station service (road related?) ... the government is responsible to (set / build) up ...
Because of competition, the service has to do ... well, in which the most important one is to provide
showers. The people will (walk / head) for showers first.
11. Environmental Policy (Explanation)

Thus the environmental policy does not contribute to the profitability in any real sense at all. In practice
it is companies that are well organized and efficient, or that are already comfortably profitable, that have
time to establish and police environmental policies. However, if profitable companies are the ones most
likely to establish 'environmental best practice ' this is confusing cause with effect. It is not that
environmental best practice causes profitability, but that being profitable allows for concern for the
environment.
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Options:
1) cater, enlist, enrol, establish
2) practice, vocation, code, revision
3) concern, level, effect, bother
12. Clinical Trials (Incomplete)

Points: Clinical trials are a type of research that studies new tests and treatments and evaluates their
effects on human health outcomes. People volunteer to take part in clinical trials to test medical
interventions. Clinical trials are carefully designed, reviewed and completed, and need to be approved
before they can start.
13. Korean Students (Incomplete)

Points: A survey about Korean students using media. Some people use it to keep touch with the family
and cultivate relationships with friends. Some Korean students study (during / by / while / about)
oversea programs … they think using media spends too much time, (and / as well as / because / ... ) ...
They use media just (gathering) information ... (focus on) ... study.
14. Financial Crisis (Explanation)

Since the beginning of the financial crisis, there have been two principal explanations for why so many
banks made such disastrous decisions. The first is structural. Regulators did not regulate. Institutions
failed to function as they should. Rules and guidelines were either inadequate or ignored. The second
explanation is that Wall Street was incompetent , that the traders and investors didn't know enough, that
they made extravagant bets without understanding the consequences.
Options:
1) explanations, debates, excuses, examples
2) function, use, stabilize, maintain
3) rough, rampant, incompetent, irresponsible
4) counting, understanding, correcting, valuing
15. Crime Prevention (Explanation)

Crime prevention has a long history in Australia, and in other parts of the world. In all societies, people
have tried to protect themselves and those close to them from assaults and other abuses. Every time
someone locks the door to their house or their car, they practice a form of prevention. Most parents
want their children to learn to be law abiding and not spend extended periods of their lives in prison. In
this country, at least, most succeed . Only a small minority of young people become recidivist offenders.
In a functioning society, crime prevention is part of everyday life. While prevention can be all-pervasive
at the grassroots, it is oddly neglected in mass media and political discourses. When politicians, talkback
radio hosts and newspaper editorialists pontificate about crime and possible remedies, it is
comparatively rare for them to mention prevention. Overwhelmingly, emphasis is on policing, sentencing
and other 'law and order' responses.
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Options:
1) promote, respect, protect, enhance
2) part of, a form of, relation to, addition to
3) success, has succeeded, succeed, succeeded
4) which, it, what, as
5) default, possible, articulate, absolute
16. International Trade (Explanation)

International trade allows countries to expand their markets and access goods and services
that otherwise may not have been available domestically. As a result of international trade, the market is
more efficient. This ultimately leads to more competitive pricing and brings cheaper products to
consumers.
Options:
1) either, thus, otherwise, likely
2) result, prelude, degree, delegation
3) cheaper, newer, all, novel
17. Pinker (Explanation)

Steven Pinker, a cognitive psychologist best known for his book "The Language Instinct", has
called music "auditory cheesecake, an exquisite confection crafted to tickle the sensitive spots of at
least six of our mental faculties." If it vanished from our species, he said, "the rest of our lifestyle would
be virtually unchanged." Others have argued that, on the contrary , music, along with art and literature, is
part of what makes people human; its absence would have a brutalizing effect. Philip Ball, a British
science writer and an avid music enthusiast, comes down somewhere in the middle. He says that music
is ingrained in our auditory, cognitive and motor functions. We have a music instinct as much as a
language instinct, and could not rid ourselves of it if we tried.
Options:
1) have called, calling, call, has called
2) rarely, cynically, nearing, virtually
3) end, contrary, whole, top
4) pretentious, presumptuous, ambitious, avid
5) enacted, installed, empowered, ingrained
18. Plains Indians (Explanation)

"The Plains Indians were people who did not like to live in one place. They liked to travel around and
moved camps at least three times a year. For this reason they lived in tepees. These were like big tents
and were easy to put up and take down. These tepees were transported by horses." "Inside the tepee
you would find all the items that people needed to live with. The Plains Indians would decorate the
insides with pictures, and store their weapons and food. The Indians would also have a fire in the
middle of the tepee to cook the food. The Sioux people used to put buffalo skins on the floor to use as
carpets. You would also find their beds." "In the Indian camp everyone had a job to do. The men had to
hunt for food, and keep the families safe. The women had to cook all the meals, make the clothes,
look after the children and whenever the camp moved they had to take down and put up the tepees."
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Options:
1) at least, fewer than, at most, less than
2) both, alike, like, otherwise
3) On the top, In spite, in the middle, in terms
4) have used to, use to, used to, using to
5) at, up, after, around
19. Graphene (Explanation)

Fascination with this material stems from its remarkable physical properties and the potential
applications these properties offer for the future. Although scientists knew one atom thick, two-
dimensional crystal graphene existed, no-one had worked out how to extract it from graphite. That was
until it was isolated in 2004 by two researchers at The University of Manchester, Professor Andre Geim
and Professor Kostya Novoselov. This is the story of how that stunning scientific feat came about and
why Andre and Kostya won the Nobel Prize in Physics for their pioneering work. Andre and Kostya
frequently held 'Friday night experiments' - sessions where they would try out experimental science that
wasn’t necessarily linked to their day jobs.
Options:
1) Since, Unless, However, Although
2) had worked, works, working, work
3) necessarily, fully, solely, indirectly
20. Dag Hammarskjold Library (Explanation)

The Dag Hammarskjold Library at United Nations Headquarters in New York is a library designated to
facilitate the work of the United Nations and focuses mainly on the needs of the UN Secretariat and
diplomatic missions. Anyone with a valid United Nations Headquarters grounds pass , including
specialized agencies, accredited media and NGO staff, is able to visit the library. Due
to security constraints in place at the United Nations Headquarters complex, the library is not open to
the general public .
Options:
1) falls, depends, focuses, pelts
2) pass, cover, deposit, brochure
3) security, economic, scale, health
4) view, aim, public, category
21. Coral Reefs (Explanation)

Coral reefs support more marine life than any other ocean ecosystem and are, not surprisingly , a
favorite pursuit for many divers. But as well as being physically and biologically spectacular, coral reefs
also sustain the livelihoods of over half a billion people. What is more, this number is expected
to double in coming decades while the area of high-quality reef is expected to halve. In combination with
the very real threat of climate change, which could lead to increased seawater temperatures and ocean
acidification , we start to arrive at some quite frightening scenarios.
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Options:
1) curb, harvest, support, cultivate
2) seemingly, specifically, demandingly, surprisingly
3) appear, double, countdown, unravel
22. Dinosaurs (Explanation)

What killed off the dinosaurs? The end of the Cretaceous Period saw one of the most dramatic mass
extinctions the Earth has ever seen. The fossil record shows that throughout their 160-million-
year existence , dinosaurs took on a huge variety of forms as the environment changed and new species
evolved that were suited to these new conditions. Others that failed to adapt went extinct. But then 66
million years ago, over a relatively short time, dinosaurs disappeared completely (except for birds). Many
other animals also died out, including pterosaurs, large marine reptiles, and other sea creatures such as
ammonites. Although the number of dinosaur species was already declining, this suggests a sudden
catastrophic event sealed their fate, causing unfavorable changes to the environment more quickly than
dinosaurs and other creatures could adapt. The exact nature of this catastrophic event is still open to
scientific debate. The catastrophe could have been an asteroid impact, volcanic eruptions or the effect
of both, together with more gradual changes in the Earth's climate over millions of years. Whatever the
causes, the huge extinction that ended the age of the dinosaur left gaps in the ecosystem that were
subsequently filled by mammals and birds, allowing them to evolve rapidly.
Options:
1) existence, continuous, extent, expectation
2) went, to go, going, go
3) partially, gradually, completely, excessively
4) However, Because, Although, Unless
5) relative, open, additional, focused
6) irregular, gradual, spiritual, positive
23. Shakespeare (Explanation)

There has been a great variety of critical approach to Shakespeare's work since his death. During the
17th and 18th century, Shakespeare was both admired and condemned. Since then, much of the adverse
criticism has not been considered relevant, although certain issues have continued to interest critics
throughout the years. For instance, charges against his moral propriety were made by Samuel Johnson in
the 18th century and by George Bernard Shaw in the 20th. Early criticism was directed primarily at
questions of form. Shakespeare was criticized for mixing comedy and tragedy and failing to observe the
unities of time and place prescribed by the rules of classical drama. Dryden and Johnson were among
the critics claiming that he had corrupted the language with false wit, puns, and ambiguity. While some
of his early plays might justly be charged with a frivolous use of such devices, 20th-century criticism has
tended to praise their use in later plays as adding depth and resonance of meaning.
Options:
1) to, or, and, with
2) not being, should have not been, has not been, was not
3) consecutively, primarily, hardly, solely
4) subscribed, documented, described, prescribed
5) versed, referred, transverse, corrupted
6) Since, Because, That, While
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24. World Map of Happiness (Explanation)

Bhutan used to be one of the most isolated nations in the world. Developments including direct
international flights, the Internet, mobile phone networks, and cable television
have increasingly modernized the urban areas of the country. Bhutan has balanced modernization with
its ancient culture and traditions under the guiding philosophy of Gross National Happiness (GNH).
Rampant destruction of the environment has been avoided. The government takes great measures to
preserve the nation's traditional culture, identity and the environment. In 2006, Business Week magazine
rated Bhutan the happiest country in Asia and the eighth-happiest in the world, citing a global survey
conducted by the University of Leicester in 2006 called the "World Map of Happiness".
Options:
1) spontaneously, increasingly, contemporarily, mechanically
2) juggled, opted, balanced, altered
3) destruction, embodiment, vanity, execution
4) pride, measures, effects, allowance
5) submitting, citing, reviewing, proving
25. Spanish (Explanation)

Spanish is spoken by more than 300 million people in over 20 countries and is rapidly becoming one of
the most popular choices for language learners around the world. A popular course for beginners,
Suenos World Spanish is designed to meet the varied needs of adult learners, whether learning at home
or in a class. From the very beginning it encourages you to develop your listening and speaking skills
with confidence and provides many opportunities to practice reading in Spanish. Using the
extensive range of media available, from the course book to the audio CDs or cassettes, to the popular
accompanying television series and free online activities , Suenos World Spanish can help you reach the
equivalent level of a first qualification, such as GCSE.
Options:
1) commodities, choices, records, improvements
2) record, meet, choose, satisfies
3) as, whether, nor, not
4) applies, provides, encroaches, initiates
5) series, range, rate, wisdom
6) actions, activities, breaches, binge
26. Roommates (Incomplete)

Points: About roommates. ... (share / take) responsibility ... ... (worth / worthy / worthwhile) it ... ...
(divide) bills ... ... (determine) the most important (factors / characteristics) ...
27. Alcohol Consumption (Incomplete)

Points: ... economic (payment \ spend \ cost) of alcohol consumption by employees and ... economic
(impact).
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28. Light Pollution (Explanation)

The widespread use of artificial light in modern societies means that light pollution is an increasingly
common feature of the environments humans inhabit. This type of pollution is exceptionally high in
coastal regions of tropic and temperate zones, as these are areas of high rates of human population
growth and settlement. Light pollution is a threat for many species that inhabit these locations,
particularly those whose ecology or behavior depends, in some way , on natural cycles of light and dark.
Artificial light is known to have detrimental effects on the ecology of sea turtles, particularly at the
hatchling stage when they emerge from nests on natal beaches and head towards the sea. Under natural
conditions, turtles hatch predominantly at night (although some early morning and late afternoon
emergence occurs) and show an innate and well-directed orientation to the water, relying mostly on light
cues that attract them toward the brighter horizon above the sea surface. Artificial lighting on beaches is
strongly attractive to hatchlings and can cause them to move away from the sea and interfere with their
ability to orient in a constant direction. Ultimately, this disorientation due to light pollution can lead to
death of hatchlings from exhaustion, dehydration and predation.
Options:
1) exceptionally, absolutely, completely, rarely
2) in no way, in some way, by the way, in some ways
3) imposing, figuring, relying, pouring
4) them to move, it to move, which to move, that to move
29. Video Game (Incomplete)

Points: IBM arranged a video game match between a super computer and human gamers. The fact that
the computer has (fought / challenged / competed against / ... ) on humans make people worry if
scientific technologies would threaten us. But the computer can just perform programs set by us. Even
machine-learning has not (still / yet) deduced well ...
30. Kathryn Mewes (Explanation)

Kathryn Mewes does not meet bohemian, hippy parents in her line of work. Typically one, or both, of the
parents she sees work in the City of London. "Professionals seek professionals," she says. Originally a
nanny, Mewes is now a parenting consultant, advising couples privately on changing their child's
behavior, as well as doing corporate seminars for working parents. Her clients find they are unprepared
for the chaos and unpredictability that having a child can entail. "Parents are getting older, they have
been in control their whole lives and been successful. Suddenly a baby turns up and life turns on its
head." Nicknamed the "Three-Day Nanny" because of her pledge to fix behavioral problems in children
under the age of 12 within three days, she is filming a new Channel 4 television series demonstrating her
techniques. The role of the parenting consultant — distinct from that of a nanny — has developed, she
says, as people are used to buying in expertise, such as personal trainers or, in her case, parenting
advice.
Options:
1) as long as, in order to, in spite of, as well as
2) whole, all, full, every
3) related with, together with, because of, according to
4) percentage, performance, role, belief
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31. Rugby Matches (Incomplete)

Points: Rugby matches draw attention. Athletes should have ... qualities. About how they should arrange
their muscle training so that they can recover soon after the match.
32. Bhutan (Explanation)

Bhutan is the last standing Buddhist Kingdom in the World and, until recently, has preserved
much of their culture since the 17th century by avoiding globalization and staying isolated from the
world. Internet, television, and western dress were banned from the country up until ten years ago. But
over the past ten years globalization has begun to change in Bhutan, but things remain perfectly
balanced. Bhutan is the only country in the world that has a 'GNH.' You may think GNH is just
another statistically based term with no real-life application, but it refers to "Gross National Happiness."
The process of measuring GNH began when Bhutan opened to globalization. It measures people's quality
of life, and makes sure that "material and spiritual development happen together." Bhutan has done an
amazing Job of finding this balance. Bhutan has continually been ranked as the happiest country in all of
Asia, and the eighth Happiest Country in the world according to Business Week. In 2007 Bhutan had the
second fastest growing GDP in the world, at the same time as maintaining their environment and cultural
identity.
Options:
1) of, about, to, for
2) summoned, observed, displayed, banned
3) statistically, barely, overwhelmingly, roughly
4) demeaning, intruding, maintaining, mourning
33. Teenage Daughter (Explanation)

Your teenage daughter gets top marks in school, captains the debate team, and volunteers at a shelter
for homeless people. But while driving the family car, she text-messages her best friend and rear-ends
another vehicle. How can teens be so clever, accomplished, and responsible-and reckless at the same
time ? Easily, according to two physicians at Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School
(HMS) who have been exploring the unique structure and chemistry of the adolescent brain ."The
teenage brain is not just an adult brain with fewer miles on it," says Frances E. Jensen, a professor of
neurology. "It's a paradoxical time of development . These are people with very sharp brains, but they're
not quite sure what to do with them." Research during the past 10 years, powered by technology such as
functional magnetic resonance imaging, has revealed that young brains have both fast-growing synapses
and sections that remain unconnected. This leaves teens easily influenced by their environment and more
prone to impulsive behavior, even without the impact of souped-up hormones and any genetic or family
predispositions.
Options:
1) for the time being, at the same time, as ever, in good time
2) exposing, exploring, enumerating, explaining
3) ample, adult, adulthood, abundant
4) enrichment, development, adulthood, adoration
5) both, few, whole, either
6) impact, impress, impair, impose
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34. Digital Media (Explanation)

Digital media and the internet have made the sharing of texts, music and images easier than ever, and
the enforcement of copyright restriction harder. This situation has encouraged the growth of IP law,
and prompted increased industrial concentration on extending and 'policing' IP protection, while also
leading to the growth of an 'open access', or 'creative commons' movement which challenges such
control of knowledge and creativity .
Options:
1) detriment, solstice, enforcement, commissary
2) straggled, prompted, equated, grappled
3) challenges, hankered, allows, compelled
4) comparison, penmanship, quotient, creativity
35. Lionfish (Incomplete)

Points: Lionfish were originally from the water of Pacific and Indian Ocean. Five blanks: (sight\views\ ... )
... (recently), (being released\release\being released) from their home aquariums.
36. Sound Speed (Explanation)

The speed of sound (otherwise known as Mach 1) varies with temperature. At sea level on a 'standard
day', the temperature is 59°F, and Mach 1 is approximately 761 mph. As the altitude increases, the
temperature and speed of sound both decrease until about 36,000 feet, after which the
temperature remains steady until about 60,000 feet. Within that 36,000 – 60,000 foot range, Mach 1 is
about 661 mph. Because of the variation , it is possible for an airplane flying supersonic at high altitude
to be slower than a subsonic flight at sea level. The transonic band (the 'sound barrier')
extends from around Mach 0.8 — when the first supersonic shock waves form on the wing — to Mach
1.2, when the entire wing has gone supersonic.
Options:
1) not, yet, none, both
2) opposes, remains, plots, mutates
3) variety, variation, ventilation, similarity
4) near, from, with, in
5) diverge from, add to, prevent from, form on
37. Evolution (Explanation)

A creature may have fine physical defenses such as hard armor or sharp spines. It may have powerful
chemical defenses such as an appalling smell or a foul taste but none of these defenses is much used in
the struggle for survival unless the animal also has the right behavior to go with it. Evolution shapes a
living creature’s size and color, and it also shapes an animal’s actions and behavioral patterns. The
most automatic behaviors are instinctive or in-built. In other words, the creatures can perform the
actions without having to learn what to do it by trial and error.
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Options:
1) agreeable, enchanting, ordinary, appalling
2) struggle, march, game, campaign
3) shapes, pieces, features, aspects
4) dangerous, automatic, difficult, ascetic
5) attempt, doing, trial, tasting
38. Panic-striken Climate (Explanation)

First, the scientific community that studies climate change is quietly panic-stricken, because things are
moving much faster than they expected. Greenhouse gas emissions are going up faster
than predicted both from industrializing countries in Asia and from melting permafrost in Siberia and
Canada. The Arctic Sea ice is melting so fast that the whole ocean may be ice-free in late summer in
five years' time. Most climate scientists now see last year's report of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change, whose forecasts are used by most governments for planning purposes, as
a purely historical document. Second, the biggest early impact of global warming will be on the food
supply, both locally and globally. When the global average temperature hits one and a half degrees hotter
- and it will; the carbon dioxide already in the atmosphere commits us to that much warming - some
countries will no longer be able to feed their people. Others, further from the equator, will still have
enough food for themselves, but none to spare .
Options:
1) few, same, much, most
2) anticipation, predictability, predicted, predicts
3) purely, evenly, disproportionately, firmly
4) commits, directs, allows, addresses
5) spare, dispense, apply, consume
39. Digitalization (Explanation)

As digitalization and smart automation progress, many will see their jobs altered. Advances in automation
technologies will mean that people will increasingly work side by side with robots, smart automation and
artificial intelligence. Businesses will look for employees who are good at the tasks that smart
automation struggles to do and that add value to the use of smart automation. In the past, technological
progress has had a positive impact on our society, increasing labour productivity, wages and prosperity.
Right now, a new technological wave of digitalization and smart automation — combinations of artificial
intelligence, robotics and other technologies — is fundamentally transforming the way we work, at an
unprecedented pace. For example , data analytics, the Internet of Things and drones are already used in
many industries to make production processes better, faster, and cheaper. We already see shifts in the
structure of employment: in industries, tasks, educational levels and skills.
Options:
1) increase, increasingly, increasing, increased
2) struggled, struggling, struggles, used to struggle
3) combinations, combines, combining, combine
4) Instead, Of course, No wonder, For example
40. Tokyo Skytree (Explanation)
Page 124 of 260

Team Lab's digital mural at the entrance to Tokyo’s Skytree, one of the world’s monster skyscrapers, is
40 meters long and immensely detailed. However massive this form of digital art becomes — and it's a
form subject to rampant inflation — Inoko's theories about seeing are based on more modest and often
pre-digital sources. An early devotee of comic books and cartoons (no surprises there), then computer
games, he recognized when he started to look at traditional Japanese art that all those forms had
something in common : something about the way they captured space. In his discipline of physics, Inoko
had been taught that photographic lenses, along with the conventions of western art, were the logical
way of transforming three dimensions into two, conveying the real world onto a flat
surface. But Japanese traditions employed 'a different spatial logic', as he said in an interview last year
with j-collabo.org, that is 'uniquely Japanese'.
Options:
1) However, Whereas, Whichever, Wherever
2) subject to, related with, apart from, based on
3) in fact, as whole, in common, in the same terms
4) apart from, further afield, along with, out of
5) Thus, So, Therefore, But
41. Charles Dickens (Incomplete)

Points: About Charles Dickens. His memory about being a shoemaker was (written) in his novel ... …
was (sent / took / brought / given) to a "blacking factory … Someone whose name starts with 'O'
(describes/ will describe/ was described/is describing, was describing) as … … started career (for / in
/ of / at) journalist … An article was published in (editions / installments / resources / versions) of a
magazine … His childhood's impact on his writing style is also mentioned.
42. Sand Battery (Explanation)

Finnish researchers have installed the world's first fully working "sand battery", which can store green
power for months at a time. The developers say this could solve the problem of year-round supply, a
major issue for green energy. Using low-grade sand, the device is charged up with heat made from
cheap electricity from solar or wind. The sand stores the heat at around 500C, which can then warm
homes in winter when energy is more expensive. Because of climate change and now thanks to the
rapidly rising price of fossil fuels, there's a surge of investment in new renewable energy production.
But while new solar panels and wind turbines can be quickly added to national grids, these extra sources
also present huge challenges. Right now , most batteries are made with lithium and are expensive with a
large, physical footprint, and can only cope with a limited amount of excess power. One of the big
challenges now is whether the technology can be scaled up to really make a difference — and will the
developers be able to use it to get electricity out as well as heat? The efficiency falls dramatically when
the sand is used to just return power to the electricity grid.
Options:
1) substitutes for, is caught up with, lives up to, is charged up with
2) which, however, what, that
3) except, therefore, while, then
4) Of course, Though, Apart from, Right now
5) as well as, inside, despite, along
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43. Giant Exoplanets (Explanation)

Giant exoplanets, like the so-called 'hot Jupiters' that are similar in characteristics to the solar system's
biggest planet and orbit very close to their host stars, are excellent targets for astronomers in their
search for their extrasolar worlds. The size and proximity of these planets is easy to detect as they
create a large decrease in brightness when passing in front of their parent stars.
Options:
1) borders, expressions, characteristics, shapes
2) frame, subordinate, planet, comet
3) members, astronomers, parties, makers
4) denounce, detect, deflect, determine
44. Shrimp Farm (Explanation)

Over the past two decades around a third of the world’s mangrove swamps have been converted for
human use, with many turned into valuable shrimp farms. In 2007 an economic study of such shrimp
farms in Thailand showed that the commercial profits per hectare were $9,632. If that were the
only factor , conversion would seem an excellent idea. However, proper accounting shows that for each
hectare government subsidies formed $8,412 of this figure and there were costs, too: $1,000 for
pollution and $12,392 for losses to ecosystem services. These comprised damage to the supply of foods
and medicines that people had taken from the forest, the loss of habitats for fish, and less buffering
against storms. And because a given shrimp farm only stays productive for three or four years, there was
the additional cost of restoring them afterwards: if you do so with mangroves themselves, add another
$9,318 per hectare. The overall lesson is that what looks beneficial only does so because the profits are
retained by the private sector, while the problems are spread out across society at large, appearing on
no specific balance sheet.
Options:
1) rearranged, exchanged, conserved, converted
2) index, element, choice, factor
3) accounting, percentage, aggregation, division
4) comprised, uneven, neglected, augmented
5) productive, interactive, distinctive, collective
6) beneficial, immediate, moderate, modest
45. Product Selling (Explanation)

Once an organization has its product to sell, it must then determine the appropriate price to sell it at.
The price is set by balancing many factors including supply-and-demand, cost, desired profit
competition, perceived value, and market behavior. Ultimately, the final price is determined by what the
market is willing to exchange for the product. Pricing theory can be quite complex because so many
factors influence what the purchaser decides is a fair value . It also should be noted that, in addition to
monetary exchange, price can be the exchange of goods or services as in a barter agreement, or an
exchange of specific behavior, such as a vote in a political campaign.
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Options:
1) tolerate, determine, fabricate, fancy
2) comparing, begetting, balancing, offsetting
3) consign, design, exchange, prepare
4) addition, shape, content, value
5) explained, enlarged, overrated, noted
46. IQ Tests (Incomplete)

Points: About average IQ of children who learn music. Mozart ... there is a lack of scientific evidence
(test/tests/testing/tested) ... key (process/goal/...) ... child-six-year-old learned the lessons of music
and displayed IQ point 3.2 and ... (exhibited/taught/learned/... ) IQ point 7.1 ... People like heavy food that
are ... (lighter) food and people have (illusion/sight) the ... of and light drinks such as wine expresses by
scientists ...
47. Good Looks in Votes (Explanation)

It is tempting to try to prove that good looks win votes, and many academics have tried. The difficulty is
that beauty is in the eye of the beholder , and you cannot behold a politician's face without a veil of
extraneous prejudice getting in the way. Does George Bush possess a disarming grin, or a
facetious smirk ? It's hard to find anyone who can look at the president without assessing him politically
as well as physically .
Options:
1) principle, idea, difficulty, concept
2) people, beholder, builder, audience
3) smell, complexion, smirk, binge
4) culturally, physically, economically, individually
48. Mini Helicopter (Explanation)

A mini helicopter modelled on flying tree seeds could soon be flying overhead. Evan Ulrich and
colleagues at the University of Maryland in College Park turned to the biological world for inspiration to
build a scaled-down helicopter that could mimic the properties of full-size aircraft. The
complex design of full-size helicopters gets less efficient when shrunk, meaning that standard mini
helicopters expend most of their power simply fighting to stay stable in the air. The researchers realized
that a simpler aircraft designed to stay stable passively would use much less power and reduce
manufacturing costs to boot. It turns out that nature had beaten them to it. The seeds of trees such as
the maple have a single-blade structure that allows them to fly far away and drift safely to the ground.
These seeds, known as samaras, need no engine to spin through the air, thanks to a process called
autorotation. By analyzing the behavior of the samara with high-speed cameras, Ulrich and his team
were able to copy its design.
Options:
1) turned to, turned for, turned in, turned off
2) overhaul, gauge, imagination, design
3) is beating, was beaten, had beaten, beaten
4) had allowed, allowed, allows, will allow
5) spin, fluctuate, drift, bob
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49. Intelligence Comparison (Explanation)

Comparing the intelligence of animals of different species is difficult, how do you compare a dolphin and
a horse? Psychologists have a technique for looking at intelligence that does not require the cooperation
of the animal involved. The relative size of an individual's brain is a reasonable indication of intelligence.
Comparing across species is not as simple as generally expected. An elephant will have a larger brain
than a human has simply because it is a large beast. Instead , we use the Cephalization index, which
compares the size of an animal's brain with the size of its body. Based on the Cephalization index, the
brightest animals on the planet are humans, followed by great apes, porpoises and elephants. As a
general rule , animals that hunt for a living (like canines) are smarter than strict vegetarians (you don't
need much intelligence to outsmart a leaf of lettuce). Animals that live in social groups are always
smarter and have larger EQ's than solitary animals.
Options:
1) can, do, did, does
2) across, to, through, with
3) Then, Instead, Because, Otherwise
4) followed, follows, follow, following
5) theory, principal, rule, principle
50. Eco-friendly Smoothies (Explanation)

Students at the University of Leicester have recently whizzed up a storm of eco-friendly smoothies. This
comes as part of a week of events aimed at promoting environmental initiatives on campus. A range of
events and activities were organized by the University Environment Team and the Students Union to
encourage students to waste less, recycle more , travel sustainably and save energy to contribute to the
University's target of cutting its carbon footprint by 60% by the year 2020. The highlight of the week
was a cycle-powered smoothie maker. Students rescued fruit from Leicester market which
would otherwise have been thrown away and salvaged it to create delicious smoothies. No electricity
was used as the fruit was whizzed up in a blender attached to the back of a bike pedaled by enthusiastic
student volunteers.
Options:
1) off, on, in, at
2) few, many, more, less
3) throughout, by, through, about
4) ever, also, otherwise, never
5) No, The, None, Nonetheless
51. Academic Writing

Academic writing addresses complex issues that require high-order thinking skills to comprehend (e.g.,
critical reflective logical and creative thinking). Think of your writing this way: one of the most important
attributes of a good teacher is the ability to explain complex ideas in a way that is understandable and
relatable to the topic being presented . This is also one of the main functions of academic writing -
describing and explaining the significance of complex ideas as clearly as possible. Often referred to as
higher-order thinking skills, these include cognitive processes that are used to comprehend solve
problems and express concepts or that describe abstract ideas that cannot be easily acted out pointed
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to or shown with images. As a writer you must take on the role of a good teacher by summarizing a lot
of complex information into a well-organized synthesis of ideas concepts and recommendations
that contribute to a better understanding of the research problem.
Options:
1) no, this, either, a
2) presented, surpassed, refunded, forgiven
3) referred, prior, due, added
4) out, off, down, on
5) attribute, distribute, expose, contribute
52. English Language (Explanation)

With about one and a half billion non-native speakers, English has become the world's own language.
Such dominance has its downside, of course. There are now about 6,800 languages left in the world,
compared with perhaps twice that number back at the dawn of agriculture. Thanks in part to the rise of
über-languages, most importantly English, the remaining languages are now dying at the rate of about
one a fortnight. Want to learn Busuu, anyone? Then you'd better head to Cameroon fast, before one of
the language's last eight speakers kicks the bucket (as the Busuu-nese presumably doesn't say).
Options:
1) facet, dominance, deficit, paradox
2) many, twice, few, as
3) respect, addition, part, connection
4) time, rate, cost, coverage
53. Genius (Explanation)

Genius, in the popular conception, is inextricably tied up with precocity - doing something truly creative,
we're inclined to think, requires the freshness and exuberance and energy of youth. Orson Welles made
his masterpiece, "Citizen Kane", at twenty-five. Herman Melville wrote a book a year through his late
twenties, culminating, at the age of thirty-two, with "Moby-Dick". Mozart wrote his breakthrough Piano
Concerto No. 9 in E-Flat-Major at the age of twenty-one. In some creative forms, like lyric poetry,
the importance of precocity has hardened into an iron law. How old was T. S. Eliot when he wrote "The
Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" ("I grow old ... I grow old")? Twenty-three. "Poets peak young," the
creativity researcher James Kaufman maintains. Mihály Csíkszentmihályi, the author of "Flow", agrees:
"The most creative lyric verse is believed to be that written by the young." According to the Harvard
psychologist Howard Gardner, a leading authority on creativity, "Lyric poetry is a domain where talent is
discovered early, burns brightly, and then peters out at an early age."
Options:
1) at, on, through, over
2) proportion, rate, age, year
3) junction, inferiority, importance, structure
4) master, supremacy, authority, adept
5) fire, clerk, offender, talent
54. Cheating
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Although not written about extensively, a few individuals have considered the concept and act of
cheating in history as well as contemporary culture. J. Barton Bowyer writes that cheating 'is the
advantageous distortion of perceived reality. The advantage falls to the cheater because the cheated
person misperceives what is assumed to be the real world'. The cheater is taking advantage of a person,
a situation, or both . Cheating also involves 'distortion of perceived reality' or what others call
'deception'. Deception can involve hiding the 'true' reality or 'showing' reality in a way intended to
deceive others.
Options:
1) journal, tale, life, history
2) misperceives, deceives, perceives, receives
3) none, both, neither, either
55. Stressors
Research has suggested that major stressors in our lives are life changes , for example, moving house,
marriage or relationship breakdown. Work-related factors, including unemployment and boredom, are
also common causes of stress. Differences in personality may also play a part.
Options:
1) collections, expectations, appearances, changes
2) have included, including, include, included
3) conferences, courses, causes, pressure
4) act, play, list, give
56. Cell (Explanation)

Cells are now acceptable as a unifying concept. A cell is the smallest unit of structure and function.
Thus, cells are the basic building blocks of all organisms. Cells vary in size. With few exceptions,
individual cells are so small they cannot be seen unaided. In 1665, a British scientist named Robert
Hooke observed cells for the first time using a microscope. A microscope is an instrument that
magnifies an object. Most images of cells are taken with a microscope and are called micrographs.
Options:
1) determined, interactive, claimed, acceptable
2) unification, uniting, unity, unit
3) much, ever, so, very
4) earliest, first, last, latest
57. Golden Gate Bridge (Explanation)

San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge, a stunning technological and artistic achievement, opens to the
public after five years of construction. On opening day – 'Pedestrian Day' – some 200,000 bridge
walkers marveled at the 4,200-foot-long suspension bridge, which spans the Golden Gate Strait at the
entrance to San Francisco Bay and connects San Francisco and Marin County. On May 28, the Golden
Gate Bridge opened to vehicular traffic. On May 27, 1937, the Golden Gate Bridge was opened to great
acclaim, a symbol of progress in the Bay Area during a time of economic crisis. At 4,200 feet, it was the
longest bridge in the world until the completion of New York City's Verrazano-Narrows Bridge in 1964.
Today, the Golden Gate Bridge remains one of the world's most recognizable architectural structures.
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Options:
1) opens, closes, appears, equals
2) On, During, Since, When
3) stationed, looked, marveled, laughed
4) separates, connects, channels, differentiates
5) aquatic, vehicular, airborne, watertight
6) denial, symbol, technique, yield
7) since, until, along, within
58. PIE
No matter whether you speak English or Urdu, Waloon or Waziri, Portuguese or Persian, the roots of
your language are the same. Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the mother tongue — shared by several
hundred contemporary languages, as well as many now extinct, and spoken by people who lived from
about 6,000 to 3,500 BC on the steppes to the north of the Caspian Sea. They left no written texts
and although historical linguists have, since the 19th century, painstakingly reconstructed the language
from daughter languages, the question of how it actually sounded was assumed to be permanently out
of reach. Now, researchers at the Universities of Cambridge and Oxford have developed a sound-based
method to move back through the family tree of languages that stem from PIE. They can simulate how
certain words would have sounded when they were spoken 8,000 years ago. Remarkably, at the heart of
the technology is the statistics of shape. 'Sounds have shape,' explains Professor John Aston, from
Cambridge's Statistical Laboratory. 'As a word is uttered it vibrates air, and the shape of this soundwave
can be measured and turned into a series of numbers. Once we have these stats, and the stats of
another spoken word, we can start asking how similar they are and what it would take to shift from one
to another.'
Options:
1) where, which, what, who
2) despite, until, however, although
3) would have sounded, would sound, have sounded, sound
4) cost, heart, end, moment
59. Marshmallow Test

Mischel is the creator of the marshmallow test, one of the most famous experiments in the history of
psychology, which is often cited as evidence of the importance of self-control. In the original test, which
was administered at the Bing Nursery School, at Stanford, in the nineteen-sixties, Mischel's team would
present a child with a treat (marshmallows were just one option) and tell her that she could either eat the
one treat immediately or wait alone in the room for several minutes until the researcher returned, at
which point she could have two treats. The promised treats were always visible and the child knew that
all she had to do to stop the agonizing wait was ring a bell to call the experimenter back--although in
that case , she wouldn't get the second treat. The longer a child delayed gratification, Mischel found--
that is, the longer she was able to wait--the better she would fare later in life at numerous measures of
what we now call executive function. She would perform better academically, earn more money, and be
healthier and happier. She would also be more likely to avoid a number of negative outcomes, including
jail time, obesity, and drug use.
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Options:
1) ironically, impressively, immediately, imaginatively
2) sleep, wait, walk, time
3) quantity, case, span, consumption
4) slump, heave, slumber, perform
60. Drones
Antarctic plants can be important indicators of subtle changes in environmental conditions, including
climate change. Traditional ground-based assessments of vegetation health are, however, not ideal in
Antarctica, as they can destroy the vegetation and are physically demanding in the harsh weather
conditions. Co-author Professor Sharon Robinson from UOW’s School of Biological Sciences said the
study found drone-based monitoring of vegetation health produced similar results to traditional
techniques, but with much greater efficiency and with no damage to the vegetation. “Drones are a
powerful tool for monitoring fragile Antarctic vegetation,” Professor Robinson said. “They could be used
to provide timely warnings about specific environmental stress events, as well as monitoring the longer-
term impacts of climate change. “These methods could also be adapted to monitor the health of other
small-stature, patchy plant communities, including in alpine or desert regions.” The researchers found
that drones equipped with sensors were able to detect vegetation health indicators more accurately than
satellite imagery. Mosses are one of the key Antarctic vegetation types that need to be monitored.
However, they tend to occur in patches among rocks, ice and soil, making it important that the imagery
used to assess their health is as accurate and spatially detailed as possible.
Options:
1) demanding, demand, demanded, having demanded
2) except, as well as, despite, as long as
3) toppled, equipped, assessed, equipping
4) made, to make, making, make
61. Behaviorists
Another way of looking at personality is the behaviorist approach. According to the behaviorists, the
inner facts of the consciousness are not important. Instead they believed that our behaviors, and
therefore our personalities are learned primarily through our experiences. The theories of behaviorism
arose through experiments largely on animals in which behaviors were learned through carefully
controlled stimuli .
Options:
1) assumptions, matters, missions, facts
2) implications, personalities, durations, appearances
3) experiments, imaginations, transitions, epitomes
4) stimuli, judgements, discriminations, conclusions
62. Physical Activity

Participating regularly in physical activity has been shown to benefit an individual's health and wellbeing .
Regular physical activity is important in reducing the risk of chronic diseases, such as heart disease and
stroke, obesity, diabetes and some forms of cancer. The National Physical Activity Guidelines for
Adults recommends at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity, preferably every day of
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the week, to obtain health benefits.
Options:
1) values, immortality, expectation, wellbeing
2) chronic, contraindicated, untouched, detectable
3) excludes, recommends, denotes, defies
4) relatively, absolutely, preferably, namely
5) charge, obtain, weigh, estimate
63. Studying Law

It is important to emphasize the need for hard work as an essential part of studying law, because far too
many students are tempted to think that they can succeed by relying on what they imagine to be their
natural ability, without bothering to add the expenditure of effort. To take an analogy some people prefer
the more or less instant gratification which comes from watching television adaptation of a classic novel
to the rather more laborious process of reading the novel itself. Those who prefer watching television to
reading the book are less likely to study law successfully, unless they rapidly acquire a taste for text-
based materials.
Options:
1) expenditure, exhaustion, costing, exclusion
2) gratification, excitement, temptation, obsession
3) simple, complex, effortless, laborious
4) prefer, Enjoy, interest, like
5) knowledge, idea, motivation, taste
64. Kashmiri
Two decades ago, Kashmiri houseboat-owners rubbed their hands every spring at the prospect of the
annual influx of tourists . From May to October, the hyacinth-choked waters of Dal Lake saw flotillas of
vividly painted Shikaras carrying Indian families, boho westerners, young travellers and wide-eyed
Japanese. Carpet-sellers honed their skills, as did purveyors of anything remotely embroidered while the
house boats initiated by the British Raj provided unusual accommodation. Then, in 1989, separatist and
Islamist militancy attacked and everything changed. Hindus and countless Kashmiri business people
bolted, at least 35,000 people were killed in a decade, the lake stagnated, and the houseboats rotted.
Any foreigners venturing there risked their lives , proved in 1995 when five young Europeans were
kidnapped and murdered.
Options:
1) volunteers, watchdogs, employees, tourists
2) waters, connection, atmosphere, volume
3) enacted, registered, honed, wasted
4) fell, enacted, followed, attacked
5) credits, insurances, lives, contributions
65. Ikebana
More than simply putting flowers in a container , Ikebana is a disciplined art form in which nature and
humanity are brought together. Contrary to the idea of a particolored or multicolored arrangement of
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blossoms, Ikebana often emphasizes other areas of the plant , such as its stems and leaves, and puts
emphasis on shape, line, and form. Though Ikebana is an expression of creativity, certain rules govern its
form. The artist's intention is shown through a piece's color combinations, natural shapes, graceful lines,
and the implied meaning of the arrangement.
Options:
1) shape, way, container, fashion
2) restricted, random, disciplined, fleeting
3) garden, arrangement, duplication, augmentation
4) flora, plant, organism, fauna
66. Healthcare
In the fast-changing world of modern healthcare, the job of a doctor is more like the job of chief
executive. The people who run hospitals and physicians' practices don't just need to know medicine .
They must also be able to balance budgets, motivate a large and diverse staff and make difficult
marketing and legal decisions .
Options:
1) dosage, techniques, treatments, medicine
2) gang, staff, employment, mass
3) decisions, reactions, recommendations, actions
67. Colonial Era

At the end of the colonial era, as many new nations gained independence, relative levels of economic
development became an important criterion by which to distinguish between countries. The former
colonial powers and wealthier parts of the world generally became known as advanced industrial, or
developed countries, while former colonies and poorer nations became known as less developed, or
more positively, developing countries. Critics of the uneven distribution of wealth across the globe
highlighted the role which wealth creation in some places had played in impoverishing poorer nations
and, rather, described them as actively underdeveloped. The question as to whether economic change is
developing or underdeveloping countries remains a vital issue, as the debate over sweatshops highlights.
Options:
1) wealthier, older, healthier, bigger
2) while, although, so, because
3) odd, uneven, ubiquitous, sporadic
4) whether, which, what, when
68. Colour Preference

Many tests have shown that, in a very broad way, peoples in most parts of the world have similar color
preferences. Blue is the most preferred and popular hue, followed in order by red, green, purple, yellow
and orange. Overlaying this basic order of color preference, however , are the responses of individuals,
which of course vary widely and may also be very powerful. Children are likely to have
strong preferences for some colors and aversions to others, but sometimes will not admit to them, since
outside factors may be influential in determining both color preferences and the way that they are
expressed or suppressed. Current fashions in clothes and accessories, gender-stereotyping and peer-
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group pressure may all play a significant part. Boys in particular may be reluctant to admit to any strong
preferences for colors other than those of favorite football teams, because color awareness may be
regarded by their peer-group as feminine.
Options:
1) however, thus, therefore, nevertheless
2) widely, slightly, badly, strongly
3) preferences, similarities, divergences, comparisons
4) pressures, factors, appearances, reasons
5) instead of, rather than, together with, other than
69. Sun and Moon

In these distant times the sun was seen to make its daily journey across the sky. At night the moon
appeared. Every new night the moon waxed or waned a little and on a few nights it did not appear at all.
At night the great dome of the heavens was dotted with tiny specks of light. They became known as the
stars. It was thought that every star in the heavens had its own purpose and that the secrets of the
universe could be discovered by making a study of them. It was well known that there were wandering
stars, they appeared in different nightly positions against their neighbours and they became known as
planets. It took centuries, in fact it took millennia, for man to determine the true nature of these
wandering stars and to evolve a model of the world to accommodate them and to predict their positions
in the sky.
Options:
1) plan, level, journey, line
2) are, well, become, became
3) stories, secrets, views, imaginations
4) distort, discuss, charge, determine
5) draw, predict, dictate, save
70. Fossil Fuels

But look beyond fossil fuels for the most intriguing trends. One is that the energy intensity of the world
economy - the amount of energy it takes to produce one dollar's worth of income - keeps falling, at a
rate of about 2 percent. What this means is that even without any change in the relative shares of
fossil-based and fossil-free sources in the world's energy mix, we could have 2 percent annual
economic growth without increasing carbon emissions from energy use. Of course that is not enough
to address climate change and we need more economic growth than that. It is nonetheless a stunning
number, which refutes the claim by some environmentalists that permanent economic growth is
fundamentally incompatible with finite physical resources.
Options:
1) plenty, money, value, worth
2) relevant, related, communal, relative
3) outline, address, point, highlight
4) thus, thereby, also, nonetheless
5) over, with, within, by
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71. Marshmallow
They call it the "marshmallow test." A four- to-six-year-old-child sits alone in a room at a table facing
a marshmallow on a plate. The child is told: "If you don't eat this treat for 15 minutes you can have both
it and a second one." Kids on average wait for five or six minutes before eating the marshmallow.
The longer a child can resist the temptation has been correlated with higher general competency later in
life. Now a study shows that ability to resist temptation isn't strictly innate -- it's aIso highly influenced
by environment.
Options:
1) fun, joy, recipe, treat
2) longest, longer, long, longing
3) artificial, innate, intimate, disguised
72. Study of Objects

The study of objects constitutes a relatively new field of academic enquiry, commonly referred to as
material culture studies. Students of material culture seek to understand societies, both past and
present, through careful study and observation of the physical or material objects generated by those
societies. The source material for study is exceptionally wide, including not just human-made artefacts
but also natural objects and even preserved body parts (as you saw in the film 'Encountering a body').
Some specialists in the field of material culture have made bold claims for its pre-eminence. In certain
disciplines, it reigns supreme . It plays a critical role in archaeology, for example, especially in
circumstances where written evidence is either patchy or non-existent. In such cases , objects are all
scholars have to rely on in forming an understanding of ancient peoples. Even where written documents
survive, the physical remains of literate cultures often help to provide new and interesting insights into
how people once lived and thought, as in the case of medieval and post-medieval archaeology. In
analyzing the physical remains of societies, both past and present, historians, archaeologists,
anthropologists and others have been careful to remind us that objects mean different things to different
people.
Options:
1) subject to, compared with, across from, referred to
2) experiment, modification, consumption, observation
3) includes, including, included, had included
4) at all, supreme, everywhere, far and wide
5) By no means, In such cases, In this time, In this way
6) as long as, as if, as a result of, as in
73. Psychology
Psychology as a subject of study has largely developed in the West since the late nineteenth century.
During this period there has been an emphasis on scientific thinking. Because of this, there have been
many scientific studies in psychology which explore different aspects of human nature. These include
studies into how biology (physical factors) influences human experience, how people use
their senses (touch, taste, smell, sight and hearing) to get to know the world, how people develop, why
people behave in certain ways, how memory works, how people develop language, how people
understand and think about the world, what motivates people, why people have emotions and how
personality develops. These scientific investigations all contribute to an understanding of human nature.
What do we mean by the practical applications of these studies? An understanding of psychology is
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useful in many different areas in life, such as education, the workplace, social services and medicine.
This means that people who have knowledge of psychology can use or apply that knowledge in areas
such as the ones listed above.
Options:
1) emphasis, emphases, emphasize, emphasizing
2) exceed, excel, separate, explore
3) brains, skins, minds, senses
4) assumptions, correlations, investigations, stimulations
5) ideology, empowerment, understanding, equivalence
6) register, classify, use, learn
74. Mass Extinction

Scientists have discovered the cause of a mass extinction of sea-floor marine organisms 800,000 years
ago — which also provides insight into how climate change can impact on deep ocean biota. In a new
study published in the journal Nature Communications, scientists from the universities of Nottingham
and Durham and the British Geological Survey (BGS), have discovered the cause of a mass extinction
within marine organisms called foraminifera. Foraminifera are an important group in relation to biomass
in the deep ocean and the cause of their extinction was previously unknown. Scientists tested various
possible causes for the mass extinction and were able to discount others such as ocean
cooling. Instead , they discovered that the extinction was caused by a global change in plankton at the
surface of the ocean.
Options:
1) in, of, on, off
2) publishing, has published, published, be publishing
3) occasionally, necessarily, previously, currently
4) causes, consequences, elements, factors
5) However, Thus, So, Instead
75. Australia's Dwellings

The stock of Australia's dwellings is evolving , with current homes having more bedrooms on average
than homes ten years ago. At the same time, households are getting smaller on average with
decreasing proportions of couple families with children and increasing couple only and lone person
households. This article examines the changes in household size and number of bedrooms from 1994-95
to 2003-04.
Options:
1) evanescent, eternal, erupting, evolving
2) interests, proportions, appearances, durations
3) flopping, increasing, fluctuating, declining
4) predicts, suggests, examines, counts
76. Noisy Studying

Some students say that they need complete quiet to read and study. Others study best in a crowded,
noisy room because the noise actually helps them concentrate. Some students like quiet music playing;
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others do not. The point is, you should know the level of noise that is optimal for your own studying.
However, one general rule for all students is that the television seems to be more of a distraction than
music or other background noise, so leave the TV off when you are reading or studying. Also , don't let
yourself become distracted by computer games, email, or Internet surfing.
Options:
1) helps, stops, aids, gives
2) have, doing, do, are
3) make, put, leave, cut
4) Thus, However, Yet, Also
77. Cultural Studies

Cultural studies is a new way of engaging in the study of culture. In the past, many academic subjects
including anthropology, history, literary studies, human geography and sociology have brought their own
disciplinary concerns to the study of culture. However , in recent decades there has been
a renewed interest in the study of culture that has crossed disciplinary boundaries .
The resulting activities and cultural studies have emerged as an intriguing and exciting area of
intellectual inquiry which has already shed important new life on the character of human cultures and
which promises to continue to do so. While there is a little doubt that cultural studies are coming to be
widely recognized as an important and distinctive field of study, it does seem to encompass a potentially
enormous area. This is because the term 'culture' has a complex history and range of usages, which have
provided a legitimate focus of inquiry for several academic disciplines.
Options:
1) However, Then, Subsequently, Consistently
2) renewed, renewable, renewing, renew
3) discriminations, similarities, boundaries, differentiations
4) simultaneous, spontaneous, resulting, derivative
5) have promised, promising, promises, would have promised
6) phase out, pull together, be widely recognized, be narrowly reduced
7) dispersion, focus, heart, center
78. Trinity Sport and Fitness

Whether you want to exercise and stay healthy , train professionally with like-minded people, or indulge
your competitive streak, Trinity Sport and Fitness has it covered . We've got a dedicated support
development team on campus to support every student taking part in sports. You might want to
participate in sports competitions volunteer with a local sports class or simply play for fun with our social
sport program. Trinity fitness members of our public-facing sports facility will also entitle you to
discounts when you are booking a sports facility and fitness class. You will also get an opportunity
to benefit from tailored personal training, free activities events, and lots more.
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Options:
1) healthy, wealthy, humble, hungry
2) has it covered, makes covering, have covered, does it covering
3) taking, taken, have taken, were taking
4) idle, fun, kidding, exchange
5) enact, encourage, entitle, allow
6) obtain, upgrade, benefit, proceed
79. Retirement
For a start, we need to change our concept of 'retirement', and we need to change mind-sets arising
from earlier government policy which, in the face of high unemployment levels, encouraged mature
workers to take early retirement. Today, government encourages them to delay their retirement. We now
need to think of retirement as a phased process, where mature age workers gradually reduce their hours,
and where they have considerable flexibility in how they combine their work and non work time. We also
need to recognise the broader change that is occurring in how people work, learn, and live. Increasingly
we are moving away from a linear relationship between education, training, work, and retirement, as
people move in and out of jobs, careers, caregiving, study, and leisure. Employers of choice remove
the barriers between the different segments of people's lives, by creating flexible conditions of work and
a range of leave entitlements. They take an individualised approach to workforce planning and
development so that the needs of employers and employees can be met simultaneously . This approach
supports the different transitions that occur across the life course - for example, school to work,
becoming a parent, becoming responsible for the care of older relatives, and moving from work to
retirement.
Options:
1) contempt, confrontation, concept, conclusion
2) delay, replay, relay, drag
3) radically, disruptively, abruptly, gradually
4) hinges, barriers, nexus, bans
5) condescendingly, simultaneously, hypocritically, spontaneously
80. Agrarian Parties

Agrarian parties are political parties chiefly representing the interests of peasants or, more broadly, the
rural sector of society. The extent to which they are important, or whether they even exist, depends
mainly on two factors. One, obviously, is the size of an identifiable peasantry, or the size of the rural
relative to the urban population. The other is a matter of social integration: for agrarian parties to be
important, the representation of countryside or peasantry must not be integrated with the other major
sections of society. Thus , a country might possess a sizable rural population, but have an economic
system in which the interests of the voters were predominantly related to their incomes, rather than their
occupations or location; and in such a country the political system would be unlikely to include an
important agrarian party.
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Options:
1) where, why, how, what, whether
2) from, to, of, on, with
3) as, in, for, to, by
4) Meanwhile, Moreover, Thus, However, Nevertheless
5) higher, lower, rather, other, fewer
81. Home Appliances

In the developed world, home appliances have greatly reduced the need for physical
labour. Fewer people need to be involved in tasks that once left them little time to do much else. For
example, the word processor and email have, to a great extent , replaced the dedicated secretarial staff
that briefly flourished with the rise of the typewriter. At one time all copies were made with manual
scribes, carefully duplicating what they read. Then we had carbon paper. Then photocopiers. Then
printers. Then the requirement for physical copy reduced. An entire stream of labour appeared and
disappeared as technology advanced. We freed ourselves of one kind of work; we just replaced
it with another.
Options:
1) Fewer, More, Less, Many
2) extension, possibility, extend, extent
3) once, some, one, a
4) with, as, for, by
82. Icebergs' Sound

Twenty years ago, not so long before B-15 broke off from Antarctica, 'we didn't even know that
icebergs made noise,' says Haru Matsumoto, an ocean engineer at NOAA who has studied these sounds.
But in the past few years, scientists have started to learn to distinguish the eerie, haunting sounds of
iceberg life — ice cracking, icebergs grinding against each other, an iceberg grounding on the seafloor
— and measure the extent to which those sounds contribute to the noise of the ocean. While they're just
now learning to listen, the sounds of ice could help them understand the behavior and breakup of
icebergs and ice shelves as the poles warm up .
Options:
1) for, more, much, few
2) within, about, through, against
3) which, that, what, whether
4) away, out, up, off
83. How World Works

Throughout the 18th century, mathematicians, scientists and philosophers researched, discussed, and
published their investigations into how the world worked, while engineers and inventors developed new
and successful machines and processes. The latest theories inspired greater invention, and more
technology encouraged theoretical scientists to make further discoveries in medicine, biology,
mechanics, physics, and chemistry. By 1800, the new machines had brought revolutionary changes to the
workplace, transportation and communications, and eventually to the home. Some of these inventions
simply made it easier to produce things on a large scale such as textile machines and
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foundries, which produced large quantities of cloth and metal objects quickly and cheaply. But some
inventions brought completely new possibilities such as the first batteries, steamboats, and locomotives.
It would take decades for some of these inventions to make a big impact on the world. Yet their
creation, and the sheer amount of imagination and risk-taking involved, marked the beginning of a
modern, global, technologically based economy of the kind that we live in today.
Options:
1) fewest, newest, nearest, latest
2) are, have, were, had
3) those, which, that, what
4) brought, necessitated, enforced, took
5) Notwithstanding, As, Whether, Yet
6) marking, mark, marks, marked
84. Brains or Brawn

While workers worry about whether robots will take their jobs, teachers are wondering how to use
education to insulate the next generation from such a fate. This has worked before. When the last wave
of automation swept the developed world at the start of the 20th century, policymakers decided
education was the answer. If machines were going to substitute for brawn, they reasoned , more people
would need to use their brains. The US invested heavily in education, with good results. Workers reaped
the benefits through better jobs and higher wages. Economists Andrew McAfee and Erik Brynjolfsson
summed it up like this: 'The industrial revolution started a race between technology and education —
and, for most of the 20th century, humans won that race.'
Options:
1) would work, had worked, has worked, has yet to work
2) analyzed, approved, reasoned, examined
3) inadvertently, heavily, stingily, expensively
4) started, set, ran, began
85. Managing Performance

Managing performance is about getting people into action so that they achieve planned and agreed
results. It focuses on what has to be done, how it should be done and what is to be achieved. But it is
equally concerned with developing people - helping them to learn - and providing them with the support
they need to do well, now and in the future. The framework for performance management is provided by
the performance agreement, which is the outcome of performance planning. The agreement provides the
basis for managing performance throughout the year and for guiding improvement and development
activities. It is used as a reference point when reviewing performance and the achievement of
improvement and development plans.
Options:
1) is, need, must, acquires
2) developing, evaluating, recruiting, alerting
3) what, this, which, it
4) guiding, reassuring, heralding, concluding
5) when, as, until, since
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86. Financial Institutions

The economic dimension of globalization involves international financial institutions i.e. the IMF & WB.
Stabilization and adjustment are sponsored by the two respectively and are rooted in the ideology of the
free market. At the other end of the spectrum, protesters see globalization in a very different light than
the treasury secretary of the United States, or the finance or trade ministers of most of the advanced
industrial countries. The difference in views is so great that one wonders, are the protesters and the
policy makers talking about the same phenomenon ? Are they looking at the same data? Are the visions
of those in power so clouded by special and particular interests ?
Options:
1) demonstration, definition, dimension, depression
2) views, exception, expectation, conclusion
3) substance, phenomenon, philosophy, explanation
4) tandem, powder, conjugation, power
5) interests, efforts, achievements, detestation
87. Wholeness of Thought

The writer, or, for that matter, the speaker conceives his thought whole, as a unity, but must express it
in a line of words; the reader, or listener, must take this line of symbols and from it reconstruct the
original wholeness of thought. There is little difficulty in conversation, because the listener receives
innumerable cues from the physical expressions of the speaker; there is a dialogue, and the listener
can cut in at any time. The advantage of group discussion is that people can overcome linear sequence
of words by converging on ideas from different directions; which makes for wholeness of thought. But
the reader is confronted by line upon line of printed symbols, without benefits of physical tone and
emphasis or the possibility of dialogue or discussion.
Options:
1) recover, respect, reconstruct, reduce
2) little, much, more, few
3) lean, cut, intrude, get
4) conveying, combination, collecting, converging
5) tune, thumb, tone, note
88. Interior Design

Interior design is a professionally conducted, practice-based process of planning and realization of
interior spaces and the elements within. Interior design is related with the function and operation of the
aesthetics and its sustainability . The work of an interior designer draws upon many other disciplines ,
such as environmental psychology, architecture, product design and, aesthetics, in relation to a wide
range of building spaces including hotels, corporate and public spaces, schools, hospitals, private
residences, shopping malls, restaurants, theaters and airport terminals.
Options:
1) related, compared, concentrated, corresponded
2) capability, environment, sustainability, deniability
3) disciplines, course, principals, functions
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89. Computational Thinking

Developing computational thinking helps students to better understand the world around them. Many of
us happily drive a car without understanding what goes on under the bonnet. So is it necessary for
children to learn how to program computers? After all , some experts say coding is one of the human
skills that will become obsolete as artificial intelligence grows. Nevertheless, governments believe coding
is an essential skill. Since 2014, the principles of computer programming have featured on England's
curriculum for children from the age of five or six, when they start primary school. While not all children
will become programmers, Mark Martin, a computing teacher at Sydenham High School, London, argues
that they should learn to understand what makes computers work and try to solve problems as a
computer might.
Options:
1) leads in, raises up, sets off, goes on
2) Till now, Nevertheless, However, After all
3) have featured, had featured, featuring, features
4) endows, makes, glosses, causes
90. When to Revise?

Timing is important for revision. Have you noticed that during the school day you get times when you
just don't care any longer? I don't mean the lessons you don't like, but the ones you usually find OK, but
on some occasions, you just can't be bothered with it. You may have other things on your mind, be tired,
restless or looking forward to what comes next. Whatever the reason, that particular lesson doesn't get
100 percent effort from you. The same is true of revision. Your mental and physical attitudes are
important. If you try to revise when you are tired or totally occupied with something else, your revision
will be inefficient and just about worthless. If you approach it feeling fresh, alert and happy, it will be so
much easier, and you will learn more, faster. However, if you make no plans and just slip in a little bit of
revision when you feel like it, you probably won't do much revision! You need a revision timetable, so you
don't keep putting it off .
Options:
1) may, never, do, hardly
2) effort, satisfaction, affect, effect
3) support, concerns, attitudes, health
4) stopping, putting it off, giving it up, putting out
91. Paris Opera

Most important of all is the fact that for each new ballet-pantomime created at the Paris Opera during
the July Monarchy, a new score was produced. The reason for this is simple: these ballet-pantomimes
told stories — elaborate ones — and music was considered an indispensable tool in getting them across
to the audience. Therefore , music had to be newly created to fit each story. Music tailor-made for each
new ballet-pantomime, however, was only one weapon in the Opera's explanatory arsenal. Another was
the ballet-pantomime libretto, a printed booklet of fifteen to forty pages in length, which was sold in the
Operas lobby (like the opera libretto), and which laid out the plot in painstaking detail, scene by scene.
Critics also took it upon themselves to recount the plots (of both ballet-pantomimes and operas) in
their reviews of premieres. So did the publishers of souvenir albums, which also featured pictures of
famous performers and of scenes from favorite ballet-pantomimes and operas.
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Options:
1) However, Nevertheless, In fact, Therefore
2) Another, Others, It, Also
3) views, reviews, overviews, supervisions
4) performing, performance, performers, performs
92. Stress
Stress — that tense feeling often connected to having too much to do, too many bills to pay and not
enough time or money — is a common emotion that knows few borders . About three-fourths of people
in the United States, Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, South Korea and Britain reported
experiencing stress on a daily basis, according to AP-Ipsos polling . Anxious feelings were
more intense during the holidays. Germans feel stress more intensely than those in other countries
polled. People in the United States cite financial pressures as the top worry. About half the people polled
in Britain said they frequently or sometimes felt that life was beyond their control, the highest level in the
10 countries surveyed.
Options:
1) not enough, too much, less, rare
2) people, groups, borders, limit
3) polling, election, selection, choice
4) random, intense, sporadic, sparse
5) always, seldom, sometimes, often
93. Significance of Instinct

What is the significance of instinct in business? Does a reliable gut feeling separate winners from
losers? And is it the most valuable emotional tool any entrepreneur can possess? My observations of
successful company owners lead me to believe that a highly analytical attitude can be a drawback. At
critical junctures in commercial life, risk-taking is more an act of faith than a carefully balanced choice.
Frequently, such moments require decisiveness and absolute conviction above all else. There is simply no
time to wait for all the facts, or room for doubt. A computer program cannot tell you how to invent and
launch a new product. That journey involves too many unknowns, too much luck — and too much sheer
intuition, rather than the infallible logic that machines deliver so well. As Chekhov said: "An artist’s flair
is sometimes worth a scientist's brains" — entrepreneurs need right-brain thinking. When I have been
considering whether to buy a company and what price to offer, I have been blinded too often by reams
of due diligence from the accountants and lawyers. Usually it pays to stand back from such mountains of
grey data and weigh up the really important issues-and decide how you feel about the opportunity.
Options:
1) ideas, thoughts, observations, researches
2) act, importance, art, emphasis
3) decisiveness, patience, confidence, courage
4) journey, mindset, prototype, answer
5) rationale, rule, principle, logic
6) blinded, attracted, allured, deceived
94. Global Textile Industry
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The environmental impact of the global textile industry is hard to overstate. One-third of the water used
worldwide is spent fashioning fabrics. For every ton of cloth produced , 200 tons of water is polluted
with chemicals and heavy metals. An estimated 1 trillion kilowatt-hours of electricity powers the factories
that card and comb, spin and weave, and cut and stitch materials into everything from T-shirts to
towels, leaving behind mountains of solid waste and a massive carbon footprint. 'Where the industry is
today is not really sustainable for the long term,' says Shreyaskar Chaudhary, chief executive of Pratibha
Syntex, a textile manufacturer based outside Indore, India. With something of an 'if you build it, they will
come' attitude, Mr.Chaudhary has steered Pratibha toward the leading edge of eco-friendly textile
production. Under his direction, Pratibha began making clothes with organic cotton in 1999. Initially, the
company couldn't find enough organic farms growing cotton in central India to supply its factories. To
meet production demands, Chaudhary's team had to convince conventional cotton farmers to change
their growing methods. Pratibha provided seeds, cultivation instruction, and a guarantee of fair-trade
prices for their crops. Today, Pratibha has a network of 28,000 organic cotton growers across the
central states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Orissa.
Options:
1) produced, has produced, producing, is produced
2) moving, leaving, processing, looking into
3) against, over, toward, behind
4) have supplied, supplying, to supply, is supplied
5) their, some, mine, them
95. Very Old Paris

Paris is very old—there has been a settlement there for at least 6000 years and its shape has been
determined in part by the River Seine, and in part by the edicts of France’s rulers. But the great
boulevards we admire today are relatively new, and were constructed to prevent any more
barricades being created by the rebellious population; that work was carried out in the middle 19th
century. The earlier Paris had been in part a maze of narrow streets and alleyways. But you can imagine
that the work was not only highly expensive, but caused great distress among the half a million or so
residents whose houses were simply razed, and whose neighbourhoods disappeared. What is done
cannot usually be undone, especially when buildings are torn down .
Options:
1) being created, to be created, were created, been created
2) as if, in part, just as, relative
3) evenly, rarely, simply, equally
4) up, across, between, down
96. Rudman
Rudman looks at how a poor understanding of Maths has led historians to false conclusions about the
Mathematical sophistication of early societies. Rudman's final observation-that ancient
Greece enjoyed unrivaled progress in the subject while failing to teach it at school-leads to
a radical punchline：Mathematics could be better learnt after we leave school.
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Options:
1) marked, enjoyed, reviewed, expected
2) waiting, hesitating, hoping, failing
3) radical, rational, radish, radius
4) enter, graduate, leave, go
97. MBA Programs

Deciding to go to business school is perhaps the simplest part of what can be a complicated process.
With nearly 600 accredited MBA programs on offer around the world, the choice of where to study can
be overwhelming. Here we explain how to choose the right school and course for you and unravel the
application and funding process. "Probably the majority of people applying to business school are at a
point in their careers where they know they want to shake things up, but they don't know exactly what
they would like to do with their professional lives," says Stacy Blackman, an MBA admissions consultant
based in Los Angeles. "If that's the case with you, look at other criteria : culture, teaching method,
location, and then pick a place that’s a good fit for you with a strong general management program.
Super-defined career goals don’t have to be a part of this process."
Options:
1) offer, provide, give, take
2) elect, choose, identify, recognize
3) few, many, majority, most
4) enjoy, hesitate, want, choose
5) standards, factors, rules, criteria
98. UNEP
Equitable and sustainable management of water resources is a major global challenge. About one third
of the world’s population lives in countries with moderate to high water stress,
with disproportionately high impacts on the poor. With respect to the current projected human
population growth, industrial development and the expansion of irrigated agriculture in the next two
years, water demand is expected to rise to levels that will make the task of providing water for
human sustenance more difficult. Since its establishment, the United Nations Environment Programme
(UNEP) has worked to promote sustainable water resources management practices
through collaborative approaches at the national, regional and global levels. After more than 30 years,
water resources management continues to be a strong pillar of UNEP’s work. UNEP is actively
participating in addressing water issues together with partner UN agencies , other organizations and
donors; they facilitate and catalyze water resource assessments in various developing countries;
implement projects that assist countries in developing integrated water resource management plans;
create awareness of innovative alternative technologies and assist the development, implementation and
enforcement of water resource management policies, laws and regulations.
Options:
1) proportionately, disproportionately, largely, scarcely
2) reactionary, current, few, past
3) substitute, sustenance, substance, sustainable
4) operation, cooperating, collaborative, collaborating
5) sectors, agencies, factors, segments
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99. Origin of Species

In The Origin of Species, Darwin provided abundant evidence that life on Earth has evolved over time,
and he proposed natural selection as the primary mechanism for that change. He observed that
individuals differ in their inherited traits and that selection acts on such differences, leading
to evolutionary change. Although Darwin realized that variation in heritable traits is a prerequisite
for evolution , he did not know precisely how organisms pass heritable traits to their offspring. Just a
few years after Darwin published The Origin of Species, Gregor Mendel wrote a groundbreaking paper
on inheritance in pea plants. In that paper, Mendel proposed a model of inheritance in which organisms
transmit discrete heritable units (now called genes) to their offspring. Although Darwin did not know
about genes, Mendel’s paper set the stage for understanding the genetic differences on which evolution
is based.
Options:
1) differ, difference, different, same
2) evolving, evolutionary, evolve, evolved
3) evolution, development, growth, maturity
4) a few, little, a little, few
5) Of, In, At, With
6) Although, Despite, However, Even
7) for, as, in, on
100. Women in Labour Force

With the increase in women's participation in the labour force, many mothers have less time available to
undertake domestic activities. At the same time, there has been increasing recognition that the father's
role and relationship with a child is important. A father can have many roles in the family, ranging from
income provider to teacher, carer, playmate and role model. Therefore, balancing paid work and family
responsibilities can be an important issue for both fathers and mothers in families.
Options:
1) anticipation, substitution, participation, definition
2) available, related, consumable, useful
3) recognition, discrimination, resolution, recreation
4) scholarship, relationship, worship, employment
101. Origin of Music

Music is an important part of our lives. We connect and interact with it daily and use it as a way of
projecting our self-identities to the people around us. The music we enjoy — whether it's country or
classical, rock n' roll or rap — reflects who we are. But where did music, at its core, first come from?
It's a puzzling question that may not have a definitive answer. One leading researcher, however, has
proposed that the key to understanding the origin of music is nestled snugly in the loving bond between
mother and child. In a lecture at the University of Melbourne, Richard Parncutt, an Australian-born
professor of systematic musicology, endorsed the idea that music originally spawned from 'motherese'
— the playful voices mothers adopt when speaking to infants and toddlers. As the theory goes, increased
human brain sizes caused by evolutionary changes occurring between one and 2,000,000 years ago
resulted in earlier births, more fragile infants and a critical need for stronger relationships between
mothers and their newborn babies. According to Parncutt, who is based at the University of Graz in
Austria, 'motherese' arose as a way to strengthen this maternal bond and to help ensure an infant's
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survival.
Options:
1) means, convinces, shows, reflects
2) freelance, best, unanimous, leading
3) adapt, adopt, sing, forge
4) clinical, chronic, critical, fallow
5) confirm, improve, ensure, enquire
102. Standard Language

At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the relationship between standard and nonstandard
language is, evidently, still an uncertain one. We are at a transitional point between two eras. We seem
to be leaving an era when the rules of Standard English, as elected and defined by prescriptive
grammarians, totally conditioned our sense of acceptable usage, so that all other usages and varieties
were considered to be inferior or corrupt, and excluded from serious consideration. And we seem to be
approaching an era when nonstandard usages and varieties, previously denigrated or ignored, are
achieving a new presence and respectability within society, reminiscent of that found in Middle English,
when dialect variation in literature was widespread and uncontentious. But we are not there yet . The
rise of Standard English has resulted in a confrontation between the standard and nonstandard
dimensions of the language which has lasted for over 200 years, and this has had
traumatic consequences which will take some years to eliminate. Once people have been given an
inferiority complex about the way they speak or write, they find it difficult to shake off.
Options:
1) transcendent, separative, distinctive, transitional
2) notable, irreversible, acceptable, possible
3) isolated, suffered, excluded, separated
4) be approached, be approaching, approaching, approach
5) likelihood, respectability, overestimation, discrimination
6) too, yet, neither, either
7) sources, consequences, reasons, orientations
103. Fresh Water

Everybody needs fresh water. Without water, people, animals and plants cannot live. Although a few
plants and animals can make do with saltwater, all humans need a constant supply of fresh water if they
are to stay fit and healthy. Of the total supply of water on the Earth, only about 3 percent of it is fresh,
and most of that is stored as ice and snow at the poles, or is so deep under the surface of the Earth
that we cannot get to it. Despite so much of the water being out of reach, we still have a million cubic
miles of it that we can use. That's about 4,300,000 cubic kilometers of fresh water to share out
between most of the plants, animals and people on the planet.
Options:
1) Without, Despite, As, With
2) excited, here, up, fit
3) wide, hard, deep, common
4) can, won't, don't, cannot
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104. Guilt and Responsibility

The narrative of law and order is located fundamentally at the level of individual guilt and responsibility.
Criminal acts are seen as individual issues of personal responsibility and culpability , to which the state
responds by way of policing, prosecution , adjudication and punishment. This is but one level at which
crime and criminal justice can be analyzed. The problem is that so often analysis ends there, at the level
of individual action, characterized in terms of responsibility, guilt, evil. In few other areas of social life
does individualism have this hold. To take but one instance , it would be absurd to restrict analysis of
obesity, to individual greed. It should similarly be widely seen as absurd to restrict analysis of criminal
justice issues to the culpability of individuals.
Options:
1) guilty, capability, culpability, reliability
2) persecution, prosecution, execution, inspection
3) combined, characterized, chosen, concluded
4) method, exemplify, instance, reason
5) strict, sophisticate, restrict, stretch
105. Transportation System

A sustainable transportation system is one in which people's needs and desires for access to jobs,
commerce, recreation, culture and home are accommodated using a minimum of resources. Applying
principles of sustainability to transportation will reduce pollution generated by gasoline-powered
engines, noise, traffic congestion, land devaluation, urban sprawl, economic segregation, and injury to
drivers, pedestrians and cyclists. In addition, the costs of commuting, shipping, housing and goods will
be reduced . Ultimately in a sustainable San Francisco, almost all trips to and within the City will be on
public transit, foot or bicycle-as will a good part of trips to the larger Bay Region. Walking through
streets designed for pedestrians and bicycles will be more pleasant than walking through those designed
for the automobile. Street-front retail and commercial establishments will prosper from the large volume
of foot traffic drawn to an environment enhanced by trees, appropriately designed 'street furniture' (
street lights, bicycle racks, benches, and the like) and other people. Rents and property costs will be
lowered as land for off-street parking is no longer required or needed.
Options:
1) reliability, sustainability, sustain, sustainable
2) reduced, enhance, seduced, reducing
3) apart, within, among, away
4) start, inject, control, prosper
5) smaller, longer, most, best
106. APS
The APS supports the development of an Australian curriculum for psychological science. The APS
Division of Psychological Research, Education and Training, in consultation with teacher and curriculum
representatives from every State and Territory in Australia, develops a proposed framework for senior
secondary school studies in psychological science. This framework is modeled on the current senior
science curricula that were developed and published by the Australian Curriculum, Assessment and
Reporting Authority. The APS hopes that this framework will facilitate a dialogue between educators and
their local curriculum authority, with the aim of working towards a more consistent approach to the
teaching of psychological science at secondary school level and optimizing the preparation for students
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going on to undergraduate psychology studies at university, as well as the effective use of psychological
principles in everyday life.
Options:
1) criticism, consultation, consolation, condolence
2) is developed, develops, had been developing, developed
3) has modeled, to model, is modeled, modeled
4) fertilize, facilitate, fascinate, conduct
5) conjunctive, constituent, consistent, consequent
107. Interdisciplinary Centre

A new interdisciplinary center for the study of the frontiers of the universe, from the tiniest subatomic
particle to the largest chain of galaxies, has been formed at The University of Texas at Austin. The
Texas Cosmology Centre will be a way for the university's departments of Astronomy and Physics
to collaborate on research that concerns them both. 'This center will bring the two departments together
in an area where they overlap — in the physics of the very early universe,' said Dr. Neal Evans,
Astronomy Department chair. Astronomical observations have revealed the presence of dark matter and
dark energy, discoveries that challenge our knowledge of fundamental physics. And today's leading
theories in physics involve energies so high that no Earth-bound particle accelerator can test them. They
need the universe as their laboratory . Steven Weinberg, Nobel laureate and professor of physics at the
university, called the Center's advent a very exciting development for that department.
Options:
1) separate, collaborate, participate, cooperative
2) overlapped, overload, overlap, folded
3) enhanced, released, revealed, deluded
4) workshop, library, laboratory, basement
5) adventure, movement, advent, approach
108. Debt, Poverty and Development

Books and articles highlighting intractable debt, poverty and development abound in both the academic
and popular literature. This addition to the debate is both timely and interesting as it subsumes the
economic debate to the broader social, political, environmental and institutional context of debt in
developing countries. Debt-for-Development Exchanges: History and New Applications is intended for a
wide audience including: academics from a range of disciplines (including accounting and finance); non-
Government organizations (NGOs); civil society groups; and, both debtor and creditor governments and
public sector organization. Professor Ross Buckley, author and editor, has developed an international
profile in the area of debt relief and this book is the outcome of an Australian Research Council (ARC)
Discovery grant to explore debt-for development mechanisms that relieve debt, improve development
outcomes from aid, are practically and politically attractive to creditors and contribute to regional
security.
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Options:
1) that, as, so, whereas
2) has intended, intends, is intending, is intended
3) develops, has developed, have developed, developed
4) to, for, from, as
5) contribution, contributed, contributing, contribute
109. Spotted Owls

Our analysis of the genetic structure of northern spotted owls across most of the range of the
subspecies allowed us to test for genetic discontinuities and identify landscape features that influence
the subspecies' genetic structure. Although no distinct genetic breaks were found in northern spotted
owls, several landscape features were important in structuring genetic variation. Dry, low elevation valleys
and the high elevation Cascade and Olympic Mountains restricted gene flow, while the lower Oregon
Coast Range facilitated gene flow, acting as a 'genetic corridor.' The Columbia River did not act as a
barrier, suggesting owls readily fly over this large river. Thus, even in taxa such as northern spotted owls
with potential for longdistance dispersal, landscape features can have an important impact on gene flow
and genetic structure.
Options:
1) distinct, distribute, oblivious, rare
2) few, several, much, many
3) hindered, embedded, enabled, facilitated
4) suggesting, demanding, demonstrating, proposing
110. Learning Process

Learning is a process by which behavior or knowledge changes as a result of experience. Learning from
experience plays a major role in enabling us to do many things that we clearly were not born to do, from
the simplest tasks, such as flipping a light switch, to the more complex , such as playing a musical
instrument. To many people, the term ' learning' signifies the activities that students do reading, listening,
and taking tests in order to acquire new information. This process, which is known as cognitive learning,
is just one type of learning, however. Another way that we learn is by associative learning, which is the
focus of this module. You probably associate certain holidays with specific sights, sounds, and smells, or
foods with specific flavors and textures. We are not the only species with this skill even the simplest
animals such as the earthworm can learn by association.
Options:
1) for, above, in, despite
2) composite, compound, complex, manifold
3) activities, matters, habits, routines
4) one, first, any, primary
5) certain, few, uncountable, dependent
6) species, class, types, categories
111. Maya
The Classic era of Mayan civilisation came to an end around 900 AD. Why this happened is unclear; the
cities were probably over-farming the land, so that a period of drought led to famine. Recent
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geological research supports this, as there appears to have been a 200-year drought around this time.
Options:
1) community, society, civilisation, class
2) time, period, range, phase
3) research, test, examination, exploitation
112. Snails
Snails are not traditionally known for quick thinking, but new research shows they can make complex
decisions using just two brain cells in findings that could help engineers design more efficient robots.
Scientists at the University of Sussex attached electrodes to the heads of freshwater snails as they
searched for lettuce. They found that just one cell was used by the mollusc to tell if it was hungry or not,
while another let it know when food was present. Foodsearching is an example of goal-directed
behavior, during which an animal must integrate information about both its external environment and
internal state while using as little energy as possible. Lead researcher Professor George Kemenes, say
"This will eventually help us design the 'brain' of robots based on the principle of using
the fewest possible components necessary to perform complex tasks." What goes on in our brains when
we make complex behavioral decisions and carry them out is poorly understood." Our study reveals for
the first time how just two neurons can create a mechanism in an animal's brain which drives and
optimizes complex decision-making tasks.
Options:
1) findings, results, recommendations, decisions
2) because, although, but, as
3) that, if, neither, how
4) through, about, during, to
5) least, less, fewest, fewer
6) shall, should, can, ought
113. English in Change

English has been changing throughout its lifetime and it's still changing today. For most of us, these
changes are fine as long as they're well and truly in the past. Paradoxically, we can be curious about
word origins and the stories behind the structures we find in our language, but we experience a queasy
distaste for any change that might be happening right under our noses. There are even language critics
who are convinced that English is dying, or if not dying at least being progressively crippled through long
years of mistreatment. For example, many people in Australia worry about their language and its
relationship with its powerful relative, American English. In particular, they express concern for the
'Americanisation' of the language — it's a hot topic here in Australia.
Options:
1) scared, cranky, worried, curious
2) ruptures, indications, values, structures
3) enlarge, expect, deal, experience
4) satisfied, persuaded, reassured, convinced
5) crippled, lost, disabled, dented
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114. Scientists
Scientists make observations, have assumptions and do experiments . After these have been done, he
got his results . Then there are a lot of data from scientists. The scientists around the world have
a picture of world.
Options:
1) thinking, hyperbole, principles, assumptions
2) experiments, essays, assignments, thesis
3) proofs, evidence, numbers, results
4) digits, static, figure, data
5) look, idea, view, picture
115. Sleep Patterns

Children have sound sleep patterns. They can soundly sleep for 8-9 hours and get up at a fixed time. But
teenagers don't. Their sleep patterns are influenced by their erratic schedules, in which they sometimes
have more classes but sometimes have fewer. Despite these factors, they actually need longer sleep
and insufficient sleep may be responsible for their learning problems.
Options:
1) soundly, successfully, hardly, barely
2) effected, influenced, gained, diverged
3) expressive, erratic, explicit, erroneous
4) Regardless, Despite, As, Unless
5) uneven, insufficient, unequal, default
116. Australian Women Novelists

In the literary world, it was an accepted assumption that the 1970s was a time of unprecedented growth
in homegrown Australian fiction. And everybody was reading and talking about books by young Australian
women. But it was not until recently that a researcher was able to measure just how many novels were
published in that decade, and she found that there had been a decline in novels by Australian writers
overall, but confirmed an increase in women's novels. It is this sort of research - testing ideas about
literary history - that is becoming possible with the spread of 'Digital Humanities.' The intersection of
Humanities and digital technologies is opening up opportunities in the fields of literature, linguistics,
history and language that were not possible without computational methods and digitized resources
to bring information together in an accessible way. Transcription software is being developed for turning
scans of books and documents into text, as the field of digital humanities really takes off .
Options:
1) not until, until, impossible, till
2) there will have been, there may be, there had been, there being
3) should become, must become, is becoming, will become
4) is opened to, is opening up, is opened up, is opening to
5) were not possible, was not possible, could be possible, can be possible
6) squeeze, bring, muddle, stow
7) in, off, on, over
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117. Business
One distinguishing feature of business is its economic character. In the world of business, we interact
with each other not as family members, friends, or neighbors, but as buyers and sellers , employers and
employees, and the like. Trading, for example, is often accompanied by hard bargaining, in which both
sides conceal their full hand and perhaps engage in some bluffing. And a skilled salesperson is
well- versed in the art of arousing a customer's attention (sometimes by a bit of puffery) to clinch the
sale. Still, there is an "ethics of trading" that prohibits the use of false or deceptive claims and tricks
such as "bait-and-switch" advertising.
Options:
1) sellers, solicitors, tellers, traders
2) accompanied, customized, complimented, accomplished
3) engage, thrive, flourish, conduct
4) informed, staffed, known, versed
5) deal, motivate, make, clinch
118. Allergies
What are allergies? Allergies are abnormal immune system reactions to things that are typically harmless
to most people. When you're allergic to something, your immune system mistakenly believes that this
substance is harmful to your body. Substances that cause allergic reactions- such as certain foods,
dust, plant pollen, or medicines- are known as allergens. In an attempt to protect the body, the immune
system produces IgE antibodies to that allergen. Those antibodies then cause certain cells in the body
to release chemicals into the bloodstream, one of which is histamine (pronounced: HIS-tuh-meen). The
histamine then acts on the eyes, nose, throat, lungs, skin, or gastrointestinal tract and causes the
symptoms of the allergic reaction. Future exposure to that same allergen will trigger
this antibody response again. This means that every time you come into contact with that allergen, you'll
have some form of allergy symptoms.
Options:
1) mistakenly, misleadingly, involuntarily, unprovokedly
2) protect, preserve, equip, hedge
3) dissolve, thicken, release, crystallize
4) focuses, targets, reacts, acts
5) antigen, counter, antibody, psychological
119. Classic
One of the most important things to remember is that "classic" does not necessarily translate to
"favorite" or "bestselling". Literature is instead considered classic when it has stood the test of time and
it stands the test of time when the artistic quality it expresses - be it an expression of life, truth, beauty,
or anything about the universal human condition - continues to be relevant and continues to inspire
emotional responses, no matter the period in which the work was written . Indeed, classic literature is
considered as such regardless of book sales or public popularity. That said, classic
literature usually merits lasting recognition - from critics and other people in a position to influence such
decisions - and has a universal appeal. And, while effective use of language as well as technical
excellence - is a must, not everything that is well-written or is characterized by technical achievement or
critical acclaim will automatically be considered a classic. Conversely, works that have not been
acknowledged or received positively by the writer's contemporaries or critics can still be considered as
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classics.
Options:
1) quality, facade, bid, clime
2) written, writing, write, to write
3) regardless of, lacking of, related with, based on
4) exclusively, usually, merely, consequently
5) imposingly, positively, efficiently, arguably
120. Leadership
Leadership is all about being granted permission by others to lead their thinking. It is a bestowed moral
authority that gives the right to organize and direct the efforts of others. But moral authority does not
come from simply managing people effectively or communicating better or being able to motivate. It
comes from many sources , including being authentic and genuine, having integrity, and showing a real
and deep understanding of the business in question. All these factors build confidence. Leaders lose
moral authority for three reasons: they behave unethically , they become plagued by self-doubt and lose
their conviction, or they are blinded by power, lose self-awareness and thus lose connection with those
they lead as the context around them changes. Having said all this, it has to be assumed that if someone
becomes a leader, at some point they understood the difference between right and wrong. It is up to
them to abide by a moral code and up to us to ensure that the moment we suspect they do not, we fire
them or vote them out.
Options:
1) foundations, origins, outcomes, sources
2) objects, functions, elements, factors
3) falsely, outrageously, eternally, unethically
4) contempt, associate, connection, convection
5) abide, remain, stand, conform
121. Oxford Course

When I enrolled in my master's course at Oxford last year, I had come straight from medical school with
the decision to leave clinical science for good. Thinking back, I realize that I didn't put very
much weight on this decision at the time. But today, I more clearly understand the consequences of
leaving my original profession. When I meet old friends who are now physicians and surgeons, I sense
how our views on medical problems have diverged .They scrutinize the effects of disease and try to
eliminate or alleviate them; I try to understand how they come about in the first place. I feel happier
working on this side of the problem, although I do occasionally miss clinical work and seeing patients.
However, when I think about the rate at which my medical skills and knowledge have dissipated , the
years spent reading weighty medical textbooks, the hours spent at the bedside, I sometimes wonder if
these years were partly a waste of time now that I am pursuing a research career. Nonetheless, I know
the value of my medical education. It is easy to forget the importance of the biosciences when working
with model organisms in basic research that seem to have nothing to do with a sick child or a suffering
elderly person. Yet, I still have vivid memories of the cruel kaleidoscope of severe diseases and of how
they can strike a human being. I hope to retain these memories as a guide in my current occupation.
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Options:
1) attention, weight, accumulation, denotation
2) subsequences, consequences, successors, successions
3) apart, diverged, converged, diversified
4) disappeared, disclosed, dispersal, dissipated
5) consumption, waste, misuse, splash
6) strike, kill, pounce, encounter
122. Dictatorship
Dictatorship is not a modern concept. Two thousand years ago, during the period of the Roman
Republic, exceptional powers were sometimes given by the Senate to individual dictators such as Sulla
and Julius Caesar. The intention was that the dictatorship would be temporary and that it would make
it possible to take swift and effective action to deal with an emergency. There is some disagreement as
how the term should be applied today. Should it be used in its original form to describe the temporary
exercise of emergency powers? Or can it now be applied in a much broader sense as common usage
suggests?
Options:
1) exclusive, individual, inclusive, special
2) significance, intention, effort, meaning
3) patient, urgent, immediate, possible
4) agreement, treatment, treaty, disagreement
5) applied, corresponded, avoided, responded
123. Zika
Zika is more pernicious than public health officials anticipated. At present, it is circulating in more than
50 countries. And as of mid-May, seven countries or territories have reported cases of microcephaly or
other serious birth defects linked to the virus, which is transmitted by mosquito bite, blood transfusion or
sexual contact with an infected human. It can also be passed from mother to fetus during pregnancy.
Despite Zika's vast range over almost 70 years, there is little genetic difference among the various
strains, according to an analysis by researchers at the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston.
For example, the strain currently in the Americas and another previously detected in French Polynesia are
practically indistinguishable from each other (group in white box). If the virus has changed so little over
time, why is it rearing its ugly head now? Scientists are not sure yet, but new experimental work in
mosquitoes suggests that the virus was capable of causing detrimental health effects and outbreaks all
along. Therefore, it is unlikely mutations enabled new abilities. Instead, public health officials probably did
not understand Zika's potential because the virus circulated mostly in remote locations until recently.
Options:
1) transmitted, had been transmitted, was transmitted, is transmitted
2) range, extent, number, domain
3) identical, indistinguishable, odd, different
4) shaping, pressing, causing, making
5) is circulated, circulates, are circulated, circulated
124. DNA
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DNA is a molecule that does two things. First, it acts as the familial material, which is passed down from
generation to generation. Second, it directs, to a considerable extent, the construction of our bodies,
telling our cells what kinds of molecules to make and guiding our development from a single-celled
zygote to a fully formed adult. These two things are of course connected . The DNA sequences that
construct the best bodies are more likely to get passed down to the next generation because well-
constructed bodies are more likely to survive and thus to reproduce. This is Darwin's theory of natural
selection stated in the language of DNA.
Options:
1) acquired, familial, nutritional, metabolic
2) establishing, guiding, pushing, determining
3) supplanted, connected, paralleled, required
4) thus, yet, namely, nevertheless
125. Japan and China

At times, a broad stream of knowledge flowed from China to Japan. At other times, this transfer
was halted from one side or the other, and Japan developed on its own culture. But whether in isolation
or not, Japan was always itself. Everything that arrived from China was adapted to suit Japanese tastes
and needs.
Options:
1) expanded, changed, flowed, extended
2) halted, heaved, described, started
3) cared, invented, developed, betrayed
4) produced, stipulated, arrived, gathered
5) forced, disrupted, adopted, adapted
126. Fingerprint (Incomplete)

Points: Fingerprints, referred to as “fingermarks” in forensics, are formed when residue from the ridged
skin of the fingers or palms is [transferred] onto a surface, leaving behind an impression. Fingermarks
are often made of sweat and colorless [contaminating]materials such as soap, moisturizer and grease.
These fingermarks are described as “latent as they are generally invisible to the naked eye, which means
that [locating] them at a crime scene can be challenging.
127. Cardona Salt Mountain

Formed two million years ago when low-density salt was pushed up through the much harder materials
surrounding it, the Cardona Salt Mountain is one of the largest domes of its kind in the world, and
unique in Europe. While small amounts of other minerals pervade the savory hill, the salt pile would
have a near translucent quality if not for the thin layer of reddish clay coating the exterior.
The significance of the mountain was recognized as early as the middle ages when Romans began
exploiting the mountain for its salt, which began to bolster the young Cardonian economy . With the
invention of industrial mining techniques, a mine was built into the side of the mountain and a thriving
facility formed at its base as excavators dragged enormous amounts of potash (water-soluble) salt from
the innards of the hill. In addition to the mineral export, the locals of Cardona began making salt
sculptures to sell and invented a number of hard, salty pastries unique to the area.
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Options:
1) would have, have had, has, has had
2) significant, significance, significantly, signify
3) correspondence, economy, accordance, economist
4) ratio, addition, interest, adaption
128. Viper
The horned desert viper's ability to hunt at night has always puzzled biologists. Though it lies with
its head buried in the sand, it can strike with great precision as soon as prey appears. Now, Young and
physicists Leo van Hemmen and Paul Friedel at the Technical University of Munich in Germany have
developed a model of the snake’s auditory system to explain how the snake 'hears' its prey without really
having the ears for it. Although the vipers have internal ears that can hear frequencies between 200 and
1000 hertz, it is not the sound of the mouse scurrying about that they are detecting. 'The snakes don't
have external eardrums ,' says van Hemmen. So unless the mouse wears boots and starts stamping, the
snake won’t hear it.'
Options:
1) hand, head, chest, feet
2) applications, system, appliance, tools
3) eyeballs, eardrums, eyes, hearings
129. Water Security

Equally critical is the challenge of water security. The UN Environment Programme (UNEP) has pointed
out that about one-third of the world's population lives in countries with moderate to high water stress,
with a disproportionate impact on the poor. With current projected global population growth, the task of
providing water for human sustenance will become increasingly difficult. And increasing competition over
this scarce but vital resource may fuel instability and conflict within states as well as between states.
The UN is doing a great deal in both areas to proactively foster collaboration among Member States.
UNEP has long been actively addressing the water issue together with partner UN agencies and other
organizations. Looking ahead, the UN can do more to build synergies of technology, policy and capacity
in this field. In this regard , events like the annual World Water Week in Stockholm come to the forefront
of the public mind when talking about championing water issues.
Options:
1) singular, equal, disproportionate, improper
2) sustainability, living, maintenance, sustenance
3) conflict, collaboration, association, merging
4) agencies, cooperates, partners, companies
5) regard, speculation, consideration, level
130. Generosity
Americans approached a record level of generosity last year. Of the $260.28bn given to charity in 2005,
76.5 percent of it came from individual donors . These people gave across the range of nonprofit bodies,
from museums to hospitals to religious organizations, with a heavy emphasis on disaster relief after the
Asian tsunami and US hurricanes. In total, Americans gave away 2.2 per cent of their household income
in 2005, slightly above the 40-year average of 2.1 per cent.
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Options:
1) donors, accounts, businessmen, honors
2) analysis, imagination, emphasis, hypothesis
3) sovereignty, coverage, average, indebtedness
131. Canadian Arctic

This summer, 41 UBC alumni and friends participated in expeditions to the Canadian Arctic and the
legendary Northwest Passage. Presentations, conversations and learning accompanied their exploration
of the great outdoors aboard the Russian-flagged Akademik Ioffe, designed and built in Finland as a
scientific research vessel in 1989. Her bridge was open to passengers virtually 24 hours a day. Experts
on board presented on topics including climate change, wildlife, Inuit culture and history, and early
European explorers. UBC professor Michael Byers presented on the issue of Arctic sovereignty,
a growing cause of debate as ice melts, new shipping routes open, and natural
resources become accessible. Recommended pre-trip reading was late UBC alumnus Pierre Bertons
book, The Arctic Grail.
Options:
1) outdoors, view, outside, scene
2) board, boat, ship, sea
3) slight, growing, disappearing, growth
4) were becoming, had become, become, became
132. David Lynch

David Lynch is professor and head of education at Charles Darwin University. Prior to this he was sub
dean in the Faculty of Education and Creative Arts at Central Queensland University and foundation
head of the University’s Noosa campus . David’s career in education began as a primary school teacher
in Queensland in the early 1980’s and progressed to four principal positions before entering higher
education. David’s research interests predominate in teacher education with particular interest in
building teacher capability to meet a changed world.
Options:
1) After, Prior, Last, Before
2) campus, place, camp, college
3) projected, processed, pronounced, progressed
4) leaving, hiring, entering, having
133. Australia Higher Education Funding

Financing of Australian higher education has undergone dramatic change since the early 1970s. Although
the Australian Government provided regular funding for universities from the late 1950s, in 1974
it assumed full responsibility for funding higher education — abolishing tuition fees with the intention of
making university education affordable to all Australians who had the ability and who wished to
participate in higher education. Since the late 1980s, there has been a move towards greater private
contributions, particularly student fees. In 1989, the Australian Government introduced the Higher
Education Contribution Scheme (HECS) which included a loans scheme to help students finance their
contributions. This enabled university to remain accessible to students by delaying their payments until
they could afford to pay off their loans. In 2002, the Australian Government introduced a scheme similar
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to HECS for postgraduate students - the Postgraduate Education Loan Scheme (PELS). Funding for
higher education comes from various sources. This article examines the three main sources - Australian
Government funding, student fees and charges, and HECS. While the proportion of total revenue raised
through HECS is relatively small, HECS payments are a significant component of students' university
costs, with many students carrying a HECS debt for several years after leaving university. This article
also focuses on characteristics of university students based on their HECS liability status, and the level
of accumulated HECS debt.
Options:
1) change, appeal, exhaustion, plateau
2) assumed, subsumed, presumed, consumed
3) without, automatically, with, particularly
4) access, inaccessible, accessibility, accessible
5) produced, carried, remembered, introduced
6) expenses, expenditure, profit, revenue
134. Hairstyles
With their punk hairstyles and bright colors, marmosets and tamarins are among the most attractive
primates on earth. These fast-moving, lightweight animals live in the rainforests of South America. Their
small size makes it easy for them to dart about the trees, catching insects and small animals such as
lizards, frogs, and snails. Marmosets have another unusual food source - they use their chisel-like
incisor teeth to dig into tree bark and lap up the gummy sap that seeps out, leaving telltale, oval-shaped
holes in the branches when they have finished. But as vast tracts of rainforest are cleared for plantations
and cattle ranches, marmosets and tamarins are in serious danger of extinction.
Options:
1) brings, makes, takes, claims
2) originality, provenience, source, origin
3) skin, branches, mouth, ground
4) fatal, endangered, safe, danger
135. Sales Jobs

Sales jobs allow for a great deal of discretionary time and effort on the part of the sales representatives
- especially when compared with managerial, manufacturing, and service jobs. Most sales
representatives work independently and outside the immediate presence of their sales managers.
Therefore, some form of goals needs to be in place to help motivate and guide their performance. Sales
personnel are not the only professionals with performance goals or quotas. Health care professionals
operating in clinics have daily, weekly, and monthly goals in terms of patient visits. Service personnel are
assigned a number of service calls they must perform during a set time period. Production workers in
manufacturing have output goals. So, why are achieving sales goals or quotas such a big deal? The
answer to this question can be found by examining how a firm's other departments are affected by how
well the company's salespeople achieve their performance goals. The success of the business hinges
on the successful sales of its products and services. Consider all the planning, the financial, production
and marketing efforts that go into producing what the sales force sells. Everyone depends on the sales
force to sell the company's products and services and they eagerly anticipate knowing things are going.
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Options:
1) huge, great, few, big
2) helping motivate and guide, to help motivate and guide, have helped motivate and guide, help
motivate and guide
3) have displayed, must perform, are reforming, can take
4) leads to, hinges on, is set to, is set on
5) producing what, consuming as, protecting that, producing where
136. Herbal
A herbal is a book of plants, describing their appearance, their properties and how they may be used for
preparing ointments and medicines. The medical use of plants is recorded on fragments of papyrus and
clay tablets from ancient Egypt, Samaria and China that date back 5,000 years but document traditions
far older still. Over 700 herbal remedies were detailed in the Papyrus Ebers, an Egyptian text written in
1500 BC. Around 65 BC, a Greek physician called Dioscorides wrote a herbal that was translated into
Latin and Arabic. Known as ‘De materia medica’, it became the most influential work on medicinal plants
in both Christian and Islamic worlds until the late 17th century. An illustrated manuscript copy of the text
made in Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) survives from the sixth century. The first printed herbals
date from the dawn of European printing in the 1480s. They provided valuable information for
apothecaries, whose job was to make the pills and potions prescribed by physicians. In the next century,
landmark herbals were produced in England by William Turner, considered to be the father of British
botany, and John Gerard, whose illustrations would inspire the floral fabric, wallpaper and tile designs of
William Morris four centuries later.
Options:
1) registered, recorded, memorized, discovered
2) moved, interpreted, translated, removed
3) preserves, revives, suffers, survives
4) instructed, pointed, prescribed, determined
137. Anesthetics
Before effective anaesthetics, surgery was very crude and very painful. Before 1800, alcohol and opium
had little success in easing pain during operations. Laughing gas was used in 1844 in dentistry in the
USA, but failed to ease all pain and patients remained conscious. Ether (used from 1846) made patients
totally unconscious and lasted a long time. However, it could make patients cough during operations and
sick afterwards. It was highly flammable and was transported in heavy glass bottles. Chloroform (used
from 1847) was very effective with few side effects. However, it was difficult to get the dose right and
could kill some people because of the effect on their heart. An inhaler helped to regulate the dosage.
Options:
1) little, a little, few, a few
2) contained, retained, remained, released
3) has transported, was transported, had transported, have transported
4) rather than, because of, but, due
138. Sales Activities

Organizations need to integrate their sales activities more both internally and with customers' needs
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according to a new book co-authored by an academic at the University of East Anglia. The
book addresses how sales can help organizations to become more customer-oriented and considers
how they are responding to challenges such as increasing competition, more demanding customers and
a more complex selling environment. Many organizations are facing escalating costs and a growth in
customer power, which makes it necessary to allocate resources more strategically. The sales function
can provide critical customer and market knowledge to help inform both innovation and marketing.
However, the authors say that within the industry there is still uncertainty about the shape a future sales
team should take, how it should be managed, and how it fits into their organization's business model.
Options:
1) predicts, stipulates, addresses, writes
2) demanding, aggressive, friendly, needy
3) which, this, that, where
4) that, there, which, it
5) applies, suits, fits, develops
139. Settlement
Over the last ten thousand years there seem to have been two separate and conflicting building
sentiments throughout the history of towns and cities. One is the desire to start again, for a variety of
reasons: an earthquake or a tidal wave may have demolished the settlement, or fire destroyed it, or the
new city marks a new political beginning. The other can be likened to the effect of a magnet: established
settlements attract people, who tend to come whether or not there is any planning for their arrival. The
clash between these two sentiments is evident in every established city unless its development has been
almost completely accidental or is lost in history. Incidentally, many settlements have been planned from
the beginning but, for a variety of reasons, no settlement followed the plan. A good example is
Currowan, on the Clyde River in New South Wales, which was surveyed in the second half of the 19th
century, in expectation that people would come to establish agriculture and a small port. But no one
came.
Options:
1) It, What, One, That
2) highlights, starts, marks, protrudes
3) hesitate, ought, turn, tend
4) whereas, whatever, if, unless
5) has been surveyed, had surveyed, be surveyed, was surveyed
140. Natural Capital

Capital has often been thought of narrowly as physical capital — the machines, tools, and equipment
used in the production of other goods, but our wealth and wellbeing also relies on natural capital. If we
forget this, we risk degrading the services that natural ecosystems provide, which support our economies
and sustain our lives. These services include purifying our water, regulating our climate, reducing flood
risk, and pollinating our crops. The Natural Capital Project — a partnership among WWF, The Nature
Conservancy, University of Minnesota and Stanford University — works to provide decision makers
with reliable ways to assess the true value of the services that ecosystems provide. An essential element
of the Natural Capital Project is developing tools that help decision makers protect biodiversity and
ecosystem services.
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Options:
1) brings about, relies on, adds to, derives from
2) damage, champion, defend, support
3) guiding, diminishing, denying, regulating
4) liable, strong, powerful, reliable
141. Video Conference

Never has the carbon footprint of multi-national corporations been under such intense scrutiny. Inter-
city train journeys and long-haul flights to conduct face-to-face business meetings contribute
significantly to greenhouse gases and the resulting strain on the environment. The Anglo-US company
Teliris has introduced a new video-conferencing technology and partnered with the Carbon Neutral
Company, enabling corporate outfits to become more environmentally responsible. The innovation allows
simulated face-to-face meetings to be held across continents without the time pressure or
environmental burden of international travel. Previous designs have enabled video-conferencing on a
point-to-point, dual-location basis. The firm's VirtuaLive technology, however, can bring people
together from up to five separate locations anywhere in the world - with unrivaled transmission quality.
Options:
1) create, conduct, produce, generate
2) gases, strain, affect, steam
3) pressure, limit, stress, press
4) separate, each, single, respectively
5) unreasonable, unrealistic, unreliable, unrivaled
142. Pollination
According to a research conducted by Cambridge University, flowers can find their own ways to attract
insects to help them pollinate. Flowers will release an irresistible smell. A scientist and her colleagues did
an experiment in which they use fake flowers to attract bees and insects. In their experiments, they freed
many bumblebees from their origins repeatedly and got the same results.
Options:
1) strange, wired, irresistible, uncomfortable
2) friends, children, colleagues, relatives
3) dens, destinations, origins, tastes
143. Definition of Country

What is a country, and how is a country defined? When people ask how many countries there are in the
world, they expect a simple answer. After all, we've explored the whole planet, we have international
travel, satellite navigation and plenty of global organizations like the United Nations, so we should really
know how many countries there are! However, the answer to the question varies according to whom you
ask. Most people say there are 192 countries, but others point out that there could be more like 260 of
them. So why isn't there a straightforward answer? The problem arises because there isn't a universally
agreed definition of 'country' and because, for political reasons, some countries find it convenient to
recognize or not recognize other countries.
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Options:
1) very, whole, only, total
2) for, while, but, so
3) Few, All, Most, Least
4) those, their, other, all
144. Burger King

Drive down any highway，and you'll see a proliferation of chain restaurants—most likely, if you travel
long and far enough you'll see McDonald's golden arches as well as signs for Burger King, Hardee's, and
Wendy's the 'big four' of burgers. Despite its name, though Burger King has fallen short of claiming the
burger crown, unable to surpass market leader McDonald's No. 1 sales status. Always the bridesmaid and
never the bride, Burger King remains No 2. Worse yet, Burger King has experienced a six-year 22
percent decline in customer traffic, with its overall quality rating dropping while ratings for the other
three contenders have increased. The decline has been attributed to inconsistent product quality and
poor customer service. Although the chain tends to throw advertising dollars at the problem, an
understanding of Integrated Marketing Communication theory would suggest that internal management
problems (nineteen CEOs in fifty years) need to be rectified before a unified, long-term strategy can be
put in place. The importance of consistency in brand image and messages, at all levels of
communication, has become a basic tenet of IMC theory and practice. The person who takes the
customer's order must communicate the same message as Burger King's famous tagline, 'Have it your
way,' or the customer will just buzz up the highway to a chain restaurant that seems more consistent
and, therefore, more reliable .
Options:
1) filing, claiming, winning, getting
2) participants, contenders, cooperators, contestants
3) dedicated, contributed, devoted, attributed
4) rectified, ratified, realized, recognized
5) importance, pressure, incumbency, ignorance
6) available, reliable, quality, disputable
145. Pinker
In a sequence of bestsellers, including The Language Instinct and How the Mind Works, Pinker has
argued the swathes of our mental, social and emotional lives may have originated as evolutionary
adaptations, well suited to the lives our ancestors eked out on the Pleistocene savannah. Sometimes it
seems as if nothing is immune from being explained this way. Road rage, adultery, marriage, altruism,
our tendency to reward senior executives with corner offices on the top floor, and the smaller number of
women who become mechanical engineers — all may have their roots in natural selection, Pinker claims.
The controversial implications are obvious: that men and women might differ in their inborn abilities at
performing certain tasks, for example, or that parenting may have little influence on personality.
Options:
1) regarded, described, assimilated, originated
2) prohibited, convinced, immune, protected
3) needs, roots, demands, values
4) differ, complicate, indulge, interested
5) more, some, small, little
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146. Impressionist
Impressionism was a nineteenth century art movement that began as a loose association of Paris-based
artists who started publicly exhibiting their art in the 1860s. Characteristics of Impressionist painting
include visible brush strokes, light colors, open composition, emphasis on light in its changing qualities
(often accentuating the effects of the passage of time), ordinary subject matter, and unusual visual
angles. The name of the movement is derived from Claude Monet's Impression, Sunrise (Impression,
soleil levant). Critic Louis Leroy inadvertently coined the term in a satiric review published in Le
Charivari. Radicals in their time, early Impressionists broke the rules of academic painting. They began by
giving colors, freely brushed, primacy over line, drawing inspiration from the work of painters such as
Eugene Delacroix. They also took the act of painting out of the studio and into the world. Previously, not
only still-lives and portraits, but also landscapes had been painted indoors, but the Impressionists found
that they could capture the momentary and transient effects of sunlight by painting air (in plain air).
Options:
1) emphasized, emphasis, emphatic,, emphasize
2) deriving, have derived, derive, is derived
3) inspiration, inspiring, inspired, inspire
4) act, actor, action, active
5) capture, carry, conduct, culminate
147. Egg-eating Snakes

Egg-eating snakes are a small group of snakes whose diet consists only of eggs. Some eat only small
eggs, which they have to swallow whole , as the snake has no teeth. Instead, some other snakes eat
bigger eggs, but it requires special treatment . These snakes have spines that stick out from the
backbone. The spines crack open the egg as it passes through the throat.
Options:
1) food, meal, snack, diet
2) total, entire, whole, all
3) thinking, treatment, food, supplement
4) about, on, by, out
5) down, up, out, open
148. Paleoanthropologist
Forty years ago yesterday, November 24, 1974, paleoanthropologist Donald Johanson found in Ethiopia
what's arguably the most famous and important fossil of a human ancestor : Lucy. Last month, at the
ScienceWriters2014 meeting in Columbus, Ohio, Johanson talked about the moment he laid eyes on
Lucy. "On that eventful day in 1974 I was out, with a graduate student, Tom Gray, and we were walking
back to our Land Rover to go back to camp to enjoy a swim in the river with the crocodiles and enjoy a
nice little lunch. And I am always looking at the ground. I find more quarters by parking meters than
anybody I know, I think. And you know how it is you find what you're looking for, right? "Because a year
before the discovery a geologist had left his footprints four-to-five feet away from the skeleton ,
because he was looking for rocks. I was looking for bones. And I found a little piece of elbow, that
little hinge that allows us to flex and extend our arm. And I knew from my studies of osteology, of
comparative anatomy and so on, that this had to be from a human ancestor. "And as I looked up the
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slope, I saw other fragments eroding out. And we recovered over a two-week-long excavation operation
roughly, not counting hand and foot bones, 40 percent of a skeleton. And this was important because
first of all it broke the three-million-year time barrier. All the fossils older than three million years at that
point in the history of paleoanthropology would fit in the palm of your hand…we didn't know it was a
new species really until a few years later when we finally published in 1978 the name Australopithecus
afarensis." For more, check out the blog item on our Web site by Scientific American's Kate Wong who,
with Johanson, co-authored the book Lucy's Legacy. Kate's blog is titled The Fossil That Revolutionized
the Search for Human Origins: A Q&A with Lucy Discoverer Donald Johanson.
Options:
1) ancestor, dulcimer, mantissa, cullender
2) discovery, confession, concealment, interpolation
3) skeleton, singleton, insulin, chairperson
4) hinge, axis, pulley, knot
5) malice, deterrence, fragments, ballots
6) published, object, encampment, eructed
149. Australia and New Zealand

Australia and New Zealand have many common links. Both countries were recently settled by Europeans,
are predominantly English speaking and in that sense, share a common cultural heritage . Although in
close proximity to one another, both countries are geographically isolated and have small populations by
world standards . They have similar histories and enjoy close relations on many fronts. In terms of
population characteristics , Australia and New Zealand have much in common. Both countries have
minority indigenous populations, and during the latter half of the 20th century have seen a steady stream
of migrants from a variety of regions throughout the world. Both countries have experienced similar
declines in fertility since the high levels recorded during the baby boom, and alongside this have enjoyed
the benefits of continually improving life expectancy. One consequence of these trends is that both
countries are faced with an ageing population, and the associated challenge of providing appropriate
care and support for this growing group within the community.
Options:
1) heritage, asset, appearance, prestige
2) statistics, standards, authorities, records
3) senses, characteristics, aspects, directions
4) experienced, expected, compensated, estimated
5) associated, favourable, comprehensive, irrevocable
150. Keith Haring

Keith Haring began as an underground artist, literally. His first famous projects were pieces of stylized
graffiti drawn in New York subway stations. Haring travelled from station to station, drawing with chalk
and chatting with commuters about his work. These doodles helped him develop his classic style and he
grew so prolific , doing up to 40 drawings a day, that it was not long before fame and a measure of
fortune followed. Soon, galleries and collectors from the art establishment wanted to buy full-sized
pieces by Haring. The paintings skyrocketed in price but this did not sit well with Haring's philosophy. He
believed that art, or at least his art, was for everyone. Soon, Haring opened a store which he called the
Pop Shop, which he hoped would attract a broad range of people. While somewhat controversial among
street artists, some of whom accused Haring of 'selling out', the Pop Shop changed the way people
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thought about the relationship between art and business.
Options:
1) drawers, drew, draws, drawn
2) prolific, pedantic, perceptive, proactive
3) in part, at least, by contrast, actually
4) those, whom, them, whose
151. Honorary Degree

Victoria University of Wellington has conferred an honorary degree on a distinguished astrophysicist in a
recent graduation ceremony. Professor Warrick Couch received the honorary degree of Doctor of
Science for his remarkable contribution to our knowledge of galaxies and dark energy. Professor Couch
is a distinguished astrophysicist who has played a crucial role in the discovery that the Universe is
expanding at an accelerating rate, a finding which led to the lead scientists being awarded a Nobel Prize
in Physics in 2011, which he attended in recognition of his contribution. In his research, Professor Couch
uses large ground-based and space-based telescopes to observe galaxy clusters, which are the largest
Structures in the Universe. He is also involved in a number of national and international committees
overseeing the management of these telescopes. In addition to his own research activities, Professor
Couch has worked to support young researchers and provide public comment on astronomy
internationally.
Options:
1) was receiving, received, had received, is received
2) led, played, done, found
3) who, they, those, which
4) As a result of, Instead of, In addition to, Regarding
Page 167 of 260

Multiple Choice (Multiple)

1. Turks and Caicos (Incomplete)
Points: The Turks and Caicos Islands are a multi-island archipelago at the southern tip of the Bahamas
chain, approximately 550 miles south-east of Florida. The islands are an overseas territory' of the United
Kingdom although they exercise a high degree of local political autonomy. The economy of the islands
rests mainly on tourism, with some contribution from offshore banking and fishing. Primary schooling is
divided into eight grades, with most pupils entering at the age of four years and leaving at twelve. After
two kindergarten years, Grades 1-6 are covered by a graded curriculum in maths, language, and science
that increases in difficulty as pupils get older. There is little repetition and pupils are expected to
progress through primary school in their age cohorts. At the end of primary schooling, pupils sit an
examination that serves to stream them in the secondary setting. Primary and secondary school
enrolment is virtually universal. There are a total of ten government primary schools on the Islands. Of
these, seven are large enough to organize pupils into single-grade classrooms. Pupils in these schools
are generally grouped by age into mixed-ability' classes. The remaining three schools, because of their
small pupil numbers, operate with multigrade groupings. They serve communities with small populations
whose children cannot travel to a neighboring larger primary school. Pupils in these classes span up to
three grade and age groups. As far as classroom organization is concerned, the multigrade and
monograde classrooms are similar in terms of the number of pupils and the general seating
arrangements, with pupils in rows facing the blackboard. There is no evidence that the multigrade
teachers operate in a particularly resource-poor environment in the Turks and Caicos Island. This is in
contrast to studies conducted in other developing country contexts. Question 1: In the last paragraph,
what information can you have? Options: Multigrade and monograde have similar teaching resource; In
this area multigrade is better than that in other countries. Question 2：According to the text, which of
the following statements can be concluded about primary classes in the Turks and Caicos Islands?
Options: Multigrade classes are mostly found in smaller schools； Most primary pupils are in mixed-
ability classes.
(APEUni Website / App RMCM #105)
2. Children Care (Incomplete)

Points: 要点：关于child care 。选项：government child care 更有效；（答案）带mother的选项。（答
案）
3. Optional Courses (Incomplete)

Points: 要点：关于美国的教育制度，提到secondary school和high school。本来提供很多课程是为了学⽣可
以向⾃⼰喜欢的⽅向发展，结果学⽣只是和关系好的⼈选同⼀⻔或选容易的课程，使得课程设置原本的⽬的没
有达到。选项：结果不如intended那样；（答案）学⽣可以⾃主选择课程。（答案）
4. Jails (Incomplete)
Points: About prison with a lot of numbers, including the percentage of prisoners, what crimes they have
bee imprisoned for and how long they will be kept in.
5. (Incomplete)
Points: 要点：关于新能源公交⻋electronic buses, 提到两个公司，公司1占有市场份额的60%。 government
购买这种bus to be environmentally friendly。选项：A: 政府为了环保购买这种bus ；（答案） B: 公司1的
Page 168 of 260

market share⼤于公司2 ；（答案）

6. Pink Tube (Incomplete)

Points: A picture of a wild duke with the caption 'pink tube'. The duke has a pink tube circling on its
ankle. One of the reasons why ducks are decreasing is that they enter fishing areas mistakenly and are
caught by fishing nets. Question：Which of the following statements are true? Option：Pink tubes
protect ducks from being caught by fishing nets.
7. ANZAC (Incomplete)
Points: ANZAC（Australian and New Zealand Army Corps) in the battle field of World War One in
Gallipoli, Turkey. Options：ANZAC has profound impacts on modern Australians' values; (True) Soldiers
threw grenades against those on the other side; (True, according to 'back and forth' in the first
paragraph, because ANZAC was close enough to the target) Many people were used in the construction
of defense works; 13,000 Turks died; (False) Those dead soldiers had come from other campaigns;
(False) ANZAC invaded Turkey.(False)
8. History of Sleep
Original:
September 2, 1752, was a great day in the history of sleep. That Wednesday evening, millions of British
subjects in England and the colonies went peacefully to sleep and did not wake up until twelve days
later. Behind this feat of narcoleptic prowess was not same revolutionary hypnotic technique or
miraculous pharmaceutical discovered in the West Indies. It was, rather, the British Calendar Act of 1751,
which declared the day after Wednesday 2nd to be Thursday 14th. Prior to that cataleptic September
evening, the official British calendar differed from that of continental Europe by eleven days—that is,
September 2 in London was September 13 in Paris, Lisbon, and Berlin. The discrepancy had sprung from
Britain's continued use of the Julian calendar, which had also been the official calendar of Europe from
its invention by Julius Caesar (after whom it was named) in 45 B.C. until the decree of Pope Gregory XIII
in 1582. Caesar's calendar, which consisted of eleven months of 30 or 31 days and a 28-day February
(extended to 29 days every fourth year), was actually quite accurate: it erred from the real solar calendar
by only 11.5 minutes a year. After centuries, though, even a small inaccuracy like this adds up. By the
sixteenth century, it had put the Julian calendar behind the solar one by 10 days. In Europe, in 1582,
Pope Gregory XIII ordered the advancement of the Julian calendar by 10 days and introduced a new
corrective device to curb further error: century years such as 1700 or 1800 would no longer be counted
as leap years, unless they were (like 1600 or 2000) divisible by 400.
Question:
What factors were involved in the disparity between the calendars of Britain and Europe in the 17th
century?
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Options:
A) the provisions of the British Calendar Act of 1751
B) Britain's continued use of the Julian calendar
C) the accrual of very minor differences between the calendar used in Britain and real solar events
D) the failure to include years divisible by four as leap years
E) the decree of Pope Gregory XIII
F) revolutionary ideas which had emerged from the West Indies
G) Britain's use of a calendar consisting of twelve months rather than eleven
Answer:
B, C, E
9. Decision
Original:
By the laws of probability, most decisions made under pressure should be flawed ones, yet psychologists
have found that people routinely make correct judgments most of the time, even with limited information.
One of Gladwell's surprising points is that we can actually learn how to make better snap judgments, in
the same way that we can learn logical, deliberative thinking. But first we have to accept the idea that
thinking long and hard about something does not always deliver us better results, and that the brain
actually evolved to make us think on our feet.
Question:
Which of the following does the passage tell us about decision making?
Options:
A) The brain is designed to enable quick decision making.
B) Quick decision making can be improved.
C) Quick decision making routinely leads to error.
D) To make correct decisions we require all relevant information.
E) Thinking things through thoroughly will lead to greater success.
Answer:
A, B
Page 170 of 260

Re-order Paragraphs
1. Amazon Drought (Incomplete)
Points: In 1930s, Amazon had droughts. In 2000-2005 a large area of rainforest had droughts, too. One
of them lasted for a year. Scientists are concerned with this long-term consequence.
(APEUni Website / App RO #571)
2. Coral Reefs
Correct Order:
1) Coral reefs support more marine life than any other ocean ecosystem and are, not surprisingly, a
favorite pursuit for many divers.
2) But as well as being physically and biologically spectacular, coral reefs also sustain the livelihoods of
over half a billion people.
3) What is more, this number is expected to double in coming decades while the area of high-quality
reef is expected to halve.
4) In combination with the very real threat of climate change, which could lead to increased seawater
temperatures and ocean acidification, we start to arrive at some quite frightening scenarios.
3. Notion of Engineering (Incomplete)

Points: Sentence 1: The England tend to adopt ... approach. Sentence 2: The France tend to adopt ...
approach so they have developed fast in some areas, which is called different branches of engineering.
Sentence 3: The scientists have formed a small community, ... secrets within ... Sentence 4: The notion of
engineering ...
4. Crab
Correct Order:
1) The last time you splurged on a live lobster for dinner, you might not have given any thought to how
much the little guy was going to suffer as he boiled to death.
2) Until recently many researchers believed the crustacean nervous system too primitive to process pain.
3) Scientists at Queen's University in Belfast now think that crustaceans may be more sensitive to pain
than previously thought.
4) And they found that crabs that experienced an electric shock when they hid under a safe, dark rock
would eventually learn to avoid the hiding place.
5. Age (Incomplete)
Points: Four sentences about humans not animals. One of the sentences is 'we are/ were all age/ages.'
6. Project (Incomplete)
Points: Sentence 1. A boss and his employees do a project. Sentence 2. If you are ... you will be invited
to an interview. Sentence 3. We will provide you ... Sentence 4. When the project is finished, you should
hand in a ...
7. Darwin
Page 171 of 260

Correct Order:
1) Charles Darwin was born on 12 February 1809 into a rich and powerful family.
2) His paternal grandfather was Erasmus Darwin, a famous scientist who came up with his own theory of
evolution, while his maternal grandfather was Josah Wedgwood, of pottery fame.
3) Despite this, for the first decades of his life Darwin failed to distinguish himself, first dropping out of
medical studies in Edinburgh because he hated the sight of blood, and subsequently entering Cambridge
to study for the profession of clergyman very much as second option.
4) Yet Darwin was gaining great skill as an amateur naturalist and it was this that allow him to seize the
opportunity presented when he was offered an unpaid position as scientist on board the Beacle, a naval
surveying ship bound for the farthest corners of the globe.
5) The five-year voyage was the making of Darwin, providing him with the wealth of observations of the
natural world that established him as one of the foremost scientists of his age and provided the raw
material for his revolutionary theory.
8. Ada (Incomplete)
Points: Ada was the poet Byron's daughter. Many people waited to see if Ada had the potential same as
her father's. Her mother, who had a title of countess, did not want the daughter to be a person like the
father since Ada's birth. So she only cultivated the daughter's interest in maths and science.
9. Travel (Incomplete)
Points: Travel is luxury and ... Until now travel has been very expensive. With the development of
accommodation, travel has become convenient.
10. Agriculture (Incomplete)

Points: NRC(NEC?) ... agriculture ... technology ... ... institution released a publication about agriculture,
then researched technologies related to agriculture ...
11. Temperature Measurement (Incomplete)

Points: Four sentences about temperature rising. In 1980 ... was used to measure temperature. Earlier
than the invention of thermometer, ... was used to measure temperature.
12. Meerkats
Correct Order:
1) Meerkats, a small group-living mongooses in southern Africa, have been so extensively studied and
filmed that we can follow individuals through their lives like characters in an animal soap opera.
2) The Kalahari Desert meerkats, Suricata Suricatta, have been followed over generations.
3) They are so habituated to humans that they will climb on and off weighing scales when a scientist
wants to weigh an animal.
4) It is remarkable that behavior, which at one time could only be observed by dedicated field workers, is
now readily available for all of us to see.
13. Leaf Structure
Page 172 of 260

Correct Order:
1) The natural structure found within leaves could improve the performance of everything from
rechargeable batteries to high-performance gas sensors, according to an international team of
scientists.
2) The researchers have designed a porous material that utilises a vascular structure, such as that found
in the veins of a leaf, and could make energy transfers more efficient.
3) The material could improve the performance of rechargeable batteries, optimising the charge and
discharge process and relieving stresses within the battery electrodes, which, at the moment, limit their
life span.
4) The same material could be used for high performance gas sensing or for catalysis to break down
organic pollutants in water.
14. Takeaway Meals

Correct Order:
1) Over time, fashion and people's tastes change.
2) Such changes affect the demand for products and services.
3) Changes in work patterns tend to mean that fewer families sit down in the evening for a traditionally
produced family meal, often because a lack of time.
4) Consequently, people are now more likely to buy takeaway meals or convenience food, as opposed to
ingredients for meals that take time to prepare.
5) In contrast, people now tend to spend more time shopping and are therefore more likely to spend time
relaxing in a coffee shop or restaurant while on a shopping trip.
15. Locomotion
Correct Order:
1) Researchers need to understand why different forms of locomotion evolved.
2) Long-held assumptions, such as the need for energy efficiency, have already been overturned.
3) For example, a mechanical ankle brace can improve the metabolic efficiency of human walking,
implying that walking is inefficient.
4) But variation of movement is important, too: such an ankle brace holds you back if you try to skip,
gallop or skitter.
5) Similarly, legged robots struggle to deploy different gaits, just as roboticists struggle to enumerate
them.
16. Mandarin
Correct Order:
1) Mandarin is the most common language in the world as it is the official language of Mainland China,
Taiwan, and one of the official languages of Singapore.
2) Thus, Mandarin is commonly referred to as ‘Chinese’.
3) But in fact, it is just one of many Chinese languages.
4) Depending on the region, Chinese people also speak Wu, Hunanese, Jiangxinese, Hakka, Min, and
many other languages.
5) Even in one province, there can be multiple languages spoken. For example, in Fujian province, you
can hear Min, Fuzhounese, and Mandarin being spoken, each being very distinct from the other.
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17. US Manufacturing (Incomplete)

Points: Five sentences. ... increased job opportunities ... ... manufacturing in US ... ... automation
improves efficiency ...
18. Poincaré
Correct Order:
1) Poincaré had an especially interesting view of scientific induction.
2) Laws, he said, are not direct generalizations of experience; they aren’t mere summaries of the points
on the graph.
3) Rather, the scientist declares the law to be some interpolated curve that is more or less smooth and
so will miss some of those points.
4) Thus a scientific theory is not directly falsifiable by the data of experience; instead, the falsification
process is more indirect.
19. Sun Light (Incomplete)

Points: Sentence 1.The sun ... light ..... Sentence 2. It provides .... for plants ... Sentence 3. Trees use this
sunlight .... chemical energy ... Sentence 4.This energy ...
20. Rectangle and Square (Incomplete)

Points: Sentence 1: A rectangle also has four sides. Sentence 2: The only difference is that rectangles'
all four sides are not equal. Sentence 3: Two short lines equal to each other. Sentence 4: Two long lines
(make some angle?) ...
21. Child Temptation（孩⼦的诱惑）

Correct Order:
1) A four-to-six-year-old child sits alone in a room at a table facing a marshmallow on a plate.
2) The child is told: if you don't eat this treat for 15 minutes you can have both this one and a second
one.
3) Kids on average wait for five or six minutes before eating the marshmallow.
4) The longer a child can resist the temptation has been correlated with higher general competency later
in life.
22. O'Keeffe
Correct Order:
1) O'Keeffe never formally recorded her theories about art.
2) She did, however, leave a long trail of interviews and letters that reveal how she approached her
painting practice—and the rituals, experiences, and environments that inspired her.
3) Correspondence with her husband, photographer Alfred Stieglitz, in particular, offers a raw, honest
glimpse into O'Keeffe's creative mind.
4) The two exchanged 25,000 pages of letters between 1915 and 1946, during which time she found her
voice as an artist: first, through her flower paintings, and later, through landscapes and surrealistic still
lifes inspired by her mountainous, skull-studded surroundings in New Mexico.
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23. Actors' Performance

Correct Order:
1) In a wonderful set of studies and subsequent book, Elly A. Konijn looked to the question of how much
actors are aware of their performance as they perform it, and how much they let the character 'take
over'.
2) She asked Dutch actors to rate their own emotions and the emotions of the characters they were
playing across a range of affective states (from disgust and anxiety to tenderness and pleasure).
3) She found that positive emotions were often felt by the actors as they played those character's
emotions.
4) However, the more negative the emotion of the character, the less likely the actor would report feeling
that emotion onstage
24. Financial Literacy

Correct Order:
1) It is easy to assume that a programme of financial literacy can be set up quite quickly but there are
numerous potential pitfalls which hold back a clear start time.
2) This is because when working with a variety of partners the potential for delays increase enormously.
3) There can be problems contacting organisers, difficulties in negotiating dates and times, problems
finding suitable accommodation and general procrastination on the pan of people who may have
conflicting priorities.
4) In addition, there may be a need to provide group members with childcare facilities, which can add to
the difficulty of finding suitable accommodation, equipment and staffing.
25. Understanding Differences（了解差异）

Correct Order:
1) Around 1 billion people depend on water resources originating from the Hindu-Kush Karakoram
Himalayan region, attributable to both rainfall and melting of snow and ice.
2) The wind in the valleys in the region plays an important role in transporting clouds and moisture and
redistributing snow in the valleys, and so understanding what drives this wind is crucial.
3) Around the world, wind in valleys generally travels up the valley, and up the sides of mountains, during
the day.
4) This is often driven by differences in pressure caused by the slopes of the mountains and the shape
of the valleys.
26. Brain Function

Correct Order:
1) The brain is our most treasured possession.
2) It coordinates our movements, our words, our relationships, and the ability to pass on our genes.
3) Our body therefore protects the organ fiercely: The central nervous system polices particles traveling
through the bloodstream and invites only the safest into our cognitive chamber.
4) This selective process occurs due to a proactive boundary known as the blood-brain barrier.
5) The barrier serves a vital role, but is also poses a tremendous challenge for scientists developing
drugs to treat brain-based disorders.
Page 175 of 260

27. Hand Language (Incomplete)

Points: 要点：⼿语包括了body posture、肢体语⾔，等等，因其的complexity，⼿语很少有⼈教。不过AI的
发展会解决这个问题。
28. Superpower (Incomplete)

Points: 1)The 'superpower' has international text, which means having control on resources and ...
political power 2) It's including 3) In terms of "green superpower", .... 4) In addition to the green energy
superpower, companies should meet above global average ... emissions and .
29. Nightinggale
Correct Order:
1) The data to be reported here come from a longitudinal study of the untutored acquisition of English as
a second language by a five-year-old Japanese girl whom we shall call Uguisu, nightingale in Japanese.
2) Her family came to the United States for a period of two years while her father was a visiting scholar
at Harvard, and they took residence in North Cambridge, a working-class neighborhood.
3) The children in that neighborhood were her primary source of language input.
4) Uguisu also attended public kindergarten for two hours every day, and later elementary school, but
with no tutoring in English syntax.
30. Food Label (Incomplete)

Points: 1. she said开头说⼤家要知道吃的nutrition 2. Hence nomadic hunter-gatherer societies have few
or no such full-time specialists, who instead first appear in sedentary societies. 3. 2010Lady Michelle
Obama launched food labelling. 4. xx, for example,xxxx
31. Mars From Earth（地球到⽕星）

Correct Order:
1) To overcome the pull of gravity and reach another body in space you need to achieve a certain speed.
2) A journey to Mars from Earth's surface requires a minimum total speed of nearly 30,000mph.
3) This requires large rockets, tonnes of fuel, and complex orbital maneuvering.
4) Due to the moon's weaker gravitational field, the same journey from the lunar surface would "only"
require a speed of 6,500mph (2.9km/s).
5) This is roughly one third of that necessary to reach the International Space Station from Earth.
32. Pidgin
Correct Order:
1) In some areas, the standard chosen may be a variety that originally had no native speakers in the
country.
2) For example, in Papua New Guinea, a lot of official business is conducted in Tok Pisin.
3) This language is now used by over a million people, but it began many years earlier as a kind of
'contact' language called a pidgin.
4) A pidgin is a variety of a language (e.g. English) that developed for some practical purpose, such as
trading, among groups of people who had a lot of contact, but who did not know each other' s
languages.
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33. Blue Halo

Correct Order:
1) Latest research has found that several common flower species have nanoscale ridges on the surface
of their petals that meddle with light when viewed from certain angles.
2) These nanostructures scatter light particles in the blue to ultraviolet colour spectrum, generating a
subtle effect that scientists have christened the 'blue halo'.
3) By manufacturing artificial surfaces that replicated 'blue halos', scientists were able to test the effect
on pollinators, in this case foraging bumblebees.
4) They found that bees can see the blue halo, and use it as a signal to locate flowers more efficiently.
34. Ants
Correct Order:
1) It's often said that ants can predict impending rain and respond by changing their behavior.
2) Some people say that if you see ants building their mounds higher, or building them from different
materials, this might signal the coming of rain.
3) But is there any scientific evidence to support this piece of folk wisdom?
4) The short answer is "no", although it is a difficult question to answer partly because of the sheer
diversity of ants - there are 13,000 named species on the planet!
35. Marine Creature

Correct Order:
1) In order to establish whether diversity matters in the sea as well as on land, 11 marine biologists, along
with three economists, have joined forces.
2) They have spent the past three years crunching all the numbers they could lay their hands on.
3) These ranged from the current UN Food and Agriculture Organization's database to information
hundreds of years old, gleaned from kitchen records and archeology.
4) The results of this comprehensive analysis have been published in Science.
36. Art History

Correct Order:
1) Art history is the study of objects of art in their historical development and stylistic contexts.
2) The study includes painting, sculpture, architecture, ceramics, furniture, and other decorative objects.
3) Art history is the history of different groups of people and their culture represented throughout their
artwork.
4) Art historians compare different time periods in art history.
5) As a term, art history (its product being history of art) encompasses several methods of studying the
visual arts; in common usage referring to works of art and architecture.
37. Children's Verbal Skills

Correct Order:
1) Many young children are inexperienced in dealing with emotional upheaval.
2) As a result, they lack the coping strategies that many adults have.
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3) In particular, they lack the verbal skills to express their emotions and to effectively communicate their
need for emotional support.
4) Frustration of not being able to effectively communicate may manifest itself in alternative behaviors.
5) Moreover, such behaviors may risk developing behavioral, social and emotional problems.
38. World Feeding

Correct Order:
1) We' ll likely have two billion more mouths to feed by mid-century --more than nine billion people.
2) But sheer population growth isn't the only reason we' ll need more food.
3) The spread of prosperity across the world, especially in China and India, is driving an increased
demand for meat, eggs, and dairy, boosting pressure to grow more corn and soybeans to feed more
cattle, pigs, and chickens.
4) If these trends continue, the double whammy of population growth and richer diets will require us to
roughly double the amount of crops we grow by 2050.
39. Two-and-a-half（2.5升空⽓）
Correct Order:
1) To gauge optimism and pessimism, the researchers set up an experiment involving 22 calves.
2) Before they started the experiment, they trained the calves to understand which of their choices
would lead to a reward.
3) In the training, each calf entered a small pen and found a wall with five holes arranged in a horizontal
line, two-and-a-half feet apart.
4) The hole at one end contained milk from a bottle, while the hole at the opposite end contained only an
empty bottle and delivered a puff of air in calves' faces.
5) The calves learned quickly which side of the pen held the milk reward.
40. EU Fishing
Correct Order:
1) The European Union has two big fish problems.
2) One is that, partly as a result of its failure to manage them properly, its own fisheries can no longer
meet European demand.
3) The other is that its governments won't confront their fishing lobbies and decommission all the
surplus boats.
4) The EU has tried to solve both problems by sending its fishermen to West Africa. Since 1979 it has
struck agreements with the government of Senegal, granting our fleets access to its waters.
5) As a result, Senegal's marine ecosystem has started to go the same way as ours.
41. Glow Worm

Correct Order:
1) The Newnes railroad was closed in 1932 after 25 years of shipping oil shale.
2) The rails were pulled out of the 600-meter tunnel, which had been bored through the sandstone in
the Wollemi National Park, and the tunnel was left to its own devices.
3) For Newnes, that meant becoming home to thousands and thousands of glow worms.
4) The glow worm is a catch-all name for the bioluminescent larvae of various species, in this case, the
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Arachnocampa richardsae, a type of fungus gnat.

5) Found in massive numbers in caves, the fungus gnat larvae cling to the rocky walls of the abandoned
tunnel and hunt with long, glowing strings of sticky mucus.
42. Hip Pop

Correct Order:
1) Hip hop emerged as a reaction to the gang culture and violence of the South Bronx in the 1970s, and
daily experiences of poverty, racism, exclusion, crime, violence, and neglect.
2) It necessarily embodies and values resilience, understanding, community and social justice.
3) Without these, Hip Hop culture would never have been, and it is because these values remain at its
core that Hip Hop is such a powerful agent of positive social change around the world.
4) Yet, the hip hop project is not yet free from these difficult circumstances.
43. Be Objective（保持客观）
Correct Order:
1) Experts especially journalists, inevitably find it difficult to be objective because of their culture
background.
2) Journalists tried their best not to be biased.
3) However, including every aspect of an issue is as easy as calling for every candidate to participate in
presidential debate.
4) Some aspects are not included in the reporting.
44. Carbon Pricing in Canada

Correct Order:
1) There is a growing consensus that, if serious action is to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions in Canada, a price must be applied to those emissions.
2) There are, however, challenges associated with the political acceptability of carbon pricing.
3) If Canada implements a carbon price on its own, there are worries that Canadian factories will
relocate to other countries to avoid the regulation.
4) Even if other countries act in concert with Canada to price carbon, the effects will be uneven across
sectors, and lobbying efforts by relatively more-affected sectors might threaten the political viability of
the policy.
45. Heart Attack

Correct Order:
1) Heart attack is caused by the sudden blockage of a coronary artery by a blood clot.
2) When the clot is formed, it will stay in the blood vessels.
3) The clot in blood vessels will block blood flow.
4) Without the normal blood flow, it will cause muscle contraction.
46. Foreign Aid

Correct Order:
1) By the beginning in the 1990s, foreign aid had begun to slowly improve.
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2) Scrutiny by the news media shamed many developed countries into curbing their bad practices.
3) Today, the projects of organizations like the World Bank are meticulously inspected by watchdog
groups.
4) Although the system is far from perfect, it is certainly more transparent than it was when foreign aid
routinely helped ruthless dictators stay in power.
47. Pilot
Correct Order:
1) After finishing first in his pilot training class, Lindbergh took his first job as the chief pilot of an airmail
route operated by Robertson Aircraft Co. of Lambert Field in St. Louis, Missouri.
2) He flew the mail in a de Havilland DH-4 biplane to Springfield, Peoria and Chicago, Illinois.
3) During his tenure on the mail route, he was renowned for delivering the mail under any circumstances.
4) After a crash, he even salvaged stashes of mail from his burning aircraft and immediately phoned
Alexander Varney, Peoria's airport manager, to advise him to send a truck.
48. Local Logger（当地⽊⼯）

Correct Order:
1) Sephua, a ramshackle town on the edge of Peru's Amazon jungle, nestles in a pocket on the map
where a river of the same name flows into the Urubamba.
2) That pocket denotes a tiny patch of legally loggable land sandwiched between four natural reserves,
all rich in mahogany and accessible from the town.
3) In 2001 the government, egged on by WWF, a green group, tried to regulate logging in the relatively
small part of the Peruvian Amazon where this is allowed.
4) It abolished the previous system of annual contracts.
5) Instead, it auctioned 40-year concessions to areas ruled off on a map, with the right to log 4% of the
area each year. The aim was to encourage strict management plans and sustainable extraction.
49. A Big Challenge（⼤挑战）

Correct Order:
1) When Vijay Govindarajan and Christian Sarkar wrote a blog entry on Harvard Business Review in
August 2010 mooting the idea of a "$300- house for the poor", they were merely expressing a
suggestion.
2) Of course, the idea we present here is an experiment," wrote Prof Govindarajan, a professor of
international business at the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth and Mr Sarkar, a marketing
consultant who works on environmental issues - an almost apologetic disclaimer for having such a "far-
out" idea.
3) Who could create a house for $300 and if it was possible, why hadn't it been done before?
4) Nonetheless, they closed their blog with a challenge: "We ask chief executives, governments, NGOs,
foundations: Are there any takers?"
50. Sojourner
Correct Order:
1) More recent missions to Mars include the hugely successful Mars Pathfinder, which landed a small
‘rover’ called Sojourner on the surface to explore a region where there may once have been life.
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2) Sojourner has now been effectively switched off, but lasted almost twelve times its expected lifetime.
3) Similarly the lander, which imaged several areas around the landing site (dubbed the Carl Sagan
Memorial site) and took atmospheric measurements, lasted a good deal longer than expected.
4) The only unfortunate thing to have arisen from the mission is the naming of the rocks at the landing
site (including everything from Scooby Doo to Darth Vader).
51. Mission
Correct Order:
1) Early in 1938, Mario de Andrade, the municipal secretary of culture here, dispatched a four- member
Folklore Research Mission to the northeastern hinterlands of Brazil on a similar mission.
2) The intention was to record as much music as possible as quickly as possible, before encroaching
influences like radio and cinema began transforming the region’s distinctive culture.
3) They recorded whoever and whatever seemed to be interesting: piano carriers, cowboys, beggars,
voodoo priests, quarry workers, fishermen, dance troupes and even children at play.
4) But the Brazilian mission’s collection ended up languishing in vaults here.
52. Pilot
Correct Order:
1) After World War II, especially in North America, there was a boom in general aviation, both private and
commercial, as thousands of pilots were released from military service and much inexpensive war-
surplus transport and training aircraft became available.
2) Manufacturers such as Cessna, Piper, and Beechcraft expanded production to provide light aircraft
for the new middle-class market.
3) By the 1950s, the development of civil jets grew, beginning with the de Havilland Comet, though the
first widely used passenger jet was the Boeing 707 because it was much more economical than other
aircraft at that time.
4) At the same time, turboprop propulsion began to appear for smaller commuter planes, making it
possible to serve small-volume routes in a much wider range of weather conditions.
53. Some Type Soda（某些类型的苏打）

Correct Order:
1) A reaction that needs some type of energy to make it go is said to be endothermic. It takes in energy.
2) For example, the sherbet you used for the chapter problem on page 25 is a mixture of baking soda
and citric acid.
3) When it is mixed with water in your mouth, an endothermic reaction occurs, taking heat energy from
your mouth and making it feel cooler.
4) Another example of an endothermic reaction is seen with the cold packs used by athletes to treat
injuries. These packs usually consist of a plastic bag containing ammonium nitrate dissolves in the water.
5) This process is endothermic-taking heat energy from the surroundings and cooling the injured part of
your body. In this way, the cold pack acts as an ice pack.
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Fill in the Blanks (Reading)

1. Trinity Sport and Fitness
Whether you want to exercise and stay fit , train professionally with like-minded people, or indulge your
competitive streak, Trinity Sport and Fitness has it covered. We've got a dedicated support development
team on campus to support every student taking part in sports. You might want to participate in sports
competitions volunteer with a local sports class or simply play for fun with our social sport program.
Trinity fitness members of our public-facing sports facility will also entitle you to discounts when you are
booking a sports facility and fitness class. You will also get an opportunity to benefit from tailored
personal training, free activities events, and lots more.
Options:
benefit, fit, health, sense, fun, part
(APEUni Website / App FIBR #875)
2. Major Selection (Incomplete)

Points: Students should attend an (examination) before selection of major. If a student wants to choose
a (special) area, he or she has to ...
3. Gold (Incomplete)
Points: Gold is a metal, which can appreciate in commodity trading, including in depression.
4. Philosophy (Incomplete)
Points: Philosophy is a certain area of ( ) recognized by English-speaking philosophers.
5. David Lynch (Explanation)

David Lynch is professor and head of education at Charles Darwin University. And prior to this he was
sub dean in the Faculty of Education and Creative Arts at Central Queensland University and foundation
head of the University’s Noosa campus . David’s career in education began as a primary school teacher
in Queensland in the early 1980’s and progressed to four principal positions before entering higher
education. David’s research interests predominate in teacher education with particular interest in
building teacher capability to meet a changed world.
Options:
acted, beginning, campus, department, entering, began, progressed
6. Charity (Incomplete)
Points: About differences between charity and non-profit organizations. Different characteristics.
Charity supports (causes) and people. While non-profit organizations: hobby (clubs). Options:
submissions, exception, effects, advocacy.
7. Ballet-pantomime (Explanation)
Most important of all is the fact that for each new ballet-pantomime created at the Paris Opera during
the July Monarchy, a new score was produced. The reason for this is simple: these ballet-pantomimes
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told stories — elaborate ones — and music was considered an indispensable tool in getting them across
to the audience. Well, therefore , music had to be newly created to fit each story. Music tailor-made for
each new ballet-pantomime, however, was only one weapon in the Opera's explanatory arsenal.
And another was the ballet-pantomime libretto, a printed booklet of fifteen to forty pages in length,
which was sold in the Operas lobby(like the opera libretto), and which laid out the plot in painstaking
detail, scene by scene. Critics also took it upon themselves to recount the plots (of both ballet-
pantomimes and operas) in their reviews of premieres. So did the publishers of souvenir albums, which
also featured pictures of famous performers and of scenes from favorite ballet-pantomimes and
operas.
Options:
therefore, participants, revisions, thus, another, either, reviews, performers
8. Pidgins (Explanation)
Pidgins are languages that are born after contact between at least two languages. As many pidgins
developed during the period of empire and international trade, one of the language parents was
frequently a European language such as French or English, and the other language parent was the
language of the people with whom the Europeans were trading or whom they were colonizing. Usually
one of the languages provided the majority of vocabulary items and the other provided the grammatical
structure. When pidgins become learned as a mother tongue, they become known as creoles. I am not
going to discuss pidgins and creoles and contact languages as such in this book in any depth .
Options:
depth, bartering, trading, known, relation, fair, consonant, vocabulary
9. English Language (Explanation)

With about one and a half billion non-native speakers, English has become the world's own language.
Such dominance has its downside, of course. There are now about 6,800 languages left in the world,
compared with perhaps twice that number back at the dawn of agriculture. Thanks in part to the rise of
über-languages, most importantly English, the remaining languages are now dying at the rate of about
one a fortnight. Want to learn Busuu, anyone? Then you'd better head to Cameroon fast, before one of
the language's last eight speakers kicks the bucket (as the Busuu-nese presumably doesn't say).
Options:
more, reign, relation, twice, part, rate, dominance, margin
10. Evolution (Explanation)

individuals differ in their inherited traits and that selection acts on such differences, leading
to evolutionary change. Although Darwin realized that variation in heritable traits is a prerequisite
for evolution , he did not know precisely how organisms pass heritable traits to their offspring. Just a
few years after Darwin published The Origin of Species, Gregor Mendel wrote a groundbreaking paper
on inheritance in pea plants. In that paper, Mendel proposed a model of inheritance in which organisms
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is based.
Options:
form, growth, rough, differ, evolutionary, for, by, evolution
11. Chemistry (Explanation)

Chemistry is a logical science. You can master the essential concepts in any order , but it's probably
best to start from the top and work your way down, since many concepts build on understanding units,
conversion, and how atoms and molecules interact.
Options:
order, margin, top, essential, direction, roundabout, dwell, build
12. Black Hole (Incomplete)

Points: Black hole were ( created / invented) by… There might be two causes for the formation of black
holes. One was … start ... The other was … stars in the final stage of the lifespan ... light can escape ...
13. Electrons (Explanation)

The electrons that orbit closest to the nucleus are strongly attracted . They are called bound electrons.
The electrons that are farther away from the pull of nucleus can be forced out of their orbits . These are
called free electrons. Free electrons can move from one atom to another. This movement is known as
electron flow. Electricity is the movement or flow of electrons from one atom to another.
Options:
orbits, sustained, forced, attracted, disclosed, angles
14. Tooth (Incomplete)

Points: A short text with just three blanks. Teeth are used to (cut) food ... we (contain / grew / grow )
two sets of teeth in the lifetime ... in childhood we (gradually) change teeth ...
15. Forest and Fish (Incomplete)

Points: ... account for … workforce. ... government ... 'forest' is mentioned, some kinds of tree are taken
as examples. 'fishing' is also mentioned, with some kinds of fish as examples, including salmon. Options:
finance, economy.
16. Traffic Jams (Explanation)

For the first time Japanese researchers have conducted a real-life experiment that shows how some
traffic jams appear for no apparent reason. They placed 22 vehicles on a single track and asked the
drivers to cruise around at a constant speed of 30 kilometers an hour. At first, traffic
moved smoothly but soon the distance between cars started to vary and vehicles clumped together at
one point on the track. But the jams spread backwards around the track like a shock wave at a rate of
about 20 kilometers an hour. Real-life jams move backwards at about the same speed.
Options:
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dangle, tramp, abruptly, spread, smoothly, cruise, sustained, conducted

17. MBA (Explanation)

Deciding to go to business school is perhaps the simplest part of what can be a complicated process.
With nearly 600 accredited MBA programs on offer around the world, the choice of where to study can
be overwhelming. Here we explain how to choose the right school and course for you and unravel the
application and funding process. "Probably the majority of people applying to business school are at a
point in their careers where they know they want to shake things up, but they don't know exactly what
they want to do with their professional lives," says Stacy Blackman, an MBA admissions consultant based
in Los Angeles. "If that's the case with you, look at other criteria : culture, teaching method, location, and
then pick a place that’s a good fit for you with a strong general management program. Super-defined
career goals don’t have to be a part of this process."
Options:
standards, except, hold, offer, choose, deprive, minority, want, majority, criteria
18. Performance Appraisals (Explanation)

Performance appraisals have traditionally been considered the best way to evaluate an employee's
performance, but increasingly organizations are finding them of little value . Employees find them
stressful and unhelpful. Importantly, they also take up a lot of time. When Deloitte analyzed their
own process , they found managers and employees spent around 2 million hours a year on performance
reviews. A growing number of companies have decided to abolish performance reviews altogether,
instead introducing more regular catch-ups.
Options:
monopolize, rating, value, presence, evaluate, abolish, process
19. Higher Education Shift (Explanation)

After centuries of inequality in UK higher education benefiting men, there has been a reversal over the
past three decades. A lower proportion of entrants to UK higher education institutions are male than
ever before and they make up less than one-half of the total. Other developed countries
have undergone a similar shift. Male underachievement is not seen only in the figures for entry but also
in non-continuation (drop-out) rates and degree performance statistics.
Options:
underachievement, phased, reversal, make, undergone, coincidence, deceit, recovery, hitch
20. Accounting and Finance (Explanation)

While accounting focuses on the day-to-day management of financial reports and records across the
business world, finance uses this same information to project future growth and to analyze expenditure
in order to strategize company finances. By studying this major you get to have a better insight on the
market, with the right knowledge and skills acquired you should be able then when you graduate to
advise others in making strong investments. This major will help you gain responsibility of predicting
and analyzing the potential for profit and growth, assessing monetary resources, utilizing accounting
statistics and reports, and also looking externally for future funding options.
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Options:
editorials, knowledge, analyzing, announce, project, using, content, reports
21. Bioenergy (Explanation)

A Graphic Introduction was put together by northern artists, who have interpreted discussions with
scientists from the Supergen Bioenergy Hub in a series of striking images which imagine alternative
futures and explain some of the technology involved and how it might be put into practice.
Options:
involved, dreamed, discriminated, interpreted, forsook, system, series
22. Activity Tracker (Incomplete)

Points: Million of people keep ... with wristband activity tracker ...
23. Banana (Explanation)

Well, the banana is the first cultivated fruit. It's one of the food items that literally brought people out of
the jungle, out of their hunter-gatherer lifestyles and was there at the dawn of agriculture which is what
helped force human beings into communities . It’s really one of the things that helped invent human
culture. It's about 7000 years of history, and the banana, from its center of origin , which is believed to
be Papua New Guinea, spread out with people who traveled in boats across the Pacific into the mainland
of Asia and all the way south to Australia across Indonesia and Micronesia and eventually they moved as
far as Africa and even possibly to Ecuador all in this time and all on paddle boats and wind driven
boats.
Options:
origin, communities, phase, brought, complex, hefty, paddle, dawn, keep, connections
24. Dictionary (Explanation)

Samuel Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language is one of the most famous dictionaries in history .
First published in 1755, the dictionary took just over eight years to compile, required six helpers and
listed 40,000 words. Each word was defined in detail , the definitions illustrated with
quotations covering every branch of learning. It was a huge scholarly achievement , a more extensive and
complex dictionary than any of its predecessors – the comparable French Dictionnaire had taken 55
years to compile and required the dedication of 40 scholars.
Options:
required, covering, achievement, sustainability, leading, repulsed, detail, history, declaration
25. Keith Haring

Keith Haring began as an underground artist, literally. His first famous projects were pieces
of stylized graffiti drawn in New York subway stations. Haring traveled from station to station, drawing
with chalk and chatting with commuters about his work. These doodles helped him develop his classic
style and he grew so prolific, doing up to 40 drawings a day, that it was not long before fame and a
measure of fortune followed. Soon, galleries and collectors from the art establishment wanted to buy
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full-sized pieces by Haring. The paintings skyrocketed in price but this did not sit well with Haring's
philosophy. He believed that art, or at least his art, was for everyone. Soon, Haring opened a store which
he called the Pop Shop, which he hoped would attract a broad range of people. While somewhat
controversial among street artists, some of whom accused Haring of 'selling out', the Pop Shop changed
the way people thought about the relationship between art and business.
Options:
skyrocketed, stylized, accused, framed, remained, grew, retrospected, recommended
26. Sound Speed (Explanation)

The speed of sound (otherwise known as Mach 1) varies with temperature. At sea level on a 'standard
day', the temperature is 59°F, and Mach 1 is approximately 761 mph. As the altitude increases, the
temperature and speed of sound both decrease until about 36,000 feet, after which the
temperature remains steady until about 60,000 feet. Within that 36,000 – 60,000 foot range, Mach 1 is
about 661 mph. Because of the variation , it is possible for an airplane flying supersonic at high altitude
to be slower than a subsonic flight at sea level. The transonic band (the 'sound barrier‘)
extends from around Mach 0.8 — when the first supersonic shock waves form on the wing — to Mach
1.2, when the entire wing has gone supersonic.
Options:
via, towards, both, from, variation, differences, either, remains, tends
27. Lizard (Incomplete)

Points: About lizard. In the beginning ... tended to live with fish in ... environment, then gradually
developed ... (organ?), and ... began to live ( alone / lonely ) ... Key words: eight weeks, impair.
28. Management Accounting (Explanation)

Management accounting is concerned with providing information and analysis to managers to help them
plan, evaluate and control activities, in order to achieve an organization’s objectives . Whereas financial
accounting is concerned with reporting on the past financial performance of an organization,
management accounting is essentially concerned with improving its future performance. In order to
understand the concepts and principles of management accounting it is necessary first to have
some appreciation of what managers do! This, in turn, requires an understanding of the organizations in
which managers work – and of the external environment in which these organizations exist and operate.
Options:
fame, category, appreciation, analysis, comparison, concepts, objectives
29. Computational Thinking (Explanation)

Developing computational thinking helps students to better understand the world around them. Many of
us happily drive a car without understanding what goes on under the bonnet . So is it necessary for
children to learn how to program computers? After all, some experts say coding is one of the human
skills that will become obsolete as artificial intelligence grows. Nevertheless, governments believe coding
is an essential skill. Since 2014, the principles of computer programming have featured on
England’s curriculum for children from the age of five or six, when they start primary school. While not all
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children will become programmers, Mark Martin, a computing teacher at Sydenham High School, London,
argues that they should learn to understand what makes computers work and try to solve problems as a
computer might .
Options:
curriculum, sonnet, cycle, should, bonnet, program, might, ceiling
30. Studying Law (Explanation)

It is important to emphasize the need for hard work as an essential part of studying law, because far too
many students are tempted to think that they can succeed by relying on what they imagine to be their
natural ability, without bothering to add the expenditure of effort. To take an analogy some people prefer
the more or less instant gratification which comes from watching television adaptation of a classic novel
to the rather more laborious process of reading the novel itself. Those who prefer watching television to
reading the book are less likely to study law successfully, unless they rapidly acquire a taste for text-
based materials .
Options:
level, gratification, emphasize, taste, prefer, expenditure, laborious, expensive, meet
31. Color Preference

Many tests have shown that, in a very broad way, peoples in most parts of the world have similar color
preferences. Blue is the most preferred and popular hue, followed in order by red, green, purple, yellow
and orange. Overlying this basic order of color preference, however , are the responses of individuals,
which of course vary widely and may also be very powerful. Children are likely to have strong preferences
for some colors and aversions to others, but sometimes will not admit to them, since
outside factors may be influential in determining both color preferences and the way that they are
expressed or suppressed. Current fashions in clothes and accessories, gender-stereotyping and peer-
group pressure may all play a significant part. Boys in particular may be reluctant to admit to any strong
preferences for colors other than those of favorite football teams, because color awareness may be
regarded by their peer-group as feminine.
Options:
widely, however, other than, therefore, factors, thoroughly, counters, rather than
32. Selfies (Explanation)

To better understand selfies and how people form their identities online, the researchers combed
through 2.5 million selfie posts on Instagram to determine what kinds of identity statements people make
by taking and sharing the photos. Nearly 52 percent of all selfies fell into the appearance category:
pictures of people showing off their make-up, clothes, lips, etc. Pics about looks were two times more
popular than the other 14 categories combined . After appearances, social selfies with friends, loved
ones, and pets were the most common (14 percent). Then came ethnicity pics (13 percent), travel (7
percent), and health and fitness (5 percent). The researchers noted that the prevalence of ethnicity
selfies (selfies about a person’s ethnicity, nationality or country of origin) is an indication that people are
proud of their backgrounds. They also found that most selfies are solo pictures, rather than taken with a
group. Overall, an overwhelming 57 percent of selfies on Instagram were posted by the 18-35-year-old
crowd, something the researchers say isn’t too surprising considering the demographics of the social
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media platform. The under-18 age group posted about 30 percent of selfies. The older crowd (35+)
shared them far less frequently (13 percent). Appearance was most popular among all age groups. Lead
author Julia Deeb-Swihart says selfies are an identity performance—meaning that users carefully craft
the way they appear online and that selfies are an extension of that. This evokes William Shakespeare’s
famous line: “All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players.”
Options:
made up, resembling, considering, more, each, fell into, rather, combined
33. Egyptian Music (Explanation)

Music was as important to the ancient Egyptians as it is in our modern society. Although it is thought
that music played a role throughout the history of Egypt, those that study the Egyptian writings have
discovered that music seemed to become more important in what is called the 'pharaonic' period of their
history. This was the time when the Egyptian dynasties of the pharaohs were established and music was
found in many parts of every day Egyptian life.
Options:
need, period, showed, established, rank, seemed, history, space, role
34. Green Spaces

Green spaces contribute significantly to a reduction of soil and aerial temperatures during spells of hot
weather, so contributing to human wellbeing. In the garden context , there is, however, little information
as to what extent various types of plants differ in their cooling potential and how certain planting
combinations may maximize cooling under a scenario of low rainfall and minimal water inputs.
Options:
addition, focus, background, low, differ, context, massive, reduction, contribute
35. Egg-eating Snakes

Egg-eating snakes are a small group of snakes whose diet consists only of eggs. Some eat only small
eggs, which they have to swallow whole , as the snake has no teeth. Instead, some other snakes eat
bigger eggs, but it requires special treatment . These snakes have spines that stick out from the
backbone. The spines crack the egg open as it passes through the throat.
Options:
saliva, part, open, taste, diet, whole, treatment, out
36. Long-term Goal (Incomplete)

Points: The long term goal can be divided into short term (realistic/naturalistic) goal ... For example, (in
order to) achieve a high grade you need to ... (along the way/ timely).
37. Gender Equality

With the popularity of the gender equality campaign and the cultural change, the traditional roles of men
as the earner , and of women in which they stay at home, are challenged today.
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Options:
authority, traditional, earner, appreciated, protested, challenged
38. Fossil Fuel (Explanation)

But look beyond fossil fuels for the most intriguing trends. One is that the energy intensity of the world
economy -- the amount of energy it takes to produce one dollar's worth of income -- keeps falling, at a
rate of about 2 percent. What this means is that even without any change in the relative shares of
fossil-based and fossil-free sources in the world's energy mix, we could have 2 percent annual
economic growth without increasing carbon emissions from energy use. Of course that is not enough
to address climate change and we need more economic growth than that. It is nonetheless a stunning
number, which refutes the claim by some environmentalists that permanent economic growth is
fundamentally incompatible with finite physical resources.
Options:
nonetheless, address, irrelevant, index, merge, worth, relative, however, with, by
39. Ponzi Scheme

Ponzi is infamous . His original scheme was based on the legitimate arbitrage of international reply
coupons for postage stamps, but he soon began diverting new investors' money to make payments to
earlier investors as interest .
Options:
interest, practice, fiasco, rate, infamous, payments, postage, monthly
40. Electric Eels

Electric eels are born to shock. Thanks to cells called electrocytes which, stacked like batteries, make up
80% of their bodies, these cunning South American hunters can deliver debilitating blows of up to 600
volts to their prey. But they’ve harnessed their electricity to pack even bigger punches. Last year,
Vanderbilt University biologist Kenneth Catania revealed electric eels bring their positively charged head
and negatively charged tail closer together to generate a more powerful current .
Options:
objects, current, limb, hunters, tail, engine
41. Rudman
Rudman looks at how a poor understanding of Maths has led historians to false conclusions about the
Mathematical sophistication of early societies. Rudman's final observation-that ancient
Greece enjoyed unrivaled progress in the subject while failing to teach it at school-leads to
a radical punchline: Mathematics could be better learnt after we leave school.
Options:
rational, leave, radical, belittled, attend, enjoyed, failing, falling
42. Active Learning Classrooms

Active learning classrooms (ALCs) are student-centered, technology-rich classrooms. They are easily
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identified with their large circular tables and movable seating designed to improve
student engagement in class. Typically, each table is accompanied by a whiteboard and flat-screen
monitor to display student work and larger rooms frequently have miniature bulb and microphones at
each table. In this way, students are able to signal if they have questions or want to speak to
the entire room.
Options:
sign, circular, entire, engagement, partly, signal, arrangement, square
43. Sandra Lousada (Explanation)

London's National Portrait Gallery is currently celebrating the fifty-year career of photographer Sandra
Lousada. The twenty-one portraits on display depict key figures in literature, film and fashion from the
early 1960s. Subsequent to the acquisition of forty portraits by Lousada, the display at The National
Portrait Gallery highlights shots taken between 1960 and 1964, many of which feature in Lousada's book
Public Faces Private Places (2008). Formal commissioned portraits are shown alongside behind-the-
scenes photographs taken on film sets and unguarded portraits of sitters captured at home.
Options:
sets, elements, birthday, career, figures, cinemas
44. Carbon Prices

Carbon prices in the European Union also reached their highest level in a decade this summer following a
series of reforms meant to limit the oversupply of credits and expand many industries subjected to the
cap. The biggest development of all may be in China, the world's largest greenhouse gas emitter, which
has taken steps toward its own emissions trading program. China's move has the potential to narrow the
gap between global carbon prices and climate costs to 63 percent in the early 2020s, OECD found.
Options:
missions, reforms, potential, emissions, points, revolutions, credits
45. Father in Family

With the increase in women's participation in the labor force, many mothers have less time available to
undertake domestic activities. At the same time, there has been increasing recognition that the
father's relationship with a child is important. A father can have many roles in the family, ranging from
income provider to teacher, carer, and playmate. Therefore, balancing paid work and family
responsibilities can be an important issue for both fathers and mothers in families.
Options:
relationship, efficient, roles, separation, shares, participation, recognition, available
46. Conservancy
To qualify as a conservancy, a committee must define the conservancy's boundary, elect
a representative conservancy committee, negotiate a legal constitution, prove the committee's ability
to manage funds, and produce an acceptable plan for equitable distribution of wildlife-related benefits.
Once approved, registered conservancies acquire the rights to a sustainable wildlife quota , set by the
ministry.
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Options:
equitable, authoritative, representative, deposit, rights, quotation, infringements, quota, irresistible,
manage
47. Inflation (Incomplete)

Points: 关于inflation的影响，提到building contract， International competition。选项全是动词
48. Weather Predictions

All kinds of predictions may be about to get even more difficult thanks to climate change. Though no one
is sure exactly what its effects will be, it seems that extreme weather conditions, such as storms and
hurricanes, are likely to become more common. Such events have far-reaching effects on distant
weather systems, making general forecasting much harder.
Options:
such as, over to, likely to, thanks to, exactly, rarely, probably
49. Giant Exoplanets

Options:
characteristics, imagine, astronomers, pilots, detect, weight, planet
50. Geography
Many famous geographers and non-geographers have attempted to define the discipline in a few short
words. The concept has also changed throughout the ages, making it difficult to create a concise ,
universal geography definition for such a dynamic and all-encompassing subject. After all, Earth is a big
place with many facets to study. It affects and is affected by the people who live there and use
its resources . But basically, geography is the study of the surface of Earth and the people who live
there, and all that encompasses.
Options:
concise, facets, complex, resources, surface, options, methods
51. Scientists' Work

Scientists make observations, have assumptions, and do experiments . After these have been done, they
get their results . Then there is a lot of data from scientists. The scientists around the world have
a picture of the world.
Options:
experiments, picture, process, results, measure, experiences, data
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52. Folklore
Folklore, a modern term for the body of traditional customs, superstitions, stories, dances, and songs
that have been adopted and maintained within a given community by processes of repetition is not
reliant on the written word . Along with folk songs and folktales, this broad category of cultural forms
embraces all kinds of legends, riddles, jokes, proverbs, games, charms, omens, spells, and rituals,
especially those of pre-literate societies or social classes. Those forms of verbal expression that are
handed on from one generation or locality to the next by word of mouth are said to constitute an
oral tradition .
Options:
book, regime, body, tradition, community, art, category, word
53. Suez Canal

Britain became the largest shareholder in the canal in 1875, purchasing its interest from the Egyptian
khedive. The Convention of Constantinople signed by the major European powers in 1888 keeps it open
for free passage to all nations in time of peace or war. Britain became the guarantor of the canal's
neutrality and management was left to the Paris-based Suez Canal Co.
Options:
guarantor, kingdom, tariff, shareholder, passage, owner
54. Eutrophication
Eutrophication is a process when bodies of water accumulate to a high nutrient level due to extensive
fertilizer in the soil. The water becomes overly enriched with minerals and nutrients which induce
excessive blooms of algae and other aquatic species which may deplete minerals in the water, thus
endanger other species.
Options:
reach, deplete, accumulate, destroy, maximize, blooms, oust
55. Following Tips

Researchers suggest the following tips as you begin to network, seek common ground, engage with your
network regularly, and consistently apply yourself to making your network work or it will wither. It is a
skill that you need to practice , not a talent.
Options:
direct, apply, engage, concentrate, practice
56. Alpine Newt

The Alpine Newt is native to much of central, continental Europe and occurs up the coasts of northeast
France through to Holland. But it does not appear to have been native to the British Isles. As its
name suggests it can be found in montane habitats up to 2,500 metres in altitude but it can also be
abundant in lowlands, and it will use a variety of waterbodies including both shallow and deep ponds and
slow flowing streams.
Options:
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appear, builds, mess, variety, like, entails, suggests, occurs

57. Dance
Dance has played an important role in many musicals. In some cases , dance numbers are included as an
excuse to add to the color and spectacle of the show, but dance is more effective when it forms an
integral part of the plot . An early example is Richard Rodgers On Your Toes(1936) in which the story
about classical ballet meeting the world of jazz enabled dance to be introduced in a way that enhances ,
rather than interrupts the drama.
Options:
punctuates, plot, itineraries, judgement, enhances, cases
58. Western Firms

What such a map would have failed to reveal, however, was the changing nature of the connections put
in place by Western firms as they shifted work around the globe. It is often assumed that when Western
firms, or any firm for that matter, reach out across borders to establish a factory outlet here, an
assembly plant there or a subsidiary in some far-off location , they do so through directly investing and
thereby wholly owning such facilities. In the 1970s and 1980s, among the low-cost manufacturing
overseas operations, this was indeed often the case, but increasingly Western firms started to conduct
their business at-a-distance through a variety of indirect means, of which subcontracting became the
principal arrangement .
Options:
arrangement, emergency, location, positions, borders, range, services, connections
59. Coffee
Coffee is enjoyed by millions of people every day and the 'coffee experience' has become a staple of our
modern life and culture . While the current body of research related to the effects of
coffee consumption on human health has been contradictory, a study in the June issue of
Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, which is published by the Institute of Food
Technologists (IFT), found that the potential benefits of moderate coffee drinking outweigh the risks in
adult consumers for the majority of major health outcomes considered.
Options:
costs, cult, consumption, cares, outcomes, expenditure, benefits, culture
60. Financial Crisis

Since the beginning of the financial crisis, there have been two principal explanations for why so many
banks made such disastrous decisions. The first is structural. Regulators did not regulate. Institutions
failed to function as they should. Rules and guidelines were either inadequate or ignored . The second
explanation is that Wall Street was incompetent , that the traders and investors didn't know enough, that
they made extravagant bets without understanding the consequences.
Options:
incompetent, function, provision, understanding, predicting, mixed, ignored, explanations, prerequisites
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61. Concentration
Some students say that they need complete quiet to read and study. Others study best in a crowded,
noisy room because the noise actually helps them concentrate. Some students like quiet music
playing; others do not. The point is, you should know the level of noise that is optimal for your own
studying. However, one general rule for all students is that the television seems to be more of a
distraction than music or other background noise, so leave the TV off when you are reading or
studying. Also , don't let yourself become distracted by computer games, email, or Internet surfing.
Options:
leads, others, remain, leave, counterparts, Also, However, helps
62. Environmental Policy

Thus the environmental policy does not contribute to the profitability in any real sense at all. In practice
it is companies that are well organized and efficient , or that are already comfortably profitable, that
have time to establish and police environmental policies. However, if someone says that profitable
companies are the ones most likely to consider environment, this is confusing cause with effect. It is not
that environmental best practice causes profitability, but that being profitable allows for concern for the
environment.
Options:
establish, policy, demote, practice, concern, egregious, help, efficient
63. Physical Activity

Participating regularly in physical activity has been shown to benefit an individual's health and wellbeing .
Regular physical activity is important in reducing the risk of chronic diseases, such as heart disease and
stroke, obesity, diabetes and some forms of cancer. The National Physical Activity Guidelines for
Adults recommends at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity, preferably every day of
the week, to obtain health benefits.
Options:
recruits, recommends, exploit, chronic, preferably, medicine, affordably, physical, obtain, wellbeing
64. Lithium
The lightest of any solid element, lithium has, until now, played a modest role in industry. Silvery in color,
and softer than lead, it has been used mainly as an alloy of aluminum, a base for automobile grease, and
in the production of glass and ceramics. It is so unstable that it is never found in its pure form in nature.
Lithium floats on water — or, rather , it skitters wildly about, trailing a vapor cloud of hydrogen, until it
dissolves.
Options:
rather, production, unstable, modest, unknown, even, intuition, until
65. Citizenship Education

Civics and citizenship education builds student's knowledge and understanding of the ways in which
citizens can actively participate in Australia' s diverse and inclusive society. Students learn about the
civic institutions and the processes through which decisions are made for the common good of
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the community and they also develop the skills and understandings that relate to the organization of a
harmonious democratic society.
Options:
processes, precision, skills, involve, humanity, participate, wills, community
66. Australian Dwellings

The stock of Australia's dwellings is evolving with current homes having more bedrooms on average than
homes ten years ago. At the same time, households are getting smaller on average with
decreasing proportions of couple families with children and increasing couple-only and lone-person
households. This article examines the changes in household size and number of bedrooms from 1994_95
to 2003_04. It also looks at the types of households with spare bedrooms and the size of recently
purchased new homes compared with existing stock.
Options:
proportions, stagnating, evolving, statistics, increasing, article, incidents, decreasing
67. Changing English

English has been changing throughout its lifetime and it's still changing today. For most of us, these
changes are fine as long as they're well and truly in the past. Paradoxically, we can be curious about
word origins and the stories behind the structure we find in our language, but we experience a queasy
distaste for any change that might be happening right under our noses. There is a certain lack of
consistency. There are even language critics who are convinced that English is dying, or if not dying at
least being progressively crippled through long years of mistreatment.
Options:
curious, crippled, convinced, experience, structure, expect, lost, lack, change, kind, evidence
68. Pupil Charity

My school in the city of London held a charity competition. In the community, I was voted as the
chairman. We raised 48,000 pounds and I won the first place in the end. During this period, I learnt a lot
and realised the importance of tenacity and how to rouse other pupils' awareness.
Options:
charity, tenacity, skill, rouse, raised, recognize, beg, money, earned
69. Investment
One city will start to attract the majority of public or private investment. This could be due
to natural advantage or political decisions. This, in turn, will stimulate further investment due to the
multiplier effect and significant rural-to-urban migration. The investment in this city will be at
the expense of other cities.
Options:
some, significant, fare, natural, stimulate, disguise, majority, expense, best, important
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70. Moth
Why are moths fatally attracted to the light? One solution is the old glib theory that the moths are trying
to use the flame to navigate. This explanation does not tell us, however , why it is that in many species
only males are thus attracted, and in a few, only females. What's more , if moths need to navigate, they
must be from a migrating species. Yet most of the time such moths are not migrating. Indeed most
species do not migrate at all and thus have no need of navigation.
Options:
What's more, One solution, less, This explanation, improvement, question, however, so, The behavior, Yet
71. Revision
Timing is important for revision. Have you noticed that during the school day you get times when you
just don't care any longer? I don't mean the lessons you don't like, but the ones you find usually OK, but
on some occasions you just can't be bothered with it. You may have other things on your mind, be tired,
restless, or looking forward to what comes next. Whatever the reason, that particular lesson doesn't get
100 percent effort from you. The same is true of revision. Your mental and physical attitudes are
important. If you try to revise when you are tired or totally occupied with something else, your revision
will be inefficient and just about worthless. If you approach it feeling fresh, alert and happy, it will be so
much easier and you will learn more, faster. However, if you make no plans and just slip in a little bit of
revision when you feel like it, you probably won't do much revision! You need a revision timetable so you
don't keep putting it off .
Options:
may, getting it wrong, attitudes, putting it off, down, can, effort, health
72. Japan and China

At times, a broad stream of knowledge flowed from China to Japan. At other times, this transfer
was halted on one side or the other, and Japan developed on its own. But whether in isolation or not,
Japan was always itself. Everything that arrived from China was adapted to suit Japanese tastes and
needs.
Options:
adapted, removed, arrived, halted, created, explored, developed
73. Trade-off
"It appears that in the process of evolving specialized face-recognition abilities to quickly and
accurately extract important information, there has been a trade-off where face-like images
in unexpected orientations become especially difficult to process," he says. "The reason for this trade-
off is unclear, but it probably relates to the fact that you rarely see inverted faces", says Sheehan.
Options:
designing, expect, relates, extract, unexpected, indicates, reason, unprecedented, proposition, evolving
74. Lake Turkana

Lake Turkana is a large lake in Kenya, East Africa. This part of Africa was home to some of the first
humans. Here, archaeologists have found piles of bones ( both human and animal) and collections of
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stones that humans used as tools . By carefully uncovering and examining these remains, scientists have
started to put together the story of our earliest ancestors. In 2001, a 4 million year-old skeleton was
uncovered in the area. Although a link between it and modern-day humans has not been established, the
skeleton shows the species was walking upright.
Options:
painting, bones, part, city, tools, examining, notches, weapons
75. Smarter Organisms

Some of the most basic organisms are smarter than we thought. Rather than moving about randomly,
amoebas and plankton employ sophisticated strategies to look for food and might travel in a way
that optimizes their foraging. Immediately after an amoeba turned right, it was twice as likely to turn left
as right again, and vice versa, they told a meeting of the American Physical Society meeting in Denver,
Colorado, last week. This suggests that the cells have a rudimentary memory , being able to remember
the last direction they had just turned in.
Options:
thoughts, experience, optimizes, memory, strategies, polishes
76. Recruitment
Finding challenging or rewarding employment may mean retraining and moving from a stale or boring job
in order to find your passion and pursue it. The idea is to think long range and anticipate an active
lifestyle into later years --perhaps into one' s 80s or 90s. Being personally productive may now mean
anticipating retiring in stages. This might indicate going to an alternate plan should a current career end
by choice or economic chance.
Options:
passion, plan, rewarding, willing, direction, emotion
77. Donors
Americans approached a record level of generosity last year. Of the $260.28bn given to charity in 2005,
76.5% of it came from individual donors . These people gave across the range of non-profit bodies,
from museums to religious organizations , with a heavy emphasis on disaster relief after the Asian
tsunami and US hurricanes. In total, Americans gave away 2.2% of their household income in 2005,
slightly above 40-year average of 2.1 percent.
Options:
emphasis, all, indebtedness, average, organizations, companies, donors
78. Standard Response

The casual observer does not necessarily recognize the skill in how a teacher, for instance, responds to
a thoughtful question from a normally quiet student and how that may be very different from the
'standard response' to a commonly inquisitive or talkative student. Expert teachers are aware of what
they are doing; they monitor and adjust their teaching behaviors to bring out the best in their students.
Options:
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most, talkative, skill, reserved, casual, reason, best

79. Internet Growth

The exponential growth of the Internet was heralded , in the 1990s, as revolutionizing the production
and dissemination of information. Some people saw the internet as a means of democratizing access to
knowledge. For people concerned with African development, it seemed to offer the possibility
of leapfrogging over the technology gap that separates Africa from advanced industrialized countries.
Options:
demonstrated, separates, signifies, concerned, connected, democratizing, heralded, leapfrogging,
reformation, dissemination, jogging
80. Good Looks

It is tempting to try to prove that good looks win votes, and many academics have tried. The difficulty is
that beauty is in the eye of the beholder, and you cannot behold a politician's face without a veil of
extraneous prejudice getting in the way. Does George Bush possess a disarming grin or a
facetious smirk ? It's hard to find anyone who can look at the president without assessing him politically
as well as physically .
Options:
physically, difficulty, truth, prejudice, audience, smirk, wink, mentally
81. Viper
The horned desert viper's ability to hunt at night always has puzzled biologists. Though it lies with
its head buried in the sand, it can strike with great precision as soon as prey appears. Now, Young and
physicists Leo van Hemmen and Paul Friedel at the Technical University of Munich in Germany have
developed a computer model of the snake's auditory system to explain how the snake "hears" its prey
without really having the ears for it. Although the vipers have internal ears that can hear frequencies
between 200 and 1000 hertz, it is not the sound of the mouse scurrying about that they are detecting. "
The snakes don't have external eardrums ," says van Hemmen. " So unless the mouse wears boots and
starts stamping, the snake won't hear it."
Options:
head, hearing, system, eardrums, ability
82. Walt Disney World

Walt Disney World has become a pilgrimage site partly because of the luminosity of its crosscultural and
marketing and partly because its utopian aspects appeal powerfully to real needs in the
capitalist society . Disney' s marketing is unique because it captured the symbolic essence
of childhood but the company has gained access to all public shows, comic books, dolls, apparels,
and educational film strips, which all point to the parks and each other.
Options:
sequential, utopian, population, comedy, society, unrealistic, childhood, educational
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83. American People

The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society examines U.S. history as revealed through
the experiences of all Americans, both ordinary and extraordinary. With a thought-provoking and rich
presentation, the authors explore the complex lives of Americans of all national origins and cultural
backgrounds, at all levels of society, and in all regions of the country.
Options:
experiences, events, beliefs, origins, regions
84. Canada Gallery

An exhibit that brings together for the first time landscapes painted by French impressionist Pierre-
Auguste Renoir comes to the National Gallery of Canada this June. The gallery in Ottawa worked with
the National Gallery of London and the Philadelphia Museum of Art to pull together the collection of 60
Renoir paintings from 45 public and private collections.
Options:
paintings, gets, masterpiece, muster, time, pull, comes, gallery
85. Music
What is music? In one sense, this is an easy question . Even the least musical among us can recognize
pieces of music when we hear them and name a few canonical examples . We know there are different
kinds of music and, even if our knowledge of music is restricted, we know which kinds we like and which
kinds we do not.
Options:
volume, question, examples, knowledge, issue, classes
86. Psychoanalytic and Behaviorist

Elements of both the psychoanalytic and behaviorist theories are arranged in modern approaches to
personality. Advances in neuroscience have begun to bridge the gap between biochemistry and behavior,
but there is still a great deal that needs to be explained. Without a consistent understanding of
personality, how can we begin to categorize risk takers? If we cannot, we will be unable
to compare their genes with those of others.
Options:
media, confront, compare, pick, categorize, bridge, arranged, hit
87. Fresh Water

Everybody needs fresh water. Without water people, animals & plants cannot live. Although a few plants
and animals can make do with saltwater, all humans need a constant supply of fresh water to stay fit &
healthy. Of the total supply of water on the Earth, only about 3% of it is fresh, most of that is stored as
ice snow at the poles, or is so deep under the surface of the Earth that we cannot get to it. Despite so
much of the water being out of reach, we still have a million cubic miles of it that we can use. That's
about 4, 300,000 cubic kilometers of freshwater to share out between most of the plants, animals &
people on the planet.
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Options:
With, Within, Without, fine, fit, far, deep, may, cannot, can
88. Jupiter’s Moon Europa

Scientists preparing for NASA's proposed Jupiter icy Moons Orbiter believe that Jupiter's moons Europa
may be a corrosive mixture of acid and peroxide. Thus, it may not be the ideal place for life to exist as
was thought possibly to be the case. Virtually , all the information we have about Europa comes from
the spacecraft Galileo, which completed its mission to study. Although the general perception of Europa
is of a frozen crust of water ice harboring a salty subterranean ocean kilometer below, researchers
studying the most recent measurements say light reflected from the moons icy surface bears the
spectral fingerprints of hydrogen peroxide and strong acids. However , they accept that it could just be
a thin surface dusting and might not come from the ocean below.
Options:
ideal, recent, ideally, Virtually, actually, Although, Whatsoever, However, thus
89. Tokyo's Skytree

Team Lab's digital mural at the entrance to Tokyo’s Skytree, one of the world’s monster skyscrapers, is
40 metres long and immensely detailed. But however massive this form of digital art becomes — and it's
a form subject to rampant inflation — Inoko's theories about seeing are based on more modest and
often pre-digital sources. An early devotee of comic books and cartoons (no surprises there), then
computer games, he recognised when he started to look at traditional Japanese art that all those forms
had something in common : something about the way they captured space. In his discipline of physics,
Inoko had been taught that photographic lenses, along with the conventions of western art, were the
logical way of transforming three dimensions into two, conveying the real world on to a flat
surface. But Japanese traditions employed “a different spatial logic”, as he said in an interview last year
with j-collabo.org, that is “uniquely Japanese”.
Options:
however, therefore, different, in common, similar, along with, But, So
90. Climate
Climate is the word we use for weather over a long period of time. The desert has a dry climate,
because there is very little rain. The UK has a temperate climate, which means winters are, overall,
mild and summers, generally, don't get too hot.
Options:
is, are, describe, use, dry, wet, forecast, has, or, and
91. Plagiarism
How is plagiarism detected? It is usually easy for lecturers to identify plagiarism within students' work.
The University also actively investigates plagiarism in students’ assessed work through electronic
detection software called Turnitin. This software compares students' work against text on the Internet, in
journal articles and within previously submitted work (from LSBU and other institutions) and highlights
any matches it finds .
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Options:
to, finds, realizes, against, compares, submitted, given, identify
92. Crime Prevention

Crime prevention has a long history in Australia, and in other parts of the world. In all societies, people
have tried to protect themselves and those close to them from assaults and other abuses. Every time
someone locks the door to their house or their car, they practise a form of prevention. Most parents
want their children to learn to be law abiding and not spend extended periods of their lives in prison. In
this country, at least, most succeed. Only a small minority of young people become recidivist offenders.
In a functioning society, crime prevention is part of everyday life. While prevention can be
all- pervasive at the grassroots, it is oddly neglected in mass media and political discourses .When
politicians, talkback radio hosts and newspaper editorialists pontificate about crime
and possible remedies, it is comparatively rare for them to mention prevention. Overwhelmingly,
emphasis is on policing, sentencing and other 'law and order' responses.
Options:
crime, recidivist, possible, form, protect, pervasive, practice, maintain, unlimited
93. Milky Way System

Stars and the material between them are almost always found in gigantic stellar systems called galaxies.
Our own galaxy, the Milky Way System, happens to be one of the two largest systems in the Local Group
of two dozen or so galaxies. The other is the Andromeda galaxy; it stretches more than one hundred
thousand light-years from one end to the other, and it is located about two million light-years distant
from us.
Options:
huge, stretches, located, route, solar, sketches, concerning, largest, stellar
94. People’s Savings

Friedman showed that, while people do save more when they earn more, it is only to spend later. Those
in work save against a time of sickness, unemployment or old age - but because the sick, unemployed
and elderly spend their savings, overall consumption does not fall as people get richer.
Options:
consumption, among, only, against, income, merely
95. Agrarian Parties

Agrarian parties are political parties chiefly representing the interests of peasants or, more broadly, the
rural sector of society. The extent to which they are important, or whether they even exist, depends
mainly on two factors. One, obviously, is the size of an identifiable peasantry, or the size of the rural
relative to the urban population. The other is a matter of social integration: for agrarian parties to be
important, the representation of countryside or peasantry must not be integrated with the other major
sections of society. Thus a country might possess a sizeable rural population, but have an economic
system in which the interests of the voters were predominantly related to their incomes, rather than their
occupations or location; and in such a country the political system would be unlikely to include an
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important agrarian party.
Options:
with, rather than, to, for, whether, as, in, on
96. Impressionist Painters

Early impressionist painters were considered radical in their time because they broke many of the rules
of the picture-making that had been set by earlier generations . They found many of their subjects in life
around them rather than in history, which was then the accepted source of subject matter for paintings.
Options:
radical, outcome, subjects, conciliatory, generations, creatures, source
97. Higher Education Qualifications

Higher education qualifications provide a substantial advantage in the labour market. Higher
education graduates are less likely to be unemployed and tend to have higher incomes than those
without such qualifications. Having a highly educated workforce can also lead to increased productivity
and innovation and make Australia more competitive in the global market.
Options:
aggressive, workforce, weakness, grudge, competitive, tend, graduates, advantage
98. Steven Pinker

Steven Pinker, a cognitive psychologist best known for his book "The Language Instinct", has called
music "auditory cheesecake, an exquisite confection crafted to tickle the sensitive spots of at least six
of our mental faculties." If it vanished from our species, he said, "the rest of our lifestyle would
be virtually unchanged." Others have argued that, on the contrary , music, along with art and literature, is
part of what makes people human; its absence would have a brutalising effect. Philip Ball, a British
science writer and an avid music enthusiast, comes down somewhere in the middle. He says that music
is ingrained in our auditory, cognitive and motor functions. We have a music instinct as much as a
language instinct, and could not rid ourselves of it if we tried.
Options:
sense, virtually, vanished, contrast, remained, avid, avoidable, ingrained, instinct, contrary
99. Sun and Moon

In these distant times the sun was seen to make its daily journey across the sky. At night the moon
appeared. Every new night the moon waxed or waned a little and on a few nights it did not appear at all.
At night the great dome of the heavens was dotted with tiny specks of light. They became known as the
stars. It was thought that every star in the heavens had its own purpose and that the secrets of the
universe could be discovered by making a study of them. It was well known that there were wandering
stars, they appeared in different nightly positions against their neighbors and they became known as
planets. It took centuries, in fact it took millennia, for man to determine the true nature of these
wandering stars and to evolve a model of the world to accommodate them and to predict their positions
in the sky.
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Options:
pivot, determine, assume, predict, secrets, seemed, became, journey
100. Retirement
For a start, we need to change our concept of 'retirement', and we need to change mindsets arising
from earlier government policy which, in the face of high unemployment levels, encouraged mature
workers to take early retirement. Today, government encourages them to delay their retirement. We now
need to think of retirement as a phased process, where mature age workers gradually reduce their hours,
and where they have considerable flexibility in how they combine their work and non work time. We also
need to recognise the broader change that is occurring in how people work, learn, and live. Increasingly
we are moving away from a linear relationship between education, training, work, and retirement, as
people move in and out of jobs, careers, caregiving, study, and leisure. Employers of choice remove
the barriers between the different segments of people's lives, by creating flexible conditions of work and
a range of leave entitlements. They take an individualised approach to workforce planning and
development so that the needs of employers and employees can be met simultaneously . This approach
supports the different transitions that occur across the life course - for example, school to work,
becoming a parent, becoming responsible for the care of older relatives, and moving from work to
retirement.
Options:
mind, gradually, wait, barriers, concept, simultaneously, extend, suddenly, similarities, delay
101. Cuteness
Cuteness in offspring is a potent protective mechanism that ensures survival for otherwise
completely dependent infants. Previous research has linked cuteness to early ethological ideas of a
"kindchenschema" (infant schema) where infant facial features serve as "innate releasing mechanisms"
for instinctual caregiving behaviors.
Options:
invalid, ensures, dependent, instinctual, proper, proves, deliberate, guaranteed, potent
102. Genius
Genius, in the popular conception, is inextricably tied up with precocity - doing something truly creative,
we're inclined to think, requires the freshness and exuberance and energy of youth. Orson Welles made
his masterpiece, "Citizen Kane," at twenty-five. Herman Melville wrote a book a year through his late
twenties, culminating, at age thirty-two, with "Moby-Dick." Mozart wrote his breakthrough Piano
Concerto No. 9 in E-Flat-Major at the age of twenty-one. In some creative forms, like lyric poetry,
the importance of precocity has hardened into an iron law. How old was T. S. Eliot when he wrote "The
Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" ("I grow old ... I grow old")? Twenty-three. "Poets peak young,"
the creativity researcher James Kaufman maintains. Mihály Csíkszentmihályi, the author of "Flow",
agrees: "The most creative lyric verse is believed to be that written by the young." According to the
Harvard psychologist Howard Gardner, a leading authority on creativity, "Lyric poetry is
a domain where talent is discovered early, burns brightly, and then peters out at an early age."
Options:
talent, industry, key, intellectual, domain, originality, creativity, icon, across, time, age, through,
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importance, authority
103. Kathryn Mewes

Kathryn Mewes does not meet bohemian, hippy parents in her line of work. Typically one, or both, of the
parents she sees work in the City of London. "Professionals seek professionals," she says. Originally a
nanny, Mewes is now a parenting consultant, advising couples privately on changing their child's
behaviour, as well as doing corporate seminars for working parents. Her clients find they are unprepared
for the chaos and unpredictability that having a child can entail. "Parents are getting older, they have
been in control their whole lives and been successful. Suddenly a baby turns up and life turns on its
head." Nicknamed the "Three-Day Nanny" because of her pledge to fix behavioural problems in children
under the age of 12 within three days, she is filming a new Channel 4 television series demonstrating her
techniques. The role of the parenting consultant - distinct from that of a nanny - has developed, she
says, as people are used to buying in expertise, such as personal trainers or, in her case, parenting
advice.
Options:
at the meantime, because, role, play, because of, whole lives, identity, entire life, as well as
104. Planes
By 2025, government experts' say, America's skies will swarm with three times as many as planes, and
not just the kind of traffic flying today. There will be thousands of tiny jets, seating six or fewer, at
airliner altitudes , competing for space with remotely operated drones that need help avoiding mid-
air collisions , and with commercially operated rockets carrying satellites and tourists into space.
Options:
thousands, satellites, collisions, much, altitudes, many, times, time, least, piles, traffic, passengers
105. Ikebana
More than simply putting flowers in a container , ikebana is a disciplined art form in which nature and
humanity are brought together. Contrary to the idea of a particolored or multicolored arrangement of
blossoms, ikebana often emphasizes other areas of the plant , such as its stems and leaves, and puts
emphasis on shape, line, and form. Though ikebana is an expression of creativity, certain rules govern its
form.
Options:
crevice, container, commitment, creature, arrangement, plant, expression, illusion
106. Kashmiri
vividly painted Shikaras carrying Indian families, boho westerners, young travelers and wide-eyed
house boats initiated by the British Raj provided unusual accommodation. Then, in 1989, separatist and
Islamist militancy attacked and everything changed. Hindus and countless Kashmiri business people
bolted, at least 35,000 people were killed in a decade, the lake stagnated, and the houseboats rotted.
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Any foreigners venturing there risked their lives , proved in 1995 when five young Europeans were
kidnapped and murdered.
Options:
attacked, competed, festivals, tourists, vocations, waters, lives
107. Sportswomen
Sportswomen's records are important and need to be preserved. And if the paper records don't exist ,
we need to get out and start interviewing people, not to put too fine a point on it, while we still have
a chance . After all, if the records aren't kept in some form or another, then the stories are lost too.
Options:
appear, focus, admit, exist, opportunity, point, chance, lost, disappear
108. University Science

The closures have been blamed on a fall in student applications, but money is a factor : chemistry
degrees are expensive to provide - compared with English, for example - and some scientists say that
the way the government concentrates research funding on a small number of top departments, such as
Bristol, increases the risk .
Options:
profit, risk, motive, fall, rise, funding, factor
109. Recruitment Tool

The six programs represented here report that word of mouth is by far their most effective recruitment
tool, particularly because it typically yields candidates who are similar to previously successful
candidates. Moreover, satisfied candidates and school systems are likely to spread the word without any
special effort on the part of their program. Other, less personal advertising approaches, such as radio
and television spots and local newspaper advertisements, have also proven fruitful, especially for newer
programs. New York uses a print advertising campaign to inspire dissatisfied professionals to become
teachers. Subway posters send provocative messages to burned-out or disillusioned professionals.
"Tired of diminishing returns? Invest in NYC kids" was just one of many Madison Avenue-inspired
invitations. News coverage has also proven to be a boon to alternative programs. When the New York
Times, for example, ran a story about the district’s alternative route program, 2,100 applications flooded
in over the next six weeks.
Options:
effective, strength, boom, various, across, ultimately, boon, effort, especially, spread
110. Chaucer’s Tales

Chaucer's Tales quickly spread through England in the early fifteenth century. Scholars feel The
Canterbury Tales reached their instant and continued success because of their accurate and
oftentimes vivid portrayal of human nature, unchanged through 600 years since Chaucer' s time George
Macy, founder of The Limited Editions Club wrote on The Canterbury Tales.
Options:
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reached, arrived, spread, revealed, pictographic, vivid

111. (Incomplete)
Points: 考到有⼀个不是鸡精的题⽬讲⼤猩猩的之前看有同学回忆过这次我记得全部答案第⼀个 exhibited
讲⼤猩猩你有什么... 然后throughout 某某⼤陆然后说随意挑选两个⼤猩猩就可以得到 much more
"information" than any other two Radom human.... 得出了结论 We are a special《uniform》 species！总
体不难⼲扰选项就是第三空但可以看much来确认其他托词有 differences，through之类的阅读还没出分不
过感觉是对的
112. (Incomplete)
Points: 有⼀个关于介绍⼀个什么学科是涉及到各个⽅⾯空应该是 each （aspect）备选选项中有复数形
式，前⾯是each 所以选了单数，举例⼦说了tree 从（smallest）后⾯是到 tallest，所以选smallest 还有俩空
记不住了，但是也⽐较好选感觉不难希望没错
113. Australian Business Etiquette (Incomplete)

Points: Key words: Business etiquette in Australia, America and European ones of openness, blunt and
transparent, but (differs) from the manners taken in Asia, which are less blunt, more (hierarchical) and
less egalitarian, than it was, … (transparent). Options: contributes, unusable
114. University Ranking (Incomplete)

Points: About a university. Its ranking is mentioned, then its enrollment. ... (ranked) top university
attracting the best students and (participating) project ... the most (versed) ... Options: involving,
mannered.
115. Teenage Daughter

Your teenage daughter gets top marks in school, captains the debate team, and volunteers at a shelter
for homeless people. But while driving the family car, she text-messages her best friend and rear-ends
another vehicle. How can teens be so clever, accomplished, and responsible-and reckless at the same
time ? Easily, according to two physicians at Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School
(HMS) who have been exploring the unique structure and chemistry of the adolescent brain. "The
teenage brain is not just an adult brain with fewer miles on it," says Frances E. Jensen, a professor of
neurology. "It's a paradoxical time of development . These are people with very sharp brains, but they're
not quite sure what to do with them." Research during the past 10 years, powered by technology such as
functional magnetic resonance imaging, has revealed that young brains have both fast-growing synapses
and sections that remain unconnected.
Options:
explored, adult, respectively, sharp, exploring, unique, adolescent, at the same time, both, development
116. Earthquake
After the violent earthquake that shook Los Angeles in 1994, earthquake scientists had good news to
report: The damage and death toll could have been much worse. More than 60 people died in this
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earthquake. By comparison, an earthquake of similar intensity that shook America in 1998 claimed
25,000 victims. Injuries and deaths were relatively less in Los Angeles because the quake occurred at
4:31 a.m. on a holiday, when traffic was light on the city's highway. In addition, changes made to the
construction codes in Los Angeles during the last 20 years have strengthened the city's buildings and
highways, making them more resistant to quakes.
Options:
changes, decrease, relatively, intensity, resistant, safety, accordingly
117. Answering Questions

You have about 30 minutes to answer each question. You must take account of how many marks
are available for each part when you answer it. Even if you think you can write more, don't spend 15
minutes answering a part worth only 5 marks. Leave space at the end of your answer and come back to
it if you have time to spare later. And if you can't think of an answer to some part, leave a space and
move on to the next part. Don't write about something else if you don't know the correct answer — this
is just a waste of your valuable time (and the examiner's).
Options:
time, accelerated, routine, valuable, answering, available
118. Dark Matter

A new interdisciplinary centre for the study of the frontiers of the universe, from the tiniest subatomic
particle to the largest chain of galaxies, has been formed at the University of Texas at Austin. The Texas
Cosmology Center will be a way for the university's departments of Astronomy and Physics
to collaborate on research that concerns them both. "This centre will bring the two departments
together in an area where they overlap in the physics of the very early universe," said Dr. Neal Evans,
Astronomy Department chair. Astronomical observations have revealed the presence of dark matter and
dark energy, discoveries that challenge our knowledge of fundamental physics. And today's leading
theories in physics involve energies so high that no earthbound particle accelerator can test them. They
need the universe as their laboratory . Dr. Steven Weinberg, Nobel laureate and professor of physics at
the university, called the advent of the centre "a very exciting development" for that department.
Options:
laboratory, discoveries, collaborate, destination, overlap, polish, vicious, involve
119. Papal Reform

Since the last papal reform, several proposals have been offered to make the Western calendar more
useful or regular . Very few reforms, such as the rather different decimal French Republican and Soviet
calendars, had gained official acceptance but each was put out of use shortly after its introduction.
Options:
uniform, impeachments, decisions, acceptance, regular, proposals
120. Microorganism
Although for centuries preparations derived from living matter were applied to wounds to
destroy infection , the fact that a microorganism is capable of destroying one of another species was
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not established until the latter half of the 19th century. When Pasteur noted the antagonistic effect of
other bacteria on the anthrax organism and pointed out that this action might be put to therapeutic use.
Options:
convinced, capable, infection, material, therapeutic, established, contamination, matter
121. Botswana
Although Botswana is rich in diamonds, it has high unemployment and stratified socioeconomic classes.
In 1999, the nation suffered its first budget deficit in 16 years because of a slump in the international
diamond market. Yet Botswana remains one of the wealthiest and most stable countries on the
African continent .
Options:
suffered, endure, while, continent, remains, enjoyed, because
Page 209 of 260

Multiple Choice (Single)

1. Social Scientists
Original:
Social scientists use particular methods to gather qualitative evidence, from observation to interview,
but they also use autobiographical accounts, journalism, and other documentary material to flesh out and
add meaning to statistics. As with reading numbers, reading textual evidence requires us to practice, to
set time aside to learn how to do it, and to understand the conventions of writing which operate in the
different forms of writing we encounter. One of the main problems with reading textual evidence,
though, is that, unlike the relationship most of us have with numbers where we may use them at a pretty
basic level, most of us are, if anything, over-familiar with words. When we want to understand their value
as social science evidence we need to forget how familiar we are with first person accounts and
everyday speech - for example, in newspapers, magazines, and books - and learn a different approach
to them. Social scientists use observation, interviews and even print journalism as evidence for the
claims they make. They may collect evidence through questionnaires with pre-set questions and by
open-ended interviews which allow respondents to speak for themselves. They may observe social
relations explicitly as social scientists or may participate themselves in a particular community to gain
'inside' information. Social scientists also draw on print journalism on occasion and may use the same
sources, for example official statistics, and the work of other social scientists to support their claims. We
need to remember, though, that journalists do not need to present the same rigorous referencing and
support for their claims as social scientists are required to do. Most importantly, newspaper and
magazine articles are written under commercial pressures; for example they must help to sell the
newspaper by being deliberately provocative, or by reflecting the dominant views of its readers.
Question:
According to this passage, what do social scientists use written sources to do?
Options:
A) Formulating questionnaires and interview questions.
B) Advising them on how to collect qualitative evidence.
C) Adding information to other data they have collected.
D) Change their understanding of numbers.
Answer:
C
(APEUni Website / App RMCS #115)
2. John Robertson
Original:
When he was awarded an Honorary Degree by the University of Newcastle, even John Robertson himself
must surely have looked back in wonder at his astonishing rise to success. The year was 1910, and those
assembled were to hear not only of his generosity to the University, which enabled it to contribute to the
pioneering research into tropical diseases being carried out at that time, but also of his humanitarian
work in southern Africa, where he was ahead of his time in improving the working conditions of local
mine workers. To those who knew John in his youth, it will have come as no surprise to hear of his
success. He was now enjoying the rewards of the fierce determination, desire to succeed and
extraordinary ability to acquire knowledge, which they had noticed in the young man.
Question:
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What does the reader of this text learn about John Robertson?
Options:
A) He was born in Africa.
B) His abilities were evident at a young age.
C) He studied medicine.
D) He completed his degree in 1910.
Answer:
B
3. Lighthouse (Incomplete)
Points: 要点：欧洲国家有⼀航空公司收购⼀个灯塔改造成旅馆，很多国际旅客想体验，旅游⼈数增加。选
项：航空公司拥有这个⼩旅馆。（答案）
4. Euripides (Incomplete)
Points: 要点：介绍古希腊剧作家欧⾥庇得斯 Euripides 问该作家的作品有什么特点？不再关注英雄式的主
题，更加注重平⺠的普通⽣活
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D. Listening
Summarize Spoken Text
1. International Law (Incomplete)

Points: An old male with a high speech rate, unclear. ... military force. Key words: painful lesson, set of
rules, thirty years, one hundred years, no peace, implication function， power, international law, dominant
power, historical perspective, united states, Australia, 1648, between states.
(APEUni Website / App SST #649)
2. Sound of Words (Incomplete)

Points: About the importance of words and the sound of words. The sound of words is a key element to
the brain, which can help represent the world and yourself. Words can express a large number of
concepts. As an example high school graduates are mentioned. Phone numbers are also mentioned.
3. Old and New Business (Incomplete)

Points: Railroads have been old business. And new business includes Facebook, Twitter and stock
market.
4. Women Contribution (Incomplete)

Points: Woman have untapped potentials, but have not contributed enough to economy, society and
other fields. Keywords: career, UK or US.
5. Origin of Species (Audio Available)

Original:
individuals differ in their inherited traits and that selection acts on such differences, leading to
evolutionary change. Although Darwin realized that variation in heritable traits is a prerequisite for
evolution , he did not know precisely how organisms pass heritable traits to their offspring. Just a few
years after Darwin published The Origin of Species, Gregor Mendel wrote a groundbreaking paper on
inheritance in pea plants. In that paper, Mendel proposed a model of inheritance in which organisms
is based.
App to listen.
6. Cosmology (Incomplete)
Points: About the relationship between maths and cosmology, with 'mathematics' mentioned. During the
1970s, the lecturer was a physician, working on cosmology. Scientists have been trying to use maths to
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explain the universe. We can find maths almost everywhere in nature and maths is the underlying system
to explain the universe and nature.
7. City and Civilization (Incomplete)

Points: About city and civilization. When 'city' was defined is mentioned. A city began with communal
culture, and then architecture, and trades developed. A city is the mother of civilization. A city improved
transportation and architecture, and helped people become architects. Then it mentions how within a
city they built up distribution center to transport resources. Key word: warfare, geography, science,
products, position, collection of resources, map of world, agriculture, engineering, contacts with
civilization, heading line.
8. Music Record (Incomplete)

Points: About recording of music. ... in the past, we need to be in the room ... we can listen to the dead
people ...
9. Journalism and Internet (Audio Available)

Original:
David Olivia Garcia is a co-host of New Mexico in Focus and is also the managing editor for the New
Mexico Independent, which is an online news site, he says that the Internet has some great benefits for
journalism. The Internet is this new, amazing medium. Not so new: it's been around quite some time now.
But it's maturing as, among other things, a place for journalism. In a sense, the Internet allows you to tell
stories better than in a newspaper or on television. For this reason, you can do it all online: you can have
the written word, you can have still photographs, you can have video. You can link and kind of connect
to the other journalism that has been done on a given topic. So it's not like you're in a vacuum. The
Internet has had a negative impact on these papers. However, John Fleck, who is a columnist for the
Albuquerque Journal and also has his own blog, says that he doesn't think that's entirely the case. It
really makes me more efficient as a journalist in terms of information gathering, confirmation, helping me
get the background necessary to write a story. So it's really good for that.
App to listen.
10. Singapore (Incomplete)

Points: About Singapore population and multiculturalism. .... a professor from the University of Chicago
... a professor from university of Durham ... A lot of other professors are mentioned, too. A young man's
voice, very fast with a British accent. 'city future' is mentioned a few times. The final sentence is full of
'professor's. Key words: Glasgow, globalization, protect growth, the cities to survive.
11. Music Recorder (Incomplete)

Points: The invention of the music recorder helps preserve music, as painting preserves images. People
record music on a disk and can play it in phonographs over again and again. This changed the state of
music and people can hardly imagine the way music education was conducted in the past. Nowadays
people can learn music. Music record is a form of existence of memory. The first two sentences have
three or four numbers, in which the last one is 1890 or 1819. 'music' is repeatedly mentioned. Key words:
Page 213 of 260

of memory, death.
12. Social Diversity (Incomplete)

Points: About social diversity. ... what makes social diversity ... ... how we can maintain social diversity ...
... how social diversity can make us different from others. Some examples of social diversity are given.
Key words: multiculturalism, no single factor.
13. Accent and Dialect (Incomplete)

Points: A video shot in a classroom, in which a female is talking about accent and dialect. There is a
PPT, in which two bullet points are displayed: the first one is '... in ... mastery ...'. It is not strange that an
adult has an accent if he or she learn two or three languages. An accent does not matter. Accent has
nothing to do with others but pronunciation. ... learning from other languages ... Key words: goal, from 12
years old.
14. Women Contribution (Incomplete)

Points: The contribution made by women is increasingly great in society. Women can be entrepreneurs,
can be professors, and so on. Immigration has been increased ... ... illegal ... legally ... The immigrants
who become entrepreneurs can offer jobs. The introduction of the course ... more content in the paper
or something ... Currently the debate on the topic is one side, not comprehensive. The course will focus
on the immigration policy. Key words: the United Kingdom, panel, bring advantage forward, 18th century,
19th century.
15. Dialect (Incomplete)

Points: By a male lecturer with a high speech rate. The differences between 'dialect' and 'accent' are
mentioned. And 'accent' is the way you speak. Dialects are influenced by parents, geology, schools, and
employment(not sure). People borrowed words from other sources. Key words: standard English, store in
your mind, basic, pronunciation, sound, grammar, situation, relationship.
16. Trade System (Incomplete)

Points: Many countries have participated in trade organizations, such as WTO. The lecturer's hometown
in the Middle East (?) has changed in two decades. Cars, as the symbol of the change, are assembled ...
imported, and consumers are happy. Some ppl still believe they can create an inside economy ... like
Ireland. That's impossible. You can't say that if only international trade and ... are banned the country will
develop. The final sentence: It is clear that a rule-based ... in national trading system is a good thing.
17. Black Fly (Incomplete)

Points: Black fly bites cause blindness. Black flies use blade-like mouthparts to slash the skin and feed
on blood. Bites are concentrated on exposed areas of skin, especially along the hairline, feet, ankles and
arms. In the West Africa, one person may get ten thousand bites each year. Bites can produce reactions
from small red spots with little or no irritation to a lot of irritation and swelling. Volvulus following
repeated bites by infected black flies can lead to blindness. Persons with heavy infections will usually
have one or more of the three conditions: skin rash (usually itchy), eye disease, and nodules under the
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skin.
18. African American Rights (Audio Available)

Original:
During this period of time, there was a huge surge of activism taking place to reverse this discrimination
and injustice. Activists worked together and used non-violent protest and specific acts of targeted civil
disobedience, such as the Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Greensboro Woolworth Sit-Ins, in order to
bring about change. Much of this organizing and activism took place in the Southern part of the United
States; however, people from all over the country—of all races and religions—joined activists to proclaim
their support and commitment to freedom and equality. For example, on August 28, 1963, 250,000
Americans came to Washington, D.C. for the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. They came to
have their voices heard and listen to speeches by many civil rights leaders, especially Martin Luther King,
Jr., who delivered what would become one of the most influential speeches in history. In the aftermath of
World War II, African American civil rights efforts were hampered by ideological splits. The Southern
system of white supremacy was accompanied by the expansion of European and American imperial
control over nonwhite people in Africa and Asia as well as in island countries of the Pacific and
Caribbean regions. Like African Americans, most nonwhite people throughout the world were colonized
or economically exploited and denied basic rights, such as the right to vote.
App to listen.
19. Fish (Audio Available)

Original:
Fish are important because they help maintain the health of marine ecosystems and provide support to
other marine life. They are an important part of the food web because they are predators to smaller
organisms and prey to marine mammals and seabirds globally. They also support humans. About 80
million tons of fish are harvested annually. This volume is enough to feed all Filipinos with their annual
fish consumption for 20 years. And they're currently about 60 million people working in the fishing
industry globally. But on a global scale, 33 percent of fisheries are overfished, meaning too many fish are
being harvested. This may cause fish populations to become depleted and not able to recover. 67
percent are fully exploited, meaning additional fishing effort could lead to the fisheries collapse. Only 10
percent have room to grow, with just 10 percent of the fisheries having a room to grow. We might
experience a global fishing crisis.
App to listen.
20. Air Pollution (Audio Available)

Original:
In today's lecture I'm going to talk about changes in air pollution since the middle of the last century and
what has created these changes. So, um — by the 1950s, air pollution was very visible with frequent
thick black fogs known as 'smogs' in many large cities around the world. The main source of this
pollution was from factories and it caused severe health problems. For example, a particularly severe
smog in London in 1952 caused over four thousand deaths. Obviously something had to be done and in
1956 a Clean Air Act was introduced in Britain. This addressed the pollution from factories and the
smogs soon disappeared. However, as you know, these days air pollution is still a big issue. The main
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difference between now and the 1950s is that you can't see it — it's invisible. Also, the main source of
pollution now is from cars and lorries, and although these don't produce visible signs, this air pollution is
still a significant risk to health. And one of the key factors in the rise of this type of pollution is that we
have all become much more vehicle-dependent. There are far more cars and lorries, trains and planes
than in the 1950s and this is now the main source of air pollution around the world.
App to listen.
21. Exercise (Incomplete)

Points: About exercise by a male lecturer. A research group studies blood vessels and how high the
blood pressure is when having physical activities. They compare blood pressures under two conditions.
One of which is healthy exercise for forty-five minutes, and the other is sitting with no exercise. Exercise
benefits organ functions, muscles, … , and legs, but just sitting has negative influence on blood vessels,
because the blood flows inactively. It is recommended by an investigation to exercise for at least half an
hour a day. Exercises before sitting can protect blood vessels, like people apply sunscreens before going
to beach. There is still a research gap: how much exercise can be done and how much sitting can be
tolerated. Anyway, people who do exercises should know how to protect themselves. Finally, remember
to apply sunscreen when having outdoor exercise on beach.
22. Tissue Engineering (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Tissue engineering, what is it? It's an emerging field, interdisciplinary field that combines engineering and
life sciences to create functional biological structures that can restore and improve tissue function.
Examples include bladders, trachea blood vessels and if you look at it, printing as a technology has also
gone through the revolution and well it's been around for hundreds of years. In the last couple of
decades, it's been a new dimension. We can now print layer by layer in materials ranging from plastic to
metal, to concrete, to chocolate, from the smallest scales to the largest. If you take 3D printing and we
combine it with biology, we have bio-printing where the building blocks our cell aggregates where we
called bio-ling particles that are composed of thousands of cells that can fuse together into different
shapes. These geometries can include multi-layered sheets, such as skin, branching tubes for
vasculature and the sophistication of this manufacturing technology improves daily to include different
cell types and different shapes. And now why is it important, the pharmaceutical industry at the moment
is in a moment of crisis. It spends more money each year on R&D, but has fewer drugs to show for it. It
takes more than a decade, more than a billion of dollars to develop a new drug and the cost of a failure
can be measured in hundreds of millions of dollars.
App to listen.
23. Aristotle (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
OK. Another ancient Greek philosopher we need to discuss is Aristotle — Aristotle's ethical theory. What
Aristotle's ethical theory is all about is this: he's trying to show you how to be happy — what true
happiness is. Now, why is he interested in human happiness? It's not just because it's something that all
people want to aim for. It's more than that. But to get there we need to first make a very important
distinction. Let me introduce a couple of technical terms: extrinsic value and intrinsic value. To
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understand Aristotle's interest in happiness, you need to understand this distinction. Some things we aim
for and value, not for themselves but for what they bring about in addition to themselves. If I value
something as means to something else, then it has what we will call "extrinsic value", other things we
desire and hold to be valuable for themselves alone. If we value something not as means to something
else, but for its own sake, let us say that it has "intrinsic value", exercise. There may be some people
who value exercise for itself, but I don't. I value exercise because if I exercise, I tend to stay healthier
than I would if I didn't. So I desire to engage in exercise and I value exercise extrinsically ... not for its
own sake, but as a means to something beyond it. It brings me good health.
App to listen.
24. Human Behaviors (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
If you look at the recent research conducted on human behavior, you will be surprised about the findings.
It is said that there is a correlation between human behavior and our physical feature. It was believed
that genes are the only factor that determine the physical appearance. This includes height and hair
color. However, the recent study showed that behavior is also another factor that can change height and
hair color. The findings in the study further state that a person’s habits can change the physical features
of human. These findings have a tremendous impact on scientific fields such as biology, psychology,
sociology and neuroscience.
App to listen.
25. Time Travel (Incomplete)

Points: A long lecture about the theory of time travel with a lot of meaningless words. The main problem
of time traveling is that people need to understand what time is, but nobody can explain it clearly and
briefly, although people know what time means when they talk about it. Talking about what is time has
been a popular topic in modern society. However, time is not a new subject because it actually started
around 600 years ago. ‘nobody specifically knows what time is' is mentioned many times. 'obsession' and
'modern' are in the same sentence. Key word: time machines.
26. Internet and Journalism (Audio Available)

Original:
In recent decades journalism has been faced with challenges. So, what has happened to journalism? The
rise of the Internet has a great impact on journalism, specifically the ways it is produced and consumed.
Because the Internet democratizes people, ordinary people can get involved in journalism. It takes steps
for people to feel enthusiastic about the changes in journalism. The Internet not only speeds up spread
of news, but also helps people gain information in various ways. Thus, journalism now becomes a
collaborative process in an imaginary way, which is unexpected. For example, even small pieces of
ordinary video can be of a new type of journalism.
App to listen.
27. Hook Sentence (Explanation) (Audio Available)
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Original:
An essay is a chance to identify your read and learned. As a writer, you first need to collect many
materials, then write an essay in four or five paragraphs, structures and quotes. If someone is searching
for a book or article to read, he or she will decide from the very beginning whether this work is worth
attention. If you want to wow your teacher, polish the introduction, especially the first couple of
sentences. Add an essay hook–something interesting, funny, shocking, or intriguing to win the reader’s
attention. Build an emotional connection with your reader right from the start. A hook in the essay is a
catchy sentence or paragraph in the impressive introduction which serves as an attention element and an
important part. An excellent hook sentence is engaging and interesting; it is a perfect method to start an
argumentative or persuasive essay. The hook for your essay often appears in the first sentence. The
opening paragraph includes a thesis sentence. Some popular hook choices can include using an
interesting quote, a little-known fact, famous last words, or a statistic.
App to listen.
28. Energy of Internet (Audio Available)

Original:
The internet, the most powerful tool in terms of engineering made by humans, has the most complicated
structure. What we call the Internet is made up of a lot of things, wires traversing the ocean, satellites
and cell phone towers, massive data centers sending packets of information all over and devices. The
internet can be connected via a modem, or an ADSL switch center, to a local landline telephone
exchange network. It can connect us from Sydney to Melbourne and then to the U.S.. However, it takes
energy for the transmission system to transmit information. For example, the longer email you write, the
more energy is consumed. Meanwhile, there are more than 30 billion things connected to the Internet,
like cell phones, laptops, credit card readers, smart TV, and so on, and each of them requires electricity.
In total, Internet-connected devices probably use around five percent of the world's electricity. And most
of the electricity comes from burning fossil fuels, which release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
App to listen.
29. Approach and Avoidance (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Approach and avoidance motivation is composed of three conceptually distinct components. Approach
indicates a propensity to move toward (or maintain contact with) a desired stimulus, such as vocational
plans. Avoidance indicates a propensity to move away from (or maintain distance from) an undesired
stimulus in order to reduce anxiety. Motivation is defined as the energization and direction of behavior.
The valence of stimuli is at the core of the distinction between approach and avoidance, with positively
valenced stimuli typically leading to approach and negatively valenced stimuli typically leading to
avoidance. Stimuli can be external or internal, implicit or explicit, conscious or non-conscious.
App to listen.
30. Boys and Girls (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
The research shows that girls have a higher level of English results than boys in the same class, because
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boys and girls are different in learning styles, and their brain functions are different in mechanisms. Male
students were detected to be significantly more aware of the developments in the field of physics than
female students. According to the content analysis results concerning this finding, unlike female students
male students were more interested in technological developments. This finding is not surprising when
the passive social role of females and the general social structure in which they tend to more sociable
fields are considered. This finding may have occurred due to the fact that males are generally more
interested in technology than females. Previous studies support this finding. Boys are more simplified,
and teachers' teaching style normally suits girls better than boys. Teachers should find different teaching
approaches respectively for boys and girls.
App to listen.
31. Credit Card (Incomplete)

Points: About a study by a banker on using credit cards, about how messages influence decisions. A
bank issued credit cards to consumers but many of them did not use the cards. Then the bank asked the
inactive consumers why, and found they feared possible loss. There are two groups of inactive credit
card users. One group receives messages saying they will be offered benefits if they continue to use the
credit cards. The other group receives messages saying they will be applied a penalty if they don't use
the credit cards any more. 'potential loss of not using the cards' is mentioned a few times. The
conclusion is that customers are more motivated by a threat to lose something than by potential gains or
persuasive messages. Key words: being beneficial, cash.
32. DNA Pieces (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
My lab works on the applications of synthetic biology, so we're very interested in doing useful things
with biological systems. Up to now, life has evolved, and now we actually have the ability and the power
to engineer it, to design it. And so I'm curious about what the natural world is going to look like in the
future. So synthetic biology is sort of the next level of genetic engineering. So about 40 years ago, we
being scientists and engineers, developed techniques to basically move pieces of DNA from one
organism to another. And this was sort of done by physically cutting and pasting. Now we're moving
beyond that where we can write DNA so we're no longer limited to the pieces. We can cut from one and
put in another. We can chemically synthesize this DNA on a machine and put that into an organism. And
now we can even create new organisms completely from scratch. So if you imagine a cell that's
programed to make a useful compound, say, material or drug, then what you have is basically a micro-
scale manufacturing unit. It's basically a cellular factory. And the cool thing about cellular factory is that
when you want more factories, you love that cell grow and divide. So in in the lab, if we have one
bacteria, we put it in a flask. The next day we come in. We have millions, if not billions of bacteria.
App to listen.
33. Chimpanzees (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
We are from an organization called Nonhuman Rights Project, and we fight for legal rights of non-
human animals. Drawing a line in order to enslave an autonomous and self-determining being is a
violation of equality. We then searched through 80 jurisdictions. We chose the state of New York. Then
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we decided upon who our plaintiffs are going to be. We decided upon chimpanzees. We know the
extraordinary cognitive capabilities that they have, and they also resemble the kind that human beings
have. And so we chose chimpanzees, and we began to then canvass the world to find the experts in
chimpanzee cognition. So now we needed to find our chimpanzee. Our chimpanzee, first we found two
of them in the state of New York. Both of them would die before we could even get our suits filed. Then
we found Tommy. Tommy is a chimpanzee. Tommy was a chimpanzee. We found him in that cage. We
found him in a small room that was filled with cages in a larger warehouse structure on a used trailer lot
in central New York. And so on the last week of December 2013, the Nonhuman Rights Project filed
three suits all across the state of New York using the same common law argument. The court didn't
approve our appeal because they think chimpanzees are not humans even though they have cognitive
skills. We proved to the court that chimpanzees also have cognitive capabilities, and they were not
hearing us.
App to listen.
34. Internet Growth (Incomplete)

Points: The internet has changed our lives in terms of both quality and quantity with its rapid growth. As
for the advantages of online research, it is quick, less expensive, and can help us access hard-to-reach
groups. However, online research has some drawbacks, as there are no face-to-face communications or
body languages, and the other downside is that subjects are not 'real people', so we don't know who
they are.
35. Competition and Performance (Audio Available)

Original:
Most companies believe that competition drives employees to improve performance and motivate them.
Ranking among employees is widely used in large corporations, like Cisco, General Electric, because they
believe this can help improve productivity. Employees in those companies are ranked into levels by their
supervisors in every department, in which, employees in top ten percent are rewarded or promoted,
those in bottom ten percent are threw out, and thirty to fifty percent of them in the middle will have a
feeling of both fear and hope. But this is a common mistake. Competition makes employees, who are
under the threats of being laid off, losing incomes, or being publicly humiliated, full of fears even when
they are faced with simple tasks, and makes it impossible for inspiration and creation to happen.
App to listen.
36. Group Students (Incomplete)

Points: About group students doing experiments, which involve males, females( girls?) and elders and are
about attention and concentration.
37. Newspaper Industry (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Because of the economic model, the newspaper industry has been shrinking drastically from the last 50
years of the 20th century in some states of America. Also as the economic model changed, newspapers
increased the cash flow. However, there are still some newspaper industries losing money because of a
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decrease in advertising and buyers. They can't find buyers. Only a few newspapers have positive cash
flow. Over 100 newspapers with cash flow in red had no money to publish the newspaper everyday. Some
of them published three days per week. Small-sized newspapers only published once a week and had to
go online. Some newspapers even disappeared. The staff working in newspaper industry decreased by
30-60% or more.
App to listen.
38. Automatic Driving (Similar) (Audio Available)

Original:
Transportation officials, advocates, companies and users around the world are talking about how
automated vehicles will change transportation as we know it, autonomous vehicles are split into six levels
of automation as defined by the Society of Automotive Engineers. Zero, no automation. One, driver
assistance. Two, partial automation. Three, conditional automation. Four, high automation. And five, full
automation. Humans are responsible for monitoring the vehicle and performing most functions in levels
one and two, while an automated driving system performs all functions and levels three, four and five.
Vehicles and levels three and up are considered highly automated vehicles. As vehicles progress to
higher levels of automation, less responsibility is put on the driver for monitoring the vehicle. Here's how
an automated vehicle works. Several systems work in conjunction with each other to control an
automated vehicle. Radar sensors dotted around the car monitor the position of vehicles nearby. Video
cameras detect traffic lights, read road signs and keep track of other vehicles while also looking out for
pedestrians and other obstacles.
App to listen.
39. Sugar (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
There’s sugar in a lot of foods where you don’t expect it. Of course there’s lots of sugar in donuts or ice
cream, or pastries, or other things that are sweet; candy of course, but there are other places where you
see it and you don’t necessarily expect it. As an example: peanut butter. Here’s a list of ingredients from
skippy peanut butter and you see that sugar is the second most common ingredient. You may know from
reading food labels that these ingredients in any food label are listed in order of how much there is in
the food itself, so sugar comes right after peanuts. Here’s another example, beef stew, you wouldn’t
necessarily expect to find sugar in beef stew but it’s there. Now it’s down the list of ingredients, it’s
actually toward the end, but if you look at the marketing of this and look at the can it says, there’s fresh
potatoes and carrots, but actually there’s more sugar in this than there is carrot.
App to listen.
40. Stone Balls (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
I suppose you wouldn't expect perhaps to find a mathematician in a museum of historical objects, but
actually, the objects that I've been drawn to in this museum have quite a lot of mathematical
significance. These Neolithic stones, discovered in Scotland, dating back 5,000 years, are probably the
first examples of humans exploring the concept of symmetry. And that's what I do as a practicing
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mathematician. I spend my life trying to understand what symmetries are possible, in nature and in
mathematics and abstractly. And here I've got a connection, going back 5,000 years, to people who are
already trying to understand –how can I arrange patches on the side of these stone balls in a
symmetrical manner? One of the intriguing things about these stones is that we don't actually know what
they're for. They might have been for divination –trying to predict the future. They might have been part
of a game. They look very much like dice, but we don't really think there is any game associated with
them. Maybe they were just for chucking around, they're very nice in the hand when you hold them. Or
maybe they were symbols of power in the clan. I suppose that's why I like them because we don't really
know what they are. If I had a theory about why they were doing this it would be that actually, they were
starting to be mathematicians, and that here we see the first example of abstract thought at work. That
these weren't for a purpose. Mathematics is a great subject, created a lot of the technology around us,
but mathematicians we create our mathematical objects for the joy and the beauty, so it will be lovely to
think that these didn't actually have a use, that they were just really a celebration of what's possible.
Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about Neolithic stones. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes the objects discovered
in Scotland, dating back 5,000 years, are probably the first examples of humans exploring the concept of
symmetry. Also, he mentions we do not actually know what they are for. Lastly, the speaker believes that
mathematicians create our mathematical objects for the joy and the beauty. In conclusion, this lecture is
very informative.
App to listen.
41. Bees and Darwin (Incomplete)

Points: About the genes of the bee and its evolution. In order to protect the next generation in the hive,
worker bees attack intruders and then sacrifice their lives. And worker bees also help improve the
queen's reproductivity but they give up their own reproductivities. Darwin realized that improving the
reproductivity of the queen bees could help save the bees' genes.
42. National Wealth (Incomplete)

Points: Before the Industrial Revolution, British economists believed a nation's wealth lay in how much
money people could pile up, but Adam Smith, who was a landowner and capitalist, in 1776 claimed that a
nation’s wealth came from not only agriculture but also manufacture, and the nation’s wealth was of the
ability to achieve high outputs. Overall, national wealth was equal to the nation’s income since national
income measured national output. In the first two sentences of the audio, 'industrialization' is mentioned:
industrialization means … more output … fill the world with goods ... the good you dress, you eat… Then
manual manufacturing played the major role. Agricultural outputs count but ….
43. Sleep (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
This is a new memory-learning memory. It is a good thing for you to get enough sleep, and a bad thing
for you if not. People need to sleep before learning, and people also need to sleep after learning. When
you are asleep, the memory can consolidate all the information into your brain. From this point, it may
only get worse. Not only will I tell you about the wonderfully good things that happen when you get sleep,
but the alarmingly bad things that happen when you don't get enough both for your brain and your body.
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Let me start with the brain and the functions of learning and memory, because what we've discovered
over the past 10 or so years is that you need sleep after learning to essentially hit the save button on
those new memories so that you don't forget. But recently, we discovered that you also need sleep
before learning and now to actually prepare your brain almost like a dry sponge, ready to initially soak up
new information. And without sleep, the memory circuits of the brain essentially become waterlogged, as
it were. And you can't absorb new memories.
App to listen.
44. Dancing Bees (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Honeybees do a waggle dance to direct other bees to sources of nectar, but dancing bees like this one
can be halted by a headbutt from another bee. Now, researchers have found that this headbutt is
actually a warning signal. A feeding station was set up in the lab to mimic a source of nectar. Then
foraging bees were introduced to dangers at the station, such as competition from rival colonies. When
foragers returned to the hive, they stopped bees dancing. Scientists think the behavior warns dancers of
a dangerous source of nectar.
App to listen.
45. Children Directors (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Social skills are vital in enabling an individual to have and maintain positive interactions with others.
Many of these skills are crucial in making and sustaining friendships. Social interactions do not always
run smoothly and an individual needs to be able to implement appropriate strategies, such as conflict
resolution when difficulties in interactions arise. It is also important for individuals to have 'empathy' as it
allows them to respond in an understanding and caring way to how others are feeling. Children are
facing social difficulties with particular risks. Young people who do not have strong relationships with the
adults in their family are even more at risk. In an experiment in a high school, which lasted for 8 to 12
weeks, the students were told to be a movie director and to choose their own story structure. The
students worked with each other, which involved lots of different skills, and social interactivity. The
movies they had made were actually cool. Then, the researchers tested the intervention effect, finding
this can improve their self-regulation, and they found this can improve their self-regulation and critical
thinking skills.
App to listen.
46. Literature in Poem (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Today, poems remain an important part of art and culture. We often talk about the knowledge about the
literature in poem. Poetry is probably the oldest form of literature, and probably predates the origin of
writing itself. The oldest written manuscripts we have are poems, mostly epic poems telling the stories of
ancient mythology. The English language in poems and poetries is difficult to understand, often giving
readers a feeling of frustration and making it hard for readers to enjoy poetry. This is because poems
use literary expressions. Poetry was once written according to fairly strict rules of meter and rhyme, and
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each culture had its own rules. Some poems incorporate rhyme schemes, with two or more lines that end
in like-sounding words. We should learn to simply enjoy it, and to know more about literature
knowledge.
App to listen.
47. Food Waste (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
The United States is considered the biggest food-wasting country in the world. Consumers collectively
throw away more than all the retailers together in the US. In total, private US households waste around
43% of all food. According to "Save the Food", a national public service campaign, this could translate
into an annual financial loss of $1,500 for a family of four. In fact, over 40 million tons (36 million tonnes)
of food ends up in landfills every year, worth more than $161 billion. 60% of food waste comes from
general consumption. There are two main sources of food waste. The majority of food waste comes
from supermarkets, especially in the used-by section. The other factor is what people purchase and how
they eat, so purchasing all items is not a good idea. Avoiding food waste efficiently along the supply
chain and in all our households can result in a win-win scenario. Halving food waste could help meet the
demand for nutrition of our growing population, and equally minimize the negative environmental effects
of agriculture.
App to listen.
48. Moods (Incomplete)

Points: A male lecturer with a high speech rate and unclear voice. The stability of emotion differs with
different persons. Somebody usually has a nervous mood like a roller coaster, while others, relaxed and
peaceful. Research finds that the secret of happiness is of a mild containment. You should find a point
of balance and the ideal mood is moderate strain and containment. Key words: tense, loose, fluctuation
of emotions, mild mood, stable mood.
49. Leadership (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
A leader can define or clarify goals by issuing a memo or an executive order, an edict or a fatwa or a
tweet, by passing a law, barking a command, or presenting an interesting idea in a meeting of
colleagues. Leaders can mobilize people’s energies in ways that range from subtle, quiet persuasion to
the coercive threat or the use of deadly force. Sometimes a charismatic leader such as Martin Luther
King Jr. can define goals and mobilize energies through rhetoric and the power of example. We can
think of leadership as a spectrum, in terms of both visibility and the power the leader wields. On one end
of the spectrum, we have the most visible: authoritative leaders like the president of the United States or
the prime minister of the United Kingdom, or a dictator such as Hitler or Qaddafi. At the opposite end of
the spectrum is casual, low-key leadership found in countless situations every day around the world,
leadership that can make a significant difference to the individuals whose lives are touched by it. Over
the centuries, the first kind–the out-in-front, authoritative leadership–has generally been exhibited by
men. Some men in positions of great authority, including Nelson Mandela, have chosen a strategy of
“leading from behind”; more often, however, top leaders have been quite visible in their exercise of
power. Women (as well as some men) have provided casual, low-key leadership behind the scenes. But
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this pattern has been changing, as more women have taken up opportunities for visible, authoritative
leadership.
App to listen.
50. MPA Campaign (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
The ocean provides habitats for 98% of fish, the source of protein feeding 4.8 billion of people. But
human activities and climate change have left corals bleached in some oceans. There are many species
of fish that are endangered. The government set up a network, called MPA marine campaign, in which
countries and organizations have been collaborating with each other to protect the environment for 32
years. A marine protected area (MPA) is a zone designated and managed to protect marine habitats and
species for the good of the ocean, society, economy and culture. Within MPAs, human activities such as
fishing, vessel traffic and tourism are regulated. MPAs can come in the form of a fully protected marine
reserve, a moderately protected marine park, or a no-take zone among others. But MPA is faced with
lots of challenges, as some developing countries lack management and resources, and feel excluded.
App to listen.
51. Engineer and Engineering (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Today, this course you are going to take is about what is engineering and how to work with a
complicated system. You guys should know the answers, because all of you guys are from the
engineering course. Especially, when you design, build, debug and develop something new, during these
process, you are working with the complicated system. How to program complicated systems and how
would you know it actually works before producing it. Sometimes, the inspirations are from your daily
life, you probably need to consider your personal life experience. And from the common everyday life to
the tiny things that you cannot see virtually, and the inspirations normally exist in the tiny levels. A
complicated system such as your laptops running Microsoft systems. That means the system is not able
to see, which means you guys have to virtualize it. Engineering is here to help virtualize by using
systems. Nowadays, the complicated systems are relatively reliable, and you guys work upon these and
need to deliver the new outcomes which are reliable as well. This is what we do now and we are good at.
Engineering is to help virtualize by using systems. In order to develop and produce a reliable system, you
need consider more on the risks, potentials, predictability and accuracy.
App to listen.
52. Stock Market and Business (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
The stock market is where investors connect to buy and sell investments — most commonly, stocks,
which are shares of ownership in a public company. When you need groceries, you go to the
supermarket. When you're ready to buy stocks or mutual funds, you'll usually buy them online through the
stock market, which anyone can access with a brokerage account or employee retirement plan. The term
'stock market' often refers to one of the major stock market indexes. However, there are some different
uses of the stock market before and after. In the 18th century, manufacturing companies came into the
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market. Traditional companies used stocks to raise money, and input money into companies, while
modern companies used stocks to output money. From 19th to 20th century, however, modern
companies, such as Apple, Google and Microsoft are big enough to earn money, and use stocks
differently. The stock market also inclined to put money into big companies.
App to listen.
53. Luxury Brand (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
The question today of what makes a luxury brand, a luxury brand and how do we distinguish it, is very
hard to answer. The standard business response is to say they are more exclusive. And we get
exclusivity by having high price and relatively small amounts of the product available. The reality,
however, of luxury brands is that they are sold in their millions, and in some cases, are not priced that
much higher than the standard output. The only way I can really answer your question is to say, it is all
relative. As you said in your introduction, it wasn't that long ago in Australia that we would have
considered two televisions to be a luxury, or even further back, one colour television. And you can make
a strong argument, for example, that Starbucks in China, right now, is a luxury purchase because of its
cost, because of how frequently it is purchased by many people. So, I think the long answer is a
complicated one, but the answer is, it depends who you talk to. I think in the business community what
we would say, is that there is a small cluster of more expensive brands which have a distinct strategy
that we would identify as being luxury brands. And they start with the Rolls Royce and the Tiffanys and
the Louis Vuittons of the world. And, I think that tends to be how we see them.
App to listen.
54. Paper Rejection (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Rejection happens to all of us, and it can be a disappointing experience. I will now give some advice for
young researchers. Many things have changed today, which can be a troubling issue. The chance of
getting paper published is becoming smaller and smaller. Although it never is easy to take, rejection is
particularly hard at the beginning of your career. But rejections will lead to a better result and will be
good for the career path. Use this feedback to improve your paper for submission to another journal as
well as your next, more robust study of the topic. Usually several individuals with expertise in the topic
have donated substantial time to provide detailed advice to advance your paper and future work. Also
remember that publication does not mean funding. Investors will learn how to attract and engage young
researchers at the same time.
App to listen.
55. Global Economy (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Today, more and more people realize that the global economic and financial crisis also concerns
common ethical values and standards. I am pretty concerned that the global economy has become
unethical and unfair. Recent experiences have proved that the sustainability of the market economy is by
no means guaranteed. Indeed, one cannot escape the fact that the emergence of global capitalism has
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brought with it an entirely new set of risks. The global economic and financial crisis concerns common
ethical standards. For example, the trade between Europe and the United States has been unfair, which
needs to be further negotiated. These problems of the global economy should be on the agenda for the
following years. Obviously, all ethical values and standards are culture-bound, but there are core values
and standards that are universal. I strongly believe that in the long run, the global market economy will
only be accepted in the different regions and nations if it is socially acceptable.
App to listen.
56. Survey on Happiness (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
So happiness economics can help us get to these questions, and I'll try to give you some examples of
this. Now, even though there's a lot of skepticism, originally about using this survey - surveys what
people say make them happy. The number of reason that we are getting increasingly confident in doing
so. One is that their consistent pattern - remarkable consistent pattern, determines well-being across
large samples of people, across countries, across the world, and over time. Some of the basic things
that make people happy, and I will show you some of these income, health, marital status, employment
status. Some of these very basic things are remarkably consistent across countries across world. So that
gives us some sense that these surveys are picking up consistent patterns. And when we know what
consistent patterns are, we can look how other things that very much more, affect people's well-being.
The environment and equality, the nature's institution raging on living, and all kinds of other things that
very much more.
Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about happiness economics. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes that their
consistent pattern determines well-being across large samples of people. Also, she mentions that some
of these very basic things are remarkably consistent across the world. Lastly, the speaker believes that
the environment and equality, the nature's institution raging on living, and all kinds of other things affect
people's well-being. In conclusion, this lecture is very informative.
App to listen.
57. Genetic Impact (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Since the discovery of DNA structure, people have believed that genes have an impact only on people's
physical structure. However, the study of mapping of genes in 2001 found that there is a genetic
responsibility to human's physical and psychological behaviors, which has changed the way we
understand our behaviors. Findings from behavioral genetic research have broadly impacted modern
understanding of the role of genetic and environmental influences on behavior. The research on genes
has provided integrating information, and the findings can benefit biologists, psychologists and
neuroscientists. Qualitative research has fostered arguments that behavioral genetics is an ungovernable
field without scientific norms or consensus, which fosters controversy.
App to listen.
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58. Sign Language (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
So the topic for today is abstraction. And this is a very important layer of computer because you can't
do anything with a computer unless you have a symbolic system in place. Right. So we're talking about
the origin of symbolic systems. Language is a classic symbolic system. Apparently one theory for why
language evolved is that people communicated with sign language and with movement quite well for a
long time. And it turned out that they wanted to communicate even while they were doing things. So,
while they were trying to strangle the dinosaur, not the dinosaurs, the rhinoceros, they wanted to say
"Come help me" and they use sign language to do it. They had to let go of the rhinoceros and the
rhinoceros ran away. So you can see that it's a good idea to be able to do something with your hands
and be able to communicate at the same time. Hence there come words and languages.
App to listen.
59. Change of Body Fat (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
I would like to look at a recent survey conducted by Canadian researchers on diet. Total thirty-one
women volunteered in the survey. They've been told to participate in the exercise program without
changing their diet. After careful observation, the researchers actually found that some volunteers
experienced a body fat change after six months from the day they've started the experiment. The finding
further stated that some actually lost a significant amount of fat, which led to a decrease in body mass.
On the other hand, there were others who did not lose fat at all. So, I guess, the study concludes that
there must be two explanations. Those who did not lose weight must have eaten more. And another
factor is that it is because there are psychological reasons—not to believe in losing fat.
App to listen.
60. Brand Image (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
It turns out consumers are incredibly smart. They combine a lifetime of experience with that brand,
combined with whatever its designed appeal is, how it makes them feel, performance and price. And
they do all that in a few seconds. So brands are essential to our business to allow us to deliver the
increased consumer value associated with our products. We're not into the generic business of toilet
paper. We're into probably about the softest product you're going to want to buy. We're not into a
generic soap. We're into the best, you know, stain removing laundry detergent you're going to buy. But
we're going to want you to remember that as the tide brand. Now, that means there's a second moment
of truth. If they do select you and they pay 50% more than they would have paid for Walmart's brand,
when they get home, it'd better perform when it's used. And here's where the science starts, folks.
There's an amazing number of fundamental engineering contradictions, right? Airplanes deal with, you
know, weight and strength. I want something that's light but strong. That's an engineering contradiction.
Once I deal with our things, got to be strong but soft. They have to be strong even when they're wet.
Bright but not tear, liquids, mixtures, not common things, but they need... they can't separate. You don't
want to shake before use, before you pour down in your washing machine.
App to listen.
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61. Facial Recognition (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Last week we talked about how people recognize objects and really how well people recognize objects,
given how difficult the problem is, given how objects can be seen in all different sorts of illumination, in
different positions, in different angles. And yet we are able to extract that information, we are able to
take the visual stuff out there, interpret it in a way that allows us to recognize all the different things that
we can see in our environment. Today we're gonna kind of carry on looking at that, but we gonna look at
what's really a special class of objects. That's the human face. So we gonna look at how we recognize
human faces and how we do it quite as well as we do. We're really expert at recognizing faces. So again
we can think about how do we take that visual information and how do we transform it into a form
which allows us to put a name to a face, and to do all the other clever things that we can do with faces.
So I'm gonna start off again by just pointing out that it's a hard problem. Face recognition is a hard
problem, and it's a clever thing we do. If you think about all the different types of faces you can
recognize, and all the different types of information you can get from the face, you kind of start to
appreciate how well we can do face recognition.
Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about how people recognize human faces. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes how
we take visual information and transform it to allow us to recognize a face. Also, he mentions that face
recognition is a hard problem, and it is a clever thing we do. Lastly, the speaker believes that people
start to appreciate how well we can do face recognition. In conclusion, this lecture is very informative.
App to listen.
62. Orgnization Study (Incomplete)

Points: The two male speakers are talking quickly about organization study and how they appreciate it.
Organization study is about a whole family of disciplines, such as social science, psychology, sociology,
history, and cultural studies. The speaker enjoys studying organization study because of its broad range
and its breadth. What organization study has taught him is liberating ideas without disciplinary
boundaries.
63. Architecture Design (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Design of buildings is important according to architectural textbooks. At its roots, architecture exists to
create the physical environment in which people live, but architecture is more than just the built
environment, it’s also a part of our culture. It stands as a representation of how we see ourselves, as well
as how we see the world. There are poorly designed buildings, but also some great building works. In the
Victoria Era, architects designed buildings based on bricks and other materials. The design of flaws was
based on lighting as it would not only affect appearance but also health conditions. The materials that
buildings are made of also matter. For example, the design of ground floors must ensure that the
building is able to withstand the weight of the higher levels. In the 20th century, many old buildings with
design flaws were demolished or modified through a natural selection process, which means they are an
altered state rather than an original state. This is an application of Darwin's theory of natural selection to
modification of old buildings, which means buildings should adapt to the new world to survive, or be
pulled down. So, it's argued to be unfair to criticize the demolition, although some people believe that
whether to be remained should be decided based on their nature and functions. As the world became
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more and more connected, the styles evolved, but even in modern construction, there is still an
importance in honoring the cultural nuances in the built environment.
App to listen.
64. Children's Life Quality (Incomplete)

Points: A male professor is giving his lecture. Well educated families have well-educated children who
have sufficient education resources and support since they were born. According to studies, the life
chance of a child has been set by 5 years old, which is a very disturbing fact. There is no obvious way to
address the deep root of inequality in any society.
Answer:
According to the professor’s sociology research, the capacity of well-educated parents will remain in
their prosperous children because these children have sufficient educational capacity and support since
they were born. According to studies, the life chance of a child has been set by five years old, which is a
compelling and disturbing fact. The professor cannot find obvious ways to address this deep root of
inequality in any society.
65. Globalization (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Globalization is an overused and often misunderstood concept. We hear it all the time on news
broadcasts and in any type of public discussion. But the starting point for understanding globalization is
that it is industries and markets that globalize, not countries. That's why it's helpful to think of
globalization as 'the integration of economic activities across borders'. But why does globalization
matter? I would argue globalization matters because it means the rise of interconnectedness between
countries and markets across the world. For example, one of the reasons why the financial crash of
2007/2008 was so serious was because the financial and banking systems of countries around the
world have become so closely interconnected with the globalization of markets.
Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about globalization. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes that we hear it all the time
on news broadcasts and in any type of public discussion. Also, he mentions that it is industries and
markets that globalize, not countries. Lastly, the speaker believes that it means the rise of
interconnectedness between countries and markets across the world. In conclusion, this lecture is very
informative.
App to listen.
66. Mapping of Genes (Incomplete)

Points: Mapping of genes was completed in 1920. Recent research has shown that genes can determine
not only humans' physical features, such as height, eye color and hair color, but also psychological
features, such as our behavior. Our research on genes can contribute to biology, psychology, sociology
and neuroscience, and provides some integrating information.
67. Big Bang (Explanation) (Audio Available)
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Original:
One of the most amazing things that have happened even in my lifetime is the prediction of cosmology.
When I started out forty-odd years ago, we thought we knew that the universe began a big bang, some
people doubted even then. We thought the universe was about ten or twenty billion years old. But now
for really very sound scientific reasons, we can say that the universe did start in a Big bang and it’s 13.8
billion years old. So it’s not 14, it's not 13 because a decimal point in there and that’s a stunning
achievement to know that. And we also know that the laws of physics that apply to tiny particles inside
atoms also explains what happened in the big bang, you can’t have one without the other. A very neat
example of this is that when you apply nuclear physics, that kind of physics to understand how stars
work, you find out that the oldest star in the universe is about 13 billion years old. So their universe is
just a little bit older than the stars. Fantastic, if we done it and counted in the other way around and said
that the stars were older than the universe, we would say science was in deep trouble. But it’s not,
everything fits together and we know how the universe began, we got to know how the way it is. The
future that it ‘ll suspects we don’t know quite well what’s going, but we got some ideas, which are as
good as those ideas we had 40 years ago about how big bang happened.
Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about the prediction of cosmology. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes that the
universe did start in a big bang. Also, he mentions that the laws of physics that apply to tiny particles
also explain the big bang. Lastly, the speaker believes we got some ideas as good as those ideas we had
40 years ago about how big bang happened. In conclusion, this lecture is very informative.
App to listen.
68. Mars and Earth (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
We are going to look at an very interesting and important place today. It is called the Mars which is not
far away from the earth. Mars is an interesting neighboring planet to Earth with a similar geological
surface and landscape, such as the desert, covered with rocks. Although there has not been evidence for
the existence of water yet, the trace of heavy gases has existed on Mars for billions of years. Traces of
a great amount of water in icy form just like mountains have been found. There is not much atmosphere,
but rare gases are still found. It is possibly because heavy gases do not evaporate within a low gravity.
The low gravity on Mars indicates that there may be a thin layer of the atmosphere on Mars. Therefore,
Mars might be the most ideal destination other than Earth.
App to listen.
69. Dropping from School (Audio Available)

Original:
Low achievers are more likely to drop out of school. Some boys leave school early. And the main reason
is push and pull factors. The main reason of pull is that economy and market provide many job
opportunities for boys with mainly two destinations, shipping and traineeship. So dropping from school is
not absolutely bad for boys. But girls don’t have the same opportunities. Girls are less likely to leave
school because fewer jobs are available for them. The transmission is hard. So, for girls dropping from
school is completely bad, and if they do so, they can either get part-time jobs or just stay unemployed.
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App to listen.
70. Separation of Power (Incomplete)

Points: About the separation of power of the United States. In the three systems, the first one is
legislation, the second, the execution, and the third, judicial power. Legislative power means to make
laws, and executive power is to carry out laws by officers appointed by presidents, while judicial power
is to interpret laws and is crucial to the constitution. Nowadays, they clarify what they should do, but in
the past, there was a blurry line between any two of them. Key words: constitution, article.
71. Language Levels (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Well a historical linguist compares languages at several levels. You start out looking for basic vocabulary.
All languages of the world, natural languages at least, have words for eye and head and nose and ear
and for sky and earth and for water, sand and for sibling, mother and father. They may not have words
for uncle and aunt. It becomes much vaguer because in one culture an aunt is different when it comes
from your father's side than from your mother's side. You don't include snow. Most people know what
snow is but in the tropics you don't have it. So you look for notions that are totally comparable and that
occur everywhere in the world. You take the hundred or two hundred most universal notions in a human
life, those which you call the basic vocabulary. So you take basic vocabularies and languages that you
think are related. You look for words that sound the same ...
Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about basic vocabulary. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes you look for notions
that are totally comparable and that occur everywhere in the world. Also, he mentions there are one
hundred or two hundred most universal notions in a human life, those that you call the basic vocabulary.
Lastly, the speaker believes you take related basic vocabularies and languages. In conclusion, this lecture
App to listen.
72. Smile of Mother (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Ever try to get a baby to smile? It can seem close to impossible—and then suddenly there it is: that
elusive, seemingly joyous grin. Well it turns out those smiles aren’t spontaneous—they’re strategic.
Researchers have found that when babies smile, it's for a reason. They want whoever they’re interacting
with—typically a parent—to smile back. And they time it just so, a smile here and a smile there. The
researchers call it sophisticated timing. The study is in the journal PLoS ONE. The researchers enlisted
real mothers and infants and quantified their interactions, which fell into four categories. One: babies
wanted to maximize the amount of time smiling at their mothers. Two: they wanted to maximize the time
the mothers smiled at them. Three: they wanted to experience simultaneous smiling, and four: no smiling
at all. By studying when smiles happened and what the subsequent effect was, the investigators were
able to figure out that for mothers the goal 70 percent of the time was to be smiling simultaneously—
while for babies 80 percent of the time they just wanted their mother smiling at them. So, mothers want
the interaction, while babies just want to be smiled at. So your baby may not be able to feed itself, talk
or even turn over yet. But when it comes to smiles, babies seem to know exactly what they're up to.
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Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about babies' smiles. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes those smiles aren’t
spontaneous but strategic. Also, he mentions that when babies smile, they hope whoever they’re
interacting with to smile back, called sophisticated timing. Lastly, the speaker believes babies just want
their mother smiling at them. In conclusion, this lecture is very informative.
App to listen.
73. Market Economy (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Within most developed countries, notions of pragmatism, notions of the fact that we have democracies,
have succeeded in tempering the market economy. In the 19th century, 18th century, the Industrial
Revolution had a very negative effect on people, particularly working classes all over the world. We see
data where life expectancy was reduced, heights were reduced. We were looking at the medical record.
We can see that actually, living standards, much among large fractions of population, actually went
down. But eventually, we pass the legislation about working conditions. And eventually, we circumscribe
some of the worst kinds of behavior. We eventually, in the 20th century, we put regulations that
composed better environmental conditions. And so some of the damage was reversed, and that we have
made the market economy work in ways that the benefits of the all is far more what we shared in the
world a hundred years ago.
Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about the market economy. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes within most
developed countries, notions of pragmatism have succeeded in tempering the market economy. Also, he
mentions that the industrial revolution had a negative effect on people, particularly working classes.
Lastly, the speaker believes in the 20th century, we put regulations that composed better environmental
conditions. In conclusion, this lecture is very informative.
App to listen.
74. Spectacles (Audio Available)

Original:
Normally, however, spectacles are a part of an assemblage of items giving us an overall look. In fashion
terms, they are classes of accessories, along with shoes, jewelry, handbags or watches. But in
healthcare terms, they are called a medical device and, in many languages, other than English, they are
often described as a prosthesis, an artificial part of the body, part of you, making you who you are and
choosing your spectacles is therefore your major decision. Increasingly, people own two or more pairs
for different occasions or times of the day and there is a phrase for this in the industry, it is called
lifestyle dispensing. And it dates back to the 1950s. The idea is that you wear one type of spectacles in
the workplace and quite other at leisure or on the beach.
App to listen.
75. Are We Animals (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
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Far too many people often say things like animals do this but we don't. Or this animal does this and that
animal does this, but the humans don't do things like that. Those statements have some assumptions like
we are not animals. When we say animals do this, animals do that, we often assume they are not
animals. If we are not animals, what are we? Are we plants or trees or flowers? No, we are not. Then
okay we are not plants? And are we microorganisms, really tiny microscopic things? No, we are not.
Then the natural conclusion must be we are not living things. That's not true. Yes, we are animals and I
see animals in us and I see humans in animals. So I'm going to talk about the animal behavior and human
nature. In order to understand human nature, we can look into animals eyes and animal behaviors and
find something about what made us, who we are.
Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about animal behaviors and human nature. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes that
there are some statements with assumptions that we are not animals. Also, he mentions the natural
conclusion must be we are not living things. Lastly, the speaker believes we can look into animals' eyes
and animal behaviors and find what made us. In conclusion, this lecture is very informative.
App to listen.
76. Technological Nature (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Technological nature ... you may have heard this term... it's a term used to describe a picture of a natural
scene that"s been produced using computer graphics so that basically it isn't a real view - say of a
garden or field - it's a virtual one - it's a picture that looks like a real scene, Now, looking at scenes of
nature is known to have an effect on people's health and well-being. So for someone who's ill, for a
patient in a hospital, does a virtual view of a garden have the same impact as a real one? Does it have
the same beneficial effects when you look at it? Because that would be good. Well, um, if you test this
out, if you put a group of people in a room with a real view and another group of people in a room with a
virtual view - an unreal view - you can see what happens when they get stressed. If you give both
groups a task that is slightly stressful and increases their heart rate and, um, what you'll find is that the
people who have the real garden scene outside their window to look at - their heart rate goes back to
normal more quickly than those of the people in the other group who only have a virtual view to look at.
So, yes, there is a difference - people's recovery from stress is faster in the room with the real view.
Answer:
Technological nature refers to a computerized picture of a natural scene. To find out if this has the same
beneficial effect as a real scene, we can put a group of people in a room with a real view and another
group in a room with a virtual view. The group in the room with the real view will recover more quickly
from stress than the other group.
App to listen.
77. Eco-tourism (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Well, nowadays there's an increasing trend towards eco-tourism holidays. So, what is eco-tourism? Well,
it's a form of tourism which should not only protect but also actively improve our environment and its
cultures. However, many forms of tourism which are presented as sustainable, nature-based and
environmentally friendly are often not what they seem and this is rapidly becoming a somewhat thorny
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issue. Governments, as well as the tourism industry, promote eco-tourism but there are very well-
founded concerns that in many instances it not only lacks adequate scientific foundations but is also not
viable as a solution to the world's social and environmental problems, which of course is what eco-
tourism is supposed to be about. Many eco·tourism holidays are really nothing more than a marketing
ploy and indeed, in the worse cases, can be said to even threaten local cultures, economies and natural
resource bases. The issue is further confused by the multitude of terms to describe types of travel,
which supposedly protect the environment. Other than eco-tourism we have adventure travel,
sustainable tourism, responsible tourism, nature-based travel, green travel and cultural tourism to name
just a few. So the problem we have here is whether a potential traveler who wants a legitimately
environmentally friendly travel experience can make the right choice when confronted with this type of
marketing.
Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about eco-tourism holidays. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes nowadays there is
an increasing trend towards eco-tourism holidays. Also, he mentions the tourism should not only protect
but also actively improve our environment and its cultures. Lastly, the speaker believes travelers can
make the right choice when confronted with this type of marketing. In conclusion, this lecture is very
informative.
App to listen.
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Multiple Choice (Multiple)

1. Complaints (Incomplete)
Points: Two students complain about their classes. A boy asks a girl how about her classes. She says
she does not major in science but she also suffer pressures with a lot of reading and essays to do.
Options: Two students in science complain about too much school work; A student says she has many
options but still has a lot of school work to do.
(APEUni Website / App LMCM #78)
2. Nano-gold (Incomplete)
Points: About nano-gold and micron-gold. Question: What is the difference... Options: If the practical
size changes, the matter's property changes.
3. Sharks (Incomplete)
Points: 要点：视频题，⼀个⻘年（奥克兰的鲨⻥博⼠）介绍⾃⼰为什么要研究鲨⻥和学习相关知识。鲨⻥的
种类实在是太多了，你看这⽚⽔域就有XXX，那⽚⽔域有XXX，这些都对⽣物链有重要的影响。 sharks at
risk。提到fierce。问题：这⼈刚开始研究鲨⻥时，觉得鲨⻥如何？选项：amazing； at risk。
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Fill in the Blanks

1. Sceptical Environmentalist (Audio Available)

Some years ago, Bjorn Lomborg, a young Danish statistician, published a book called The Sceptical
Environmentalist. It became a bestseller and generated a lot of heat. Lomborg was attacked, abused
and accused of all manner of things; not because he denied the fact of global warming - in fact
he affirmed it - but because, on his analysis, the devil and, he says, a lot of deviousness was contained
in the details presented concerning the size of the problem and what were the most responsible steps to
take in response to global warming.
(APEUni Website / App FIBL #266)
App to listen.
2. Ocean and Climate (Incomplete)

Points: The oceans are a main part of the climate system. They cover about 71% of the surface and ...
3. Giant Exoplanets (Audio Available)

App to listen.
4. Star (Incomplete)
Points: ... (cluster) ...the (nearer) star ... (predictions) ...
5. Space Exploration (Incomplete)

Points: ... space (exploration) ... Armstrong ... (academia) ...
6. Dinosaurs (Incomplete)
Points: Blanks: ... ( ) ...（undergoing) ... ( ) ... (Fossils) ... (similar/seminar) ...
7. Stars (Incomplete)
Points: A thousand million stars ( ) shaped ( ) addition ...
8. LSE (Incomplete)
Points: About LSE. Blanks: (deployments), (existing), ( ... ), (objective), (slightly).
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9. UCLA (Incomplete)
Points: When I was (graduated) from UCLA ... (peers) ... (radically) ... (weaken / weekends ?) ... challenge
... satisfied ...
10. Kashmiri (Audio Available)

vividly painted Shikaras carrying Indian families, boho westerners, young travelers and wide-eyed
house boats initiated by the British Raj provided unusual accommodation. Any foreigners venturing there
risked their lives , proved in 1995 when five young Europeans were kidnapped and murdered.
App to listen.
11. Shouxing (Incomplete)

Points: About Shouxing, which is referred to those who live long in Chinese. ... child star of ( ) ... (orient)
...
12. Culture (Incomplete)

Points: ... leafy green, ... sea blue and... ( ) red color .... ... ( culture ) ... ( ) ...
13. Advertisement (Incomplete)

Points: A female's voice sounds like an advertisement for a tourism spot, with a background music.
Blanks: bare, magical, unique, ...
14. Burial (Audio Available)

So between 4,000 and 3,000 BC the Mesopotamian Samarian cultures do not practice any kind of
burial. And then, about 3,000, in the early Dynastic Period, these burials start to reappear, and they
reappear with a certain amount of conspicuous consumption, and this is the context for the royal burials
at Ur. OK, so, the royal cemetery consists of quite a number of pits, so these are the excavation workers
who are coming down into the pits. So you get some sense of how really deep and how really difficult it
was to construct these chambers .
App to listen.
15. Degree (Incomplete)

Points: ... (doctoral) degree ...
16. Green Chemistry (Audio Available)

Green chemistry is a concept designed to develop technologies which allow chemistry to be practiced
with minimal damage to the environment or in an environmentally compatible way. And it's meant to
Page 238 of 260

cover both chemical processes and chemical products . The center, if you would, set up about seven or
eight years ago, and the idea was to provide a hub of activities that covered fundamental research work,
industrial collaboration, but also educational developments. So we work with schools and on public
projects as well, and also networking. So we network out to well over 1000 people around the globe.
App to listen.
17. Life on Mars (Audio Available)

The thing that makes it difficult is because even if life had evolved on Mars, the chances of being
preserved are very small. If we use Earth as a reference and our planet is teeming with life, yet it rarely
preserves evidence of life of the fossil record. And the focus now is on exploring
for habitable environments. If you're looking for water, a source of energy, either solar energy or thermal
energy or chemical energy, and then organic carbon, assuming life as we know it on Earth based on
carbon. So those are sort of the three things that we're looking for in the course of our mission.
App to listen.
18. Library Catalog (Audio Available)

In this tutorial, we will show you how to find specific journal articles using the library catalog. The
university subscribes over 18,000 journals across a variety of subjects, most of which are
available electronically to find a specific journal article using a library catalog. We need to search by the
journal name as individual article titles are not listed in the catalog.
App to listen.
19. Belief (Audio Available)

Belief is the human capacity to imagine, to be creative, to hope and dream, to infuse the world with
meanings, and to cast our aspirations far and wide. Limited neither by personal experience
nor material reality. Believing is a commitment , an investment, a devotion to possibilities.
Beliefs permeate neurobiologies, bodies and ecologies acting as dynamic agents in evolutionary
processes. The human capacity for belief, the specifics of belief, and I, and our diverse belief systems
shape, structure and alter our daily lives, our societies, and the world around us.
App to listen.
20. Malaria (Audio Available)

Also, malaria is something that is a very complex disease with this complex life cycle. That means that if
you're going to eliminate it, you have to be able to target cute parasites and humans. You have to be
able to target parasites in the mosquitoes, that mosquito population . And so that requires a lot of
resources. It requires really good planning and a health system across all these different levels . And so I
think the political capital that you need for that, the educational infrastructure you need for that, the
economic resources you need for that are quite a challenge .
Page 239 of 260

App to listen.
21. Locomotion (Audio Available)

We are trying to understand the locomotion of one of our closest living relatives , which is the
orangutan, and also the locomotion of all of the apes and the common ancestor of humans and the other
apes. And in that area, we have had a big problem traditionally , and that we know a lot about how they
move around the forest. I've been out to the forest and spent a year recording the different types of
locomotion they use, but we have no idea about the energetic cost of how they move around the forest
and the solutions that they find to problems of moving around the canopy. And what we're doing here is
using the park or athletes as an analogy for a large bodied ape moving around a
complex environment and getting them to move around in the course that we've made that they've never
seen before. And we're going to record their energetic expenditure while they're doing it.
App to listen.
22. Industrial Productivity (Audio Available)

I'm going to argue that the tremendous increases in productivity that we associate with the industrial
revolution originate not so much from changes in science or technology or new inventions, where
England was far from unique as from changes in attitudes, attitudes towards morality, towards what
constituted the good. Attitudes towards property, which became in England individuals long before it did
on the continent . Attitudes toward the proper role of government. And together , these attitudes
constitute much of what the Luddites were protesting against.
App to listen.
23. Banana (Audio Available)

Well, the banana is the first cultivated fruit. It's one of the food items that literally brought people out of
the jungle, out of their hunter-gatherer lifestyles and was there at the dawn of agriculture which is what
helped force human beings into communities. It’s really one of the things that helped invent human
culture. It's about 7000 years of history, and the banana, from its center of origin , which is believed to
be Papua New Guinea, spread out with people who traveled in boats across the Pacific into
the mainland of Asia and all the way south to Australia across Indonesia and Micronesia and eventually
they moved as far as Africa and even possibly to Ecuador all in this time and all on paddle boats and
wind driven boats.
App to listen.
24. Feasting Food (Audio Available)

One of the things that people have said about agriculture is that on the whole it's more
labor intensive than hunting and gathering, and that's one of the reasons why people have looked to
explanations which, you might say, are kind of coercive factors — that people have been forced into
agriculture because they had no alternative. That is ultimately what may happen. But at the very
beginning it could be that agriculture was developed because people wanted special status foods for
feasting; that it was actually a social need. I mean, how much of what we do in our lives is generated by
competition with others? And a lot of that is powered by desire for new things, new statuses,
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new whatever it might be. Respect, recognition also are important. And in small-scale societies a lot of
those sorts of factors are generated by the ability to, for instance, throw feasts. One possibility is that
some of these foods that were being grown were actually intended especially as feasting foods.
App to listen.
25. Viking (Audio Available)

For four centuries the Viking declined , the people of the Shetland Islands off the north coast of
Scotland continued to sell their goods through the North European Hanseatic League. The Hansas
merchants bought shiploads of salted fish and in return the islanders got cash, grain, cloth and other
goods. This lasted until the Act of Union between Scotland and England in 1707. This Act prohibited the
Hansa merchants from trading with Scotland. Consequently Shetland went into an economic depression .
The independent farmers of Shetland had to sell their land and were then obligated to pay rent,
eventually becoming serfs.
App to listen.
26. Curie (Audio Available)

My hero is Marie Curie. She was a Polish physicist and chemist working in France, and she
did conduct pioneering research on radioactivity. She was also the first woman who won a Nobel prize.
Marie Curie is my hero because she showed a lot of determination in following her career path and
her passions . She also showed a lot of patience in working for years to receive results from her
experiments. And Marie Curie, she designed and built the first mobile X-Ray machines. She worked on
the front lines of the first World War along with her daughter saving soldiers.
App to listen.
27. Memory (Audio Available)

So in a very important tense, um, memory is the cognitive function that stores knowledge that we've
acquired through learning and perception , but also memory is important because memory frees our
behavior from being controlled by the present stimulus environment. If you didn't have memory, all you'd
be able to do was react to whatever is currently in the environment now, whatever it is that
you're experiencing . But memory allows us to respond to past events as well as events in the current
stimulus environment. And memory also gives us the means to reflect on our experiences so that we plan
for, for future encounters.
App to listen.
28. Banana (Audio Available)

One day the banana is perfect. Bright yellow, firm, flavorful. But even within that same day brown spots
appear on your perfectly ripe banana, its flesh turns mushy, and it’s destined for the compost or at best,
banana bread. But scientists are developing a way to extend the life of ripe bananas. It’s a spray-on
coating made from chitosan—a substance found in crab and shrimp shells. The new gel can
be sprayed on bananas to slow the ripening process by up to 12 days. Like other fruits bananas remain
Page 241 of 260

alive after being picked and it actually continues to respire. This means that they take in oxygen and
release carbon dioxide. The more the banana breathes the faster it ripens and then rots. Bananas ripen
more quickly than most fruit because they don’t naturally slow the respiration after being picked, in fact
it speeds up, causing bananas to become mushy. Chitosan not only kills the bacteria on banana’s skin
that then leads to rot, it also significantly slows down the respiration in the first place. So bananas won’t
drive you bananas.
App to listen.
29. Technology and Business (Audio Available)

Good evening ladies and gentlemen. My theme for this session is convergence Technology Change and
Business Practice. This is somewhat dear to my heart, in that I have spent much of the last fifteen years
involved in various aspects of technology and their impact on business, across a broad spectrum , from
applications of signal processing in manufacture right through to the use of utilization data and diary
applications, to improve the time utilization of the sales force.
App to listen.
30. Lead-in Time (Audio Available)

Lead-in time is the amount of time that elapses between a business placing an order with a supplier for
more stock or raw materials and the delivery of the goods to the business. Businesses want the lead-
time to be as short as possible, so that they can meet their customer orders and minimize the time
between paying for the stock and receiving the feedback from the customer. However, this may not
happen due to a number of factors , such as delays in the supplier receiving the order, or the breakdown
of the suppliers' lorries delivering the stock to the business.
App to listen.
31. Early Chocolate (Audio Available)

The earlier chocolate was quite unpalatable. They used to add things to it to make it more palatable, so
for the early chocolate, they didn't know how to extract all the cocoa fat from it, so it was, or could be
quite greasy and if you made it as a drink you'd have this sort of scum on the top. So they used to try
and add things to it, like starch and things, to make it a more palatable product. So there were a lot
of scandals around the kind of things they were adding to chocolate in the nineteenth century. So by the
sort of 1870s, 1880s, there are people like Cadbury's saying, 'Our chocolate is absolutely pure'. We have
this new process, the Van Houten process which now extracts all this horrible fat that we can use to
make eating chocolate. Now we have a pure product.
App to listen.
32. Palm Oil (Audio Available)

So, palm oil is the most widely produced oil crop currently. It's used in a wide range of industries ,
including food for bio-fuels and in soaps and shampoo. However, though sector's growing fast, and
unfortunately palm oil grows in exactly the same environment as tropical rain forest. So, the use and
Page 242 of 260

the development of palm oil, the growth in the sector, is leading to wide-scale deforestation. What we
are hoping to do is if we can come up an alternative we can slow the growth of the sector and therefore
stop the wide-scale deforestation in south Asia.
App to listen.
33. Loose Theme (Audio Available)

We've decided to adopt, just as a loose theme for the course, a biological theme so that you can see the
connections between chemistry and biology and the things you might consider doing in the future. We
want you to think about the molecules that are relevant to your body, the processes that occur in your
body, the chemistry that's going on and how energy plays a role. And we've divided the course into four
sections and after each section there will be a mid-term. The first one is about matter .
App to listen.
34. Seminal Difference (Audio Available)

One seminal difference in policy remains; the coalition has not matched what is Labor's most important
innovation promise. That is to bring together responsibilities for innovation, industry, science and
research under one single federal minister. Innovation responsibilities currently lie within the powerful
Department of Education and Science, and while there is a separate industry department, it has little
influence within Cabinet. This has hampered policy development and given Australia's innovation policies
a distinct science and research bias . It is the scientists rather than the engineers who call the tune in
innovation policy in Canberra, so it's no surprise our policies are all about boosting government funded
research and later commercializing their results.
App to listen.
35. Dogs (Audio Available)

Dogs are not just man’s best friend. Previous studies have shown that kids with dogs are less likely to
develop asthma. Now a new study may show how— if results from mice apply to us. The work was
presented at a meeting of the American Society for Microbiology . The study tests what’s called
the hygiene hypothesis. The idea is that extreme cleanliness may actually promote disease later on.
Researchers collected dust from homes that had a dog. They fed that house dust to mice. They then
infected the mice with a common childhood infection called respiratory syncytial virus —or RSV.
App to listen.
36. Bees (Audio Available)

Dave Hackenberg, a beekeeper since 1962, can usually tell what killed his bees just by looking at them. If
they're lying on the ground in front of a hive, it's probably pesticides, he says. If the bees
are deformed and wingless, it's probably vampire mites. But last fall, Hackenberg saw something he had
never seen before. Thousands of his bee colonies simply disappeared . He was in Florida at the time,
pulling the lids off some of his commercial hives. To his horror , they were all empty.
Page 243 of 260

App to listen.
37. Gap Year (Incomplete)

Points: I'm a big fan of gap years. I took one myself so I'm probably {{1}} . I think that if you've got
something you want to do in the year before you come to university, that you should do it — and a lot of
students who want to study a {{2}} degree actually want to go off and travel and perhaps work on a {{3}}
project and of course that's all very good, it will {{4}} towards your degree and your preparation for that
and then when you come to us you'll be ready for your studies. So if there's something you really want to
do then my {{5}} is to go for it.
38. Green Chemistry (Audio Available)

Green Chemistry is a concept designed to develop technologies which allow chemistry to be practiced
with minimal damage to the environment, or in an environmentally compatible way, and it's meant to
cover both chemical processes and chemical products . The center was set up about seven or eight
years ago. And the idea was to provide a hub of activities that covered fundamental research work,
international collaboration, but also educational development on public understanding of the project as
well, and also networking so we network out to well over 1000 people around the globe.
App to listen.
39. Tax Increases (Audio Available)

Working together, they figured out that if the government was going to propose some kinds of
significant tax increases, which is a good strategy require me to at least lie something
like getting something for those big tax brackets, not seeing any results. So the result of that was in
the package of legislation that included the tax increases. There was awesome information to have
significant expansion of coverage families where they can buy into their private insurance .
App to listen.
40. Nanotechnology (Audio Available)

What is nanotechnology? Well, a report that was put together by a combination of the Royal Society and
the Royal Academy of Engineering that came out last summer, identifies two topics. Nano-science is the
study of phenomena and the manipulation of materials at atomic, molecular and macromolecular scales,
where properties differ significantly from those as a larger scale. Nanotechnologies are the design,
characterization, production and application of structures , devices and systems by controlling shape and
size at the nanometer scale. So I'll talk a little bit more in a moment about what a nanometer is,
but loosely speaking people think of nanotechnologies as being a sort of a hundred nanometers or less.
App to listen.
41. Financial Markets (Audio Available)

Financial markets swung wildly yesterday in frenzied trading market by further selling
of equities and fears about an unraveling of the global carry trade. At the same time trading in the
Page 244 of 260

European credit markets in London was exceptionally heavy for a third consecutive day. London trading
was marked by particularly wild swings in the prices of credit derivatives, used to ensure investors
against corporate defaults.
App to listen.
42. CPG (Audio Available)

In animals, a movement is coordinated by a cluster of neurons in the spinal cord called the central
contract pattern generator (CPG). This produces signals that drive muscles to contract rhythmically in a
way that produces running or walking, depending on the pattern of pulse. A simple signal from the brain
instructs the CPG to switch between modes such as going from a standstill to walking.
App to listen.
43. Water Crisis (Audio Available)

Now that story's been scotched, as only part of contingency planning. But it was a symptom of the
dramatic turn of events in South Australia, and it flushed out other remarks from water academics and
people like Tim Flannery, indicating that things were really much worse than had been foreshadowed ,
even earlier this year. So is Adelaide, let alone some whole regions of South Australia, in serious bother?
Considering that the vast amount of its drinking water comes from the beleaguered Murray, something
many of us outside the State may not have quite realized. Is their predicament something we have to
face up to as a nation?
App to listen.
44. Online Dating (Audio Available)

Bruch and her colleague Mark Newman studied who swapped messages with whom on a popular online
dating platform in the month of January 2014. They categorized users by desirability using PageRank,
one of the algorithms behind search technology. Essentially if you receive a dozen messages from
desirable users, you must be more desirable than someone who receives the same number of messages
from average users. Then they asked: How far "out of their league" do online daters tend to go when
pursuing a partner? "I think people are optimistic realists In other words, they found that both men and
women tended to pursue mates just 25 percent more desirable than themselves. "So they're being
optimistic, but they're also taking into account their own relative position within this overall desirability
hierarchy." And the study did have a few more lessons for people on the market: "I think one of the
take-home messages from this study is that women could probably afford to be more aspirational in
their mate pursuit."
App to listen.
Page 245 of 260

Highlight Correct Summary

1. Ambassador (Incomplete)
Points: 要点：男声的说他是英国驻⽇本的ambassador，在⽇本很多年。选项：politician; (答案)
businessman；（⼲扰项） teacher（⼲扰项）
(APEUni Website / App HCS #66)
2. Ugly Building (Audio Available)

Original:
It seems to me that architecture is pretty much something that causes us both pleasure and trouble. I
live in the part of western London where I think many of the streets are really really ugly, and this
distresses me everytime when I walk to a supermarket or walk to the tube. I do not understand why they
built those buildings without architecture. A bad building has a serious impact on the people around it,
which could be hundreds of years. It lasted so long, and if you write a bad book or a bad play, I will be
shocked when it was shown. Suppose the book arose a little bit from the frustration, and then I realize if
you talk about architecture, you will say why building are not more beautiful. Then you will say I can use
such work as "beauty", which is a really arrogant word. And no one knows what beautiful is. It's all in the
eye of the beholder. I couldn't help but think about that actually. Well, you know that we all attempt to
agree that Rome is nice than Milkykings, and San Francisco has the edge of Frankfurt, so we can make
that sort of generalization. Surely they are something we can say about why a building works or why it
doesn't. So the books really attempt to suggest why architecture works when it does and what might go
wrong when it doesn't work.
Options:
A) Whether buildings are beautiful or not does not have any influence on people' lives. Beauty is a
clear definition which everyone knows.
B) London is a modern city, where there is no ugly buildings. All the supermarkets and streets are
very beautiful, because everyone who lives there knows what 'beautiful' is.
C) Ugly buildings can impact people who live around them, even for hundreds of year. Beautiful is a
very hard thing to define, as no one really knows what beautiful is.
Answer:
C
App to listen.
3. Pancake Ice (Audio Available)

Original:
Pancake ice is an intermediate step between an open-water configuration and a totally frozen body of
water. We know that a combination of very cold temperatures and waves is necessary to make the
pancakes form in the first place. After these waves make it form, there's an entire spectrum - so a wide
collection of frequency waves that they would encounter, whether they be from wind shear or they'd be
from you know that the ocean long slow waves. The easiest way to study it is to look at each individual
range of frequencies one after another. Sort of gain a wider perspective on how the pancake ice
interacts with waves. The ultimate aim of our research is to better inform the meteorological modelers
Page 246 of 260

of the world who are looking at Antarctica as well as the Arctic and some of the other cold regions of
the world. We're conducting work in the Sea-Ice-Wind-Wave-lnteraction facility here at UniMeIb. It was
designed by the head of our department Jason Monty. He had the foresight to use a modular design,
which means there are individual sections that are stacked together, so since we're built to the space
that we have in this lab right now. When we moved to Fishermans Bend we can extend our model and a
few more sections to make it much longer. And that will enable us to have longer runtimes, have more
developed waves as well as add some other possibilities of study.
Options:
A) Pancake ice is formed under deep sea, which only requires extremely cold temperature itself. The
aim of the research is mere scientific experiments, and does not have serve practical purposes.
B) Pancake ice exists in a warm river, which requires warm water, rain or snow. The aim of the
research is to forecast weather in those river regions.
C) Pancake ice is formed by extremely cold temperature and waves, which needs a wide collection of
frequency. The aim of the research is to give the meteorological modelers a better understanding of
this phenomenon through a special lab.
Answer:
C
App to listen.
Page 247 of 260

Multiple Choice (Single)

1. Lost Dog (Incomplete)

Points: Your neighbor's dog is missing and you help him by finding and returning it to him. He is very
grateful and treat you with cakes as rewards. Such things happen many times, and every time he is
grateful. But once, you send his lost dog back to him as usual, but he expresses no thanks, offers no
reward, and give no explanation. You are unhappy. Next time such a thing happens, will you help him?
Wasn't a right thing you help him for the first time? Question: What's the main purpose of the speaker?
Options: analyze behavior; predict result; criticize action; question motivate ( correct answer).
(APEUni Website / App LMCS #87)
2. Children Genders (Incomplete)

Points: Nowadays marketers will muddle up the concept of children's genders. Question: The speaker
thinks marketers______ Options: distrusted; fearful (correct answer); (commendatory term 1);
3. Timetable (Incomplete)
Points: A conversation between a boy and a girl. The boy complains that he has classes throughout the
five week days and has to go to lectures on Mondays. The girl says that's common. Options: Full
timetable (correct answer ).
4. Wright Brothers (Incomplete)

Points: About Wright Brothers, who invented the airplane. The invention of the airplane got inspirations
from the bicycle, and 'bicycle' and 'balance' are mentioned a couple of times. Options: Different two
things can be of the reference to each other. ( including a word inter-...)
5. Bibliography and Reference (Incomplete)

Points: About the difference between bibliography and reference. Options: The scopes are different
(correct answer).
Page 248 of 260

Select Missing Word

1. Ageing Population (Incomplete)

Points: About ageing population. It possibly talks about things related with work just before ending.
Option: with the labor force.
(APEUni Website / App SMW #82)
2. Eclipse (Incomplete)
Points: 关于⼈们⽤什么⽅法来观赏eclipse，最后⼀句话的倒数第⼆个单词是lunar（beep）。选项：
eclipse；night；moon。
(APEUni Website / App SMW #66)
Page 249 of 260

Highlight Incorrect Words

1. Experimental Scientist (Audio Available)

Original:
What we are gonna find out today is how it's a bit more demanding (Answer: complicated) than that,
which it always is. I think it's really ordinary (Answer: wonderful) . I mean, not being an experimental
scientist myself, I have a kind of confusion (Answer: envy) at the way in which science can continue
to upset (Answer: surprise) us by this. People working away in labs, moving on our emotion (Answer:
understanding) in ways. Hugo is a cognitive scientist at the French National Center for Scientific
Research. Hugo Mercier.
(APEUni Website / App HIW #327)
App to listen.
2. Sotheby (Audio Available)

Original:
The world has changed. The economics of the world have changed, and the art market has come in
behind that. Absolutely. And it is part of the reason why Christie's left Australia and no longer has an
office here. And Sotheby. It's basically a branch or a purchase (Answer: foundation) , for want of a better
word of Sotheby's International. So neither auction plan (Answer: firm) has a really permanent
international situation (Answer: existence) in Australia because they are focusing their attention on the
places they can make money, which is the Middle East, India and Asia.
App to listen.
3. Dramatic Changes (Audio Available)

Original:
Dramatic changes in human life support systems took place in the modern world over the last 500 years.
Human populations (Answer: communities) during this time period reached unprecedented sizes and
growth rates. Global migrations introduced exotic plants, animals, diseases (Answer: developments) ,
technologies and cultural beliefs throughout the world. The Industrial Revolution and its aftermath
transformed ecosystems (Answer: economies) on an unparalleled scale and intensity.
Urban places (Answer: spaces) exploded in number and size during the period and large-scale social
systems emerged that were tied together by networks of economic exchange, production (Answer:
transport) and communication.
App to listen.
4. Written Assessment (Audio Available)

Original:
We're going to have a short written assessment which will happen every fortnight. You will all
be broken (Answer: taken) up into small groups, so feel free to ask any questions as I go along. And we'll
also ask you to assimilate (Answer: participate) . So if you'd all like to open your books to page one.
Page 250 of 260


App to listen.
5. Definition of Happiness (Audio Available)

Original:
There have been various definitions of happiness throughout history and the history
of psychology (Answer: philosophy) , the ones which interest me are attitudes (Answer: approaches) to
happiness that follow the Enlightenment, particularly in the work of Jeremy Bentham, for whom
happiness was really a combination of physical sensations (Answer: feelings) , pleasures as different
combinations and aggregations of pleasure and pain occur over time. They create (Answer:
generate) these psychological experiences that Bentham called happiness. But underlying them for
Bentham were physical triggers and elements (Answer: dimensions) .
App to listen.
6. Cumulative Culture (Audio Available)

Original:
They may be our cousins, but orangutans and other primates are nowhere near humans in terms of
technological accomplishment (Answer: achievement) , social organization or culture. As humans,
capacity for building off one another, an interesting (Answer: integral) part of our so called cumulative
culture that has allowed us to build up so much in so little time. But how do we develop
such accurate (Answer: advanced) methods of learning in the first place? Kevin Leyland of the University
of St Andrews spoke with me about his team's quest to pinpoint the social and cultural (Answer:
cognitive) process that underlie humans ability to acquire and transfer (Answer: transmit) knowledge.
App to listen.
7. Australia's Greenhouse Gas (Audio Available)

Original:
It's basically all the same thing. A generous (Answer: complicated) plan to cut back Australia's
greenhouse gases. And we are, per capita the biggest carbon polluters on the globe (Answer: planet) .
But it's not carbon trading that will make the first big cuts will come from the
Governments reduced (Answer: renewable) energy policy (Answer: target) . Melbourne-
based company (Answer: analyst) Carbon Market Economics says the Governments 20 percent target
will not only cut pollution, it'll help the economy as well.
App to listen.
8. BioBonanza (Audio Available)

Original:
BioBonanza is a one-day-open-house festival. All of the researchers in the Department of Biology are
going to be showcasing their research so scholars (Answer: students) can come and see research,
interact with the researchers. And we want people to be able to interact and have fun of this event. As
soon as you walk in the doors, you'll see all sorts of activities, images (Answer: displays) of how a human
Page 251 of 260

heart works. We'll have segments (Answer: sections) of spinal cord and brain. You'll get to be able to
see moths (Answer: butterflies) and all sorts of insects. You'll be able to try to catch some local insects
and we'll have activities like wandering (Answer: walking) through local plant gardens and seeing how
photosynthesis work.
App to listen.
9. Poverty Ending (Audio Available)

Original:
For some people, this presentation (Answer: proposition) may seem far fetched, but ending poverty is
both ethically (Answer: morally) necessary and actually feasible. All of us must play a role in making it
happen. All human beings want, and have a way (Answer: right) to live in dignity, to determine our own
destinies, and to be respected by other, by other people. Despite the universality of three (Answer:
these) rights, our capacities to fulfill them vary enormously, and no divining (Answer: dividing) line is
more profound in influencing the quality of our lives than the gulf between poverty and prosperity.
App to listen.
10. Article (Audio Available)

Original:
What's an article? I was asking myself this very question in the post office yesterday, standing in line
waiting to sign for, as it so happens, an article. A postal article. Not the postal article. Now before we
get ahead of ourselves, an article in English is a verb (Answer: word) that precedes a noun, and simply
indicates specificity. This sounds quite complicated, and to be honest, it's quite complicated to say
without spraying everyone within 15 feet, but the concept's quite simple. The definite article in English is
the word "the", and indicates a specific thing or type; for example, the train is an hour late.
By comparison (Answer: contrast) , the indefinite article in English is any of the words "a", "an" or
"some", and the indefinite article indicates a non-specific thing; for example, would you please pass me
an apple. We always recede (Answer: precede) a word with "a" if it doesn't start with a vowel sound. For
example, take a hike; I'm spending a Weekend at Burnie's; or there's a Knight in Shining Armour.
Similarly, we precede words with the indefinite article "an" if they do start with a vowel sound, for
example, an ostrich, an eternal (Answer: enormous) mess or an Occupational Health and Safety Policy.
App to listen.
11. Height (Audio Available)

Original:
Height is correlated with a lot of things. Up to a certain height, taller people make more money than the
vertically challenged. And the taller developmental (Answer: presidential) overpopulate (Answer:
candidate) almost always wins. Now a study finds that your height as an adult has a profound effect on
your perception of your health. Short people judge their health to be worse than average or tall people
judge theirs. The research was published in the journal repairable (Answer: Clinical) Endocrinology. Data
for the study came from the 2003 Health Survey for England. More than 14,000 participants filled out
questionnaires and had their heights measured. The study only looked at how good the subject thought
his or her health was, not their actual health. Questions focused on five areas: mobility, self-care, normal
Page 252 of 260

activities, pain or reconvert (Answer: discomfort) and anxiety or depression. Men shorter than about 5'4"
and women shorter than 5' reported the worst impressions. But small increases in height at the low end
had much bigger effects on perception than the same increases among taller people. Other studies have
shown, ironically, that shorter people on average actually live longer.
App to listen.
Page 253 of 260

Write From Dictation

1. The new articles for the study and the subject are collected. #2472 (Audio Available)
2. You are advised to submit all the dissertations. #2471 (Audio Available)
3. Points: ... have natural phenomena of the organization. #385 (Incomplete)
4. Kindness is very important nowadays. #2462 (Audio Available)
5. Nature is defined as specific chemical compounds. #952 (Audio Available)
6. Students must wear protective clothing provided in the medical laboratory. #495 (Audio Available)
7. Physics is a detailed study of matter and energy. #1423 (Audio Available)
8. Some people work for wages on a daily basis. #2470 (Audio Available)
9. The timetable for next term will be available next week. #902 (Audio Available)
10. The student union hosts a variety of social events. #2469 (Audio Available)
11. Mixture is defined as the compound of chemically separate parts. #2468 (Audio Available)
12. Tutorials are scheduled in the final week of the term. #2467 (Audio Available)
13. Most of the lectures begin promptly, so do not be late. #1001 (Audio Available)
14. It is clear that national trading system is a good thing. #929 (Audio Available)
15. Currently the growth of the company is unpredictable. #528 (Audio Available)
16. The timetable will be posted on the website in the morning. #371 (Audio Available)
17. Road safety measures can reduce accidents. #420 (Audio Available)
18. Tomorrow's lecture has been canceled due to the power cut. #309 (Audio Available)
19. I am glad that Professor Gordon just joined our faculty. #966 (Audio Available)
20. Digital scans of archived materials are provided with a small fee. #2466 (Audio Available)
21. There is a fitness center next to the student union. #2465 (Audio Available)
22. Optional tutorials are offered in the final week of a term. #2463 (Audio Available)
23. Points: This ... is made up for waiting rooms. #2461 (Incomplete)
24. The office opens on Monday and Thursday directly following the freshman seminar. #2459
(Audio Available)
25. Students live in the residence hall during the term time. #401 (Audio Available)
26. Over the years more and more students are young. #2457 (Audio Available)
27. Today we have a guest speaker who is visiting from Canada. #2454 (Audio Available)
28. It is a debate about the value of knowledge. #2452 (Audio Available)
29. Many students are now studying science, technology, engineering and maths. #2439
(Audio Available)
30. We encourage students to complete applications before the deadline. #2436 (Audio Available)
31. Visual aids can be really helpful when you are revising. #2433 (Audio Available)
32. Our students have participated in exchange programs to widen their horizons. #2428
(Audio Available)
33. We no longer respond to any postal reference requests. #2108 (Audio Available)
34. There is no ideal debate on this topic. #2012 (Audio Available)
35. While some people regard it as zeal, others regard it as recklessness. #889 (Audio Available)
36. Points: The reason for the research is environmental ... #2000 (Incomplete)
37. The full list of undergraduate programs can be found on the website. #1999 (Audio Available)
38. Accountancy students need to submit their dissertations this week. #1995 (Audio Available)
39. I can't hand out my dissertation this week. #1974 (Audio Available)
40. One student representative will be selected from each class. #1970 (Audio Available)
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41. Please note that the seminar has been cancelled now. #1962 (Audio Available)
42. During that time people had large families as an insurance against some children loss. #1936
(Audio Available)
43. The university will seek a colossal renovation to the plain empty theater. #1727 (Audio Available)
44. Points: The essays consist of students from rural areas. #1103 (Incomplete)
45. In the top left corner is the grinding shop, where the tools were sharpened and polished. #961
(Audio Available)
46. I looked into my closet for something to wear but couldn't find anything that was appropriate. #956
(Audio Available)
47. The speaker began the outlines before the presentation. #713 (Audio Available)
48. The study of physiology involves traditional sciences and social sciences. #462 (Audio Available)
49. The earth's atmosphere is primarily composed of oxygen and nitrogen gases. #373
(Audio Available)
50. Practical experience is a vital part of legal training. #217 (Audio Available)
51. Food that contains antibiotics provides little or no nutritional value. #75 (Audio Available)
52. Technology has changed the media we both used and studied. #48 (Audio Available)
53. The posters are on display at the larger lecture theater. #36 (Audio Available)
54. Graduates from this course generally find jobs in insurance industry. #5 (Audio Available)
55. Before submitting the paper, your thesis must be approved by your tutor. #1521 (Audio Available)
56. Industries now bring more job opportunities than agriculture and fishing combined. #1465
(Audio Available)
57. Practical experiments are an essential part of the chemistry course. #1425 (Audio Available)
58. The department is organizing a trip to London in July. #1414 (Audio Available)
59. Close the door behind you when you leave the room. #1413 (Audio Available)
60. A national collection center for students is currently being built. #1365 (Audio Available)
61. The closing date of application for travel scholarship is next Monday. #1346 (Audio Available)
62. The tutorial timetable can be found on the course website. #1326 (Audio Available)
63. Members should make concentrated contributions to associated operating funds. #1303
(Audio Available)
64. Plants are the living things that can grow in land or in water. #1297 (Audio Available)
65. Industry experts will discuss job opportunities in an automated workforce. #1280 (Audio Available)
66. Mechanical engineering first became prominent during the Industrial Revolution. #1244
(Audio Available)
67. He wrote poetry and plays as well as scientific papers. #1238 (Audio Available)
68. The economic predictions turned out to be incorrect. #1231 (Audio Available)
69. The deadline of this assignment is tomorrow. #1141 (Audio Available)
70. Many university lectures can now be viewed on the Internet. #1105 (Audio Available)
71. When the roots of a plant failed, foliage suffers. #1092 (Audio Available)
72. The school canteen sells a large variety of water and food. #1084 (Audio Available)
73. A new collection of articles has just been published. #1081 (Audio Available)
74. Measures must be taken to prevent unemployment rate from increasing. #1072 (Audio Available)
75. Calculators allow us to add numbers without making mistakes. #1071 (Audio Available)
76. The disease that was serious has now been eradicated. #1069 (Audio Available)
77. Imported packages are likely to be used in many computers. #1062 (Audio Available)
78. Your ideas are sophisticated in seminars and tutorials. #1061 (Audio Available)
79. Linguistics is the scientific study and analysis of language. #1060 (Audio Available)
80. All of your assignments should be submitted by next Tuesday. #1057 (Audio Available)
81. The history department is very active in research. #1055 (Audio Available)
Page 255 of 260

82. The commissioner will apportion the funds among all the sovereignties. #1052 (Audio Available)
83. You will be tested via continuous assessment and examinations. #1045 (Audio Available)
84. Audition of the university choir will be on hold until the next week. #1039 (Audio Available)
85. Students must attend the safety course before entering the engineering workshop. #1035
(Audio Available)
86. The farmers need to adapt to the changes of the climate. #1034 (Audio Available)
87. Honey can be used as food and health product. #951 (Audio Available)
88. The course involves pure and applied mathematics. #933 (Audio Available)
89. You will be tested via a quiz and a dissertation. #926 (Audio Available)
90. Academic libraries across the world are steadily incorporating social media. #904 (Audio Available)
91. Many diseases on the list have been eradicated. #886 (Audio Available)
92. Trees benefit the city by absorbing water running off-road. #878 (Audio Available)
93. Neuroscience is a compound of completely separate parts. #860 (Audio Available)
94. The year when the ship of artifacts was wrecked interested historians. #858 (Audio Available)
95. Americans have progressively defined the process of plant growth and reproductive development in
quantitative terms. #847 (Audio Available)
96. Speed is defined as how quickly an object or a person moves. #833 (Audio Available)
97. Tribes vied with each other to build up monolithic statues. #815 (Audio Available)
98. The stock market cracked and had repercussions throughout the world. #809 (Audio Available)
99. The castle was designed to intimidate both local people and the enemies. #806 (Audio Available)
100. International exchanges formed the important part of our study program. #799 (Audio Available)
101. Sugar is a compound which consists of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. #798 (Audio Available)
102. Journalism faces the crisis in the light of the digital revolution. #745 (Audio Available)
103. The student shop has a range of stationery. #738 (Audio Available)
104. Late applications are not accepted under any circumstances. #1010 (Audio Available)
105. Students should leave their bags on the tables by the door. #1008 (Audio Available)
106. The collapse of the housing market has triggered recessions throughout the world. #1005
(Audio Available)
107. Momentum is defined as the combination of mass and velocity. #1004 (Audio Available)
108. The bus to London will leave ten minutes later than expected. #978 (Audio Available)
109. Archeologists discovered tools and artifacts in ancient tombs. #974 (Audio Available)
110. You must set a security question when resetting your password. #973 (Audio Available)
111. We need to answer security questions if we want to reset the password. #965 (Audio Available)
112. Salt is produced from the seawater or extracted from the ground. #996 (Audio Available)
113. They developed a unique approach to training their employees. #941 (Audio Available)
114. Even if you have used cosmetics for years without problems, one or more ingredients can still
trigger an allergic reaction. #931 (Audio Available)
115. Some people are motivated by competition, while others prefer to collaborate. #927
(Audio Available)
116. Americans have progressively found the growth in quantitative terms. #842 (Audio Available)
117. The new media has transcended the traditional national boundaries. #885 (Audio Available)
118. We cannot consider an increase in price at this stage. #835 (Audio Available)
119. I thought it was thrown in a small meeting room. #764 (Audio Available)
120. Students find true or false questions harder than short answers. #763 (Audio Available)
121. We were able to contact a number of research subjects. #748 (Audio Available)
122. The history of the university is a long and interesting one. #735 (Audio Available)
123. The garden behind the university is open to the public in summer. #734 (Audio Available)
124. Make sure you choose a course that provides great career opportunities. #717 (Audio Available)
Page 256 of 260

125. Astronauts are using light years to measure the distance in space. #712 (Audio Available)
126. A laptop has been found at the biology lab. #697 (Audio Available)
127. Tutors should set a clear goal at the start of the class. #673 (Audio Available)
128. Time and distance are used to calculate speed. #660 (Audio Available)
129. Students who study overseas can significantly improve work chances. #641 (Audio Available)
130. Strangely, people are simultaneously impressed by and skeptical of statistics. #637
(Audio Available)
131. Research shows the exercising makes us feel better. #633 (Audio Available)
132. Protective clothing must always be worn in the laboratory. #631 (Audio Available)
133. Manufacturing now brings more people in than agriculture and fishing combined. #619
(Audio Available)
134. Consumer confidence tends to increase as the economy expands. #599 (Audio Available)
135. You are able to contact a number of research subjects. #588 (Audio Available)
136. You need to hand in the essay next semester. #584 (Audio Available)
137. More graduate training is often needed after the university study is finished. #239
(Audio Available)
138. We study science to understand and appreciate the world around us. #559 (Audio Available)
139. Water taps on the campus will discourage the frequent use of plastic bottles. #553
(Audio Available)
140. University fees are expected to increase next year. #551 (Audio Available)
141. Traffic is the main cause of air pollution in many cities. #539 (Audio Available)
142. This morning's lecture on economic policy has been canceled. #527 (Audio Available)
143. There is a welcome party for all new students each term. #508 (Audio Available)
144. There is a pharmacy on campus near the bookstore. #507 (Audio Available)
145. There are some doubts about whether these events actually occurred. #503 (Audio Available)
146. The ways in which people communicate are constantly changing. #496 (Audio Available)
147. The vocabulary that has peculiar meanings is called jargon. #494 (Audio Available)
148. The time of the math lecture has been changed to ten thirty. #481 (Audio Available)
149. The synopsis contains the most important information. #471 (Audio Available)
150. The qualification will be assessed by using a conference criterion approach. #444
(Audio Available)
151. The nation achieved prosperity by opening its ports for trade. #427 (Audio Available)
152. The most popular courses still have a few places left. #424 (Audio Available)
153. The lecture tomorrow will discuss the educational policy in the United States. #416
(Audio Available)
154. The introduction is an important component of a good presentation. #410 (Audio Available)
155. The first assignment is due on the fourteenth of September. #404 (Audio Available)
156. The faculty staff are very approachable, helpful and extremely friendly. #399 (Audio Available)
157. The exam system has been upgraded due to professional exams. #395 (Audio Available)
158. The marketing budget has doubled since the beginning of the year. #419 (Audio Available)
159. The other book isn't thorough but it's more insightful. #435 (Audio Available)
160. The plight of wildlife has been ignored by local developers. #439 (Audio Available)
161. The dance department stages elaborated performances each semester. #375 (Audio Available)
162. The course helps students to improve their pronunciation skills. #370 (Audio Available)
163. The author's early works are less philosophical and more experimental. #350 (Audio Available)
164. The artists tied with the conservative politicians earned the roles of critics. #346 (Audio Available)
165. The application process may take longer than expected. #332 (Audio Available)
166. The aerial photographs were promptly registered for thorough evaluation. #330 (Audio Available)
Page 257 of 260

167. The ability to work with fellow students cannot be stressed enough. #328 (Audio Available)
168. Statistical results should be expressed in different ways depending on the circumstances. #297
(Audio Available)
169. She began by giving an outline of the previous lecture. #284 (Audio Available)
170. Scientists are always asking the government for more money. #277 (Audio Available)
171. Scientific beneficiary to space exploration is frequently questioned. #276 (Audio Available)
172. Remember, the prestigious section has strict eligibility criteria. #267 (Audio Available)
173. Radio is a popular form of entertainment throughout the world. #258 (Audio Available)
174. The article considered the leisure habits of teenagers in rural areas. #335 (Audio Available)
175. Please note, submission deadlines are only negotiable in exceptional circumstances. #246
(Audio Available)
176. Peer group pressure has a great effect on young people. #236 (Audio Available)
177. Packaging is very important to attract the attention of a buyer. #231 (Audio Available)
178. Our professor is hosting the business development conference. #227 (Audio Available)
179. Many birds migrate to warmer areas for the winter. #189 (Audio Available)
180. Making mistakes is fine, as long as you learn from it. #188 (Audio Available)
181. Important details from the argument are missing in the summary. #155 (Audio Available)
182. If you need additional help, please visit the university resources center. #153 (Audio Available)
183. If finance is a cause of concern, scholarships may be available. #150 (Audio Available)
184. I will come back to this in a moment. #147 (Audio Available)
185. The theme of the instrumental work exhibits more of a demure, compositional style. #478
(Audio Available)
186. Lectures are the oldest and the most formal teaching method at university. #179 (Audio Available)
187. We have sophisticated ways to study in brain action. #558 (Audio Available)
188. Some economists argue that the entire financial system is fatally flawed. #289 (Audio Available)
189. Nurses can specialize in clinical work and management. #213 (Audio Available)
190. Students requiring an extension should apply sooner rather than later. #310 (Audio Available)
191. He landed his job in a very prestigious law firm. #136 (Audio Available)
192. Student representatives will be visiting classes with voting forms. #299 (Audio Available)
193. Education and training provide important skills for the labor force. #106 (Audio Available)
194. Daily practice can build confidence and improve skills. #97 (Audio Available)
195. Create a playlist of your favorite music to help you relax in difficult situations. #96
(Audio Available)
196. Convincing evidence to support this theory is hard to obtain. #94 (Audio Available)
197. Consumer confidence has a direct influence on sales. #92 (Audio Available)
198. Clinical placement in nursing prepares students for professional practice. #86 (Audio Available)
199. Climate change is now an acceptable phenomenon among a group of reputable scientists. #85
(Audio Available)
200. Behind the barn, there is a flat cart drawn by mules. #70 (Audio Available)
201. Before submitting your dissertation, your advisor must approve your application. #69
(Audio Available)
202. And in that regard, as well as in other regards, it stands as an important contribution. #58
(Audio Available)
203. All the educational reforms have been inadequately implemented. #49 (Audio Available)
204. All students are expected to attend ten lab sessions per semester. #46 (Audio Available)
205. Affordable housing is an important issue for all members of society. #37 (Audio Available)
206. A person's educational level is closely related to his economic background. #29 (Audio Available)
207. A number of students have volunteer jobs. #27 (Audio Available)
Page 258 of 260

208. A good architectural structure should be usable, durable and beautiful. #22 (Audio Available)
209. A celebrated theory is still the source of great controversy. #20 (Audio Available)
210. Every student has both the right and the ability to succeed. #115 (Audio Available)
211. The economic strength of early Roman Republic will be examined. #105 (Audio Available)
212. All dissertations must be accompanied with a submission form. #40 (Audio Available)
213. Please confirm that you have received the textbook. #2 (Audio Available)
214. The artists and conservative politicians earn their rules of politics. #1 (Audio Available)
Page 259 of 260

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2. Agricultural Problems (Shadowing)

3. Innovative Product (Shadowing)

4. Urban Forests (Shadowing)

5. Root Network (Shadowing)

6. Child Psychology (Shadowing)

7. Political Problems (Shadowing)

9. William Shakespeare (Shadowing)

10. Rates of Depression (Shadowing)

11. Tutor (Shadowing)

12. Attendance (Shadowing)

13. Enough Fluid

14. Single Research

16. Department Stores

17. Attendance to Theater

18. Norms and Values

20. Learner Experience

21. Natural Enviroment

24. Making Notes

25. Word Radical

26. New Textbook

27. Volcano Behaviors

28. Medical Cannabis

29. Hybrid Rice

30. Motivation to Fight

31. Baby Hearing

32. Stroke Risk

34. Vitamin and Death

35. Pollution Reduction

36. Video Games

37. Reserve Bank

(APEUni Website / App RA #861)

38. Global Changes

39. Flood Control

40. Window in Painting

42. Climate Effects

43. Gut Microbiome

44. University Terms

45. Manchester (Incomplete)

46. Roman Army (Shadowing)

47. Undergraduates Education

48. Paraphrasing (Incomplete)

49. Night Sky (Shadowing)

50. Blue Whale

51. Spanish and French (Incomplete)

52. Ed Tech (B) (Incomplete)

53. Credit Cards (Incomplete)

54. Interdisciplinary Studies (Incomplete)

55. Natural Networks (Incomplete)

56. Microscopic Invaders (Shadowing)

57. Stone Tools (Incomplete)

58. Black Swan （B） (Shadowing)

(APEUni Website / App RA #321)

59. Colloquialism (Shadowing)

60. Man-made Light (Shadowing)

61. Only Family (Shadowing)