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PTE Materials: 1 Aug. - 31 Aug. (21/8 update)
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A. Speaking 38
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Read Aloud 38
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1. Bill 38
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2. Agricultural Problems 38
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3. Innovative Product 38
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4. Urban Forests 38
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5. Root Network 38
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6. Child Psychology 38
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7. Political Problems 38
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8. Statistics 38
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9. William Shakespeare 38
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10. Rates of Depression 38
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11. Tutor 38
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12. Attendance 38
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13. Enough Fluid 38
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14. Single Research 38
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15. Tortoise 39
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16. Department Stores 39
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17. Attendance to Theater 39
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18. Norms and Values 39
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19. Expression 39
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20. Learner Experience 39
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21. Natural Enviroment 39
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22. Emigrants 39
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23. Humanities 39
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24. Making Notes 39
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25. Word Radical 39
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26. New Textbook 39
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27. Volcano Behaviors 39
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28. Medical Cannabis 39
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29. Hybrid Rice 39
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30. Motivation to Fight 40
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31. Baby Hearing 40
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32. Stroke Risk 40
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33. Abortions 40
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34. Pandemic 40
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35. Vitamin and Death 40
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36. Pollution Reduction 40
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36. Pollution Reduction 40
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37. Video Games 40
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38. Seismic Mars 40
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39. Ozone Pollution 40
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40. Subject Outlines 40
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41. Reserve Bank 40
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42. War and Commodity 40
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43. Global Changes 40
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44. What We Want 40
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45. Flood Control 41
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46. Window in Painting 41
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47. Blinking 41
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48. Cultivated Language 41
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49. Central Idea 41
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50. Psychology 41
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51. Climate Effects 41
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52. Space Telescope 41
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53. DBS 41
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54. Gut Microbiome 41
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55. Clean Water 41
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56. Book Structure 41
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57. University Terms 41
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58. Distance Learning 41
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59. Medical Digitalization 42
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60. Mature Tree 42
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61. Manchester (Incomplete) 42
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62. Roman Army (Shadowing) 42
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63. Mutual Politics 42
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64. Personal Libraries (Shadowing) 42
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65. Behavioral Science (Shadowing) 42
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66. Undergraduates Education 42
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67. Antarctic 42
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68. Loggerhead Turtle (Shadowing) 42
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69. Agricultural Science (Shadowing) 42
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70. Paraphrasing (Incomplete) 42
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71. Night Sky (Shadowing) 42
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72. Language Diversity (Shadowing) 42
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73. Volunteering 43
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73. Volunteering 43
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74. Plato 43
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75. Aquaculture 43
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76. Voice and Text 43
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77. Blue Whale 43
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78. Spanish and French (Incomplete) 43
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79. Intercultural Difficulties 43
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80. Ed Tech (B) (Incomplete) 43
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81. Bird Nests (Shadowing) 43
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82. Faster Communications (Shadowing) 43
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83. Wordsworth 43
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84. Credit Cards (Incomplete) 43
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85. Chaplin and Sydney 43
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86. Interdisciplinary Studies (Incomplete) 43
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87. Biology 44
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88. Decisions 44
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89. X-ray (Shadowing) 44
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90. Protein Tau 44
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91. Natural Networks (Incomplete) 44
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92. Stone Tools (Incomplete) 44
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93. Father (B) 44
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94. Black Swan （B） (Shadowing) 44
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95. Colloquialism (Shadowing) 44
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96. Man-made Light (Shadowing) 44
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97. Only Family (Shadowing) 44
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98. Online Shopping (Shadowing) 44
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99. Beauty Contests (Shadowing) 44
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100. Abstract Preparation (Shadowing) 45
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101. Companies (Shadowing) 45
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102. Hazard Assessment (Shadowing) 45
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103. Elephant (Shadowing) 45
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104. Leader Waves (Shadowing) 45
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105. Shrimp Farm (Shadowing) 45
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106. Slang (Shadowing) 45
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107. Grand Canyon 2 45
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108. Bookkeeper Fraud (Shadowing) 45
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109. Restaurant Location (Shadowing) 45
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110. Brain Development 45
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110. Brain Development 45
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111. Black Swan 45
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112. Legal Writing (Shadowing) 45
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113. Lenient Parents (Shadowing) 45
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114. Choice of Book (Shadowing) 46
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115. Blue (B) 46
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116. Difficult Conversations 46
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117. Baidu 46
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118. Video clip 46
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119. Facebook (Incomplete) 46
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120. Lunar Events (Incomplete) 46
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121. Cell 46
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122. Body Composition (Incomplete) 46
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123. Co-evolutionary Relationship (Incomplete) 46
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124. Parents (Incomplete) 46
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125. Vanilla (Shadowing) 46
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126. Linguistic Diversity (Shadowing) 46
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127. Breeding Areas 46
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128. Living Room 47
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129. Pluto (Shadowing) 47
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130. Augustus (Shadowing) 47
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131. Cup Class Boats (Incomplete) 47
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132. Tool-user (Incomplete) 47
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133. Undesirable Programs (Incomplete) 47
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134. Work (Shadowing) 47
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135. Wildlife (Shadowing) 47
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136. Marriage Too Early 47
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137. Charles Darwin 47
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138. Disaster (Shadowing) 47
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139. Middle Ages 47
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140. Not-for-profit University 47
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141. Blue (Shadowing) 48
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142. Dolphins 48
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143. The English Revolution 48
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144. Integration 48
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145. Galaxy 48
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146. Plato 48
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147. Yellow (Shadowing) 48
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147. Yellow (Shadowing) 48
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148. Father 48
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149. Glamorous Person 48
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150. Modern Buildings (Shadowing) 48
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151. Grand Canyon (Shadowing) 48
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152. Lincoln (Shadowing) 48
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153. Coastal Wetlands 48
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154. Mobile Commerce 48
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155. Domestication 49
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156. Alphabet (Shadowing) 49
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157. Shakespeare (Shadowing) 49
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158. Chronic Disease 49
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Repeat Sentence 50
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Describe Image 56
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1. Supply Chain Management 56
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2. Assessment (Incomplete) 56
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3. EU (Incomplete) 56
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4. Computer and Telephone (Incomplete) 56
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5. Tax and Payroll 56
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6. Wasted Food 56
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7. Kitchen 57
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8. European Headquarters 57
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9. Production Map (Incomplete) 57
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10. Diamond Production 57
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11. Airline Passengers 57
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12. Working Hours 58
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13. Cultural Websites 58
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14. Flu Vaccination 58
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15. Chocolate Consumers 59
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16. Satisfaction of Students (Incomplete) 59
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17. NZ House Price 59
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18. Age Group (B) 59
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19. European Countries 59
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20. Household Budget 60
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21. Fast Food Times 60
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22. Richest Countries or Regions 60
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23. Most Powerful Passports 61
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24. GNH 61
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24. GNH 61
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25. Bermuda Triangle 61
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26. Plastic Bottle Recycling 61
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27. Litchfield Population 62
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28. Main Hall 62
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29. Stationery Shopping (Incomplete) 62
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30. Recycling 62
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31. Renewable Energy 63
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32. Internet Users 63
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33. Ship Lock 63
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34. Coffee House (B) 64
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35. Historic Gardens 64
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36. Mosquito Life Cycle 64
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37. Ice Thickness 65
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38. Disadvantaged Backgrounds of Students 65
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39. World Population Density (B) 65
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40. Dining Table 66
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41. Wash Your Hands 66
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42. Instant Coffee 66
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43. Personal Protection 67
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44. Fruits and Vegetables Market 67
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45. Coffee House 67
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46. Music Revenues 68
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47. A Food Chain 68
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48. Upper Arms (B) 68
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49. Grape Fruits 69
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50. South American Rainforest 69
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51. UK Income by Age&Gender 69
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52. Product Life Cycle 70
·····································································································
53. Computer Then and Now 70
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54. Water Cycle 70
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55. Germination 71
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56. Penguin 71
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57. Journeys in the UK 71
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58. Number of Texts 71
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59. Auditorium 72
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60. Commuting Time 72
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61. China Age Group 72
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61. China Age Group 72
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62. Tomato Life Cycle 73
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63. Sitting Posture 73
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64. Waste Generation 73
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65. Palm Oil Production 74
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66. Laboratory Plan 74
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67. Income of Bachelor 74
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68. Temperature and Precipitation 75
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69. Forest Annual Change 75
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70. Teaching Career 75
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71. World Population Development 75
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72. Arousal Level 76
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73. Australian Population Density 1 76
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74. Projected Population 76
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75. Customer Satisfaction 77
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76. Sunshine of Ankaran 77
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77. Household Energy 77
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78. Generation from Coal 78
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79. ITunes Purchased Songs 78
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80. Cell Phone Use in Anytowne 78
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81. Overseas Visitors 78
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82. Maslow's Hierarchy 79
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83. Wind Machine 79
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84. Diameter of Planets 79
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85. 100% Health 80
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86. Gnat Life Cycle 80
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87. Temperature&CO2 80
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88. Past Transport 81
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89. Length of Fish 81
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90. Library Plan 81
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91. Television v.s. Radio 81
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92. Not Attending School 82
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93. London Street View 82
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94. Garbage Patches 1 82
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95. Australian Population Density 83
·····································································································
96. Iron Age Hut 83
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97. The Eatwell Plate 83
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98. Music Download 84
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98. Music Download 84
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99. Temperature&Precipitation 84
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100. Population&Consumption 84
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101. Poverty Rate 84
·····································································································
102. Students' Worked Age 85
·····································································································
103. Pupil/Teacher Ratio 85
·····································································································
104. Homologies of Structure 85
·····································································································
105. World Water 86
·····································································································
106. Hospital Visits 86
·····································································································
107. Consumer Confidence 86
·····································································································
108. Double Population 87
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109. Sunrise & Sunset 87
·····································································································
110. World Income Distribution 87
·····································································································
111. Pet Expenditure 87
·····································································································
112. Egypt Trading 88
·····································································································
113. Quiz Operation 88
·····································································································
114. Radar Detection 88
·····································································································
115. Power Transmission 89
·····································································································
116. Arctic Food Chain 89
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117. Government Expenditure 89
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118. Food&Oil Price 90
·····································································································
119. Pencil Length 90
·····································································································
120. S&P 90
·····································································································
121. Deforestation Reasons 91
·····································································································
122. Switzerland Language 91
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123. Bird Feeder 91
·····································································································
124. Solar Eclipse 1 92
·····································································································
125. Parts of Tree 92
·····································································································
126. Tree Ring and Saw 92
·····································································································
127. Food Pyramid 1 92
·····································································································
128. Unemployment by Age 93
·····································································································
129. Happiness 93
·····································································································
130. Water Wheel 93
·····································································································
131. Internet Population 94
·····································································································
132. Age Percentage 94
·····································································································
133. Fruit&Vegetable Consumption 94
·····································································································
134. Solar Yard Light 95
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135. Meat Consumption 95
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135. Meat Consumption 95
·····································································································
136. Sleeping Hours 95
·····································································································
137. Foreign Language Proficiency 95
·····································································································
138. Fly Life Cycle 96
·····································································································
139. Weekly Temperature 96
·····································································································
140. Income Distribution 96
·····································································································
141. Taxi Hailing 97
·····································································································
142. Urban Percentage 1 97
·····································································································
143. Thoralby Population 97
·····································································································
144. Most Used Technology 98
·····································································································
145. Internet User Number 98
·····································································································
146. Underground Passengers 98
·····································································································
147. Dubai Gold Sales 99
·····································································································
148. Air Temperature 99
·····································································································
149. Evacuation Route 99
·····································································································
150. Fish Shoal 100
·····································································································
151. Life Expectancy 100
·····································································································
152. Number of Articles 100
·····································································································
153. European Countries 1 100
·····································································································
154. Number of Arrests 101
·····································································································
155. Inbound Tourists 101
·····································································································
156. Australian Rankings 101
·····································································································
157. Solar Composition 102
·····································································································
158. Sprouting 102
·····································································································
159. Language Shares 102
·····································································································
160. National Flags 102
·····································································································
161. Garbage Patches 103
·····································································································
162. Depression Probability 103
·····································································································
163. Earth Crust (2) 103
·····································································································
164. MSW Generation 104
·····································································································
165. Electricity Generation 104
·····································································································
166. Adult Literacy 104
·····································································································
167. Virus Replication 105
·····································································································
168. Simple Circuit 105
·····································································································
169. Earth Structure 105
·····································································································
170. Height of Tree 105
·····································································································
171. Air Pollution 106
·····································································································
172. Solar System 106
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172. Solar System 106
·····································································································
173. Oxbow Lake 106
·····································································································
174. Typing Hands 107
·····································································································
175. Apartment Plan 107
·····································································································
176. Moon&Fish 107
·····································································································
177. BMI 107
·····································································································
178. Global Warming 108
·····································································································
179. Apple Life Cycle 108
······································································································
Retell Lecture 109
·····································································································
1. Icy Sea (Incomplete) 109
·····································································································
2. Venus (Audio Available) 109
·····································································································
3. Education (Incomplete) 109
·····································································································
4. Pursuit of Happiness (Incomplete) 109
·····································································································
5. Animal Image (Incomplete) 109
·····································································································
6. Universal Philosophy (Audio Available) 109
·····································································································
7. Facial Recognition (Audio Available) 109
·····································································································
8. Computer and Human (Incomplete) 109
·····································································································
9. Animated Rabbit (Incomplete) 109
·····································································································
10. Cotton Subsidy (Incomplete) 109
·····································································································
11. Hat (Incomplete) 110
·····································································································
12. City of Rome (Audio Available) 110
·····································································································
13. Child Language Acquisition (Audio Available) 110
·····································································································
14. Internet and Children (Incomplete) 110
·····································································································
15. Energy Challenge (Audio Available) 110
·····································································································
16. Solar Energy (Incomplete) 110
·····································································································
17. Red Planet (Audio Available) 110
·····································································································
18. Dietary Health (Incomplete) 110
·····································································································
19. Sunrise and Sunset in Space (Incomplete) 110
·····································································································
20. Bilingual Parents (Audio Available) 111
·····································································································
21. DNA (Incomplete) 111
·····································································································
22. Leadership (Explanation) (Audio Available) 111
·····································································································
23. A Book (Incomplete) 111
·····································································································
24. Amazon (Incomplete) 111
·····································································································
25. Windmill (Incomplete) 111
·····································································································
26. Biological Forgetting (Audio Available) 111
·····································································································
27. Leadership and Management (Incomplete) 111
·····································································································
28. Graphical Representation (Incomplete) 111
·····································································································
29. General-purpose Cars (Incomplete) 111
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29. General-purpose Cars (Incomplete) 111
·····································································································
30. Street Stalls (Incomplete) 111
·····································································································
31. Edmund Wilson (Explanation) (Audio Available) 111
·····································································································
32. Children Obesity (Incomplete) 112
·····································································································
33. Cloud Formation (Explanation) (Audio Available) 112
·····································································································
34. Procedure (Incomplete) 112
·····································································································
35. Fatherhood (Incomplete) 112
·····································································································
36. King (Explanation) (Audio Available) 112
·····································································································
37. Globalization (Explanation) (Audio Available) 112
·····································································································
38. Performance of Genders (Explanation) (Audio Available) 112
·····································································································
39. Animal Behavior (B) (Explanation) (Audio Available) 113
·····································································································
40. British Population (Incomplete) 113
·····································································································
41. Overfishing (Audio Available) 113
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42. Truth and Rhetoric (Explanation) (Audio Available) 113
·····································································································
43. Robot and Human (Audio Available) 113
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44. Dimensions (Explanation) (Audio Available) 113
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45. Linguistic Training (Explanation) (Audio Available) 113
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46. Earth v.s. Mars (Incomplete) 114
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47. Advanced Machine (Audio Available) 114
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48. Visual Description (Explanation) (Audio Available) 114
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49. Ship (Explanation) (Audio Available) 114
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50. Anti-HIV Program (Audio Available) 114
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51. Loggerhead Turtle (Incomplete) 114
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52. Food Quantification (Explanation) (Audio Available) 114
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53. Motivation (Incomplete) 114
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54. Character Education (Incomplete) 115
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55. Soot Emission (Explanation) (Audio Available) 115
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56. Silk Road (Incomplete) 115
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57. Telescope (Incomplete) 115
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58. Advertising Standard Authority (Incomplete) 115
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59. Melatonin (Explanation) (Audio Available) 115
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60. Bee Language (Explanation) (Audio Available) 115
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61. Large Hadron Collider (LHC) (Audio Available) 115
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62. NGO V2 (Audio Available) 115
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63. Australia’s Export (Explanation) (Audio Available) 116
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64. America’s Economic Size (Incomplete) 116
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65. Teaching (Incomplete) 116
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66. Beautiful Melbourne (Incomplete) 116
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66. Beautiful Melbourne (Incomplete) 116
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67. Wind Power (Incomplete) 116
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68. Pavlov Experiment (Audio Available) 116
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69. Invention (Audio Available) 116
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70. Privacy (Audio Available) 116
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71. Springtime (Audio Available) 117
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72. Implicit&Explicit Memory (Audio Available) 117
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73. Arctic and Antarctic (Audio Available) 117
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74. London Taxi Drivers (Audio Available) 117
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75. Shy Fish (Audio Available) 117
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76. Happiness (Audio Available) 118
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77. Sugar (Audio Available) 118
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78. Early Robot (Audio Available) 118
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79. Genome Structural Variation (Audio Available) 118
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80. Night Sky Darkness (Audio Available) 118
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81. Marshmallow Test (Audio Available) 118
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82. Manufacturers (Audio Available) 119
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83. Museum (Audio Available) 119
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84. Bomb Calorimeter (Audio Available) 119
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85. Licking and Grooming (Audio Available) 119
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86. Brain (Audio Available) 119
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87. Wind Turbine (Audio Available) 120
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88. Infinite Monkey Theorem (Audio Available) 120
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89. Trade-off Triangle (Audio Available) 120
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90. Graffiti (Audio Available) 120
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91. (Audio Available) 120
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92. Technology and Writer (Audio Available) 120
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Answer Short Question 122
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B. Writing 136
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Summarize Written Text 136
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1. Automatic Cars (Incomplete) 136
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2. Carbon (Incomplete) 136
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3. World Population (Incomplete) 136
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4. Immune System (Incomplete) 136
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5. World Population (Incomplete) 136
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6. Telescope (Incomplete) 136
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7. Women in University 136
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8. Levels of Crime 136
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8. Levels of Crime 136
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9. Human Traits 136
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10. Brain Wave 137
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11. Fiber 137
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12. Importance of Water 137
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13. Environmental Technologies 137
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14. Summer Vacation (Incomplete) 138
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15. Volcano Prediction (Incomplete) 138
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16. Seattle Commuters (Incomplete) 138
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17. New Women (Incomplete) 138
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18. The Women Institute (Incomplete) 138
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19. Education Technology (Explanation) 138
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20. Positive Mindset (Explanation) 138
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21. Ethics (Explanation) 138
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22. Ecology and Climatology (Explanation) 139
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23. World Wide Web (Explanation) 139
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24. Asda (Explanation) 139
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25. Nutritional Science (Explanation) 139
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26. Illusion (Explanation) 140
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27. Reading (Explanation) 140
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28. Plastic Particles (Explanation) 140
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29. Voting Rights in UK (Explanation) 140
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30. Vividity of TV and Newspaper (Explanation) 141
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31. The Great Sphinx (Explanation) 141
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32. Rosetta Stone (Explanation) 141
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33. Songbird (Explanation) 141
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34. Plug-in Vehicle (Explanation) 141
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35. Plants Research (Explanation) 142
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36. Children Watching TV (Explanation) 142
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37. Overqualified Employees (Explanation) 142
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38. Online Teaching & Learning (Explanation) 142
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39. Oil Price Decline (Explanation) 143
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40. Malaysia Tourism (Explanation) 143
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41. Geothermal Energy (Explanation) 143
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42. Electric Cars (Explanation) 143
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43. Double Blind (Explanation) 144
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44. Children Allowance (Explanation) 144
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45. Cataract Surgery (Explanation) 144
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45. Cataract Surgery (Explanation) 144
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46. Australian Indigenous Food (Explanation) 144
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47. Australia-US Alliance (Explanation) 145
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48. American English (Explanation) 145
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49. Crime Rate (Explanation) 145
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Write Essay 146
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1. Art and Culture (Explanation) 146
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2. Replaced Textbooks (Explanation) 146
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3. Overcrowding (Explanation) 146
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4. Nature or Nurture 146
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5. Hyper Competition 146
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6. Financial Learning 146
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7. Salary on Achievements 146
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8. Age for Activity 146
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9. Workplace Exercise 146
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10. Success 146
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11. Travel for Education 146
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12. Public Space 146
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13. Foreign Languages 146
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14. City or Countryside 146
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15. New Inventions (Explanation) 147
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16. Over-competitive 147
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17. Artificial Intelligence (Explanation) 147
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18. Wage Cap 147
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19. Harder Life 147
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20. Old or Modern Buildings 147
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21. Compulsory Learning 147
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22. Working Women (Explanation) 147
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23. Short Weeks 147
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24. Celebrities' Privacy 147
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25. Less Work Hours 147
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26. Television (Explanation) 147
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27. Inventions (Explanation) 147
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28. Dangerous Activities (Explanation) 147
·····································································································
29. Environmental Influence (Explanation) 148
·····································································································
30. Tourism's Pros and Cons (Explanation) 148
·····································································································
31. Law Effect (Explanation) 148
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32. Marketing in Companies (Explanation) 148
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32. Marketing in Companies (Explanation) 148
·····································································································
33. Studying Climate Change (Explanation) 148
·····································································································
34. Common Exams 148
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35. Wealthy Nations 148
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36. Studying Abroad (Explanation) 148
·····································································································
37. Arts or Technology Research 148
·····································································································
38. Public Transportation 148
·····································································································
39. Concentration 148
·····································································································
40. Distraction (Explanation) 148
·····································································································
41. Life Experience (Explanation) 148
·····································································································
42. Credit Cards (Explanation) 148
·····································································································
43. Journalist 149
·····································································································
44. Age Limit 149
·····································································································
45. Tourism (Explanation) 149
·····································································································
46. Digital Materials (Explanation) 149
·····································································································
47. Building Effects (Explanation) 149
·····································································································
48. Teenagers 149
·····································································································
49. Experiential Learning (Explanation) 149
·····································································································
50. Digital Age 149
·····································································································
51. Television 149
·····································································································
52. Emigration 149
·····································································································
53. Extreme Sports 149
·····································································································
54. Formal Written Examination (Explanation) 149
·····································································································
55. Personal Life (Explanation) 149
·····································································································
56. Senior Executives (Explanation) 149
·····································································································
57. Getting Married (Explanation) 150
·····································································································
58. Facing Issues (Explanation) 150
·····································································································
59. Global Issue (Explanation) 150
·····································································································
60. Personal Life (Explanation) 150
·····································································································
61. Reputation or Short Term Strategies (Explanation) 150
·····································································································
62. Mark Deduction (Explanation) 150
·····································································································
63. Transportation Networks (Explanation) 150
·····································································································
64. Information Revolution (Explanation) 150
·····································································································
65. Studying Theater (Explanation) 150
·····································································································
66. Shopping Malls (Explanation) 150
·····································································································
67. Legal Responsibility (Explanation) 150
·····································································································
68. Birth Rate 150
·····································································································
69. Extending Life Expectancy (Explanation) 150
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69. Extending Life Expectancy (Explanation) 150
·····································································································
70. Inventions (Explanation) 150
·····································································································
71. Right Balance (Explanation) 151
·····································································································
72. Mass Media (Explanation) 151
·································································································
C. Reading 152
······································································································
Fill in the Blanks (Reading & Writing) 152
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1. Recruitment Tool 152
·····································································································
2. Self Recognition (Incomplete) 152
·····································································································
3. Bonus of Dendrochronology 152
·····································································································
4. Sleep Pattern (Incomplete) 152
·····································································································
5. New Material (Incomplete) 152
·····································································································
6. Water Consumption (Incomplete) 152
·····································································································
7. Company Culture (Incomplete) 152
·····································································································
8. Station Service (Incomplete) 152
·····································································································
9. Environmental Policy (Explanation) 152
·····································································································
10. Clinical Trials (Incomplete) 152
·····································································································
11. Types of Women (Incomplete) 153
·····································································································
12. Activity (Incomplete) 153
·····································································································
13. Korean Students (Incomplete) 153
·····································································································
14. Korean Students (Incomplete) 153
·····································································································
15. Financial Crisis (Explanation) 153
·····································································································
16. Crime Prevention (Explanation) 153
·····································································································
17. Sand Dune (Incomplete) 153
·····································································································
18. IQ Test (Incomplete) 153
·····································································································
19. International Trade (Explanation) 153
·····································································································
20. Pinker (Explanation) 153
·····································································································
21. Plains Indians (Explanation) 154
·····································································································
22. Lake (Incomplete) 154
·····································································································
23. Graphene 154
·····································································································
24. Maps (Incomplete) 154
·····································································································
25. Cultural Fusion (Incomplete) 154
·····································································································
26. Dag Hammarskjold Library (Explanation) 154
·····································································································
27. Coral Reefs (Explanation) 154
·····································································································
28. Mindfulness (Incomplete) 154
·····································································································
29. Dinosaurs (Explanation) 155
·····································································································
30. Shakespeare (Explanation) 155
·····································································································
31. World Map of Happiness (Explanation) 155
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32. Spanish (Explanation) 155
·····································································································
33. Important Corollary (Explanation) 155
·····································································································
34. Roommates (Incomplete) 155
·····································································································
35. Alcohol Consumption (Incomplete) 156
·····································································································
36. Light Pollution (Explanation) 156
·····································································································
37. Video Game (Incomplete) 156
·····································································································
38. Kathryn Mewes (Explanation) 156
·····································································································
39. Rugby Matches (Incomplete) 156
·····································································································
40. Bhutan (Explanation) 156
·····································································································
41. Dance (Explanation) 156
·····································································································
42. Teenage Daughter (Explanation) 157
·····································································································
43. Digital Media (Explanation) 157
·····································································································
44. Lionfish (Incomplete) 157
·····································································································
45. Age Groups (Incomplete) 157
·····································································································
46. Sound Speed (Explanation) 157
·····································································································
47. Evolution (Explanation) 157
·····································································································
48. Panic-striken Climate (Explanation) 157
·····································································································
49. Smartphones (Explanation) 158
·····································································································
50. Hand Art (Incomplete) 158
·····································································································
51. Digitalization (Explanation) 158
·····································································································
52. Superintelligence 158
·····································································································
53. Tokyo Skytree (Explanation) 158
·····································································································
54. Dictionary Publishers (Explanation) 158
·····································································································
55. Heart of Study 159
·····································································································
56. Academic Writing （B） (Explanation) 159
·····································································································
57. HongKong APP (Incomplete) 159
·····································································································
58. Giant Exoplanets (Explanation) 159
·····································································································
59. Globalization (Incomplete) 159
·····································································································
60. Shrimp Farm (Explanation) 159
·····································································································
61. Product Selling (Explanation) 159
·····································································································
62. Facial Appearance (Incomplete) 160
·····································································································
63. Edward (Incomplete) 160
·····································································································
64. IQ Tests (Incomplete) 160
·····································································································
65. Gravity (Incomplete) 160
·····································································································
66. Dire Prediction (Incomplete) 160
·····································································································
67. Civil War 160
·····································································································
68. Umami 160
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69. Good Looks in Votes (Explanation) 160
·····································································································
70. Mini Helicopter (Explanation) 161
·····································································································
71. Underground Houses 161
·····································································································
72. Intelligence Comparison (Explanation) 161
·····································································································
73. Eco-friendly Smoothies (Explanation) 161
·····································································································
74. Academic Writing 161
·····································································································
75. Learning from History 162
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76. Roman and Water (Explanation) 162
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77. Visual Perception 162
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78. Flower Color 162
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79. Speech of Alchemy (Explanation) 162
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80. English Language (Explanation) 162
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81. Genius (Explanation) 163
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82. ARENA 163
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83. Poetry 163
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84. Cheating 163
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85. Symbiosis 163
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86. Basic Organisms (Explanation) 163
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87. Stressors 164
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88. Cell (Explanation) 164
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89. Golden Gate Bridge (Explanation) 164
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90. Water (Incomplete) 164
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91. Economic Depression 164
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92. Marketing (Incomplete) 164
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93. PIE 164
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94. Gunpowder and Fireworks 165
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95. Drones 165
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96. Sandra Lousada 165
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97. Novel Device 165
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98. Physical Activity 165
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99. Studying Law 166
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100. Kashmiri 166
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101. Welfare Morality 166
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102. Ikebana 166
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103. Healthcare 166
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104. International Bodies (Incomplete) 166
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105. Colonial Era 166
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106. Colour Preference 167
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107. Sun and Moon 167
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108. Fossil Fuels 167
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109. Marshmallow 167
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110. Study of Objects 167
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111. Psychology 168
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112. Mass Extinction 168
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113. Australia's Dwellings 168
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114. Noisy Studying 168
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115. Exams Looming 168
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116. Coastal Fish Farms 169
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117. Cultural Studies 169
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118. Daniel Harris 169
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119. Radioactivity 169
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120. Trinity Sport and Fitness 169
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121. Electrons 170
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122. Amount of Sleep 170
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123. Retirement 170
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124. Agrarian Parties 170
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125. Bedtimes (Incomplete) 170
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126. Home Appliances 170
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127. Decision Making 171
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128. Icebergs' Sound 171
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129. How World Work 171
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130. Brains or Brawn 171
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131. Managing Performance 171
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132. Dictionary 172
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133. Wholeness of Thought 172
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134. Interior Design 172
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135. Computational Thinking 172
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136. When to Revise? 172
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137. Paris Opera 173
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138. Great Engineers 173
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139. Significance of Instinct 173
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140. Global Textile Industry 173
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141. Ancient Egypt Music 173
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142. Very Old Paris 174
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143. Wind 174
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144. Native Species in North America 174
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145. Rudman 174
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146. MBA Programs 174
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147. UNEP 175
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148. Origin of Species 175
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149. Women in Labour Force 175
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150. Origin of Music 175
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151. Standard Language 175
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152. Conservancy 176
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153. Fresh Water 176
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154. Guilt and Responsibility 176
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155. Transportation System 176
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156. APS 176
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157. Computer 177
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158. Customer Service Promotion 177
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159. Population Change 177
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160. Interdisciplinary Centre 177
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161. Life Expectancy 177
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162. Debt, Poverty and Development 178
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163. Spotted Owls 178
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164. Maya 178
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165. Snails 178
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166. English in Change 178
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167. SpaceX 179
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168. History Books 179
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169. Scientists 179
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170. Disease 179
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171. Sleep Patterns 179
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172. Politics Disciplines 180
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173. Australian Women Novelists 180
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174. Nightjar 180
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175. Business 180
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176. Writing Style 180
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177. Distance Learning 181
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178. Language 181
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179. Allergies 181
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180. Classic 181
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181. Leadership 181
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182. Credibility and Pride 182
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183. Oxford Course 182
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184. Dictatorship 182
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185. Zika 182
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186. DNA 182
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187. Japan and China 183
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188. Granular Material 183
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189. Cardona Salt Mountain 183
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190. Viper 183
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191. Private Schools 183
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192. Water Security 183
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193. Fingerprints 184
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194. Trip (Incomplete) 184
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195. Generosity 184
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196. Canadian Arctic 184
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197. Business Schools 184
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198. Folklore 184
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199. Shakespeare 185
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200. Painting Movement 185
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201. David Lynch 185
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202. Australia Higher Education Funding 185
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203. Sales Jobs 185
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204. Military Advance (Incomplete) 186
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205. Anesthetics 186
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206. Dog 186
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207. Herbal 186
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208. Hairstyles 186
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209. Sales Activities 187
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210. Settlement 187
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211. Natural Capital 187
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212. Good Schools 187
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213. Video Conference 187
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214. Burger King 188
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215. Spanish Language 188
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216. Definition of Country 188
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217. Visual Arts 188
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218. Pinker 189
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219. Impressionist 189
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220. Egg-eating Snakes 189
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221. Southern Cone 189
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222. Below-ground Organisms 189
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223. Great Listeners 190
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224. Australia and New Zealand 190
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225. Cloth-making 190
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226. Language Extinct 190
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227. Longevity 190
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228. Keith Haring 191
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229. Honorary Degree 191
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Multiple Choice (Multiple) 192
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1. Poetry Training (Incomplete) 192
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2. Dogs (Incomplete) 192
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3. Turks and Caicos (Incomplete) 192
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4. Children Care (Incomplete) 192
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5. Optional Courses (Incomplete) 192
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6. Jails (Incomplete) 192
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7. (Incomplete) 192
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8. Pink Tube (Incomplete) 192
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9. Crystal Palace (Incomplete) 192
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10. ANZAC (Incomplete) 192
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11. (Incomplete) 192
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12. History of Sleep 193
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13. Decision 193
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Re-order Paragraphs 194
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1. Amazon Drought (Incomplete) 194
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2. Coral Reefs 194
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3. Notion of Engineering (Incomplete) 194
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4. Dramatic Dialogues (Incomplete) 194
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5. Super Markets (Incomplete) 194
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6. Crab 194
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7. Age (Incomplete) 194
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8. Project (Incomplete) 194
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9. Darwin 194
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10. Ada (Incomplete) 194
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11. Travel (Incomplete) 194
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12. Palm Oil (Incomplete) 194
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13. Agriculture (Incomplete) 194
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14. E-waste (Incomplete) 195
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15. Learning in Childhood (Incomplete) 195
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16. Temperature Measurement (Incomplete) 195
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17. Meerkats 195
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18. Leaf Structure 195
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19. Takeaway Meals 195
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20. Locomotion 195
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21. Mandarin 195
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22. Plato 195
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23. US Manufacturing (Incomplete) 195
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24. Poincaré 195
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25. Sun Light (Incomplete) 196
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26. English Agricultural Revolution 196
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27. Photogrammetry 196
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28. Noise and Study 196
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29. Rectangle and Square (Incomplete) 196
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30. Tourism (Incomplete) 196
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31. Invention of Electronics (Incomplete) 196
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32. Selective Books（认真挑选的书籍） 196
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33. Far From Content （远离⽆⽤内容） 196
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34. Sydney (Incomplete) 196
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35. Green Areas (Incomplete) 196
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36. Drivers licenses（驾照） 197
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37. Decline（下降） 197
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38. 2100-2013 197
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39. Child Temptation（孩⼦的诱惑） 197
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40. Essential Skill（必要技能） 197
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41. Children's Clothes（⼉童服装） 197
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42. Advertising (Incomplete) 197
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43. Deaf School (Incomplete) 197
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44. O'Keeffe 197
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45. Mobile Phone（⼿机） 198
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46. Actors' Performance 198
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47. Financial Literacy 198
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48. Understanding Differences（了解差异） 198
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49. Sea Turtles 198
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50. Brain Function 198
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51. DRM 198
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52. Mink 198
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53. Hand Language (Incomplete) 198
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54. Minister（⾸相） (Incomplete) 199
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55. E-waste 199
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56. Electronic Devices 199
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57. Soda Water（苏打⽔） 199
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58. Superpower (Incomplete) 199
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59. Turkey（⼟⽿其） 199
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60. Nightinggale 199
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61. Food Label (Incomplete) 199
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62. Mars From Earth（地球到⽕星） 199
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63. Pidgin 199
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64. Blue Halo 200
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65. Ants 200
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66. Predators（捕⻝者） 200
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67. Art History 200
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68. Children's Verbal Skills 200
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69. Unprecedented 200
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70. Egyptian Temple 200
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71. World Feeding 200
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72. Two-and-a-half（2.5升空⽓） 200
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73. EU Fishing 201
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74. Glow Worm 201
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75. Hip Pop 201
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76. Montana Two Ways（两条路） 201
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77. Protein（蛋⽩质） 201
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78. Be Objective（保持客观） 201
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79. Carbon Pricing in Canada 201
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80. Heart Attack 201
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81. Wagonways 202
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82. Amino Acid (Incomplete) 202
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83. Financial Crisis (Incomplete) 202
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84. TV Program（电视节⽬） 202
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85. Voice above 5mhz 202
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86. Mayor 202
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87. New Ventures 202
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88. Sun's Radiation 202
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89. Advertisements 202
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90. Financial Stability 203
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91. Foreign Aid 203
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92. Thought Processes 203
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93. Pilot 203
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94. Local Logger（当地⽊⼯） 203
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95. Australia Role Models（澳洲榜样） 203
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96. A Big Challenge（⼤挑战） 203
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97. Chalk River（粉笔河） 203
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98. Sojourner 204
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99. Inuit 204
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100. Mission 204
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101. Share Interest（分享兴趣爱好） 204
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102. 1906 San Francisco（1906年旧⾦⼭） 204
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103. Pilot 204
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104. Speaking English 204
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105. Some Type Soda（某些类型的苏打） 204
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Fill in the Blanks (Reading) 206
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1. Gold (Incomplete) 206
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2. Philosophy (Incomplete) 206
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3. Exercise (Incomplete) 206
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4. Generation Evolution (Incomplete) 206
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5. David Lynch 206
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6. Charity (Incomplete) 206
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7. Ballet-pantomime 206
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8. Pidgins 206
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9. English Language 206
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10. Evolution (Explanation) 206
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11. Female Employment (Incomplete) 207
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12. Chemistry (Explanation) 207
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13. Black Hole (Incomplete) 207
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14. Mail (Incomplete) 207
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15. Electrons 207
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16. Tooth (Incomplete) 207
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17. Thunder (Incomplete) 207
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18. Forest and Fish (Incomplete) 207
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19. Written Language (Incomplete) 207
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20. Carbohydrate (Incomplete) 207
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21. Traffic Jams (Explanation) 207
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22. Maya (Explanation) 207
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23. MBA (Explanation) 207
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24. Performance Appraisals (Explanation) 208
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25. Higher Education Shift (Explanation) 208
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26. Accounting and Finance (Explanation) 208
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27. Bioenergy (Explanation) 208
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28. Activity Tracker (Incomplete) 208
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29. Banana (Explanation) 208
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30. Dictionary (Explanation) 208
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31. Marshmallow Test (Explanation) 208
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32. Keith Haring 209
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33. Bias (Explanation) 209
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34. Pop Art (Incomplete) 209
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35. Sound Speed (Explanation) 209
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36. Airborne Diseases (Explanation) 209
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37. Organic Culture 209
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38. Lizard (Incomplete) 209
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39. Management Accounting (Explanation) 209
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40. Computational Thinking (Explanation) 209
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41. Studying Law (Explanation) 210
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42. Thinking Tools (Incomplete) 210
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43. Nature Conservation Amendment Act (Explanation) 210
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44. Color Preference 210
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45. Selfies (Explanation) 210
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46. Egyptian Music (Explanation) 210
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47. Barred Owls 210
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48. Power Station 210
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49. Green Spaces 211
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50. Atoms (Incomplete) 211
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51. Marriage 211
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52. Global Warming (Incomplete) 211
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53. Egg-eating Snakes 211
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54. Long-term Goal (Incomplete) 211
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55. Gender Equality 211
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56. Agricultural Investment (Incomplete) 211
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57. Textile Industry 211
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58. Fossil Fuel (Explanation) 211
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59. Ponzi Scheme 212
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60. Electric Eels 212
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61. Melting Ice (Explanation) 212
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62. Rudman 212
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63. Financial Markets 212
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64. Active Learning Classrooms 212
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65. Sandra Lousada (Explanation) 212
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66. Father in Family 212
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67. Conservancy 212
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68. Inflation (Incomplete) 213
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69. Pet (Incomplete) 213
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70. Weather Predictions 213
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71. Giant Exoplanets 213
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72. Geography 213
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73. Study of Leadership 213
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74. Scientists' Work 213
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75. Folklore 213
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76. Suez Canal 213
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77. Eutrophication 213
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78. Following Tips 214
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79. Alpine Newt 214
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80. Dance 214
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81. Western Firms 214
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82. Coffee 214
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83. Class Participation 214
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84. Critical Thinking 214
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85. Financial Crisis 214
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86. Accounting 215
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87. Concentration 215
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88. Environmental Policy 215
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89. Physical Activity 215
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90. Scrambled Memory 215
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91. Lithium 215
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92. Repetitive Syllables 215
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93. Citizenship Education 215
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94. Trees 215
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95. Australian Dwellings 216
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96. Shakespeare's Work 216
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97. Changing English 216
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98. Pupil Charity 216
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99. Air Moving 216
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100. Investment 216
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101. Paris 216
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102. Moth 216
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103. Housing Agency 216
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104. Revision 217
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105. Japan and China 217
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106. Trade-off 217
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107. Lake Turkana 217
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108. Linguistic Effects 217
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109. Smarter Organisms 217
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110. Fingerprint 217
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111. Recruitment 217
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112. Donors 218
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113. Internet Growth 218
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114. Good Looks 218
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115. Non-indigenous Plants 218
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116. Viper 218
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117. Modern Healthcare 218
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118. Enigma 218
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119. Walt Disney World 218
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120. American People 219
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121. Mini Helicopter 219
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122. Canada Gallery 219
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123. Cheating 219
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124. Music 219
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125. Roman People 219
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126. Fresh Water 219
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127. Anthropologists 219
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128. Tokyo’s Skytree 219
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129. Jupiter’s Moon Europa 220
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130. Climate 220
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131. Plagiarism 220
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132. Crime Prevention 220
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133. Milky Way System 220
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134. People’s Savings 220
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135. Agrarian Parties 220
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136. Australia 220
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137. Impressionist Painters 221
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138. Higher Education Qualifications 221
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139. Steven Pinker 221
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140. Sun and Moon 221
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141. Australia and New Zealand 221
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142. Retirement 221
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143. Sex-biased Hiring 221
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144. Cuteness 222
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145. Genius 222
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146. Kathryn Mewes 222
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147. Planes 222
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148. Ikebana 222
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149. Kashmiri 222
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150. Sportswomen 222
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151. University Science 222
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152. Recruitment Tool 223
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153. Chaucer’s Tales 223
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154. (Incomplete) 223
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155. Australian Business Etiquette (Incomplete) 223
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156. Teenage Daughter 223
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157. Allure of Book 223
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158. Volcanoes 223
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159. DJIA 223
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160. Postmortem 224
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161. Progressive Enhancement 224
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162. Dark Matter 224
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163. Papal Reform 224
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164. Microorganism 224
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165. Botswana 224
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Multiple Choice (Single) 225
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1. Lighting (Incomplete) 225
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2. Pyramid (Incomplete) 225
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3. Iceberg 225
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4. Writing in College 225
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5. Social Scientists 225
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6. John Robertson 226
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7. Lighthouse (Incomplete) 226
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8. Language (Incomplete) 226
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9. Euripides (Incomplete) 226
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D. Listening 227
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Summarize Spoken Text 227
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1. Women Contribution (Incomplete) 227
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2. Origin of Species (Audio Available) 227
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3. Cosmology (Incomplete) 227
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4. City and Civilization (Incomplete) 227
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5. Music Record (Incomplete) 227
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6. Journalism and Internet (Audio Available) 227
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7. Singapore (Incomplete) 227
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8. Music Recorder (Incomplete) 227
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9. Social Diversity (Incomplete) 227
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10. Accent and Dialect (Incomplete) 227
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11. Women Contribution (Incomplete) 227
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12. Dialect (Incomplete) 227
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13. Trade System (Incomplete) 228
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14. Black Fly (Incomplete) 228
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15. African American Rights (Audio Available) 228
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16. Fish (Audio Available) 228
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17. Air Pollution (Audio Available) 228
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18. Transportation Technology (Incomplete) 228
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19. Biggish City (Audio Available) 228
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20. Apology Question (Audio Available) 228
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21. Human Rights (Incomplete) 229
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22. Power (Incomplete) 229
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23. Community Service (Audio Available) 229
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24. Aristotle (Explanation) (Audio Available) 229
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25. Decision Making (Incomplete) 229
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26. Human Behaviors (Explanation) (Audio Available) 229
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27. Time Travel (Incomplete) 229
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28. Australian Culture (Explanation) (Audio Available) 230
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29. Internet and Journalism (Audio Available) 230
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30. Climate Prediction (Explanation) (Audio Available) 230
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31. Hook Sentence (Explanation) (Audio Available) 230
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32. Energy of Internet (Audio Available) 230
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33. Approach and Avoidance (Explanation) (Audio Available) 230
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34. Credit Card (Incomplete) 230
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35. DNA Pieces (Explanation) (Audio Available) 230
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36. Chimpanzees (Explanation) (Audio Available) 231
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37. Internet Growth (Incomplete) 231
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38. Competition and Performance (Audio Available) 231
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39. Group Students (Incomplete) 231
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40. Newspaper Industry (Explanation) (Audio Available) 231
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41. Automatic Driving (Similar) (Audio Available) 231
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42. Sugar (Explanation) (Audio Available) 231
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43. Fish Activities (Incomplete) 232
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44. Stone Balls (Explanation) (Audio Available) 232
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45. Machines (Incomplete) 232
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46. Bees and Darwin (Incomplete) 232
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47. National Wealth (Incomplete) 232
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48. Sleep (Explanation) (Audio Available) 232
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49. Dancing Bees (Explanation) (Audio Available) 232
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50. Children Directors (Explanation) (Audio Available) 232
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51. Literature in Poem (Explanation) (Audio Available) 233
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52. Food Waste (Explanation) (Audio Available) 233
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53. Moods (Incomplete) 233
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54. Leadership (Explanation) (Audio Available) 233
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55. MPA Campaign (Explanation) (Audio Available) 233
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56. Engineer and Engineering (Explanation) (Audio Available) 233
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57. Stock Market and Business (Explanation) (Audio Available) 233
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58. Luxury Brand (Explanation) (Audio Available) 234
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59. Paper Rejection (Explanation) (Audio Available) 234
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60. Global Economy (Explanation) (Audio Available) 234
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61. Inhabitants in Australia (Explanation) (Audio Available) 234
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62. Mars (Explanation) (Audio Available) 234
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63. Survey on Happiness (Explanation) (Audio Available) 235
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64. History of English (Explanation) (Audio Available) 235
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65. Genetic Impact (Explanation) (Audio Available) 235
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66. Sign Language (Explanation) (Audio Available) 235
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67. Decline of Bees (Explanation) (Audio Available) 235
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68. Change of Body Fat (Explanation) (Audio Available) 235
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69. Brand Image (Explanation) (Audio Available) 236
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70. Facial Recognition (Explanation) (Audio Available) 236
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71. Laundry History (Explanation) (Audio Available) 236
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72. Description (Explanation) (Audio Available) 236
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73. Wildlife as Food (Explanation) (Audio Available) 236
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74. Ugly Building (Explanation) (Audio Available) 237
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75. Orgnization Study (Incomplete) 237
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76. Internet (Explanation) (Audio Available) 237
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77. Architecture Design (Explanation) (Audio Available) 237
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78. Children's Life Quality (Incomplete) 237
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79. British Colonies (Incomplete) 237
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80. Globalization (Explanation) (Audio Available) 237
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81. Good Ideas (Explanation) (Audio Available) 238
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82. Mapping of Genes (Incomplete) 238
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83. Big Bang (Explanation) (Audio Available) 238
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84. Mars and Earth (Explanation) (Audio Available) 238
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85. Dropping from School (Audio Available) 238
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86. Language Levels (Explanation) (Audio Available) 238
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87. Separation of Power (Incomplete) 238
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88. Time Machine (Incomplete) 239
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89. Negative Emotions (Incomplete) 239
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90. Roman Building (Explanation) (Audio Available) 239
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91. Globalization and Detraditionalization (Explanation) (Audio Available) 239
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92. Canned Food (Explanation) (Audio Available) 239
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93. Indian Peasant Debt（2） (Explanation) (Audio Available) 239
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94. Flower Colour (Explanation) (Audio Available) 240
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95. Smile of Mother (Explanation) (Audio Available) 240
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96. Global Warming (Explanation) (Audio Available) 240
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97. Market Economy (Explanation) (Audio Available) 240
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98. Economic Globalization (Explanation) (Audio Available) 240
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99. DNA&RNA (Explanation) (Audio Available) 241
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100. Laughter (Explanation) (Audio Available) 241
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101. Recognize Faces (Audio Available) 241
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102. Spectacles (Audio Available) 241
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103. Student Loan (Explanation) (Audio Available) 241
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104. Sound Receptor (Explanation) (Audio Available) 242
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105. Are We Animals (Explanation) (Audio Available) 242
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Multiple Choice (Multiple) 243
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1. Mayan Monument (Incomplete) 243
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2. Chimpanzee (Incomplete) 243
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3. Insects and Architecture (Incomplete) 243
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4. University Facilities (Incomplete) 243
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5. Chameleons (Incomplete) 243
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6. Complaints (Incomplete) 243
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7. Nano-gold (Incomplete) 243
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8. Sharks (Incomplete) 243
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Fill in the Blanks 244
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1. Space Exploration (Incomplete) 244
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2. Dinosaurs (Incomplete) 244
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3. Stars (Incomplete) 244
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4. LSE (Incomplete) 244
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5. Success (Incomplete) 244
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6. UCLA (Incomplete) 244
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7. Kashmiri (Audio Available) 244
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8. (Incomplete) 244
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9. Shouxing (Incomplete) 244
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10. Culture (Incomplete) 244
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11. Artist Competition (Incomplete) 244
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12. Advertisement (Incomplete) 244
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13. Burial (Audio Available) 244
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14. Degree (Incomplete) 244
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15. Green Chemistry (Audio Available) 244
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16. Life on Mars (Audio Available) 245
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17. Library Catalog (Audio Available) 245
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18. Belief (Audio Available) 245
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19. Malaria (Audio Available) 245
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20. Corporate Culture (Audio Available) 245
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21. Harry Potter (Incomplete) 245
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22. Locomotion (Audio Available) 245
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23. Industrial Productivity (Audio Available) 245
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24. Banana (Audio Available) 245
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25. Feasting Food (Audio Available) 245
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26. Dire Predictions (Audio Available) 246
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27. Viking (Audio Available) 246
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28. Curie (Audio Available) 246
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29. Memory (Audio Available) 246
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30. Banana (Audio Available) 246
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31. Adidas (Audio Available) 246
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32. Medical Care (Audio Available) 246
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33. Technology and Business (Audio Available) 246
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34. Age (Audio Available) 246
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35. Lead-in Time (Audio Available) 247
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36. Early Chocolate (Audio Available) 247
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37. Palm Oil (Audio Available) 247
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38. Superiority (Audio Available) 247
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39. Seminal Difference (Audio Available) 247
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40. Well-being (Audio Available) 247
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41. Cultural Heritage (Audio Available) 247
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42. Cavemen (Audio Available) 247
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43. Dogs (Audio Available) 247
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44. Reptilian Fossil (Audio Available) 247
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45. Paradox (Incomplete) 248
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46. Rose (Audio Available) 248
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47. Bees (Audio Available) 248
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48. Pharmaceutical Industry (Audio Available) 248
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49. Almonds (Audio Available) 248
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50. Share Prices (Audio Available) 248
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51. Tesla (Incomplete) 248
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52. Arts and Humanities (Audio Available) 248
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53. New Epidemic (Audio Available) 248
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54. Biscuits (Incomplete) 249
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55. Cars in America (Audio Available) 249
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56. Gap Year (Incomplete) 249
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57. Green Chemistry (Audio Available) 249
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58. Sunflowers (Audio Available) 249
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59. Tax Increases (Audio Available) 249
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60. Rebuilding Soils (Audio Available) 249
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61. Entrepreneurs (Audio Available) 249
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62. Sea Levels (Audio Available) 249
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63. Nanotechnology (Audio Available) 249
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64. Financial Markets (Audio Available) 249
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65. Oceanographer (Audio Available) 250
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66. Beautiful Building (Audio Available) 250
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67. CPG (Audio Available) 250
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68. Planting Bananas (Incomplete) 250
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69. Water Crisis (Audio Available) 250
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70. Shakespeare (Audio Available) 250
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71. Laurence Stephen Lowry (Audio Available) 250
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72. Warmer Ocean (Audio Available) 250
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73. Neo-Latin (Audio Available) 250
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74. CEO's Duty (Audio Available) 250
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75. Dropping Out (Audio Available) 251
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76. Online Dating (Audio Available) 251
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77. Integrated Ticketing (Audio Available) 251
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78. Japanese Researchers (Audio Available) 251
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79. Job Loss (Audio Available) 251
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Highlight Correct Summary 252
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1. Three Minutes (Incomplete) 252
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2. Moral (Incomplete) 252
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3. Satellite (Incomplete) 252
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4. Astronomers (Incomplete) 252
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5. Ambassador (Incomplete) 252
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6. Ugly Building (Audio Available) 252
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7. Pancake Ice (Audio Available) 252
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Multiple Choice (Single) 254
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1. Lost Dog (Incomplete) 254
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2. Children Genders (Incomplete) 254
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3. Timetable (Incomplete) 254
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4. Wright Brothers (Incomplete) 254
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5. Bibliography and Reference (Incomplete) 254
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Select Missing Word 255
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1. Memory (Incomplete) 255
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2. Sweat (Incomplete) 255
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3. Women in University (Incomplete) 255
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4. Ageing Population (Incomplete) 255
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5. Eclipse (Incomplete) 255
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Highlight Incorrect Words 256
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1. Volunteer (Incomplete) 256
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2. News Channels (Incomplete) 256
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3. Experimental Scientist (Audio Available) 256
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4. Sotheby (Audio Available) 256
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5. Dramatic Changes (Audio Available) 256
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6. Written Assessment (Audio Available) 256
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7. Definition of Happiness (Audio Available) 256
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8. Cumulative Culture (Audio Available) 256
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9. Australia's Greenhouse Gas (Audio Available) 256
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10. BioBonanza (Audio Available) 256
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11. Tennis (Incomplete) 257
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12. Nearby Star (Audio Available) 257
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13. Poverty Ending (Audio Available) 257
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14. Loan Guarantee (Audio Available) 257
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15. Probability (Audio Available) 257
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16. Diabetes (Audio Available) 257
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17. Article (Audio Available) 257
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18. Height (Audio Available) 258
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Write From Dictation 259
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A. Speaking
Read Aloud
1. Bill
The bill calls for the establishment of the National Landslide Hazards Reduction Program within one year of becoming law. The program serves numerous functions,
including to identify and understand landslide hazards and risks, reduce losses from landslides, protect communities at risk of landslides hazards, and improve
communication and emergency preparedness.
(APEUni Website / App RA #1034)
2. Agricultural Problems
Agricultural problems due to climate change of normal weather, water depletion and the collapse of soil have become big problems in all parts of the world. Many are
now focusing on ethics and family farming as a way to combat these issues.
3. Innovative Product
An innovative new product or service can give a firm a head start over its rivals, which can be difficult for a new entrant to overcome. If the new technology is also
patented, then other firms cannot simply copy its design. It is legally protected.
4. Urban Forests
A community's urban forest is an extension of its pride and community spirit. Trees enhance community economic stability by attracting businesses and tourists as people
tend to linger and shop longer along tree-lined streets. Apartments and offices in wooded areas rent more quickly and businesses leasing office spaces in developments
with trees reported higher productivity and fewer absences.
5. Root Network
The networks of roots that plants use to absorb water and nutrients can encompass a space larger than the part of the plant visible above ground. The nature of these
roots systems can help plants adapt to challenging environments such as deserts. For instance, mesquite trees can develop tap roots capable of digging more than 50
yards deep to reach water.
6. Child Psychology
Within this free course, you will be introduced briefly to the discipline of child psychology and to theories and approaches that have been developed to help us
understand and support children's lives by focusing on the individual children. Psychologists can assess changes in their child's abilities over time, including their physical,
cognitive, social, and emotional development.
7. Political Problems
The course considers the ways in which thinkers have responded to the particular political problems of their day and the ways in which they contribute to a broader
conversation about human goods and needs, justice, democracy, and the proper relationship of the individual to the state.
8. Statistics
Statistics are indicators of change and allow meaningful comparisons to be made. While it may be the issues rather than the statistics as such that grab people's
attention, it should be recognized that it is the statistics that informed the issues. Statistical literacy, then, is the ability to accurately understand, interpret and evaluate
the data that inform these issues.
9. William Shakespeare
Three hundred and eighty years after his death, William Shakespeare remains the central author of the English-speaking world; he is the most quoted poet and the most
regularly produced playwright — and now among the most popular screenwriters as well. Why is that, and who "is" he?
10. Rates of Depression

At a time when stress levels are soaring, rates of depression are increasing and the gap between rich and poor is ever widening. We believe that giving can play a
positive role in helping people to feel connected to those around them and generate a sense of purpose and hope. When we give, we feel valued, useful and happy.
11. Tutor
Your tutor helps you make the most of your time at university by giving you guidance and support along the way. All new students are allocated a personal tutor who will
encourage you to get the most out of your course, direct you to other sources of support and help you achieve your goals.
12. Attendance
To some extent, attendance at cultural venues and events is influenced by a person's age and the composition of the household in which they live. For example, those
people in households with dependent children were more likely to visit zoological parks and aquariums than people living in single person households.
13. Enough Fluid

Your body is nearly two-thirds water. And so it is really important that you consume enough fluid to stay hydrated and healthy. If you don't get enough fluid you may feel
tired, get headaches, and not perform at your best.
14. Single Research

Rarely, however, does a single research study produce the certainty needed to assume that the same results will apply in all or most settings. Rather, research is usually
an ongoing process, based on many accumulated understandings and explanations that, when taken together, lead to a generalization about educational issues and
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practice, and ultimately, to the development of theories.

15. Tortoise
The tortoise size and shell shape varies depending on where they live. The shell is made of bone and is a dull brown color. Their ribs, backbone and breastbone have
become part of the shell, which is why you can never separate the tortoise from its shell.
16. Department Stores

In this course, we will explore how such things as department stores, nationally advertised brand-name goods, mass produced cars and suburbs transformed the
American economy, society and politics. The course is organized both thematically and chronologically. Each period deals with a new development in the history of
consumer culture.
17. Attendance to Theater

Experts discuss the significance of attending the theater as a civic occasion, associated with the political and cultural achievements of Athens. Through archeology and
analyses of contemporary art forms such as decoration on pottery, a picture is built up of ancient Greek theater.
18. Norms and Values

Members of a culture must conform to its norms for the culture to exist and function. Hence, members must want to conform and obey rules. They first must internalize
the social norms and values that dictate what is normal for the culture. Then they must socialize or teach norms and values to their children.
19. Expression
Expression became important during the romantic movement with artwork expressing a definite feeling, as in the sublime or dramatic. Audience response was important,
for the artwork was intended to evoke an emotional response. This definition holds true today as artists look to connect with and evoke responses from their viewers.
20. Learner Experience

We seek to improve learner's experience of education at college and help them to aspire, achieve and progress. We must embed equality and diversity in everything we
do, both as a provider and an employer. We hope to prepare our students for work, higher education and citizenship by equipping our staff with the skills to meet this
agenda.
21. Natural Enviroment

The natural environment can be hazardous, and, with increased travel and leisure, people today are more likely than ever to be exposed to potentially life-threatening
conditions. Although the human body can adjust to some extent, it cannot cope with poisons or prolonged exposure to extremes of environment.
22. Emigrants
In the late 16th and 17th centuries, many English, French and Dutch emigrants went to North America in search of gold and silver. But they did not find it. Instead, settlers
were forced to support themselves by cultivating crops that they could sell in Europe, like tobacco, indigo and rice.
23. Humanities
We believe in the inherent value of research in the humanities and social sciences. And our research data agenda is given by the pursuit of new knowledge that will be of
benefit of Australia and the world. We offer one of the most comprehensive programs in the humanities and social sciences in Australia and the Asian Pacific region.
24. Making Notes

The whole purpose of making notes is to aid your learning. It is important to go back over them within a day of making them to make sure they make sense and make
them legible for future revisions. Also, going back over them should highlight the key questions of areas in which you want to do further reading.
25. Word Radical

The word radical from the Latin word for roots means anyone who advocates fundamental change in the political system. Literally, a radical is one who proposes to
attack some political or social problems by going deep into the social or economic fabric to get at the root cause and alter this basic weakness.
26. New Textbook

This is a new, accessible and engaging textbook written by academics who also work as consultants with organizations undergoing change. It offers a unique
combination of rigorous theoretical exploration together with practical insights from working with those who are actually responsible for managing change.
27. Volcano Behaviors

There were various explanations for volcano behavior before the structure of the earth mantle as a semisolid material was developed. For decades, awareness that
compression and radioactive materials may be heat sources was discounted and volcanic action was often attributed to chemical reactions and a thin layer of molten
rock near the surface.
28. Medical Cannabis

According to a peer-reviewed study medical cannabis led to "a statistically significant improvement" in quality of life, employment status, and in the reduction of the
number of medications in those with Tourette's Syndrome, in addition to improving comorbidities.
29. Hybrid Rice
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A new breed of rice that is a hybrid of an annual Asian rice and a perennial African rice could be a more sustainable option. The hybrid rice was able to produce grain for
8 consecutive harvests over four years at a yield comparable to the standard annual Asian rice, with much lower costs and labour.
30. Motivation to Fight

USA sexually ‘teased’ its troops in the First World War to make them fight harder. Believing that sexually satisfied men could not be easily motivated, the aim of this
teasing was to generate unmet sexual desire, which the War Department could leverage as motivation to fight.
31. Baby Hearing

Most babies start developing their hearing while still in the womb, prompting some hopeful parents to play classical music to their pregnant bellies. Some research even
suggests that infants are listening to adult speech as early as 10 weeks before birth, gathering the basic building blocks of their family's native tongue.
32. Stroke Risk

People in their 20s and 30s who drink moderate to heavy amounts of alcohol may be more likely to have a stroke as young adults than people who drink low amounts or
no alcohol, according to a study. The risk of stroke increased the more years people reported moderate or heavy drinking.
33. Abortions
The Texas law prohibiting abortion after detectable embryonic cardiac activity was associated with a decrease in in-state abortions and an increase in residents
obtaining out-of-state abortions. The proportion of out-of-state abortions obtained at 12 weeks increased significantly from 17.1% to 31%.
34. Pandemic
Belief that the COVID-19 pandemic was a hoax – that its severity was exaggerated or that the virus was deliberately released for sinister reasons – functions as a
“gateway” to believing in conspiracy theories generally. In study, pandemic skeptics were more likely to believe in 2020 election fraud.
35. Vitamin and Death

Vitamin D deficiency linked to premature death. Over a 14-year follow-up period, researchers found that the risk for death significantly decreased with increased vitamin
D concentrations, with the strongest effects seen among those with severe deficiencies.
36. Pollution Reduction

Air pollution reduced when U.S. embassies around the world installed monitors and tweeted the Readings. The resulting reductions in air pollution levels had large health
benefits for residents in these cities, speaking to the potential efficacy of other monitoring and information interventions.
37. Video Games

A study of nearly 2,000 children found that those who reported playing video games for three hours per day or more performed better on cognitive skills tests involving
impulse control and working memory compared to children who had never played video games.
38. Seismic Mars

Until now, Mars has been generally considered a geologically dead planet. An international team of researchers led by ETH Zurich now reports that seismic signals
indicate volcanism still plays an active role in shaping the Martian surface.
39. Ozone Pollution

China’s war on particulate air pollution is causing more severe ozone pollution. According to the new research, there was so much particulate matter in the smog around
Chinese cities that it helped to quell ozone production by acting as a sponge that collected chemical radicals.
40. Subject Outlines

Your subject outlines are a good place to go to find information about which textbooks to buy. You will usually be given one of these for each subject in the first lecture,
but if you are missing one or need one earlier then you should contact the subject coordinator.
41. Reserve Bank

Most people do not realize that some banks literally make money by giving loans without having money on deposit. The system is called fractional reserve banking and is
used in most economies. It sounds as though it is safe because it says that banks have to keep a fraction of their deposits with the Reserve Bank.
42. War and Commodity

In the past, wars have led to inflation and higher commodity prices. Fighting disrupts trade and prevents raw materials from being shipped from one country to another.
In second-world-war Britain, a banana was the highest of luxury.
43. Global Changes

Globalization refers to a set of changes rather than a single change. Many of these changes are social, cultural and political rather than purely economic, and one of the
main drivers in addition to the global marketplace is the communication revolution.
44. What We Want

We want a recreation in adulthood of what it felt like to be administered to and indulged. In a secret part of our minds, we picture someone who will understand our
needs, bring us what we want, to be immensely patient and sympathetic to us, act selflessly, and make it all better.
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45. Flood Control

We've spent a lot of money over the last seventy years on flood control, and it's protected millions of people and has saved us billions of dollars. We've built dams to hold
back the waters. We've built levees to keep the water off the people, and we've raised the ones that were originally started in seventeen eighteen.
46. Window in Painting

We can see from the X-rays that at an early stage of painting, a window was painted at the left of the portrait. It seems that there may have been two windows in the
initial design for the portrait or that the window was moved at an early stage.
47. Blinking
Every few seconds, our eyelids automatically shutter and our eyeballs roll back in their sockets. So why doesn't blinking plunge us into intermittent darkness and light?
New research shows that the brain works extra hard to stabilize our vision despite our fluttering eyes. When our eyeballs roll back in their sockets during a blink, they
don't always return to the same spot when we reopen our eyes.
48. Cultivated Language

In every cultivated language there are two great classes of words which, taken together, comprise the whole vocabulary. First, there are those words with which we
become acquainted in daily conversation, which we learn from the members of our own family and from our familiar associates, and which we should know and use even
if we could not read or write.
49. Central Idea

The central idea of this book concerns our blindness with respect to randomness, particularly the large deviations: why do we, scientists or nonscientists, hotshots or
regular Joes, tend to see the pennies instead of the dollars? Why do we keep focusing on the minutiae, not the possible significant large events, in spite of the obvious
evidence of their huge influence?
50. Psychology
Psychology is the study of cognitions, emotions, and behavior. Psychologists are involved in a variety of tasks. Many spend their careers designing and performing
research to understand how people behave in specific situations, how and why we think the way we do, and how emotions develop and what impact they have on our
interactions with others.
51. Climate Effects

Changes in climate affect, for example, the plant and animal life of a given area. The presence of coal beds in North America and Europe along with evidence of
glaciation in these same areas indicates that they must have experienced alternately warmer and colder climates than they now possess.
52. Space Telescope

James Webb Space Telescope was specifically designed to observe this light, which comes from some of the oldest galaxies to take form. How did early stars and
galaxies take shape? What about the cosmic material that is undetectable, known as dark matter? Is there evidence for it in the early eons of the universe? These are
some of the perplexing and fascinating questions that astronomers can begin unraveling with Webb.
53. DBS
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) to the superolateral branch of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB), which is linked to reward and motivation, revealed metabolic brain
changes over 12 months post-DBS implantation, making it a strong potential therapy for treatment-resistant depression.
54. Gut Microbiome

Research has shown that the gut microbiome is important for human physiology and health. Disturbances to the composition of the gut microbiome can be associated
with chronic diseases such as gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders, neurological, cardiovascular and respiratory illnesses. The human body has evolved strategies to
ensure that a symbiotic relationship exists between the microbes in our gut and our cells.
55. Clean Water

Many people are under the impression that the water which comes out of a plant is clean. This is a common misconception: the function of a plant is to make the water
cleaner, but it's not clean enough to drink. It could be used in irrigation. What a plant is trying to do is simply speed up a process that would naturally occur given more
time. This means that a plant can create water that is safe to enter back into the water system as it's so heavily diluted. The river then continues the water purification,
acting as a form of the fourth stage.
56. Book Structure

Any writer must decide upon an order and a structure for a book in keeping with the reflexive nature of the work. There are strong currents of reiteration in the book,
with each iteration developing understandings of research, theory, and practice as the story continues to unfold.
57. University Terms

An industry or workplace often has its own terms for certain items, places, or groups of people, and a university is no different. Here we have attempted to explain some
of the terms you may come across on our websites that are specific to higher education.
58. Distance Learning

We understand that not everyone can put their job and other responsibilities on hold to study. That's why our healthcare ethics and law master's courses are available to
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study by distance learning, so you can fit gaining an academic qualification around your work and family.
59. Medical Digitalization

In medicine, the application of information technology means the digitalization of medical records and the establishment of an intelligent network for sharing those
records. Other benefits flow from these technological changes. In the past medicine has taken a paternalistic stance, with the all-knowing physician dispensing wisdom,
but that is becoming increasingly untenable.
60. Mature Tree

The wonderful framework of mature trees creates a secluded, enclosed atmosphere that unites a great variety of plantings to inspire visitors in all seasons. Spring in the
garden is marked by leafing up and flowering of trees and the eruption of the flowers in the bulb meadows, and woodland understory.
61. Manchester (Incomplete)

Points: About a person who graduated from Cambridge and what his position was. He lived in Manchester, and died there.
62. Roman Army (Shadowing)

There were two types of soldier in the Roman Army: the roman legionary and the auxiliaries. The legionaries were the very best soldiers and the auxiliaries were actually
non-Roman citizens. Legionaries wore an undershirt made of linen and a woollen tunic. The linen helped the soldiers to stay cool while the wool helped to trap heat,
keeping the soldiers warm.
63. Mutual Politics

In order to achieve the free flow of goods and services, with work and capital between the member countries, they needed to establish mutual politics in areas as diverse
as agriculture, transport, and when they were concerned with a far wider range of issues.
64. Personal Libraries (Shadowing)

Scholars build their own personal libraries to support not only particular projects but also general reading in their field. They buy or make photocopies of materials when
possible, so they can consult them frequently, mark pages and write annotation on them. When moving into a new field, they add to their collections, usually
concentrating on primary texts.
65. Behavioral Science (Shadowing)

Behavioral and social sciences research helps predict, prevent, and manage illness — in individuals and in whole populations. This research also helps people change their
behaviors, understand treatments, and learn how to stick with them. Society's role is significant, too: access to health care affects decision-making and behavior.
66. Undergraduates Education

Undergraduates may choose to major in any one of 125 academic majors. The universities distinguished faculty includes internationally known scientists, authors and
teachers who are committed to continuing the university's tradition in providing one of the highest quality undergraduate educations available.
67. Antarctic
The world's fifth largest continent: Antarctica is almost entirely covered by ice 2000 meters thick. The area sustains varied wildlife including seals, whales, and penguins.
The Antarctic treaty signed in 1959 and enforced since 1961 provides for international governance of Antarctica.
68. Loggerhead Turtle (Shadowing)

It’s time for this young loggerhead turtle to go to work. We can tether turtles in these little cloth harnesses, put them into this tank and dull swimming place. University of
North Carolina biologist Ken Loman studies sea turtles that are programed from birth for an extraordinary journey. Mother turtles buried the eggs on the beach and then
returned to the sea and the eggs hatch about 50 to 60 days later.
69. Agricultural Science (Shadowing)

While advances in agricultural science have always been critical to ensuring we help feed the world, its impact and importance is even greater now, as population grows
at a rapid rate and the availability of arable land steadily declines. Science and technology solutions are essential to meeting growing demand for food, maintaining
market competitiveness and adapting to land mitigating risks.
70. Paraphrasing (Incomplete)

Points: We define paraphrasing as putting a passage from an author into your own words. However, what are your own words? How different must your paraphrase be
from the original? The answer is it should be considerably different. The whole point of paraphrasing is to show you have read and understood another person's ideas
and can summarize them in your own writing style rather than borrowing their phrases. If you just change a few words or add some bits of your own to an otherwise
reproduced passage, you will probably be penalized for plagiarism. You should aim to condense and simplify a writer's ideas and describe them using different sentence
structures and expressions.
71. Night Sky (Shadowing)

Nature offers no greater splendor than the starry sky on a clear, dark night. Silent, timeless, jeweled with the constellations of ancient myth and legend, the night sky has
inspired wonder throughout the ages — a wonder that leads our imaginations far from the confines of Earth and the pace of the present day, out into boundless space
and cosmic time itself.
72. Language Diversity (Shadowing)
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Despite a number of events in recent years devoted to language diversity, language endangerment, and multilingualism, such as the International Year of Languages,
public awareness of the issues is still remarkably limited. Only one in four of the population know that half the languages of the world are so seriously endangered that
they are unlikely to survive the present century.
73. Volunteering
For graduates looking to give something back, volunteering, either in the UK or overseas, is a popular option. Voluntary projects can cost anything from nothing up to a
few thousand pounds, and with that in mind it is essential to look into the project carefully before signing on the dotted line.
74. Plato
Plato often explores the father-son relationship and whether a father's interest in his sons has anything to do with how well his sons turn out. A boy's social identity in
ancient Athens was determined by his family identity, and Plato often refers to his characters in terms of their parental and fraternal relationships. Socrates was not a
family man and considered himself as his mother's son.
75. Aquaculture
Aquaculture, also known as aquafarming, is the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, molluscs and aquatic plants. Aquaculture involves cultivating
freshwater and saltwater populations under controlled conditions.
76. Voice and Text

The term ‘voice' and ’text' are multifaceted. Both have a wide range of meanings in everyday speech and academic usage. You may encounter the two used in a variety
of ways. In connection with different subjects, and they won't always mean exactly the same thing.
77. Blue Whale

Blue whales are the largest living mammals. Though reports of maximum length and weight vary from one account to another, Antarctic blue whales are known to have
reached lengths to 100 feet and weights of over 150 tons before stocks were severely depleted by whaling operations. North Atlantic blue whales may be expected to
reach lengths of 80-85 feet.
78. Spanish and French (Incomplete)

Points: Spanish is one of the languages that are most spoken in the United States. ... French is very common in American.
79. Intercultural Difficulties

"There are, of course, intercultural difficulties as well as language difficulties," he said. "There are, of course, also many Australian students who don't speak such
fantastically good English either.
80. Ed Tech (B) (Incomplete)

Points: Today, however, Skinner’s heirs are forcing the sceptics to think again (see article). Backed by billionaire techies such as Mark Zuckerberg and Bill Gates, schools
around the world are using new software to "personalize" learning. This could help hundreds of millions of children stuck in dismal classes—but only if edtech boosters
can resist the temptation to revive harmful ideas about how children learn. To succeed, edtech must be at the service of teaching, not the other way around.
81. Bird Nests (Shadowing)

Nell says that, in order to seek protection from their furry foes, birds actually prefer to build their nests in plots of swamp with a resident alligator. In fact, in one study a
graduate student planted fake alligators. The birds seemed to prefer to build nests close to them. “Where there’s a water source, there are alligators, so it’s sort of this
moat of protection around these colonies.”
82. Faster Communications (Shadowing)

As we progress into the 21st century, communications are becoming faster and faster. Think of the millions of different media images you are bombarded with every day.
It is as important now to be able to read and make sense of those images, as it has been to be able to read ordinary text.
83. Wordsworth
Early in the 19th century, Wordsworth opposed the coming of the steam train to the Lake District, saying it would destroy its natural character. Meanwhile, Blake
denounced the "dark satanic mills" of the Industrial Revolution. The conservation of the natural environment, however, did not become a major theme in politics until quite
recently.
84. Credit Cards (Incomplete)

Points: credit cards used instead of cash, benefits and problems
85. Chaplin and Sydney

Born in London to music-hall parents, Charlie Spencer Chaplin and his brother Sydney were placed in an orphanage at a very early age. Becoming a vaudeville performer,
he joined Fred Karno's company in 1906. He made his film debut in Making a Living (1914) and introduced the famous seedy and soft-hearted gentleman-tramp routine,
which became his hallmark. Numerous films for various studios brought him world fame, all based on his mastery of pathos and slapstick acrobatics.
86. Interdisciplinary Studies (Incomplete)

Points: Interdisciplinarity or interdisciplinary studies involves the combination of two or more academic disciplines into one activity (e.g., a research project). It draws
knowledge from several other fields like sociology, anthropology, psychology, economics etc. It is about creating something by thinking across boundaries. It is related to
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an interdiscipline or an interdisciplinary field, which is an organizational unit that crosses traditional boundaries between academic disciplines or schools of thought, as
new needs and professions emerge.
87. Biology
Biology is the natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their physical structure, chemical processes, physiological mechanisms and evolution.
Certain unifying concepts consolidate it into a single and coherent field that recognizes genes as the basic unit of heredity, and evolution as the engine that propels the
creation and extinction.
88. Decisions
These decisions are highly nuanced. Of course we use a lot of data to inform our decisions, but we also rely very heavily on iteration, research, testing, intuition and
human empathy. Now, sometimes the designers who work on these products are called "data-driven," which is a term that totally drives us bonkers. The fact is, it would
be irresponsible of us not to rigorously test our designs when so many people are counting on us to get it right.
89. X-ray (Shadowing)

Using an X-ray laser, a research team has investigated how water heats up under extreme conditions. In the process, the scientists were able to observe water that
remained liquid even at temperatures of more than 170 degrees Celsius. The investigation revealed an anomalous dynamic behavior of water, which is of fundamental
importance for the analysis of sensitive samples using X-ray lasers.
90. Protein Tau

Researchers have found a novel form of the Alzheimer's protein tau in the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord. This form of tau -- known as MTBR tau --
indicates what stage of Alzheimer's a person is in and tracks with tangles of tau protein in the brain.
91. Natural Networks (Incomplete)

Points: Neural networks are some of the most important tools in AI. So far, they run on traditional processors in the form of adaptive software, but experts are working
on an alternative concept, the 'neuromorphic computer'. In this case, neurons are not simulated by software but reconstructed in hardware components. A team of
researchers has now demonstrated a new approach to such hardware - targeted magnetic waves that are generated and divided in micrometer-sized wafers.
92. Stone Tools (Incomplete)

Points: Modern humans arrived in westernmost Europe 41,000 to 38,000 years ago, about 5,000 years earlier than previously known, according to an international team
of researchers that discovered stone tools used by modern humans dated to the earlier time period in a cave near the Atlantic coast of central Portugal. The tools
document the presence of modern humans at a time when Neanderthals were thought to be present in the region.
93. Father (B)

Every morning, no matter how late he had been up, my father rose at 5:30, went to his study, wrote for a couple of hours, made us all breakfast, read the paper with my
mother, and then went back to work for the rest of the morning. Many years passed before I realized that he did this by choice, for a living, and that he was not
unemployed or mentally ill.
94. Black Swan （B） (Shadowing)

Before the discovery of Australia, people in the old world were convinced that all swans were white, an unassailable belief as it seemed completely confirmed by empirical
evidence. The sighting of the first black swan might have been an interesting surprise for a few scientists, but that is not where the significance of the story lies.
95. Colloquialism (Shadowing)

Australians speak English of course. But for many tourists and even some locals, Australian English has only tenuous links with mother tone. Our speech is prepared with
words and phrases whose arcane meanings are understood only by the initiate. It is these colorful colloquialisms that Australian slang set to truly explain.
96. Man-made Light (Shadowing)

Have you ever pictured a world without light? Just think how much we rely on man-made light sources in our lives. Without engineers, we wouldn't be able to live the way
we do. No street lights, no TV, no computer display, no house lights. Engineers design and build all these things, and they also design, build and run the electricity
systems that power all these light sources.
97. Only Family (Shadowing)

Imagine living all your life as the only family on your street. Then, one morning, you open the front door and discover houses all around you. You see neighbors tending
their gardens and children walking to school. Where did all the people come from? What if the answer turned out to be that they had always been there — you just
hadn't seen them?
98. Online Shopping (Shadowing)

A unique characteristic of online shopping environments is that they allow vendors to create retail interfaces with highly interactive features. One desirable form of
interactivity from a consumer perspective is the implementation of sophisticated tools to assist shoppers in their purchase decisions by customizing the electronic
shopping environment to their individual preferences.
99. Beauty Contests (Shadowing)

Beauty contests, whether it's Miss Universe or Miss Teen International, are demeaning to women and out of sync with the times. Opponents say that they are nothing
more than symbols of decline. Since Australians Jennifer Hawkins and Lauryn Eagle were crowned Miss Universe and Miss Teen International respectively, there has been
a dramatic increase in interest in beauty pageants in this country.
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100. Abstract Preparation (Shadowing)

The preparation of abstracts is an intellectual effort, requiring general familiarity with the subject. To bring out the salient points of an author’s argument calls for skills
and experience. Consequently, a considerable amount of qualified manpower that could be used to advantage in other ways must be diverted to the task of facilitating
access to information.
101. Companies (Shadowing)

Companies will want to be known not just for the financial results they generate, but equally for the imprint they leave on society as a whole. First, ensuring that their
products contribute positively. Second, operating in a way that approaches a "net-neutral" impact to the natural environment. And third, cherishing their people.
102. Hazard Assessment (Shadowing)

A Hazard Assessment should be performed for work involving distillations of organic liquids and should thoroughly address issues relating to residual water and possible
decomposition of the solvent in question, as well as the physical placement of the distillation apparatus and heating equipment to be employed.
103. Elephant (Shadowing)

The elephant is the largest living land mammal. During evolution, its skeleton has greatly altered from the usual mammal, designed for two main reasons. One is to cope
with the great weight of huge grinding cheek teeth and elongated tusk, making the skull particularly massive. The other is to support the enormous bulk of such a huge
body.
104. Leader Waves (Shadowing)

The next wave of leaders in industrial manufacturing will build an ecosystem that capitalizes on the promise of analytics and connectivity to maximize efficiency for
themselves and their customers. They will map out their strategies and prioritize measures that will bring the most value to their business, starting now with pilot projects,
and building greater strengths in data analytics with cross-functional teams of experts.
105. Shrimp Farm (Shadowing)

Shrimp farmers used to hold animals in nursery ponds for 30 to 60 days; now they try to move them into grow-out ponds in less than 30 days. This reduces stress on
the animals and dramatically increases survivals in the grow-out ponds. Many farms that abandoned nursery ponds have gone back to them, and the results have been
surprisingly positive. They're using the old, uncovered, earthen, nursery ponds.
106. Slang (Shadowing)

Australians do speak English. However, for some tourists and travelers, it can be difficult to understand the slang. Also, the links between Australian and American
English were seen to be very tenuous. At least some colloquialisms in Australian English do not exist in other types of English.
107. Grand Canyon 2

Few things in the world produce such amazement as one's first of glimpse of the Grand Canyon; it took around more than 2 billion years to create this vast wonder - in
some places. 17 miles wide, largely through the relentless force of Colorado River, which runs 277 miles along its length, a mile beneath its towering rims.
108. Bookkeeper Fraud (Shadowing)

A national study into fraud by bookkeepers employed at small and medium-sized businesses has uncovered 65 instances of theft in more than five years, with more than
thirty one million dollars stolen. Of the cases identified by the research, 56 involved women and nine instances involved men. However, male bookkeepers who defrauded
their employer stole three times, on average, the amount that women stole.
109. Restaurant Location (Shadowing)

The physical location of a restaurant in the competitive landscape of the city has long been known as a major factor in its likely success or failure. Once restaurants are
established in such environments they can do little about their location. All they can do is work to improve customer access to their premises.
110. Brain Development

Scientific studies show that by age three there is a gap in brain development between kids who read aloud and those who do not, and children from low-income families
are disproportionately impacted by this gap. Making sure all parents know the importance of reading aloud to their children is critical to closing the achievement gap.
111. Black Swan

Before European explorers had reached Australia, it was believed that all swans were white. Dutch mariner, Antonie Caen, was the first to be amazed at the sight of
Australia's Black swans on the Shark Bay in 1636. Explorer Willem de Vlamingh captured two of these creatures on Australia's Swan River and returned with them to
Europe to prove their existence. From that point on, black swans and Australia have been closely linked.
112. Legal Writing (Shadowing)

Legal writing is usually less discursive than writing in other humanities subjects, and precision is more important than variety. Sentence structure should not be too
complex; it is usually unnecessary to make extensive use of adjectives or adverbs, and consistency of terms is often required.
113. Lenient Parents (Shadowing)

Two sisters were at a dinner party when the conversation turned to upbringing. The elder sister started to say that her parents had been very strict and that she had
been rather frightened of them. Her sister, younger by two years, interrupted in amazement. "What are you talking about?" she said. "Our parents were very lenient."
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114. Choice of Book (Shadowing)

This book is no ordinary book, and should not be read through from beginning to end. It contains many different adventures, and the path you take will depend on the
choices you make along the way. The success or failure of your mission will depend on the decisions you make, so think carefully before choosing.
115. Blue (B)

Blue is the most popular color. Food researchers disagree when humans searched for food, they learned to avoid toxic or spoiled objects, which were often blue, black,
or purple. When food dyed blue is served to study subjects, they lose appetite.
116. Difficult Conversations

Surprisingly, despite what appear to be infinite variations, all difficult conversations share a common structure. When you’re caught up in the details and anxiety of a
particular difficult conversation, this structure is hard to see. But understanding that structure is essential to improve how you handle your most challenging
conversations.
117. Baidu
China’s biggest online-search company, Baidu, said it would make its self-driving car technologies available to others. In a bid to advance autonomous vehicles—and
perhaps to become an industry standard in the same way that Google’s Android operating system is for smartphones—Baidu’s Apollo project will distribute technologies
to developers and carmakers, initially for use in restricted environments, as soon as July.
118. Video clip

A video clip of a bloodied passenger being forcibly removed from a United Airlines flight to make room for airline staff turned into a PR disaster. People used social
media to complain that United should be beating the competition, not customers. United’s boss, Oscar Munoz, apologized—eventually. Lawyers for the passenger, David
Dao, filed a petition to seize evidence related to the incident.
119. Facebook (Incomplete)

Points: Facebook has defended itself against claims that using the site can damage wellbeing and mental health. In a blogpost, it said while there was evidence it could
negatively affect mood, the way it affected people was determined by how they used it. Facebook's downsides could be combated by making more use of the site and
interacting positively. A social media expert said the way Facebook was built made it hard to use it in those better ways.
120. Lunar Events (Incomplete)

Points: Three unusual lunar events will coincide on Wednesday night: a blue moon, a super moon and a blood moon. A blue moon signifies two new moons during the
same month, because the moon's orbit does not coincide completely with the calendar. A super moon is when the moon gets the closest to earth. And a blood moon or
total lunar eclipse happens when the earth, sun and moon are all lined up, making the moon appear red.
121. Cell
All cells share some common characteristics that make them living things. All organisms are composed of cells, the basic fundamental unit of life. They contain DNA as a
heritable genetic material, and they can reproduce. They transcribe DNA into RNA and translate RNA into proteins on ribosomes. They can also regulate transport across
a cell membrane and require chemical energy for some cellular processes.
122. Body Composition (Incomplete)

Points: Your body's composed of trillions of cells - lots of different types of cells that make up different organs and other parts of your body. Your body is also where 10
times that number of bacteria call 'home sweet home.' But don't be afraid - these bacteria do more good than harm to you. And besides, just in case you wanted to
strike up a conversation with your tenants, you and your bacteria do have a few things in common.
123. Co-evolutionary Relationship (Incomplete)

Points: The co-evolutionary relationship between cows and grass is one of nature's underappreciated wonders; it also happens to be the key to understanding just about
everything about modern meat. For the grasses, which have evolved to withstand the grazing of ruminants, the cow maintains and expands their habitat by preventing
trees and shrubs from gaining a foothold and hogging the sunlight; the animal also spreads grass seed, plants it with his hooves, and then fertilizes it with his manure.
124. Parents (Incomplete)

Points: Parents can demonstrate while the child is still very young that TV is a medium to be used selectively. They can quite literally point children in the direction of
informative, educational programs. There are some remarkable things for a preschooler to see and enjoy on television, and parents can impart the wonders of it while
discouraging undesirable programs. Parents of young children should remember that while television undoubtedly does, through its better programs at least, provide
preschoolers with considerable useful information, it doesn't make them smarter or improve their school performance.
125. Vanilla (Shadowing)

The uniquely scented flavor of vanilla is second only to chocolate in popularity on the world’s palate. It’s also the second most expensive spice after saffron. But highly
labor intensive cultivation methods and the plant’s temperamental life cycle and propagation mean production on a global scale is struggling to keep up with the
increasing demand for the product.
126. Linguistic Diversity (Shadowing)

The diversity of human language may be compared to the diversity of the natural world. Just as the demise of plant species reduces genetic diversity, and deprives
humanity or potential medical and biological resources. So extinction of language takes with it a wealth of culture, art and knowledge.
127. Breeding Areas
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Major breeding areas, and breeding islands, are shown as dark green areas or darts. Open darts are shown no-breeding records on islands, and are also used for
offshore sightings, that is from ships or boats. Other areas where species are not meant to be seen are plain pale green, with pale green hatching where records are
usually sparse.
128. Living Room

Living room is the most used part that withholds most of the traffic coming in and out of the house. It is highly recommended that the flooring should be strong enough
that it can endure all such amendments done with your furniture or to the increasing and decreasing ratio of visitors. For this purpose, you can opt for hardwood flooring.
129. Pluto (Shadowing)

Pluto lost its official status as a planet yesterday, when the International Astronomical Union downsized the solar system from nine to eight planets. Although there had
been a passionate debate at the IAU General Assembly Meeting in Prague about the definition of a planet, and whether Pluto met the specifications, the audience
greeted the decision to exclude it with applause.
130. Augustus (Shadowing)

Augustus was given the powers of an absolute monarch, but he presented himself as the preserver of republican traditions. He treated the Senate, or state council, with
great respect, and was made Consul year after year. He successfully reduced the political power of the army by retiring many soldiers, but giving them land or money to
keep their loyalty.
131. Cup Class Boats (Incomplete)

Points: At the end of this year, we will launch the cup class boats. So these will be about twice the power. The sailors are down in cockpits, unlike today. A lot of power
is being generated by these four grinders that are providing hydraulic power, and that energy is being used to control the flying surface, the hydrofoil and is also being
used to control the wing and the flaps, effectively the engine, of what we have.
132. Tool-user (Incomplete)

Points: The human animal's status as the only clever tool-user who can talk about our feelings is crumbling. Prairie dogs can make up words for new animals. Crows are
born with the ability to make tools. Elephants recognise and stroke the bones of a lost family member. As biologists delve into these subjects, they're demonstrating that
we're not nearly as unique as we once thought. It's the perfect time, scientifically speaking, to reassess our place in the animal kingdom.
133. Undesirable Programs (Incomplete)

Points: Parents can communicate their personal feelings about undesirable programs both by discouraging their children from watching them and by writing to their local
television station or to the programs sponsors. The public does have a voice. Clearly, not all programs need please everybody. We do have a choice of programs and we
also have a choice, for ourselves and at least for our younger children, of watching or not watching. There is an off button on every set!
134. Work (Shadowing)

By beginning so early, he knows that he has plenty of time to do thoroughly all the work he can be expected to do. All his work having been finished in good time, he has
a long interval of rest in the evening before the timely hour when he goes to bed. After a sound night's rest, he rises early next morning in good health and spirits for the
labors of a new day.
135. Wildlife (Shadowing)

But they did find something that had a much bigger impact on wildlife: habitat quality. The best predictor of wildlife abundance was not human activity, but factors like
forest connectivity, nearby housing density, and the amount of adjacent agriculture. The results were published in the Journal of Applied Ecology.
136. Marriage Too Early

Marriage is a big step in anyone's life and there is an argument to be made against getting married too early. As any newlywed couple knows, there is a huge amount of
financial pressure associated with marriage. Firstly, the wedding reception and honeymoon will cost you an arm and a leg. Then there's the matter of home loans, rent
and energy bills.
137. Charles Darwin

Darwin published his paper "On the Origin of Species" in 1859. It is one of the most well-known pieces of scientific literature. In the paper, Darwin proposes the theory of
natural selection. He states for any generation of any species, there will always be a struggle for survival. Individuals who are better suited to the environment are "fitter",
and therefore have a much higher chance of surviving and reproducing.
138. Disaster (Shadowing)

The definition of a disaster varies by organization. Various entities have different "pain thresholds" that define when an incident becomes a disaster. A bank, for example,
will have different criteria than a poison-control hotline. With this fact in mind, any organization should begin the process of implementing "first alert" and response
teams after it has completed a business impact analysis.
139. Middle Ages

To understand the past you have to think as the people in the period you are studying thought. The example of what it must have been like to be a peasant in the Middle
Ages is used. However, sensibilities change over time and we can't completely throw off the mentality of the present. Therefore, every age will have a slightly different
perspective on the same period of the past.
140. Not-for-profit University

A university is not a business. More precisely, a not-for-profit college or university is significantly different than a for-profit business. A university has no owners and it is
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a public trust. A business has a single over-riding goal: the maximization of return for the owners. A university has a multiplicity of goals: to foster learning, to create
knowledge, and to serve its community.
141. Blue (Shadowing)

While blue is one of the most popular colors, it is one of the least appetizing. Food researchers say that when humans searched for food, they learned to avoid toxic or
spoiled objects, which were often blue, black, or purple. When food dyed blue is served to study subjects, they lose appetite.
142. Dolphins
Dolphins, whales and porpoises are all social animals, but some species are more sociable than others. This depends on the environment because a species adopts the
lifestyle most suitable for this. Among dolphins, forming groups makes it easier for them to find food, reproduce and gain knowledge. They are safer too, because
dolphins can communicate danger when there are threats around.
143. The English Revolution

There are three main interpretations of the English Revolution. The longest lasting interpretation was that the Revolution was the almost inevitable outcome of an age-
old power struggle between parliament and crown. The second sees it as a class struggle, and a lead-up to the French and other revolutions. Finally, the third
interpretation sees the other two as too fixed, not allowing for unpredictability, and that the outcome could have gone either way.
144. Integration
Currently, integration is increasingly needed in the business environment. This need emerges from the efficiency and synergy requirements necessary in a complex and
turbulent environment. In other words, integration is needed to facilitate coordination, which is again related to the building of competitive advantage.
145. Galaxy
One of the unidentifiable objects in this study lies just outside Centaurus A (NGC 5128), an elliptical galaxy located about 12 million light-years from Earth. The other is
in a globular cluster of stars found just outside NGC 4636, another elliptical galaxy located 47 million light-years from Earth in the constellation Virgo.
146. Plato
Since Plato, philosophers have described the decision-making process as either rational or emotional: we carefully deliberate or we 'blink' and go with our gut. But as
scientists break open the mind's black box with the latest tools of neuroscience, they're discovering that this is not how the mind works. Our best decisions are a finely
tuned blend of both feeling and reason, and the precise mix depends on the situation.
147. Yellow (Shadowing)

Cheerful sunny yellow is an attention getter. While it is considered an optimistic color, people lose their tempers more often in yellow rooms, and babies will cry more. It
is the most difficult color for the eye to take in, so it can be overpowering if overused. Yellow enhances concentration, hence its use for legal pads. It also speeds
metabolism.
148. Father
Ever since I remembered, father woke up at five thirty every morning, made us all breakfast and read newspaper. After that, he would go to work. He worked as a writer.
It was a long time before I realized he did this for a living.
149. Glamorous Person

Who do you think is the most glamorous person? A biotechnologist who led his company in international research, an ordinary welder who gained international fame
through his work, or a photographer complimented widely for a series of photos?
150. Modern Buildings (Shadowing)

Modern buildings have to achieve certain performance requirements, at least to satisfy those of building codes, to provide a safe, healthy, and comfortable environment.
However, these conditioned environments demand resources in energy and materials, which are both limited in supply, to build and operate.
151. Grand Canyon (Shadowing)

The Grand Canyon is 277 miles long, up to 18 miles wide and attains a depth of over a mile. While the specific geologic processes and timing that formed the Grand
Canyon are the subject of debate by geologists, recent evidence suggests the Colorado River established its course through the canyon at least 17 million years ago.
152. Lincoln (Shadowing)

Lincoln's apparently radical change of mind about his war power to emancipate slaves was caused by the escalating scope of war, which convinced him that any
measure to weaken the Confederacy and strengthen the Union war effort was justifiable as a military necessity.
153. Coastal Wetlands

The coastal wetlands have environmental and economic importance. Wetlands provide natural wealth. They have important filtering capabilities. As the runoff water
passes, they retain excess nutrients and some pollutants. They maintain water flow during dry periods. Thousands of people depend on groundwater for drinking. They
act as natural sponges of flood waters and contain soil erosion. They control floods and save the buildings from collapsing during heavy rains.
154. Mobile Commerce

IT may well change the way you live, yet again. Welcome to the world mobile commerce, where your hand-held device, be it a mobile phone, a personal digital assistant
(PDA) or any other wireless application will soon be used for commercial transactions. Skeptical? Consider these facts In Japan, mobile phones are used for location
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based services where the mobile service providers tie up with a host of other players.
155. Domestication
Domestication is an evolutionary, rather than a political development. They were more likely to survive and prosper in an alliance with humans than on their own. Humans
provided the animals with food and protection, in exchange for which the animals provided the humans their milk and eggs and yes — their flesh.
156. Alphabet (Shadowing)

The problem begins with the alphabet itself. Building a spelling system for English using letters that come from Latin — despite the two languages not sharing exactly the
same set of sounds — is like building a playroom using an IKEA office set.
157. Shakespeare (Shadowing)

A young man from a small provincial town — a man without independent wealth, without powerful family connections and without a university education — moved to
London in the late 1580's and, in a remarkably short time, became the greatest playwright not of his age alone but of all time. How was this achievement of magnitude
made? How did Shakespeare become Shakespeare?
158. Chronic Disease

If you have a chronic disease such as heart disease, diabetes, asthma, or back or joint pain, exercise can have important health benefits. However, it is important to talk
to your doctor before starting an exercise routine. He or she might have advice on what exercises are safe and any precautions you might need to take while exercising.
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Repeat Sentence
Audio Available: There're audio records available for this question. Search by the question number at APEUni Website / App to listen.
1. After considering all the options she decided to take risks. #2307 (Audio Available)
2. The full list of undergraduate programs can be found on the website. #2306 (Audio Available)
3. The graph shows the population growth in the last century. #2305 (Audio Available)
4. The origin of psychology can be traced back to ancient Greece. #2304 (Audio Available)
5. Experts cannot agree on a single definition of intelligence. #312 (Audio Available)
6. There is a lot more about this topic in the university website. #2303 (Audio Available)
7. The literal output of this research is prolific and diverse. #656 (Audio Available)
8. Knowledge becomes a vital role in young generations. #2302 (Audio Available)
9. All students depend on their future. #2301 (Audio Available)
10. Students must attend the safety course before entering the engineering workshop. #2300 (Audio Available)
11. At that time, people moved from towns to villages. #1065 (Audio Available)
12. Points: Students fear to write essays because they do not know how to ... #2299 (Incomplete)
13. She has a small business about toys. #2298 (Audio Available)
14. Points: The ... staff ... student union. #2297 (Incomplete)
15. It is expected that all students have their own laptops. #2296 (Audio Available)
16. You have to submit the project by the end of the week. #2295 (Audio Available)
17. None of the students found it difficult to get a job. #2294 (Audio Available)
18. His particular interest is in the eighteenth century French society. #2293 (Audio Available)
19. Such behaviors are regarded as a deviation of the norm. #2292 (Audio Available)
20. There are lots of opportunities available for the student on campus. #2291 (Audio Available)
21. Before submitting the paper, your thesis must be approved by your tutor. #2290 (Audio Available)
22. The office opens on Monday and Thursday following the freshman seminar. #2289 (Audio Available)
23. The professor took a year off to work on her book. #450 (Audio Available)
24. You may not be allowed to read any books without the reading list. #761 (Audio Available)
25. Most of the student advisors are extremely helpful. #2288 (Audio Available)
26. If you are worried about your work, you should see a study counselor. #2287 (Audio Available)
27. We have specially assigned staff to help you find appropriate work placements. #2286 (Audio Available)
28. Renewable energy sources are now used to produce electricity. #2285 (Audio Available)
29. Living in the twenty first century is increasingly stressful. #2284 (Audio Available)
30. Please make sure you use the standard form of quotation. #2283 (Audio Available)
31. Please read the article that was given out yesterday. #2282 (Audio Available)
32. Compiling a bibliography can present a major challenge for some students. #2281 (Audio Available)
33. By logging in, you agree to all terms and conditions regarding your enrollment. #2280 (Audio Available)
34. We weren't able to agree on the appropriate independent variables. #697 (Audio Available)
35. The chemistry building is located near the entrance of the campus. #2279 (Audio Available)
36. Today we have a guest speaker who is visiting from Canada. #2228 (Audio Available)
37. Tomorrow's lecture has been canceled due to the power cut. #2177 (Audio Available)
38. The assessment of this course will begin next week. #2176 (Audio Available)
39. This will be the first art exhibition to be held by the university. #2175 (Audio Available)
40. I think that to raise the issue and to talk about it is great. #2174 (Audio Available)
41. The university hosts a wide range of events both on and off campus. #2173 (Audio Available)
42. Our capacity to serve the community is a vital part of our role. #2172 (Audio Available)
43. A balanced diet will help you study more effectively. #2171 (Audio Available)
44. At the end of the day, people want to profit from return on their investment. #2170 (Audio Available)
45. The support and advice of lecturers within the department has been invaluable. #2169 (Audio Available)
46. Graduates from this course generally find jobs in the insurance industry. #2168 (Audio Available)
47. All the works you consult need to be mentioned in the bibliography. #2167 (Audio Available)
48. One of the first mass transit systems was located in France. #2166 (Audio Available)
49. Speaking one or more foreign languages will be useful in your career. #2165 (Audio Available)
50. I have lectures on Tuesday from nine o'clock until two o'clock. #2164 (Audio Available)
51. The professor plans to discuss issues in the news that reflect concepts taught in class. #2163 (Audio Available)
52. Each group should submit a rough outline of their project to their tutor. #370 (Audio Available)
53. What's going on can help patients leave their fears at the door. #2162 (Audio Available)
54. There is a fitness center next to the student union. #2161 (Audio Available)
55. Animal behavior appears to contain both similar and distinct aspects to that of humans. #2160 (Audio Available)
56. Tomorrow evening, there will be a panel discussion on sustainable development. #800 (Audio Available)
57. It's a great privilege to welcome our guest speaker to our college. #2159 (Audio Available)
58. Key aspects of this investigative paradigm may prove useful in other spheres. #2158 (Audio Available)
59. Points: New universities should allow students to enroll on other ... activities. #2156 (Incomplete)
60. All laboratory equipment will be provided in class. #2155 (Audio Available)
61. The key findings seem to contradict our initial hypothesis. #2154 (Audio Available)
62. Students’ papers should be about a current social issue. #2153 (Audio Available)
63. Students who study overseas can significantly improve work chances. #2150 (Audio Available)
64. Please note, submission deadlines are only negotiable in exceptional circumstances. #2149 (Audio Available)
65. Eating a healthy breakfast can provide energy throughout the day. #2146 (Audio Available)
66. The bibliography needs to be removed prior to the publication. #2145 (Audio Available)
67. The cafeteria is open on Monday and Thursday. #2143 (Audio Available)
68. The temporary library will be closed in the winter break. #2142 (Audio Available)
69. Points: When we take exams ... radio and audio. #2141 (Incomplete)
70. The first assignment is due on the fourteenth of September. #860 (Audio Available)
71. The bus right out in the front will take you to the station. #1862 (Audio Available)
72. Extension is only available under special circumstances. #1840 (Audio Available)
73. The deadline of assignments is the fourth of February. #1795 (Audio Available)
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74. The beggar was laughed at by the children. #1710 (Audio Available)
75. The information you need for this meeting is on the website. #1709 (Audio Available)
76. The percentage of respondents who knew that the earth circles the sun once each year remained essentially unchanged. #1708 (Audio Available)
77. This Thursday is the last day for students to withdraw subjects without any penalty. #755 (Audio Available)
78. The amount of time spent on configuration varies considerably. #1690 (Audio Available)
79. The final exam will test material from all chapters covered in class this term. #1686 (Audio Available)
80. The tutorial rooms are located along the left-hand side. #1683 (Audio Available)
81. The English expression is just a way of saying that age is not important. #1682 (Audio Available)
82. You can borrow up to two books at the same time in the library. #1681 (Audio Available)
83. I am glad that Professor Gordon just joined our faculty. #846 (Audio Available)
84. Mobile phone chargers vary enormously from one place to another. #1680 (Audio Available)
85. There are many welcoming activities for new undergraduate and postgraduate students. #1678 (Audio Available)
86. Students can choose graduate certificate, graduate diploma and master course. #1677 (Audio Available)
87. Please note, the proposal submission deadline has been extended. #1676 (Audio Available)
88. Many species have not yet been discovered by biologists. #1673 (Audio Available)
89. He told me it was the most important assignment of all. #1671 (Audio Available)
90. The trial experiment is to increase the interests of the issue and the jurisdiction clause. #1670 (Audio Available)
91. We’ve been doing research in that area for probably twenty five years. #1669 (Audio Available)
92. The media have had a great influence on people's beliefs and attitudes. #1668 (Audio Available)
93. You realize that you can deal with a lot of situations. #1667 (Audio Available)
94. Marks will be awarded for a bibliography in the correct format. #1666 (Audio Available)
95. The campus car park will be closed next weekend. #1665 (Audio Available)
96. Understanding the historical context will help you appreciate the art in this era. #1664 (Audio Available)
97. She's doing a master's degree by distance learning. #1663 (Audio Available)
98. Numerous courses devoted to life sciences are listed in the prospectus. #1662 (Audio Available)
99. It's obviously vital that companies should fully understand their customers. #1660 (Audio Available)
100. The results of the study challenge previously held assumptions. #1658 (Audio Available)
101. Please make an appointment before attending the next meeting. #1657 (Audio Available)
102. Please make sure you have filled in all your details before submitting. #1656 (Audio Available)
103. Assignments should be submitted to the department office before the deadline. #1655 (Audio Available)
104. Points: Chocolate ... machine ... #1653 (Incomplete)
105. You have to submit projects by the end of this week. #1652 (Audio Available)
106. Points: ... review chapter five discussed on Monday. #58 (Incomplete)
107. You may use your student identification card to borrow books at the library. #1650 (Audio Available)
108. Keeping organized class notes will make study time more efficient. #1646 (Audio Available)
109. In Russia, my colleagues said my written language was hard to understand. #1644 (Audio Available)
110. For further information, you need to contact a member of our administration team. #1643 (Audio Available)
111. Students may not use calculators in the final exams. #1642 (Audio Available)
112. The first draft of the presentation is almost ready. #1641 (Audio Available)
113. The subject is complex and difficult to explain. #1585 (Audio Available)
114. In your introduction, show you understand the question in no more than four sentences. #1584 (Audio Available)
115. Universities play major roles in students' lives. #1583 (Audio Available)
116. Telecommunication is based on the array of networks. #1548 (Audio Available)
117. Application forms for sharing accommodations must be completed two months in advance. #1516 (Audio Available)
118. Your lowest quiz grade has been omitted from the calculations. #1513 (Audio Available)
119. The contemporary literature works have been broadened and extended through interpretation. #1488 (Audio Available)
120. All students must return the books to the college library before the end of the term. #1451 (Audio Available)
121. Note that the deadline of the submission of proposals has been extended for a week. #1450 (Audio Available)
122. Tuition fees will vary according to the field of study. #1449 (Audio Available)
123. The current labor force is more competitive than it has been for a long time. #1448 (Audio Available)
124. Newspapers around the country are reporting the stories of the president. #1431 (Audio Available)
125. Today's lecture is canceled because the lecturer is ill. #1428 (Audio Available)
126. Social work is not the only subject in sociology. #1316 (Audio Available)
127. Collaboration is a feature of a successful company. #1315 (Audio Available)
128. Students must submit a thesis on an agreed subject within four years. #1283 (Audio Available)
129. A man who suffered serious brain damage during an operation is suing the hospital. #1227 (Audio Available)
130. We can discuss education in the tutorial next week. #1216 (Audio Available)
131. My tutor told him not to repeat the same argument again and again. #1215 (Audio Available)
132. Several students raised different examples. #1209 (Audio Available)
133. Please make an appointment with your tutor about work. #1208 (Audio Available)
134. Remember your essay should have less than two thousand words. #1207 (Audio Available)
135. The university policy on plagiarism can be viewed on the website. #1206 (Audio Available)
136. The website has probably the most attractive designs and layouts. #1205 (Audio Available)
137. The solution when boiled deposits most of its oxide in the meta-hydrate form. #1202 (Audio Available)
138. You should return books to the library before ending your term. #1193 (Audio Available)
139. The Economics Faculty building is located on the City Road. #1192 (Audio Available)
140. The hardness of the butter is proportional to the softness of bread. #1188 (Audio Available)
141. Fungi are important in the process of decay, which returns ingredients to the soil, enhances soil fertility, and decomposes animal debris. #1149 (Audio Available)
142. Weather here is unpredictable. #1138 (Audio Available)
143. There is no point in designing efficient cars if we use them more and more. #1132 (Audio Available)
144. The rising inflation rate indicates a decrease in demand for consumer product. #357 (Audio Available)
145. Young children need education and organized activities. #1118 (Audio Available)
146. Points: Australia is the only country who donates ... #1117 (Incomplete)
147. Any textual references you make should be cited appropriately in the footnotes. #461 (Audio Available)
148. The brain is our central computer of our bodies. #1110 (Audio Available)
149. Read the safety instructions before using the equipment during the workshop. #1108 (Audio Available)
150. Exercise is important for mental and physical health. #1103 (Audio Available)
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151. We have three distinctive libraries which are nationally acclaimed. #1091 (Audio Available)
152. Parking permits can be collected through the student service office. #1090 (Audio Available)
153. Tuesday sessions will last for approximately two hours. #1088 (Audio Available)
154. Everyone should get access to art galleries no matter where they live. #1085 (Audio Available)
155. Until you complete the form, you cannot attend. #1084 (Audio Available)
156. There is too much information on this topic. #1083 (Audio Available)
157. Presentation skills are important to both universities and workplaces. #1082 (Audio Available)
158. Major sports on campus include rugby, soccer and tennis. #1081 (Audio Available)
159. It is clear that the effects of climate change will damage the world economy. #1080 (Audio Available)
160. The framework will help pose more research questions systematically. #1079 (Audio Available)
161. Experience would be an advantage for this managerial role. #1077 (Audio Available)
162. The library is located on the north side of the campus. #1075 (Audio Available)
163. I would like the assignment less than 2000 words. #902 (Audio Available)
164. Biographical information should be removed prior to the publication of the results. #1068 (Audio Available)
165. The United States is the largest chocolate manufacturing country. #1067 (Audio Available)
166. If you forget your password, you need to contact the student center. #1066 (Audio Available)
167. Please be careful when using internet sources. #1030 (Audio Available)
168. Please be careful when using online translation programs. #1024 (Audio Available)
169. If you need help, I can give you a hand in finding a flat. #1022 (Audio Available)
170. The course comprises twenty hours of lectures, seminars and tutorials each week. #1021 (Audio Available)
171. To get further extension, you need to call the education executive on 401. #1020 (Audio Available)
172. Professor Gordon just called me a few minutes ago. #1014 (Audio Available)
173. Those students have to retake the module if their marks are too low. #1011 (Audio Available)
174. There won't be any space for me in the car. #1007 (Audio Available)
175. I look forward to meeting you and to helping you realize your goals. #1006 (Audio Available)
176. The books are filled with drawings of machines invented when he was a student. #1004 (Audio Available)
177. It is necessary to solve the equation to determine the unknown variable. #1002 (Audio Available)
178. Our tutorial will take place on the second floor in room one. #1000 (Audio Available)
179. If you want to receive the reimbursement, you must submit the original receipts. #980 (Audio Available)
180. Students can download the lecture handouts from the course website. #975 (Audio Available)
181. Being a vegan means not consuming any animal products. #974 (Audio Available)
182. Students should take advantage of the internet before attending the lecture. #710 (Audio Available)
183. I would like an egg and tomatoes on white sandwich bread with orange juice. #640 (Audio Available)
184. Applicants for the course preferably have a degree in English or journalism. #516 (Audio Available)
185. Any textual references you make should be cited appropriately in the bibliography. #351 (Audio Available)
186. The cafeteria closes soon but the snack machine is accessible throughout the night. #826 (Audio Available)
187. The puppets do comedy routines and there is some terrific formation dancing. #225 (Audio Available)
188. The technician left the new microscope in the biology lab. #969 (Audio Available)
189. Only those who are over 18 years of age are eligible to open a bank account in our bank. #243 (Audio Available)
190. Ideally, free trade is beneficial to both trading partners. #968 (Audio Available)
191. All applications of internship are available in the office. #967 (Audio Available)
192. In English, the first letters of the months of the year are always capitalized. #931 (Audio Available)
193. A thorough bibliography is needed at the end of every assignment. #961 (Audio Available)
194. Contemporary critics dismissed his idea as eccentric. #960 (Audio Available)
195. You must ensure you do not include too much irrelevant information. #953 (Audio Available)
196. You can pay by cash or using a credit card. #951 (Audio Available)
197. You are required to submit the assignment before Friday. #949 (Audio Available)
198. We are required to submit the assignment before Friday. #948 (Audio Available)
199. The lecture theater one is located on the ground floor of the Pack Building. #944 (Audio Available)
200. The bookstore is located on the main campus behind the library. #943 (Audio Available)
201. Is the hypothesis on black hole rendered moot as the explanation of astrophysics? #939 (Audio Available)
202. In this library, the reserve collection of books can be borrowed for up to three hours. #938 (Audio Available)
203. The number of company bankruptcy skyrocketed in the third quarter. #934 (Audio Available)
204. It is argued that students can learn more in collaborative rather than individual study. #638 (Audio Available)
205. Our capacity to respond to national needs will determine our ability to flourish. #933 (Audio Available)
206. In my free time, I would like to read current affairs and newspapers. #930 (Audio Available)
207. Internet provides unusual opportunities for students and current events. #911 (Audio Available)
208. Children can share their lunch at around noon. #910 (Audio Available)
209. I don't like cheese and tomato sandwiches on white bread and orange juice. #907 (Audio Available)
210. If she doesn't speak the language, she's not going to sit around and wait for a translator. #906 (Audio Available)
211. To answer such a complex question with a simple yes or no is absolutely impossible. #905 (Audio Available)
212. Fishing is a sport and a means for surviving. #904 (Audio Available)
213. In eighteen thirty, periodicals appeared in large numbers in America. #903 (Audio Available)
214. Arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart to other parts of the body. #901 (Audio Available)
215. We will study the following two pictures in the next lecture. #896 (Audio Available)
216. Companies are aiming to earn the money not to change the society. #895 (Audio Available)
217. We need to read the first five chapters to prepare for next week's tutorial. #894 (Audio Available)
218. It is good for the environment also good for your electricity bill. #893 (Audio Available)
219. As a student union member, we can influence the change of the university. #892 (Audio Available)
220. Animals grow larger and stronger to help them to hunt better. #891 (Audio Available)
221. The generic biology technology lab is located at the North Wing of the library. #888 (Audio Available)
222. Don’t hesitate to email me if you have any questions. #883 (Audio Available)
223. It is within the framework that we're making our survey. #870 (Audio Available)
224. The timetable will be posted on the website before the class starts. #868 (Audio Available)
225. It is interesting to observe the development of language skills of toddlers. #866 (Audio Available)
226. In eighteen eighty, cycling became a major phenomenon in Europe. #134 (Audio Available)
227. The hypothesis on black hole is rendered moot as the explanation of the explosion. #103 (Audio Available)
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228. We want to attract the very best students regardless of their financial circumstances. #848 (Audio Available)
229. Expertise in particular areas distinguishes you from other graduates in a job interview. #842 (Audio Available)
230. I didn't agree with the author’s argument, but his presentation was good. #825 (Audio Available)
231. Students are competing for every place in the computer courses. #824 (Audio Available)
232. Our school of arts and technology accepts applications at all points throughout the year. #811 (Audio Available)
233. There are a range of housing options near the university. #810 (Audio Available)
234. All sources of materials must be included in your bibliography. #807 (Audio Available)
235. Negative discourse continues to be predominant in discussion of gender. #806 (Audio Available)
236. Many undergraduate students go back home to stay with their parents after graduation. #788 (Audio Available)
237. 39.5% of Californian residents do not speak English at home. #784 (Audio Available)
238. Nearly half of television outputs are given away for educational programs. #782 (Audio Available)
239. The minimum mark for Distinction grade is no less than 75%. #780 (Audio Available)
240. Number the beakers and put them away until tomorrow. #775 (Audio Available)
241. Organic food is grown without applying chemicals and the process is without artificial additives. #768 (Audio Available)
242. I would like tomato and cheese sandwiches on white bread and orange juice. #762 (Audio Available)
243. You can only choose one subject from biology and media. #760 (Audio Available)
244. The student service center is located on the main campus behind the library. #752 (Audio Available)
245. A renowned economist is selected to have a speech tonight at eight. #721 (Audio Available)
246. Arteries carry blood from heart to the other parts of the body. #715 (Audio Available)
247. The hypothesis needs to be tested in a more rigorous way. #713 (Audio Available)
248. It seems that language appears from nowhere. #557 (Audio Available)
249. Today, we will be discussing the role of government in preventing injustice. #362 (Audio Available)
250. We didn't have any noticeable variance between the two or three tasks. #354 (Audio Available)
251. The theoretical proposal was challenged to grasp. #885 (Audio Available)
252. The cafe will close soon but you can use the snack machine which is running overnight. #878 (Audio Available)
253. Higher fees make students think more critically about what universities can offer. #877 (Audio Available)
254. We are constantly looking for ways to bring industry and agriculture closer together. #875 (Audio Available)
255. She is an expert of the eighteenth-century French literature. #862 (Audio Available)
256. The Arts Magazine is looking for a new Assistant Editor. #854 (Audio Available)
257. Genetic and biochemical analyses have generated a detailed portfolio of mechanisms. #847 (Audio Available)
258. Newspapers across the world are reporting stories of presidents. #843 (Audio Available)
259. Student loans are now available for international students. #839 (Audio Available)
260. By clicking this button, you agree with the terms and conditions of this website. #838 (Audio Available)
261. Physics is a detailed study of matter and energy. #836 (Audio Available)
262. Would you pass the material text book on the table? #835 (Audio Available)
263. I spend my time really studying human beings. #831 (Audio Available)
264. This small Indian state is a land of forests, valleys and snowy islands. #823 (Audio Available)
265. I’m glad you got here safely. #821 (Audio Available)
266. Globalization has been an overwhelming urban and urbanization phenomenon. #816 (Audio Available)
267. Conservation is the survival of future generation. #812 (Audio Available)
268. We offer a broad range of undergraduate and postgraduate courses. #804 (Audio Available)
269. To receive the reimbursement, you must keep the original receipts. #799 (Audio Available)
270. The wheelchair lift has been upgraded this month. #793 (Audio Available)
271. The visiting professor is going to give a lecture on geology. #792 (Audio Available)
272. The recent study has thrown out the validity of the argument. #789 (Audio Available)
273. The office said Dr. Smith will arrive later today. #786 (Audio Available)
274. The office opens on Mondays and Thursdays directly following the freshman seminar. #785 (Audio Available)
275. The first few sentences of an essay should capture the readers' attention. #776 (Audio Available)
276. The current statistical evidence indicates the need of further research. #773 (Audio Available)
277. The author expressed an idea that modern readers inevitably cannot accept. #766 (Audio Available)
278. Sport is the main cause of traumatic brain injuries in the United States. #759 (Audio Available)
279. The resident's hall is closed prior to the closing time of the academic building at the end of the semester. #756 (Audio Available)
280. Put the knife and fork next to the spoon near the edge of the table. #754 (Audio Available)
281. Please finish all the reading chapters before the field trip. #753 (Audio Available)
282. Most of the assignments should be submitted on the same day. #746 (Audio Available)
283. More females than males graduated from universities last year. #745 (Audio Available)
284. Meeting with tutors could be arranged for students who need additional help. #744 (Audio Available)
285. It’s time to finalize the work before the Wednesday seminar. #740 (Audio Available)
286. I’ve got a tutorial in an hour and I haven’t had any time to prepare for it. #738 (Audio Available)
287. I will be in my office every day from ten to twelve. #736 (Audio Available)
288. I believe children should read aloud more. #733 (Audio Available)
289. Farmers do not always receive price for agricultural goods. #732 (Audio Available)
290. Elephant is the largest land living mammal. #731 (Audio Available)
291. Don’t forget to hand in your assignments by the end of next week. #730 (Audio Available)
292. Doing this research makes me think of the purpose of science. #729 (Audio Available)
293. The context includes both the land history and the human history. #727 (Audio Available)
294. Conferences are always scheduled on the third Wednesday of the month. #725 (Audio Available)
295. Being a student representative on the union really cuts into my study time. #724 (Audio Available)
296. Anyone who has a problem with their accommodation should speak to the welfare officer. #722 (Audio Available)
297. Allergy problems do run in the family, but we don’t understand why. #720 (Audio Available)
298. All students and staff have access to printers and scanners. #718 (Audio Available)
299. All undergraduate students should participate in the seminar. #717 (Audio Available)
300. All necessary information is in the assignment. #716 (Audio Available)
301. A computer virus has destroyed all my files. #702 (Audio Available)
302. You can change your courses on the website during the registration period. #783 (Audio Available)
303. Your watch is fast, you need to reset it. #700 (Audio Available)
304. You can pay using cash or a credit card. #353 (Audio Available)
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305. You can find the student service center on level one of Home Building. #709 (Audio Available)
306. Please do not bring food into the classroom. #708 (Audio Available)
307. Please pass the handouts along to the rest of the people in your row. #699 (Audio Available)
308. I expect a long and stagnant debate for a week or two on this issue. #349 (Audio Available)
309. The politics combine both the legislative and the political authorities. #687 (Audio Available)
310. Vessels carry blood from the heart to other parts of the body. #686 (Audio Available)
311. Most of the strategies are in a preclinical state. #679 (Audio Available)
312. A science-based approach is vital for effective advancements. #674 (Audio Available)
313. In marketing short-term thinking leads to many problems. #670 (Audio Available)
314. The gap between the rich and the poor did not decrease rapidly as expected. #669 (Audio Available)
315. The problem with this is that it fails to answer the basic question. #667 (Audio Available)
316. Number the beakers and put them away. #665 (Audio Available)
317. Our university has strong partnerships with industry as well as collaborative relationships with government bodies. #664 (Audio Available)
318. What distinguishes him from others is his dramatic use of black and white photography. #663 (Audio Available)
319. A lot of people who have up until now been spending money in having a good time now need to be more careful with their money. #662 (Audio Available)
320. In our campus, prospective students had access to thirteen college libraries. #661 (Audio Available)
321. Student discount cards can be used on campus in the coffee house. #659 (Audio Available)
322. The US ranks twenty second in foreign aid, given it as a percentage of GDP. #647 (Audio Available)
323. He is almost never in his office. #639 (Audio Available)
324. Leading scientists speculate that numerous planets could support life forms. #637 (Audio Available)
325. The study of archeology requires intensive international fieldwork. #635 (Audio Available)
326. She doesn't even care about anything but what is honest and true. #632 (Audio Available)
327. But they haven't come to widespread use yet. #623 (Audio Available)
328. You can retake the module if your marks are too low. #621 (Audio Available)
329. Please explain what the author means by sustainability. #618 (Audio Available)
330. Research has found that there is no correlation between diet and intelligence. #617 (Audio Available)
331. Hypothetically, insufficient mastery in the areas slows future progress. #616 (Audio Available)
332. Please sort and order the slides of the presentation according to topic and speech time. #614 (Audio Available)
333. You can download all lecture handouts from the course website. #613 (Audio Available)
334. Our class is divided into two groups. You come with me, the others stay here. #609 (Audio Available)
335. Does the college refectory offer vegetarian dishes on a daily basis? #607 (Audio Available)
336. All essays and seminar papers submitted must be emailed to your tutor. #313 (Audio Available)
337. No crop responds more readily than careful husbandry and skillful cultivation. #597 (Audio Available)
338. You should raise your concern with the head of school. #596 (Audio Available)
339. You must read the supplementary materials as the professor has a habit of asking questions from it. #593 (Audio Available)
340. You must complete this chapter before going to the field trip. #592 (Audio Available)
341. We are delighted to have professor Robert to join our faculty. #584 (Audio Available)
342. Vocabulary in a special field is jargon. #583 (Audio Available)
343. There's an hourly bus service from the campus into town. #572 (Audio Available)
344. There will be a guest lecturer visiting the psychology department next month. #570 (Audio Available)
345. There is no entrance fee for tonight’s lecture. #567 (Audio Available)
346. The seminar on writing skills has been cancelled. #554 (Audio Available)
347. The School of Arts and Design has an open day on Thursday next week. #553 (Audio Available)
348. The Psychology Department is looking for volunteers to be involved in research projects. #550 (Audio Available)
349. The pharmacy was closed when I went past this morning. #548 (Audio Available)
350. The lecture tomorrow will discuss the educational policies in the United States. #546 (Audio Available)
351. The clear evidence between brain events and behavioral events is fascinating. #541 (Audio Available)
352. The bus in front of the building will take you to bus station. #537 (Audio Available)
353. The agricultural sector in that country has been heavily subsidized. #525 (Audio Available)
354. Students will not be given credits for assignments submitted after the due date. #522 (Audio Available)
355. Students are not allowed to take journals out of the library. #519 (Audio Available)
356. No more than four people can be in the lab at once. #511 (Audio Available)
357. Meteorology is a detailed study of earth’s atmosphere. #509 (Audio Available)
358. It is important to take gender into account when discussing the figures. #502 (Audio Available)
359. If you forgot your student number, you should contact Jenny Brice. #496 (Audio Available)
360. I missed yesterday’s lecture. Can I borrow your notes? #483 (Audio Available)
361. I didn’t understand the author’s point of view on immigration. #479 (Audio Available)
362. Reserve collection of books can be borrowed for up to three hours. #467 (Audio Available)
363. Distance learning has become far more popular these days. #463 (Audio Available)
364. A preliminary bibliography is due the week before the spring break. #449 (Audio Available)
365. The topic next week on colonialism will be the nuclear disarmament. #448 (Audio Available)
366. The library is located at the other side of the campus behind the student center. #447 (Audio Available)
367. Residence Hall is closed prior to the academic building closing time in the semester. #446 (Audio Available)
368. Many students are so scared of writing essays, because they never learned how. #442 (Audio Available)
369. In consultation with your supervisor, your thesis is approved by the faculty committee. #440 (Audio Available)
370. The program depends entirely on private funding. #434 (Audio Available)
371. The first person in space was from the Soviet Union. #426 (Audio Available)
372. People with an active lifestyle are less likely to die early or to have a major illness. #424 (Audio Available)
373. Lecture theater is located on the ground floor of the building. #422 (Audio Available)
374. I could not save my work as my computer got crashed. #421 (Audio Available)
375. Interpreters are not readily available in this department. #417 (Audio Available)
376. To understand its entity, we need to go back to its origin. #416 (Audio Available)
377. The tutor is there for help, so do ask if you don't understand anything. #413 (Audio Available)
378. Anatomy is the study of internal and external body structures. #411 (Audio Available)
379. The verdict depends on which side was more convincing to the jury. #410 (Audio Available)
380. All the assignments should be submitted by the end of this week. #398 (Audio Available)
381. Even with the permit, finding a parking spot on campus is still impossible. #397 (Audio Available)
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382. Please register your student email account at your earliest convenience. #394 (Audio Available)
383. She has been in the library for a long time. #392 (Audio Available)
384. A demonstrated ability to write clear, correct and concise English is obligatory. #444 (Audio Available)
385. Basketball was created in 1891 by a physician and physical education instructor. #432 (Audio Available)
386. Unfortunately, the two most interesting economics electives clash on my timetable. #401 (Audio Available)
387. Due to rising enrollment for courses, universities should increase their staff, too. #429 (Audio Available)
388. Portfolio is due to the internal review office no later than Tuesday. #393 (Audio Available)
389. The original Olympic Games were celebrated as religious festivals. #391 (Audio Available)
390. The real reason for global hunger is not the lack of food, but poverty. #390 (Audio Available)
391. A study skill seminar is on for the students who require assistance. #387 (Audio Available)
392. The university celebrated the Earth Day by planting trees. #383 (Audio Available)
393. 39.5% California residents don’t speak English at home. #381 (Audio Available)
394. A full list of bibliography is needed at the end of all filed assignments. #380 (Audio Available)
395. 39.5% California residents speak a language other than English at home. #379 (Audio Available)
396. Could you pass the material to students that are in your row? #378 (Audio Available)
397. I'm glad that you've got it. #375 (Audio Available)
398. Students are afraid of writing an essay, because they have learned nothing about it. #371 (Audio Available)
399. All filed assignments should have a full list of bibliography. #369 (Audio Available)
400. Your enrollment information, results and fees will be available online. #366 (Audio Available)
401. Just wait a minute, I will be with you shortly. #360 (Audio Available)
402. The original Olympic game is one kind of original festival. #347 (Audio Available)
403. Rules about breaks and lunch time vary from one company to another. #346 (Audio Available)
404. Company exists for money, not for society. #344 (Audio Available)
405. Acupuncture is a technique involved in traditional Chinese medicine. #342 (Audio Available)
406. Knives and forks should be placed next to the spoon on the edge of the table. #338 (Audio Available)
407. I will now demonstrate how the reaction can be arrested by adding a dilute acid. #336 (Audio Available)
408. A periodical is a publication that is issued regularly. #324 (Audio Available)
409. New York City is famous for its ethnic diversity. #323 (Audio Available)
410. The mismatch between the intended and reported uses of the instrument has become clear. #322 (Audio Available)
411. The medical centre is located near the supermarket on North Street. #321 (Audio Available)
412. Essays should be typed with double space in white paper. #320 (Audio Available)
413. Students can get access to computers on a daily basis. #311 (Audio Available)
414. Doctor Green's office has been moved to the second floor of the building. #309 (Audio Available)
415. The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy. #305 (Audio Available)
416. We are not going to accept the assignment after the due date on Friday. #302 (Audio Available)
417. The student welfare officer can help with questions about exam techniques. #299 (Audio Available)
418. International students can get help with locating housing near the university. #287 (Audio Available)
419. In the last few weeks, we've been looking at various aspects of the social history of London. #286 (Audio Available)
420. During the next few centuries, London became one of the most powerful and prosperous cities in Europe. #284 (Audio Available)
421. A lot of agricultural workers came to the East End to look for alternative work. #283 (Audio Available)
422. Knife and fork should be placed next to the spoon on the edge of the table. #280 (Audio Available)
423. This part of the story is the story of my father. #276 (Audio Available)
424. If you want to quit the student union, tell the registrar. #272 (Audio Available)
425. The glass is not a true solid, because it doesn't have crystal structure. #372 (Audio Available)
426. The minimal mark for distinction is 75%. #377 (Audio Available)
427. I'll start with a brief history of the district, and then focus on life in the first half of the twentieth century. #285 (Audio Available)
428. Make sure you correctly cite all your sources. #264 (Audio Available)
429. Trade financing for the local market or the international market for exports begins from the first stop at the banks. #258 (Audio Available)
430. This brought about the tremendous change in the environment, with the sea level rising and creeping steadily inland. #246 (Audio Available)
431. At night, sailors in the Mediterranean can see the glow from the fiery molten material that is thrown into the air. #235 (Audio Available)
432. Higher numbers of patients were infected than during previous outbreaks of the illness. #208 (Audio Available)
433. By the way, if you want more information about any of the trips, have a look in the student newspaper. #202 (Audio Available)
434. The initial results are intriguing, but statistically speaking, they are insignificant. #358 (Audio Available)
435. Students should take advantage of the online resources before attending the lecture. #521 (Audio Available)
436. I won't be able to attend the lecture because I have a doctor appointment. #478 (Audio Available)
437. All students are encouraged to vote in the forthcoming elections. #170 (Audio Available)
438. The bus will depart from outside of the building in 5 minutes. #160 (Audio Available)
439. I hope I can take early retirement before I'm sixty. #121 (Audio Available)
440. It's my opinion that technological advances will begin to slow. #106 (Audio Available)
441. He needs to talk to you about your industrial architecture class. #94 (Audio Available)
442. An understanding of persuasive techniques should help you recognise their use. #92 (Audio Available)
443. First of all, a lot of students don't even know how to type very fast. #78 (Audio Available)
444. There are several reasons for population growth, such as better education. #30 (Audio Available)
445. An increase in population will result in fewer resources. #19 (Audio Available)
446. Adverts might use humor, drama or catchy slogans to grab people's attention. #7 (Audio Available)
447. The research looked at the neighborhood cooperative schemes such as community gardens. #6 (Audio Available)
448. He would yell if he was interrupted while painting. #2 (Audio Available)
449. He's shown an interest in exciting new art movements. #42 (Audio Available)
450. Teenagers more than most age groups feel strong pressure to conform. #54 (Audio Available)
451. Email's quick and convenient. #130 (Audio Available)
452. Usually but not always, reviews provided unbiased source of information. #5 (Audio Available)
453. There are on-going problems with over-consumption of junk food. #39 (Audio Available)
454. Larger numbers of city residents mean greater car ownership. #165 (Audio Available)
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Describe Image
1. Supply Chain Management
Answer:
The following graph gives information about supply chain management. It shows how the process is done. The steps include raw materials, components and
manufacturer. According to this graph, the fist step is to collect raw materials and turn them to components with machine. Followed by that, the second step is to send
components to the manufacturer and make products of them there. You can see from this graph that the third step is to send products to the retailer. The final step is
to sell products to consumers. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
(APEUni Website / App DI #191)
2. Assessment (Incomplete)
Points: 'Assessment' may be 'Dissertation'
3. EU (Incomplete)
Points: A table about EU.
4. Computer and Telephone (Incomplete)

Points: There are computer and telephone in the pies. The numbers for China are both 31% in the two pies. Japan and India are also in the pies.
5. Tax and Payroll
Answer:
The following graph gives information about payroll and superannuation in recent years. The items include countries like Australia, Austria, and Denmark. According to
this graph, in Australia, the value is around sixteen point six percent, and that of Austria is the same. You can see from this graph that the lowest value is in Denmark,
which is eight percent. You can also see from this graph that the weighted average is thirteen percent. In conclusion, Both Australia and Austria have the highest
percentage.
6. Wasted Food
Answer:
The following graph gives information about wasted food in UK. The items include saved, recycled and thrown away. According to this graph, in distribution and retail,
the value of saved food is around one megaton, and that of household including to drain is higher which is around two megaton. You can see from this graph that the
highest value of thrown away food is in household including to drain, which is eight megatons. You can also see from this graph that the highest value of saved food is in
food and drink manufacturing waste. In conclusion, hospitality sector has the second highest amount of thrown away food.
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7. Kitchen
Answer:
The following graph gives information about a kitchen. This is a very beautiful picture, and it shows a number of things. According to this graph, in the central area, there
is a square table with four chairs; the color of it is green. You can see from this graph that, in the right area, there is a refrigerator; the color of it is white. You can see
from this graph that, in the background, there are some cupboards, the color of those are pink. There is also a sink and a gas cooker. And an oven is beside the
refrigerator. In conclusion, this picture is very informative.
8. European Headquarters
Answer:
The following graph gives information about where international companies have their headquarters. The items include UK, Germany, France and other countries.
According to this graph, in Belgium, the value is around twelve, and that in Ireland is higher, which is around twenty. You can see from this graph that the highest value is
in UK, which is two hundred and ten. You can also see from this graph that the lowest value is Denmark. In conclusion, this bar chart is informative.
9. Production Map (Incomplete)

Points: A map of Africa (Asia?), in which different things are produced in different areas. Himalayas is above, woods in the right upper corner, cotton in the middle, and
...
10. Diamond Production
Answer:
The following pie chart gives information about diamond production by value. The items include Russia, Botswana, Canada, and other countries. According to this graph,
the value of Canada is around fourteen percent, and that of others is higher, which is eighteen percent. You can see from this graph that the highest value is Russia,
which is around twenty-six percent. You can also see from this graph that the lowest value is South Africa, which is around eight percent. In conclusion, the countries
produce so much diamond.
11. Airline Passengers
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Answer:
The following graph gives information about domestic airline passengers. The items include inter-capital, leisure, and all. According to this graph, in all, the value is
around two, and that of inter-capital is higher, which is around two point five. You can see from this graph that the highest value is in mining exposed, which is around
eight. You can also see from this graph that the lowest value is in leisure. In conclusion, airline passengers have different values.
12. Working Hours
Answer:
The following graph gives information about working hours in Germany. The horizontal axis is year, ranging from nineteen seventy to twenty seventeen. According to this
graph, in the year of nineteen seventy, the value is around one thousand nine hundred. And according to this graph, in the year of nineteen seventy-five, the value is
around one thousand eight hundred. The lowest value is around one thousand three hundred, which is in twenty seventeen. On the contrary, the second lowest value is
one thousand three hundred and seventy, which is in twenty ten. In conclusion, if this trend continues, working hours will be lower in the future.
13. Cultural Websites
Answer:
The following graph gives information about popularity of cultural websites in Scotland. The items include none of these, concert websites, and library websites.
According to this graph, in historical and heritage, the value of popularity is around twenty percent, and that of concert websites is higher, which is around thirty percent.
You can see from this graph that the highest value is in none of these, which is fifty-five percent. You can also see from this graph that the lowest value is in record
websites. In conclusion, website popularities vary greatly.
14. Flu Vaccination
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Answer:
The following graph gives information about flu vaccination rates. The items include South Korea, UK, and USA. According to this graph, in USA, the value of vaccination
rate is around sixty-eight percent, and that of UK is higher, which is around seventy-two percent. You can see from this graph that the highest value is in South Korea,
which is eighty-five. You can also see from this graph that the lowest value of is in Turkey. In conclusion, flu vaccination rates vary greatly.
15. Chocolate Consumers
Answer:
The following graph gives information about pounds of chocolate consumed per capita in countries each year. The items include Switzerland, Germany, Ireland, Norway,
etc. According to this graph, in Sweden, the value is eleven point nine, and that of Australia is lower, which is around ten point eight. You can see from this graph that
the highest value is in Switzerland, which is nineteen point eight. You can also see from this graph that the lowest value is in France. In conclusion, Switzerland consumes
more chocolate than any another county does.
16. Satisfaction of Students (Incomplete)

Points: About students' satisfaction on school education.
17. NZ House Price
Answer:
The following graph gives information about New Zealand house price. The items include New Zealand and OECD. The horizontal axis is year, ranging from nineteen
ninety to twenty-fourteen. According to this graph, in nineteen ninety, the value of New Zealand is around one hundred, and that of OECD is almost the same. According
to this graph, the highest value of New Zealand is two hundred and fifty, which is in two thousand and seven. According to this graph, the value of New Zealand is higher
than OECD. In conclusion, OECD has smaller changes.
18. Age Group (B)
Answer:
The following graph gives information about percentages by age and sex. The items include age groups, female and male. According to this graph, in male, the value of
eighty-five plus is around zero point seven, and that of seventy-five to eighty-four is higher, which is around three. You can see from this graph that the highest value
of female is in twenty-five to thirty-four, which is sixteen point five. You can also see from this graph that the value of less than four is seven point eight. In conclusion,
eighty-five plus has the lowest percentage of population in female.
19. European Countries
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Answer:
The following graph gives information about Europe. Positions of different countries are displayed on the map. At the central area, there are Austria, Germany, Poland
and Czechia. In the left area, there are Ireland and Portugal. According to this graph, the largest country is Russia, which is located on the right side. In comparison, small
countries include Denmark and Belgium. In conclusion, there are many European countries shown on the map.
20. Household Budget
Answer:
The following graph gives information about average weekly household expenditure. According to this graph, the items include food, medical, transport, and holidays.
You can see from this graph that the value of food is one hundred and twenty-three. And the value of medical care is fifty. The value of transport is one hundred and
twenty-four. According to this graph, the value of holiday is thirty-three. As you can also see that the value of housing is one hundred and sixty-four. In conclusion, this
graph is very informative.
21. Fast Food Times
Answer:
The following graph gives information about fast food times a week. The items include everyday, once a week, and never. According to this graph, in several times a
week, the value of July two thousand and three is around seventeen percent, and that of twenty thirteen is lower, which is around sixteen percent. You can see from this
graph that the highest value of December two thousand and six is in about once a week, around thirty-three percent. You can also see from this graph that the lowest
value of July twenty thirteen is in every day, around three percent. In conclusion, Americans usually eat fast food.
22. Richest Countries or Regions
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Answer:
The following graph gives information about which economies are really richest. The items include Switzerland, the United States, and Hong Kong. According to this
graph, in Australia, the value of average wealth is around four hundred thousand dollars, and that of Netherland is lower, which is around three hundred thousand dollars.
You can see from this graph that the lowest value of median wealth is in Denmark, which is one hundred thousand dollars. You can also see from this graph that the
highest value of median wealth is Australia. In conclusion, Switzerland has the highest rank.
23. Most Powerful Passports
Answer:
The following graph gives information about the world's most powerful passports. The items include countries' names, their ranks and visa-free countries' numbers.
According to this graph, in the first row, the value of Japan is one hundred and ninety-three. And in the second row, the value of Singapore is one hundred and ninety-
two. You can see from this graph that the third highest value is in South Korea, which is one hundred and ninety-one. You can also see from this graph that the lowest
value is in Luxembourg, which is one hundred and ninety. In conclusion, Japan has the most powerful passport.
24. GNH
Answer:
The following graph gives information about Gross National Happiness. Information of different areas are displayed on the map. In the central area, there is a large circle
named GNH. There are many small circles surrounding the large circle. According to this graph, these small circles are health, time use, education, good governance,
community vitality, living standards, psychological wellbeing and cultural diversity and resilience. And these small circles are respectively red, green, purple, blue, brown,
and so on. In conclusion, there are many factors in Gross National Happiness.
25. Bermuda Triangle
Answer:
The following graph gives information about Bermuda Triangle in Atlantic. Information of different areas are displayed on the map. In the central area, there is a light blue
triangle named Bermuda, whose points are at Florida peninsula, Puerto Rico, and Bermuda islands. In the left area, there is Gulf of Mexico and Tropic of Cancer runs
through it. According to this graph, the largest area is the mainland of America. In comparison, Caribbean Sea is south to Cuba. In conclusion, there are many seas and
islands shown on the map.
26. Plastic Bottle Recycling
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Answer:
The following graph gives information about plastic bottle recycling. The steps include new bottles, refilling, used bottles and plastic processing, and . According to this
graph, the first step is newly-produced bottles, which are empty. According to this graph, the second step is to fill the empty bottles with beverage. You can see from
this graph that the third step is to open the bottles and drink up it, followed by the forth step is to transport used bottles back to the factory and use them as materials.
The final step is the plastic materials turn into new bottles waiting for refilling. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
27. Litchfield Population
Answer:
The following graph gives information about Litchfield population. The horizontal axis is the years, ranging from nineteen o one to twenty eleven. According to this graph,
in the year of nineteen eleven, the value is around eight thousand. And according to this graph, in the year of nineteen forty-one, the value is around ten thousand. The
highest value is around thirty-two thousand five hundred, which is in twenty eleven. On the contrary, the lowest value is seven thousand, which is in nineteen o one. In
conclusion, if this trend continues, the Litchfield population will keep rising in the future.
28. Main Hall
Answer:
The following graph gives information about a floor plan. The items include a main hall, an office, a kitchen and toilets. You can see from this graph that there is a main
hall, which is in the upper area of the plan. You can see from this graph that there are toilets for males and females，which are on the right of the plan. You can see
from this graph that there is a toilet for the handicapped，which is in the bottom right corner with a sign of wheelchair. You can see from this graph that there are a
kitchen in the bottom left corner and an office in the middle of the plan. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
29. Stationery Shopping (Incomplete)

Points: Two pictures. The left: in a stationery store, a white woman in pink sweater with her daughter in the arms, and the daughter with a pink bag on the back. The
right: the daughter with the bag in the arms and pens in the hand standing in the stationery store alone.
30. Recycling
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Answer:
The following graph gives information about different types of recycling. The items include thermal recycling, chemical recycling, and material recycling. You can see
from this graph that, in unrecycling, the value is around one point eighty-five million tons. You can see from this graph that, in material recycling, the value is around two
million tons, which is higher. You can see from this graph that, in thermal recycling, the value is around five point two million tons，which is the highest. You can also see
from this graph that, in chemical recycling, the value is around zero point thirty-eight million tons, which is the lowest. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
31. Renewable Energy
Answer:
The following graph gives information about renewable energy. The items include heating and cooling, transport and power. You can see from this graph that there are
two thermometers in heating and cooling，which is fifty-one percent with ten percent renewable energy in it. You can see from this graph that there are a ship and a
plane in transport，which is thirty-two with three percent renewable energy in it. You can see from this graph that there is a plug in power，which is seventeen with
twenty-six renewable energy in it. You can see from this graph that there is an arrow below power，which means an increase of the share of renewable energy. It’s a
beautiful picture and it shows a lot of things. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
32. Internet Users
Answer:
The following graph gives information about internet users who accessed via mobile phone. The items include sixteen to twenty-four, fifty-five to sixty-four, and sixty-
five plus. You can see from this graph that, in forty-five to fifty-four, the value is around thirty-two percent. You can see from this graph that, in thirty-five to forty-
four, the value is around fifty, which is higher. You can see from this graph that, in sixteen to twenty-four, the value is around seventy percent，which is the highest.
You can also see from this graph that, in sixty-five plus, the value is around eight percent, which is the lowest. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
33. Ship Lock
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Answer:
The following graph gives information about how a ship lock works. It shows how the process is done. The items include a ship lock, a ship, dams, and pipes under the
bottom. You can see from this graph that the first step is that the upstream gate opens and the ship goes into the lock. You can see from this graph that the second
step is that the upstream gate closes and the water level evens. You can see from this graph that the third step is that the downstream gate opens and the ship moves
out of the lock. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
34. Coffee House (B)
Answer:
The following graph gives information about a coffee house. The items include a sale clerk, a customer and the counter. You can see from this graph that there is a
wooden counter，which is brown and has some glass coffee kettles and cups on it. You can see from this graph that there is a female sale clerk in pink，who is smiling
and has a POS terminal and a paper bag in the hands. You can see from this graph that there is a male customer，who is in a blue T-shirt and passing a blue card to
the clerk. You can see from this graph that there are a blackboard and some cupboards on the wall. It’s a beautiful picture and it shows a lot of things. In conclusion,
this graph is very informative.
35. Historic Gardens
Answer:
The following graph gives information about historic garden noticeboard. The items include icons, characters and background. You can see from this graph that there is
a notice board，which is saying 'please respect and enjoy these historic gardens' with black characters. You can see from this graph that there is a notice board，which
has three red icons and one green icon on it. You can see from this graph that there are forbidden icons，which say 'no cycling', 'no drinking' and 'no football'. You can
see from this graph that there is a permitted activity on the board，which is a guide dog. It’s a beautiful picture and it shows a lot of things. In conclusion, this graph is
very informative.
36. Mosquito Life Cycle
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Answer:
The following graph gives information about the mosquito life cycle. It shows how the process is done. The items include adult, eggs, larva and pupa. You can see from
this graph that the first step is the adult laying eggs into water. You can see from this graph that the second step is eggs developing as the larva below the water
surface. You can see from this graph that the third step is the larva developing as the pupa. You can see from this graph that the next step is the adult emerging on the
water surface. The final step is a new fully developed adult flying out of water. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
37. Ice Thickness
Answer:
The following graph gives information about minimal ice thickness guidelines. The items include an adult, a kid, a car and a truck. You can see from this graph that, in
the kid, the value of ice thickness is around four inches. You can see from this graph that, in the sled, the value of ice thickness is around five to seven inches, which is
higher. You can see from this graph that, in the green truck, the value of ice thickness is around twelve to fifteen inches，which is the highest. You can also see from
this graph that, in the adult, the value of ice thickness is around zero, which is the lowest. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
38. Disadvantaged Backgrounds of Students
Answer:
The following graph gives information about percentage of students from disadvantaged backgrounds entering university in England. The items include years and student
percentages. You can see from this graph that the value of two thousand and seven is around twelve percent. You can see from this graph that the value of two
thousand and eight is around thirteen percent, which is higher. You can see from this graph that the value of twenty fourteen is around eighteen, which is the highest.
You can see from this graph that the value of two thousand and six is around eleven percent, which is the lowest. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
39. World Population Density (B)
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Answer:
The following graph gives information about world population density. The items include Asia, Africa, America and Europe. You can see from this graph that the values of
central Europe and some eastern areas of the United States are around 350 people per square kilometer. You can see from this graph that the values of coastal areas
of north Africa, southeast Asia and Turkey are around 400, which are higher. You can see from this graph that the values of eastern China and India are around 700
people per square kilometer, which is the highest. You can see from this graph that the values of Antarctic, northern Russia and the inland area of Australia are around
0, which is the lowest. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
40. Dining Table
Answer:
The following graph gives information about people at dining table. The items include tableware, table and food. You can see from this graph that there is a brown
table，which is made of wood and surrounded by adults and babies. You can see from this graph that there is a lot of tableware on the table，which includes forks and
knives. You can see from this graph that there are some drinks，which are water, orange juice and wine. You can see from this graph that there is some salad in a glass
bowl，which is in the middle of the table. It’s a beautiful picture and it shows a lot of things. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
41. Wash Your Hands
Answer:
The following graph gives information about the way hands are washed. It shows how the process is done. The items include 'rub fingertips', 'rub palms with fingers
interlaced', and 'rinse with water', and so on. You can see from this graph that the first step is to wet the hands. You can see from this graph that the second step is to
take liquid soap. You can see from this graph that the third step is to rub hands to lather. You can see from this graph that the next step is to rub hand backs. You can
see from this graph that the next step is to rub thumbs. The final step is to rinse well with running water. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
42. Instant Coffee
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Answer:
The following graph gives information about instant coffee. It shows how the process is done. The items include adding coffee beans, adding sugar, and stirring. You
can see from this graph that the first step is adding coffee beans to a cup with a spoon and a tray. You can see from this graph that the second step is adding sugar
from a sugar pack. You can see from this graph that the third step is stirring the beans and sugar with the spoon. You can see from this graph that the next step is
adding boiling water to the cup with a kettle. The final step is the instant coffee completed. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
43. Personal Protection
Answer:
The following graph gives information about personal protection. The items include a worker, helmets and rubber boots. You can see from this graph that there is a
worker wearing a yellow helmet and a pair of brown gloves, who is standing in the middle of the graph. You can see from this graph that there is a pair of goggles on
the face of the worker, which protects his eyes. You can see from this graph that there is a pair of earplugs worn by the worker, which protects his ears. You can see
from this graph that there is a blue T-shirt worn by the worker, which is under the yellow overall. You can see from this graph that there is a pair of rubber boots worn
by the worker, which protects his feet. It’s a beautiful picture and it shows a lot of things. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
44. Fruits and Vegetables Market
Answer:
The following graph gives information about a fruit and vegetable Market. The items include market stalls, products, traders and customers. You can see from this graph
that there are bunches of bananas, which are yellow and piled next to green grapes on the stall. You can see from this graph that there is a woman standing in front of
the stall, who is buying some green vegetables, with a black plastic bag on the left arm. You can see from this graph that there are many basins，which are red and blue,
and put on the electronic balances. It’s a beautiful picture and it shows a lot of things. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
45. Coffee House
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Answer:
The following graph gives information about a coffee house. The items include sale clerks, customers and the counter. You can see from this graph that there is a coffee
house，which is bright with sunshine through big windows. You can see from this graph that there is a female sales clerk in white and black，who is smiling and taking a
customer's order on an Ipad. You can see from this graph that there is a male customer，who is wearing glasses with black rims and a blue T-shirt. You can see from
this graph that there are some coffee facilities including cabinets and coffee makers, which are behind the sale clerks It’s a beautiful picture and it shows a lot of things.
In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
46. Music Revenues
Answer:
The following line chart gives information about music revenues by dollars from 1977 to 2017. According to the line chart, the blue area means the physical revenue,
which drops from sixteen billion in nineteen seventy eight to nine billion in nineteen eighty two, before reaching the highest point, twenty two billion in two thousand.
Then the green area means the digital revenue, which rises from zero in two thousand and five to seven billion in twenty seventeen. In conclusion, we can find the
physical revenue is always higher than the digital revenue. The following graph gives information about music revenues by dollars from 1977 to 2017. The items include
physical revenue in blue and digital revenue in green. You can see from this graph that, in physical revenue, the value of nineteen seventy eight is around sixteen billion.
You can see from this graph that, in physical revenue, the value of two thousand is around twenty two billion, which is higher. You can see from this graph that, in digital
revenue, the value of two thousand and five is around zero, which is the lowest. You can see from this graph that, in digital revenue, the value of twenty seventeen is
around seven billion, which is the highest. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
47. A Food Chain
Answer:
The following graph gives information about a food chain. It shows how the process is done. The items include bees, small fish, bear, and a tree. You can see from this
graph that the first step is bees feeding on flowers of the tree. You can see from this graph that the second step is small fish feeding on bees. You can see from this
graph that the third step is a bear feeding on fish and a fish skeleton remaining. You can see from this graph that the next step is the dead bear decaying into a
skeleton. The final step is dead bear nourishing the tree. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
48. Upper Arms (B)
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Answer:
The following graph gives information about different species' upper limbs. The items include human arm, seal limb, bird wing, and bat wing. You can see from this graph
that, in human, hand, wrist and fingers are smaller than those in seal limb. You can see from this graph that, in bird wing, radius and ulna are thin and short. You can see
from this graph that, in bat wing, humerus is thinner than that in seal limb. You can see from this graph that, in bat wing, there is a wing membrane connecting fingers. In
conclusion, this graph is very informative.
49. Grape Fruits
Answer:
The following graph gives information about how the fruits grapes come to customers. According to the graph, the first step is purple grapes ripening on the vine,
followed by the second step, in which the grapes are loaded onto a truck and transported. After that, the third step is the grapes conveyed on a conveyer belt, followed
by the fourth step, in which the grapes are stowed into a brown paper box as its package. The final step is the grapes loaded in a cart, which means the grapes reach
customers. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
50. South American Rainforest
Answer:
The following graph gives information about the rain forest distribution in South America. According to this graph, the largest part of rain forest is in Brazil, Bolivia, Peru,
Colombia, Suriname, which is tropical rain forest, coloured with light green. We can also see a narrow, long stretch of tropical rain forest lying along the eastern coast of
South America, next to Atlantic Ocean. And aother stretch is located along the northwest coast of South America, next to Pacific Ocean. We see temperate rain forests
in Chile, the southmost area of South America, coloured with dark green. In conclusion, this is an informative map.
51. UK Income by Age&Gender
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Answer:
The following line chart gives information of median pre-tax income by age and gender in the UK. According to the graph we can see three lines, in which the blue one
is male, the red one both, and the green one female. We can see male rises from 12 thousand at under 20, reaches the highest point of 30 thousand at 45 to 49, and
falls to the lowest point of 18 thousand at 70 to 74. We can also see female rises from 11 thousand, reaches the highest point of 21 thousand at 30 to 34, and falls to
the lowest point of 15 thousand at and over. Finally both reaches the highest point of 25 thousand at 35 to 39, and falls to the lowest point of 17 thousand at and over.
In conclusion female is the lower than both, with both lower than male.
52. Product Life Cycle
Answer:
This line chart gives the information about product life cycle, in which sales vary in different periods of time. There are four phases in the line chart, which are intro,
growth, maturity and decline. In intro, sales rise from zero, followed by growth, in which sales keep rising. In maturity, sales reach the highest point, and then in decline,
sales begin to drop gradually. In conclusion, this line chart gives very thorough information about product life cycle.
53. Computer Then and Now
Answer:
This picture gives a comparison between computer then and now. In the left half, there is a primitive computer with a black and white screen, a green keyboard, and a
black panel, which is very cumbersome and can only be placed on the ground. In the right half, there is a modern computer with a blue screen, a black keyboard and a
black mouse, which is light-weight and is also called desktop. In conclusion, this picture about computer then and now is very informative.
54. Water Cycle
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Answer:
The following graph gives information about water cycle in nature. It shows how the process is done. The steps include evaporation, transportation, precipitation and
surface run-off. According to this graph, the first step is evaporation in the sun, with water forming clouds into the sky from the blue sea. The second step is clouds'
transportation into the sky above green and grey mountains, followed by the third step of precipitation, in which water forms surface run-offs. The final step is surface
run-offs going to the sea. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
55. Germination
Answer:
This picture gives information about the process of germination. In the first step, a seed is buried in the soil, before it develops its green embryo in the second step. In
the third step, the seed coat begins to peel off and the black root begins to grow. After that, the light green cotyledon can be seen and the seed rises from the soil.
Finally, the dark green foliage leaves grow. In conclusion, this picture tells how a seed grows.
56. Penguin
Answer:
The following graph gives information about heights of penguins. According to this graph, emperor is the tallest, which is about 1.2 meters tall. After that, the second
tallest penguin is king, which is about 1 meter. The third tallest penguin is gentoo, then chinstrap and macaroni. The smallest penguin is adelie, which is less than 0.7
meter tall. In conclusion, this graph compares the heights of several kinds of penguin.
57. Journeys in the UK
Answer:
The following graph gives information about journeys made in the UK in 2006 according to their purpose. The items include walking, education, shopping, personal
business, school run, day trip, sport, entertainment, and commuting. According to this graph, in walking, the value of men and women are around 4%. You can see from
this graph that the highest value of women is in shopping, which is 23%, and the highest value of men is in commuting and business, which is 23%. In conclusion, men
and women have the lowest value in holiday and day trip, which around 3%.
58. Number of Texts
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Answer:
The following graph gives information about adults versus teens, number of texts on a typical day. The items include None, one to ten, eleven to twenty, twenty-one to
fifty and one hundred and one plus. You can see from this graph that, in None, the value of adults is around 9%. You can see from this graph that, in None, the value of
teens is around 2%, which is lowest. You can see from this graph that, in one to ten, the value of adults is around 51%, which is the highest. You can see from this
graph that, in eleven to twenty, the value of teens is around 11%, which is the second lowest. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
59. Auditorium
Answer:
The following graph gives information about an auditorium. This is a very beautiful picture, and it shows a number of things. According to this graph, there are seven
columns of seats, which are red. Followed by that, there is a small dais standing in front of the seating area. You can see from this graph that the indoor lighting is very
bright. You can also see from this graph that there is a big and white projection screen behind the dais. There are six windows in the walls. In conclusion, this graph is
very informative.
60. Commuting Time
Answer:
The following graph gives information about commuting time in different regions in Britain, 2014. The items include London, Yorkshire, South east, North west, and South
west. According to this graph, in London, the value of the commuting time is around 107 minutes, which is the highest value. You can see from this graph that the
second highest value of the commuting time is in East of England, which is 71. The lowest value of commuting time is in South west, which is around 56. In conclusion,
London has the highest value of commuting time.
61. China Age Group
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Answer:
The following graph gives information about age group in China. The items include male, female, age group, and the population. According to this graph, in male, the
population of age from 20 to 24 is around 52 million, and that of age from 0 to 4 is lower, which is around 45 million. You can see from this graph that the highest
population of age from 80 to 84 is in female, which is around 10 million. You can also see from this graph that the lowest population of age from 90 to 94 is in male,
which is around 0.5 million. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
62. Tomato Life Cycle
Answer:
The following graph gives information about how a tomato seed can become a tomato plant. It shows how the process is done. The steps include tomato seed, a young
plant, a mature plant, a flower, and a fruit. According to this graph, the first step is tomato seed, which is in a tomato fruit cut in half. According to this graph, the
second step is to become a young tomato plant, which is green. You can see from this graph that the third step a mature tomato plant with green leaves rooted in brown
soil, followed by a flower as the fourth step. The final step is a red fruit that comes out of the flower, and the cycle will start over. In conclusion, this graph is very
informative.
63. Sitting Posture
Answer:
This picture gives information about correct and incorrect posture; It is a very interesting picture, because it shows a number of things; (According to the picture, at the
top area, I can see there is a clock and a bookshelf, also I can see the window and the sky is dark blue.) According to the picture, at the left area, there is a man sitting
on the chair, he sits very straight and his eyes are looking at the computer screen, and his hands placed naturally on the keyboard; According to the picture, at the right
area, the man is sitting on the chair and his back is hunched [hʌntʃt]弯腰驼背bend over; (and his hands placed too close to the table) In conclusion, this picture is very
informative (because it gives information about correct and incorrect posture; )
64. Waste Generation
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Answer:
The following graph gives information about the total waste generation in 2003 before recycling. The items include paper, yard trimmings, food scraps, plastics, metals,
glass, wood, and so on. According to this graph, the proportion of food scraps is around 11.7%, and that of plastics is lower, which is around 11.3%. You can see from
this graph that the highest proportion is paper, which is around 35.2%. You can also see from this graph that the lowest proportion is other, which is around 3.4%. In
conclusion, paper has the highest proportion of total waste generation in 2003.
65. Palm Oil Production
Answer:
The following line chart gives information about palm oil production of Indonesia and Malaysia. According to the line chart, we can see the red line of Indonesia rises
from the lowest point, about 5 million tones in 1997/1998, to the highest point, about 18 million tons in 2007/2008. We can also see the blue line of Malaysia rises from
the lowest point, about 8.5 million tons in 1997/1998, to the highest point, about 16 million tons in 2007/2008. And Malaysia is always higher than Indonesia until
2005/2006. After that, Indonesia is higher than Malaysia. In conclusion, this chart is very informative.
66. Laboratory Plan
Answer:
The following graph gives information about the graduation laboratory. Data of different areas are displayed on the map. At the central area, there are storage and
toilets. At the left area, there are animal sciences. According to this graph, the largest area is plant sciences. In comparison, the smallest area is office. In conclusion,
there are computer station and meeting room shown on the map.
67. Income of Bachelor
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Answer:
The following graph gives information about the annual income of bachelor degrees holders in different fields. The items include business, education, language and
literature. According to this graph, in business, the value of annual income in 1980 is around 91000. And in education, the value of annual income in 1980 is around
78000, which is lower. You can see from this graph that the highest value of annual income is business in 2000, which is around 1050000. You can also see from this
graph that the lowest value of annual income is language and literature in 1980, which is around 64000. In conclusion, in 2000, the business has the highest annual
income.
68. Temperature and Precipitation
Answer:
The following graph gives information about the monthly temperature and precipitation. The data on precipitation and temperature are displayed. According to this
graph, the highest value is the temperature of 70 degree, which is in July. On the contrary, the lowest value is the temperature of 20 degree, which is in January. You
can see from this graph that the largest proportion is precipitation of 5 inch, which is in June You can also see from this graph that the smallest proportion is
precipitation of 1 inch, which is in February. In conclusion, June has the highest number of precipitation.
69. Forest Annual Change
Answer:
The following graph gives information about the annual change in forest area by region. Data of different areas are displayed on the map. The items include net gain,
states, and net loss, According to this graph, the largest areas of forest gain in the 1990-2000 year are in Asia. In comparison, the smallest areas of the net gain in
1990-2000 are in Africa. You can see from this graph that the largest areas of net loss in 1990-2000 are in Africa. In conclusion, the area of the net gain in Asia is
much larger than that of the net loss.
70. Teaching Career
Answer:
The following graph gives information about teaching as a career. The items include final year student who wants to be a teacher, graduate students working in teaching,
employed in the teaching field. According to this graph, the value of final year students who want to be a teacher is around 1%. And the value of graduate students
working in teaching is around7%, which is higher. You can see from this graph that the highest value is in employed in the teaching field, which is around 95%. You can
also see from this graph that the lowest value is in final year students who want to be a teacher, which is around1%. In conclusion, employed in the teaching field has the
highest teaching as a career.
71. World Population Development
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Answer:
The following graph gives information about world population development from 1750 to 2050 in developing and industrialized countries. Form the graph we can see that
the population in developing countries has remained stable in 1 billion from 1750 to 1900, after that it witnessed a dramatic increase to 10 billion until 2050. . However,
for industrialized countries, it remained at a relatively low level throughout the years, which is around 1 billion. In conclusion, while developing countries have undergone a
sharp population increase, the population in industrialized countries has seen little change.
72. Arousal Level
Answer:
The following graph gives information about the relationship between arousal level and performance quality. The blue line represents the difficult tasks, and the red line
represents the easy tasks. It is clear that when the arousal level and performance quality start at a low level, boredom or apathy. Then difficult tasks reach the highest
point called the optimal level earlier than easy tasks. After that the two lines drop to the lowest point called high anxiety. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
73. Australian Population Density 1
Answer:
The following graph gives information about the Australian population density. Data of different areas are displayed on the map, based on statistical local area
boundaries, with one dot equal to one thousand people. According to this graph, the most densely populated cities are Sydney, Canberra and Melbourne which are
located in southeast coast, followed by eastern Australia's Brisbane, southern Australia's Adelaide, Hobart, western Australia's Perth, northern Australia's Darwin. In
comparison, the most sparsely populated areas are the vast outback in the middle of the continent. In conclusion, the most highly populated areas are in the southeast
coast.
74. Projected Population
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Answer:
The line chart shows the projected population in Australia in millions. .According to the chart, the series A has increased dramatically from 20 in 2001 to 65 in 2101.
Following that, series B has increased moderately from 20 to 45, from 2001 to 2101. However, series C has increased slowly from 20 to 35 over the same period. In
conclusion, the projected population in Australia is expected to increase in the coming years.
75. Customer Satisfaction
Answer:
The following graph gives information about the process flow chart. It shows how the process is done. The steps include initial stage, presentation, and signing of the
contract. According to this graph, the first step is the initial stage. Followed by that, the second step questions and presentation. You can see from this graph that the
third step is the signing of the contract . You can also see from this graph that the next step is construction. Followed by that, the next step is handling over after
completion. Followed by that, the next step defects liability period. The final step is customer satisfaction. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
76. Sunshine of Ankaran
Answer:
The following graph gives information about Sunshine and Cloudy days for Ankaran. The items include the average monthly number of cloudy days, average monthly
hours of Sunshine, and the month. According to this graph, the highest value of cloudy days is around 15, which is in January. On the contrary, the lowest value of cloudy
days is around 3, which is in August. You can see from this graph that the largest value of Sunshine is around 350, which is in July. you can also see from this graph that
the smallest value of Sunshine is around 100, which is in December. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
77. Household Energy
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Answer:
The following graph gives information about the average household energy consumption. The items include other appliances, water heating, cooking and so on.
According to this graph, the proportion of other appliances is around 24%, and that of water heating is lower, which is around 23%. You can see from this graph that
the highest proportion is other appliances, which is around 24%. You can also see from this graph that the lowest proportion is cooking and stand by, which is around
5%. In conclusion, other appliances have the highest proportion of average household energy consumption.
78. Generation from Coal
Answer:
This line graph provides information about a net generation from coal and share of total generation from coal from 1960 to 2010. Net generation from coal is
represented in a black line and measured in billion milliwatt hour. The initial number is about 0.5 MWh in 1960 and it keeps increasing to a maximum of about 2 MWh in
2010. it fluctuates a bit at the end. The share of total generation is represented in a blue line and measured in percentage. It starts at about 55% in 1960 and fluctuates
until the end of about 48% in 2010. in conclusion, this graph shows very important information.
79. ITunes Purchased Songs
Answer:
This line graph contains the information about songs purchased on iTunes, depending on week number from week 0 to week 150, measured in million songs. The song
purchased in week 0 is 1 million and at first, the increase is gradual, and the number of songs achieves about 100 million in week 60. After that, the increase becomes
much more rapid and the number quickly doubles and reaches 200 in week 80. Over the last 30 weeks from week 120 to week 150, the number of songs rapidly
increases from 500 million to 1000 million. In conclusion, this graph gives very thorough information about iTunes purchased songs.
80. Cell Phone Use in Anytowne
Answer:
The following graph gives information about cell phone use in Anytown. The items include men, women, and the year. The horizontal axis is the year, ranging from 1996
to 2002. According to this graph, in 1996, the value of both sexes is around 3000, and that of men is lower, which is around 1500. According to this graph, the highest
value of both sexes is around 3500, which is in 2002. According to this graph, the lowest value of women is around 1500, which is in 2000. In conclusion, this graph is
very informative.
81. Overseas Visitors
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Answer:
This line graph contains information about overseas visitors to three different areas including the coast, the mountains, and the lakes, in a European country between
1987 and 2007, measured in thousands of people. The coast, which is represented in blue, starts at 40 thousand people in 1987 and concludes at a maximum of about
70 thousand people in 2007. The minimum occurs in 1992 at about 35 thousand people. The lakes are represented in green and it starts at 10 thousand people in 1987,
after which it increases very rapidly to a maximum of 75 thousand people in 2002. It concludes at 50 thousand people in 2007. In conclusion, this graph shows
significant information.
82. Maslow's Hierarchy
Answer:
The pyramid shows Maslow’s pyramid with different levels of needs. Form the top to the bottom; we can see there are 5 kinds of needs, which are self-actualization,
esteem needs, belongingness and love needs, safety needs, and physiological needs. Specifically, safety needs include security and safety and belongingness and love
needs include intimate relationships and friends. Apart from that, we can also see from the right-hand side that the needs can be divided into three categories, self-
fulfillment needs, psychological needs, and basic needs. In conclusion, Maslow’s needs demonstrate that the people’s needs are gradually growing from lower level to
higher level.
83. Wind Machine
Answer:
The picture describes the wind machine. As can be seen from the graph, the wind machine is rotating counter-clockwise and the rotation used the power of wind
blades. We can also see that the advantage of this wind machine is its no pollution and the disadvantaged part is its dependence on wind power. In conclusion, the
picture shows a vivid description of the wind machine.
84. Diameter of Planets
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Answer:
The graph gives information about the diameter from the earth for different planets. As we can see the largest is taken up by Jupiter, which is 150000 km away. After
that Saturn has occupied the second largest, this is 120000 km away. Following that, Neptune and Uranus have a similar diameter, which is 50000 km away. However,
Pluto has the smallest which is only 1 km. In conclusion, different planets have different diameters from the earth.
85. 100% Health
Answer:
The following graph gives information about 100% health. It shows how the process is done. The steps include food&nutrition, fitness&exercise, relaxation&stress
management. According to this graph, the first step is through food&nutrion to achieve health and wellbeing. According to this graph, the second step is through
fitness&exerciese to make a positive change. The final step is through relaxation&stress management to achieve motivation. In conclusion, the process will repeat.
86. Gnat Life Cycle
Answer:
The following graph gives information about fungus gnat lifecycle is about 28 days. It shows how the process is done. The steps include eggs, larva, pupa, and adult.
According to this graph, the first step is eggs. According to this graph, the second step is from eggs to larva in 4-6 days. You can see from this graph that the third
step is from larva to pupa in 12 - 14 days. You can also see from this graph that the next step is from pupa to adult in 3 - 6 days. The final step is from adult to eggs in
7-10 days. In conclusion, the process will repeat.
87. Temperature&CO2
Answer:
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The graph shows the temperature and CO2 for the last 400000 years. As we can see from the graph, for temperature, the highest one can be found in 5 in every 100
thousand years. Moreover, the lowest one can be found in minus 15 in the same interval. In addition, for the carbon dioxide level, it is range from 200 to 300. Most
important, the highest CO2 level can be found at present, which is nearly 400. In conclusion, the CO2 level and temperature follow a similar pattern.
88. Past Transport
Answer:
The graph shows the major transportation modes in the past from 1500 to 2000. As we can see from the graph, from 1500 to 1850, the transportation relies on horses
carriage and bicycle, etc with the average speed is 15mph. After 1850, people traveled by locomotive in average speed at 75mph, followed by automobile become the
major transportation in modern society. In conclusion, 500 years time experience the changes in major transportation modes.
89. Length of Fish
Answer:
The following graph gives information about the length of fish. The items include 1 year, 3 years, 8 years and more than 15 years. According to this graph, in 1 year, the
length of fish is around 16cm. and that of 3 years is longer, which is around 20cm. You can see from this graph that the highest length of fish is in more than 15 years,
which is around 50cm You can also see from this graph that the second biggest length of fish is in 8 years, around 30cm. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
90. Library Plan
Answer:
The following graph gives information about the library plan. Data of different areas are displayed on the map. According to this graph, the elevator is located near the
men's toilet. According to this graph, the largest areas of the library are room 4 and room 3. You can see from this graph that the functions of the rooms are different.
91. Television v.s. Radio
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Answer:
This line graph is about radio and television audiences in the UK from October to December in 1992, depending on the time of the day or night, measured in percentage
of UK population over four years old. 0% of the UK population watch TV at 6:00 am in the morning but there are 8% of people listening to the radio at this time of the
day. The peak time of watching television is at 8:00 pm in the evening when about 50% of UK population watch TV, while the peak time of listening to radio occurs at
8:00 am in the morning when about 30% of UK population listen to the radio. In conclusion, this graph contains much logical information.
92. Not Attending School
Answer:
The following graph gives information about reasons for no longer attending school. The items include male and female. The data of the completed study, obtained
employment, illness and so on are displayed. According to this graph, for the female, the highest value is the completed study, which is 65%. On the contrary, the lowest
value is illness, which is 5%. For the male, you can see from this graph that the largest proportion is 60%. You can also see from this graph that the smallest proportion
is 3%. In conclusion, the completed study is the most popular reasons for both male and female.
93. London Street View
Answer:
The following graph gives information about London's Fleet Street Then and Today. This is a very beautiful picture, and it shows a number of things. According to this
graph, in the central area, there is a carriage; the colour of it is black. You can see from this graph that, in the right area, there is a bus; the colour of it is red. You can
see from this graph that, in the background, there is a temple, the colour of it is white. The weather is sunny. The sky is blue and clear. In conclusion, this picture is very
informative.
94. Garbage Patches 1
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Answer:
The picture shows us out of sight, out of mind. According to the picture, we can see the continent-sized cortex of plastic waste is blighting the Pacific. Specifically.
There are two rubbish soups, the eastern garbage patch which is next to Japan and the western garbage patch which is next to the Hawaii, The north pacific gyre
currents are running differently in two different patches. Apart from that, the translucent soup of degrading plastic waste is as deep as 10 meters and the north pacific
gyre currents keep soup in constant movement. We can also see the section of garbage patch is in color red. In conclusion, the picture indicates that we need to take
environmental problems seriously.
95. Australian Population Density
Answer:
The following graph gives information about Australian Population Density. Data of different areas are displayed on the map. According to this graph, Melbourne and
Sydney are the most populated city in Australia. In comparison, the smallest population is in the middle of Australia. You can see from this graph that Queensland will
become the third largest populated city in Australia. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
96. Iron Age Hut
Answer:
The following graph gives information of the iron age hut. According to this graph, this is a cross section of an ancient hut, which is triangular in shape. In the middle of
the graph, you can see a pillar supporting the sloping rafters. And the roofs are covered by reed thatch. In the hut, you can see ashes and seats below the ground level.
On the ground level, you can see the turf wall. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
97. The Eatwell Plate
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Answer:
The following graph gives information about the proportion of the Eatwell plate. The items include fruit and vegetables, bread&rice, food&drinks and so on. According to
this graph, the proportion of fruit and vegetables is around 35%, and that of milk and dairy food is lower, which is around 18%. You can see from this graph that the
highest proportion is fruit and vegetables, which is around 35%. You can also see from this graph that the lowest proportion is food and drinks high in fat/sugar, which
is around 8%. In conclusion, fruit and vegetables have the highest proportion of the Eatwell plate.
98. Music Download
Answer:
The following graph gives information about how to download music from Tesco Extra. It shows how the process is done. The steps include search, purchase, download
and play. According to this graph, the first step is to search for the music you like online. According to this graph, the second step is to purchase it through the website.
You can see from this graph that the third step is to download the music on digital devices, such as laptops and phones. The final step is to enjoy the songs after
finishing all these steps In conclusion, the process will repeat.
99. Temperature&Precipitation
Answer:
This graph presents the relationship between temperature and precipitation throughout the year from January to December. The temperature is represented in an orange
line and measured in degree Celsius. It starts at about 26oC in January and gradually increases. A maximum is reached in October at about 0.oC. It concludes at about 4
oC in December. The precipitation is represented in blue bars and measured in mm. The maximum occurs in May at 110mm, and the minimum occurs in February at
about 70mm. In conclusion, this graph gives very detailed information.
100. Population&Consumption
Answer:
The following graph gives information about the population and consumption level worldwide. You can see from this graph that the value of middle income in 2004 is 2.3
thousand million, including Russia and Mexico. You can see from this graph that the value of high income in 1960 is 0.7 thousand million, including the United States and
Japan, which is the lowest. You can see from this graph that the value of low income in 2004 is 3 thousand million, including India, which is the highest. You can see
from this graph that China and Indonesia joined the middle income world in 1990s. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
101. Poverty Rate
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Answer:
The following graph gives information about poverty rates by age and by gender in 2012, measured in percentage. In the age group of 65 and older, the poverty rate of
the female is 11% while that of the male is 6.6%. In the age group of 18 to 64, the poverty rate of the female is 15.4% and that of the male is 11.9%. In the age group
under 18, the poverty rate is much higher than other groups, with female 22.3% and male 21.3%. This graph is sourced from the US Census Bureau, current population
Survey, 2013 Annual Social and Economic Supplement. In conclusion, this graph gives very thorough information.
102. Students' Worked Age
Answer:
The following graph gives information about the number of students who worked at ages 14 to 18. The number of students who worked is represented in blue and that of
students who did not work is represented in red. Students who are 14 have the highest number of did not work, at about 25 students, while students who are 18 has the
least number of did not work, at about 3 students. In contrast, there are 23 students who are 18 and worked, and there is about 1 student who is 14 and worked. In
conclusion, this graph gives very thorough information.
103. Pupil/Teacher Ratio
Answer:
The following graph gives information about the ratio between pupil and teacher in primary schools in January of 1997, measured in percentage. It can be seen that only
2% of the schools have a ratio of less than 16, and only 1% have a ratio of 16. Then the percentage gradually increases as the pupil-teacher ratio increases. A maximum
occurs when the pupil-teacher ratio is 24. 14% of the schools have this ratio. After that, as the ratio increases, the percentage decreases and concludes at about 6%
when the ratio is over 27. In conclusion, this graph shows very impressive information.
104. Homologies of Structure
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Answer:
The picture gives information about different arm bones. As we can see from the picture, the human has the largest upper arm bone. Following that, birds and bats have
the longest lower arm bone and they are almost the similar length. .After that the bats have the longest metacarpals, however, the seal limb has the longest fingers. In
conclusion, different body structure has different kinds of bones.
105. World Water
Answer:
The following graph gives information about the world’s water distribution. It can be seen that 97.5% of the world’s water is salt water and only 2.5% is freshwater. In
the freshwater sector, glaciers and permanent snow occupy the largest proportion at 68.7%, followed by which groundwater occupies 30.06% of the fresh water. Ground
ice and permafrost takes 0.86% of fresh water and other resources take 1.22% of fresh water. In the other sector, lakes occupy the majority of the proportion at 0.26%.
In conclusion, this image gives very thorough information about the world’s water distribution.
106. Hospital Visits
Answer:
The following graph gives information about the average number of annual hospital visits per capita among Glasgow residents. The horizontal axis is years, ranging
from1960 to 2010. According to this graph, in the year of 1960, the value is around 2.5. And according to this graph, in the year of 1970, the value is around 2. The
highest value is around 3, which is in 2010. On the contrary, the lowest value is around 2, which is in 1970. In conclusion, if this trend continues, the average number of
annual hospital visits will keep increasing in the future.
107. Consumer Confidence
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Answer:
The following graph gives information about consumer confidence. The horizontal axis is years, ranging from 1990 to 2008. According to this graph, in 1990, the value is
around 85, and that of 1996 is lower, which is around 70. According to this graph, the highest value is around 105, which is in 2002. According to this graph, the lowest
value is around 65, which is in 2008. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
108. Double Population
Answer:
The following graph gives information about the double population. The horizontal axis is years, ranging from 1700 to 2000. According to this graph, in 1715, the years to
double is around 544, and that of 1804 is lower, which is around 304. According to this graph, the highest value of years to double is around 544, which is in 1700.
According to this graph, the lowest value of years to double is around 47, which is in 1999. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
109. Sunrise & Sunset
Answer:
This graph reveals the information about sunrise and sunset times over the year, recording the first days and the fifteenth days of the months from January to December.
It is clear that the sunrise time represented in blue is early in January and December, and gradually becomes the latest in June. In contrast, the sunset time represented
in pink is the latest in January and December, while it is the earliest in June. It can be observed that the times of the sunrise and sunset are exactly the opposite, and the
shapes of the trends of both sunrise and sunset times show an “S” shape. In conclusion, this graph gives very interesting information about sunrise and sunset times.
110. World Income Distribution
Answer:
The following line charts give information about world income distribution over the population. According to the upper line chart, in nineteen seventy the world population
is three point seven billions, and those spending less than one dollar per day accounts for thirty-eight percent, one point four billions. We see in nineteen ninety the
world population is five point three billions, and the poor to the left of the poverty line accounts for twenty-six percent, one point four billions. In conclusion, the poor
decrease from nineteen seventy to nineteen ninety.
111. Pet Expenditure
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Answer:
The following graph gives information about the proportion of pet expenditure in the US. The items include vet care and wellbeing, food and litter, pet purchase and so
on. According to this graph, the proportion of vet care and wellbeing is around 47%, and that of food and litter is lower, which is around 41%. You can see from this
graph that the highest proportion is vet care and wellbeing, which is around 47%. You can also see from this graph that the lowest proportion is the pet purchase, which
is around 2%. In conclusion, vet care and wellbeing have the highest proportion of pet expenditure in the US.
112. Egypt Trading
Answer:
The following graph gives information about ancient Egypt trading. It shows how the process is done. The steps include import goods and export goods. According to
this graph, the first step is to import cedar oil and timber from Lebanon. According to this graph, the second step is to import copper, precious stones and gold from
Nubia. You can see from this graph that the third step is to import slaves and animals from Africa. You can also see from this graph that the next step is to import
horses, fruit, and honey from other countries. The final step is to exports linen, tools, bread and weapons to other countries. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
113. Quiz Operation
Answer:
The following graph gives information about the Begining of the flow chart for the quiz. It shows how the process is done. The steps include clicking to start the quiz,
clicking to go to the next question and click true. According to this graph, the first step is to click to start the quiz. Followed by that, the second step is to go to
question 1. You can see from this graph that the third step is to click false or true. You can also see from this graph that the next step is to click to the next question.
The final step is to go to question 2. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
114. Radar Detection
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Answer:
The following graph gives information about radar detection. It shows how the process is done. The steps include snow, ice sheet, and ice melting. According to this
graph, the first step is the snow formation. According to this graph, the second step is that the ice sheet becomes melting. You can see from this graph that the third
step is the grounding line. You can also see from this graph that the next step is the ice shelf melts from the bottom up. The final step is to measure water depth and to
predict future sea level rise. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
115. Power Transmission
Answer:
The following graph gives information about power transmission. It shows how the process is done. The steps include coal, power station, transformer, substation.
According to this graph, the first step is mining. According to this graph, the second step is to send to the power station. You can see from this graph that the third
step is to use national transmission lines. You can also see from this graph that the next step is to send to the substation. The final step is to send to houses, shops,
and other buildings. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
116. Arctic Food Chain
Answer:
The following graph gives information about the arctic food chain. It shows how the process is done. The steps include algae, diatoms, and copepods and so on.
According to this graph, the first step is that diatoms eat algae. According to this graph, the second step is that copepods eat diatoms. You can see from this graph
that the third step is that arctic cod eat copepods. You can also see from this graph that the next step is that ringed seals eat arctic cods. According to this graph, the
next step is that polar bears eat ringed seals. The final step is that algae absorb excrement. In conclusion, the process will repeat.
117. Government Expenditure
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Answer:
This graph shows the government expenditure in different sectors of education. It is shown on the graph that $11 billion are invested in education in total. At the top of
the pyramid, we can see higher education in which $1.8 billion are invested, followed by which vocational educational training and schools get $2 billion and $3-4 billion
respectively. At the bottom of the pyramid, we can see the early childhood in which $0.8-1.4 billion are invested. It can be seen that schools get the highest investment
while early childhood gets the least. In conclusion, this graph gives very interesting information.
118. Food&Oil Price
Answer:
The following graph gives information about food price vs oil price. The items include oil price, food price index, and years. The horizontal axis is years, ranging from
2000 to 2009. According to this graph, in 2000, the value of the oil price is around 40, and that of the food price index is lower, which is around 20. According to this
graph, the highest value of oil price is around 140, which is in 2008. According to this graph, the lowest value of the food price index is around 20, which is in 2001. In
conclusion, this graph is very informative.
119. Pencil Length
Answer:
The following graph gives information about pencil length. The items include New Jersey, Chicago, and Michigan. According to this graph, in Chicago, the length of the
pencil is around 46.750. And that of New Jersey is higher, which is around 50.680. You can see from this graph that the highest length of the pencil is in New Jersey,
which is 50.680. You can also see from this graph that the lowest length of the pencil is Virginia, which is around 18.950. In conclusion, New Jersey has the highest
length of the pencil.
120. S&P
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Answer:
The following graph gives information about S&P/ASX 200, a sharemarket index. You can see from this graph that the value of ten is around zero, the lowest. You can
see from this graph that the value of eleven is around three thousand four hundred ninety, which is higher. You can see from this graph that the value of eleven thirty is
around three thousand five hundred, which is the highest. You can see from this graph that the value of twelve fifteen is around three thousand four hundred ninety-two,
which is the third peak. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
121. Deforestation Reasons
Answer:
The following graph gives information about the proportion of deforestation reasons. The items include cattle ranching, small-scale agriculture, other and so on.
According to this graph, the proportion of cattle ranching is around 65%, and that of small-scale agriculture is lower, which is around 20%. You can see from this graph
that the highest proportion is cattle ranching, which is around 65%. You can also see from this graph that the lowest proportion is the other, which is around 1%. In
conclusion, cattle ranching has the highest proportion of deforestation reasons.
122. Switzerland Language
Answer:
The following graph gives information about Switzerland Language. Data of different areas are displayed on the map. The items include German, Italian, French,
Romansch. According to this graph, the largest areas of language is German, which is in the center of Switzerland. In comparison, the smallest areas of language are
Romansch, which in the east of Switzerland. In conclusion, using German is much larger than that of using Romansch.
123. Bird Feeder
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Answer:
The graph gives information about how to use a plastic bottle as a bird feeder. According to the picture, it is clear that on the first stage, there is a water bottle with two
pencils in it, which is brown and blue, respectively, and the bottle is full of food. After that, on the second stage, the two pencils are replaced with two spoons, which are
made of wood. In conclusion, the little bird standing on the spoon can get food from the bottle, and we can see the caps of two bottles have different colors, namely
blue and white.
124. Solar Eclipse 1
Answer:
The graph shows different eclipse. When we look at the left-hand side of the picture, we can see the sun. In the middle of the picture, we can see the moon, which is on
the moon’s orbit. On the right of the picture, there is the Earth, which orbits around the sun. As we can see in the graph when the sun, moon, and Earth parallel each
other. we can see the shade of moon called penumbra creating the partial eclipse. we also can see the middle of a shade called umbra, which means that there is a total
eclipse. In conclusion, this graph shows the formation of different eclipses.
125. Parts of Tree
Answer:
The graph shows a different part of the tree. When we look at the top of the picture, we can see the crown of the tree, which includes leaves on top, a twig in the
middle, and branches at the bottom in the crown. Followed by the crown we can see a trunk, which connects the roots in the soil. Finally, the crown of the tree shares a
similar size with roots so that they provide a lot of information to scientists. In conclusion, this picture demonstrates the structure of trees.
126. Tree Ring and Saw
Answer:
The following graph gives information about the evidence of tree growth rings. This is a very beautiful picture, and it shows a number of things. According to this graph,
in the central area, there is a tree ring; the colour of it is brown. You can see from this graph that, in the right area, there is a saw; the colour of it is black. You can see
from this graph that, in the background, there are grasses, the colour of those is green. The weather is sunny. The sky is blue and clear. In conclusion, this picture is very
informative.
127. Food Pyramid 1
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Answer:
This picture shows the pyramid of food required by human bodies. At the bottom of the pyramid, we can see water, which is the most essential to human bodies. Above
water, on the second layer of the pyramid, we can see whole grain foods such as rice, cakes, and biscuits. Above the whole grain foods level, there is a fruits and
vegetable level . We can see grapes, oranges, and apples in the fruit section, and broccoli, potatoes, and carrots in the vegetable section. Above the fruits and
vegetables, we can see milk products and fish, poultry and eggs. At the top of the pyramid, there is a sugar and salt level. In conclusion, all the levels in the pyramid are
important for human bodies.
128. Unemployment by Age
Answer:
The following graph gives information about unemployment rates by age and qualification. The items include age, year, and percentage. The horizontal axis is years,
ranging from 1992 to 2010. According to this graph, in 1992, the value of age from 16 to 17 is around 30, and that of age from 18-20 is lower, which is around 20.
According to this graph, the highest value of age from 16 to 17 is around 50, which is in 2010. According to this graph, the lowest value of age from 18 to 20 is around
15, which is in 2004. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
129. Happiness
Answer:
The following graph gives information about what determines happiness. The items include the genetic set point, intentional activities, and life circumstances. According
to this graph, the proportion of genetic set point is around 50%, and that of intentional activities is lower, which is around 40%. You can see from this graph that the
highest proportion is the genetic set point, which is around 50%. You can also see from this graph that the lowest proportion is life circumstances, which is around 10%.
130. Water Wheel
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Answer:
The following graph gives information about water wheels with different rotational directions. On the left, we can see a water wheel, which is rotating anticlockwise. On
the right, we can see another water wheel, which is rotating clockwise. According to this graph, the water wheels are both overshot ones, with a flume overhead, through
which water flows down on the wheels. And we can see tail races lying below the water wheels, in which water falling down from the wheels flow away. In conclusion, the
graph is informative.
131. Internet Population
Answer:
The following graph gives information about internet population. The items include Germany, UK and France. You can see from this graph that the value of US is around
160 millions. You can see from this graph that the value of Japan is around 60 millions, which is lower. You can see from this graph that the value of China is around 180
millions, which is the highest. You can see from this graph that the value of Netherlands is around 10 millions, which is the lowest. In conclusion, this graph is very
informative.
132. Age Percentage
Answer:
The following graph gives information about the age distribution in the UK from 1911 to 2011. When we look at the age of 65 and over, the percentage has increased
from 5% in 1911 to 15% in 2011. In contrast, the age below 14 has decreased from 30% to 20% over the same period. At the same time, people age between 15-64 has
remained stable at around 70% throughout the years. In conclusion, it can be expected that the UK is undergoing an aging population from 1911 to 2011.
133. Fruit&Vegetable Consumption
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Answer:
The following graph gives information about the US fruit and vegetable consumption trends from 1970 to 2010 in pounds per person per year. For vegetable consumption,
it has remained stable at 330 from 1970 to 1980, after that it climbed drastically to 425 in 2000, which is the highest, before dropping down to 400 in 2010. When we
look at the fruit consumption, it increased gradually from 230 in 1970 to 280 in 2000, which is the highest, and then it also declined to 250 until the end of the period. In
conclusion, vegetable consumption is much larger than fruit consumption throughout the period.
134. Solar Yard Light
Answer:
The following graph gives information about how solar yard lights work. It shows how the process is done. The steps include the glass cover, the solar cells, and the
battery. According to this graph, the first step is the glass cover. According to this graph, the second step is solar cells. You can see from this graph that the third step
is photoresistor. You can also see from this graph that the next step is the battery. According to this graph, the next step is the controller board. According to this
graph, the next step is LED. The final step is the lamp cover. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
135. Meat Consumption
Answer:
The following graph gives information about annual per capita meat consumption from 1961 to 2009, measured in kilograms, in different countries including USA, China,
and Liberia. USA, which is shown in blue, starts at 90 kg in 1961 and concludes at 120kg in 2009. China, which is shown in red, starts at 5kg in 1961 and then increases
rapidly and concludes at a maximum of 60kg in 2009. However, for Liberia, India, and Ethiopia which are shown in green, orange and grey, the meat consumption
remains relatively stable throughout the years. In conclusion, this graph gives impressive information about meat consumption.
136. Sleeping Hours
Answer:
The following graph gives information about baby sleep hours. The items include age, nighttime sleep, daytime sleep, and total sleep. You can see from this graph that,
in one month, the value of daytime sleep is around seven hours with three naps. You can see from this graph that, in six months, the value of nighttime sleep is around
ten hours, which is higher. You can see from this graph that, in one month, the value of total sleep is around fifteen point five hours，which is the highest. You can also
see from this graph that, in eighteen months, the value of daytime sleep is around one point two five hours with one nap, which is the lowest. In conclusion, this graph is
very informative.
137. Foreign Language Proficiency
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Answer:
The following graph gives information about the percentage of students proficient in a foreign language in different countries, including China, India, and Russia,
categorized by males and females. India has the highest percentage of both male and female students proficient in a foreign language, at 56% and 69% respectively. In
contrast, China has the lowest percentage of both female and male students proficient in a foreign language, at 33% and 15% respectively. In Thailand, the percentages
of male and female students proficient in a foreign language are 30% and 27% respectively. In conclusion, this graph provides interesting information.
138. Fly Life Cycle
Answer:
The following graph gives information about how houseflies work, that is, the life cycle of a fly. It starts with eggs which are laid by an adult fly, and then the eggs
become 1st larva stage. In this stage, the larva is relatively small. Then the cycle goes to the 2nd larval stage where the larva grows larger but the color remains relatively
constant. When it comes to the 3rd larva stage, the larva becomes much larger and the color starts to become darker. After that, the cycle reaches the pupa stage
where the larva is covered with dark skin. The pupa becomes an adult fly eventually which can lay eggs again and let the process continues. In conclusion, this image
gives a vivid illustration of the life cycle of a fly.
139. Weekly Temperature
Answer:
The following graph gives information about the information about temperature measured in degree Celsius throughout the week, from Sunday to Saturday. It is
represented in the yellow line. It starts at 25oC on Sunday and increases to a maximum throughout the week of 28oC on Monday, followed by a decrease to 26oC on
Tuesday. The temperature keeps decreasing to 22oC on Wednesday and reaches a minimum of 19oC on Thursday. The temperature starts to increase again to 23oC on
Friday and concludes at 27oC on Saturday. In conclusion, these line graphs give very detailed information about the temperature change over the week.
140. Income Distribution
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Answer:
The following graph gives information about income distribution in 1970. The items include china, usa, and the number of people. The horizontal axis is incomes, ranging
from 100 to 100000. According to this graph, in China, the largest number of people is in 1000, and that of the USA is lower, which is around 0. According to this graph,
the highest number of people in China, which is in 1000. According to this graph, the highest number of people in the USA, which is in 10000. In conclusion, this graph is
very informative.
141. Taxi Hailing
Answer:
The following graph gives information about the taxi service workflow. There are two ways that customers can make a booking. The first way is to make a booking by
phone so that an operator can make the booking directly. The other way is to make an online booking. The booking will be received by the workstation desktop. The
bookings from both pathways will be sent to taxi service server so that taxi drivers will be sent out for the bookings. The types of taxi include cars, vans, and trucks. In
conclusion, this flow diagram gives detailed information about the taxi booking.
142. Urban Percentage 1
Answer:
The following graph gives information about the percentage of the population in urban areas in 1950, 2007 and 2030. As we can see the largest proportion goes to
North America, which increased from 64% in 1950 to 79% in 2007 and ends at 87% in 2030. For the second largest amount, it is Latin America which increased
dramatically from 42% to 84% over the same years. However, Africa has taken up the smallest amount which also climbed up from 15% to 51% impressively. In
conclusion, the world’s total urban population has significantly increased from 29 % in 1950 to 49% in 2007 and is expected to continue the increase to 60% in 2030.
143. Thoralby Population
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Answer:
The following graph gives information about the total population of Thoralby from 1870 to 2010. The information is shown in a blue line. It starts at about 275 in 1870,
followed by a decrease to a minimum of about 100 in 1950. During the increase, there are some fluctuations. After 1950, there is a huge increase to a maximum of 325
in 1970. After that, the population decreases rapidly again to about 150 in 1990. The population remains relatively constant after that and concludes at about 150 in 2010.
In conclusion, this graph gives very detailed information about the population in Thoralby.
144. Most Used Technology
Answer:
The following graph gives information about the most used technology. The items include the number of users. computer, and telephone. According to this graph, on the
computer, the number of users is around 4. and that of TV is higher, which is around 6. You can see from this graph that the highest number of users is in telephone,
which is around 8. You can also see from this graph that the lowest value of users is Webcam, which is around 1. In conclusion, the telephone has the highest number of
users.
145. Internet User Number
Answer:
The following graph gives information about the number of internets users. The items include cities, numbers. According to this graph, in Greece, the number of internets
users is around 7. and that of Spain is higher, which is around 10. You can see from this graph that the highest number of internets users is in Sweden, which is around
44. You can also see from this graph that the lowest number of internet users in Greece, which is around 7. In conclusion, Sweden has the highest number of internet
users.
146. Underground Passengers
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Answer:
The following graph gives information about the changes in the number of London underground station passengers in one day from 6:00 to 22:00, in terms of a number
of people. We can see from the graph that at 6:00, there are only 100 passengers and the number increases to a maximum of 400 passengers at about 8:00. Followed
by that there is a decrease and keeps relatively stable at about 300 passengers from 12:00 to 14:00. Then the number continues to decrease to a minimum of 100
passengers at 16:00, followed by which the number increases again. It concludes at about 100 passengers at 22:00. In conclusion, this graph presents very impressive
information.
147. Dubai Gold Sales
Answer:
The following graph gives information about Dubai Gold Sales. The horizontal axis is the month, ranging from January to December. According to this graph, in January,
the value is around 200, and that of February is higher, which is around 210. According to this graph, the highest value is around 300, which is in March. According to
this graph, the lowest value is around 100, which is in July and September. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
148. Air Temperature
Answer:
The following graph gives information about air temperature. Data of different areas are displayed on the map. According to this graph, the highest temperature areas
are in African and South America. In comparison, the lowest temperature areas are in the Arctic and the South Pole. You can see from this graph that the moderate
temperature areas are in China and Europe. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
149. Evacuation Route
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Answer:
The following graph gives information about the school map. In this map, we can see there are two hydrant exits. For the one located on the top left corner, students
from the photography lab and micromachining lab and officers, as well as the 1295 room, can follow this route to evacuate. For the other one, students and faculty staffs
from room 1292 research deposition furnaces and room 1286 research photo geography lab, mechanical room, and microelectronics lab can go for this route to the
stairs for an exit, which is located on the bottom left corner. In conclusion, the picture gives us clear information about the two hydrant exits for evacuation.
150. Fish Shoal
Answer:
The following graph gives information about fish shoal. This is a very beautiful picture, and it shows a number of things. According to this graph, In the morning, the
number of fish is relatively small but more predatory. You can see from this graph that, in the evening, the number of fish is relatively large but less predatory. The sea is
blue and clear. In conclusion, this picture is very informative.
151. Life Expectancy
Answer:
The following graph gives information about life expectancy at birth by sex. The items include years, males, and females. The horizontal axis is the year, ranging from
1888 to 2013. According to this graph, in 1888, the value of males is around 45, and that of the females is higher, which is around 50. According to this graph, the
highest value of males is 75, which is in 2013. According to this graph, the lowest value of females is around 50, which is in 1888. In conclusion, the female has the
highest life expectancy at birth.
152. Number of Articles
Answer:
The following graph gives information about the number of articles published per year by male and female university professors. The items include years, male, and
female. The horizontal axis is the year, ranging from 2006 to 2012. .According to this graph, in 2006, the number of articles published by the male is around 3000, and
that of the female is lower, which is around1000. According to this graph, the highest value of male is around 3200, which is in 2009. According to this graph, the lowest
value of female is 1000, which is in 2006. In conclusion, the male has the highest number of articles published by university professors.
153. European Countries 1
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154. Number of Arrests
Answer:
The following graph gives information about the number of arrests per year for using illegal drugs from 1991 to 2005. It starts at 10 arrests in 1991 and increases to
about 23 arrests in 1993, followed by a much steeper increase to about 60 arrests in 1995 and remains constant until 1997. The number decreases after that to 40
arrests in 1999 but then increases again to a maximum of 70 arrests in 2000. The number remains relatively stable in the last three years and concludes at 40 arrests in
2005. In conclusion, this graph gives an interesting trend.
155. Inbound Tourists
Answer:
The following graph gives information about inbound tourists in Ecuador. The items include Colombia, usa, and Peru. According to this graph, in the percentage of the
total arrivals, the value of Colombia is around 27. and that of the USA is lower, which is around 21. You can see from this graph that the highest value of the percentage
of the total arrivals is in Other which is around 32. You can also see from this graph that the lowest value of the percentage of the total arrivals is Peru, which is around
20. In conclusion, Other has the highest inbound tourists in Ecuador.
156. Australian Rankings
Answer:
The following graph gives information about the rankings of Australia among 194 nations. The items include the position in the world, literacy, and life expectancy.
According to this graph, in GNP, the ranking of GNP is around 19, and that of Literacy is higher, which is around 1. You can see from this graph that the highest ranking
of Australia is in Literacy, which is 1. You can also see from this graph that the lowest ranking of Austalia is GNP, which is 19. In conclusion, Literacy has the highest
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ranking in Australia.
157. Solar Composition
Answer:
The following graph gives information about the proportion of composition of the Sun. The items include hydrogen, helium and carbon. According to this graph, the
proportion of hydrogen is around 60%, and that of Helium is lower, which is around 16%. You can see from this graph that the highest proportion is hydrogen, which is
around 60%. You can also see from this graph that the lowest proportion is carbon, nitrogen and silicon which are less than 1 %. In conclusion, hydrogen has the highest
proportion.
158. Sprouting
Answer:
The following graph gives information about the process of how the seeds can grow into a tree. The first step is about a seed, it is buried under the ground. The second
step is about a seedling, which means the seed can grow after some time and the roots underground will begin to extend. The next step is about a small tree, which
means there is a leave growing out of the seed and the roots underground becoming further extended. Finally, the last step is about the tree, more leaves are grown
from the stems and roots underground extend deeper and deeper. In conclusion, the whole process contains 4 steps and it is an easy process to see the mature tree
from a small seed.
159. Language Shares
Answer:
The following graph gives information about proportion of languages. The items include Latin, French, Germanic languages, Derived from proper names and so on.
According to this graph, the proportion of Latin is around 29%, and that of Germanic languages is lower, which is around 26%. You can see from this graph that the
highest proportion are Latin and French, which are around 29%. You can also see from this graph that the lowest proportion is Derived from proper names, which is
around 4%. In conclusion, Latin and French have the highest proportion of languages.
160. National Flags
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Answer:
The following graph gives information about two national flags. In the first national flag, from the top to the bottom, the colors are green, white and black; there is also a
red rectangle on the left-hand side. In the second national flag, the color composition is the same. However, from the top to the bottom; the colors are red, white and
black, with a green triangle on the left-hand side. In conclusion, the two national flags are quite similar in color while they are still different in shapes and composition.
161. Garbage Patches
Answer:
The following graph gives information about out of sight, out of mind. According to the picture, we can see the continent-sized cortex of plastic waste is blighting the
Pacific. Specifically, there are two rubbish soups, the eastern garbage patch which is next to Japan and the western garbage patch which is next to Hawaii, the north
pacific gyre currents are running differently in two different patches. Apart from that, the translucent soup of degrading plastic waste is as deep as 10 meters and the
north pacific gyre currents keep soup in constant movement. We can also see the section of the garbage patch is in color red. In conclusion, the picture indicates that
we need to take environmental problems seriously.
162. Depression Probability
Answer:
The following graph gives information about depression probability. As we can see from the age of 16 to 45, the depression probability has increased dramatically from
0.002 to 0.02, and people who are middle-aged have the highest probability of depression. Following that the depression rate begins to decline to around 0.007 as the
age grows older and ends at around 0.006 when they are 70 years old. In conclusion, as young people are growing older they are more likely to get depression,
especially in their middle ages.
163. Earth Crust (2)
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Answer:
The following graph gives information about earth crust. This is a very beautiful picture, and it shows a number of things. According to this graph, the first layer is the
atmosphere. Followed by that, the second layer is the crust. You can see from this graph that the third layer is the mantle. You can also see from this graph that the
next layer is the outer core. The final layer is the inner core. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
164. MSW Generation
Answer:
The following graph gives information about total MSW generation by material in 2009. The items include Paper and paperboard, food scraps ,other and so on.
According to this graph, the value of paper and paperboard is around 28.2%, and that of food scraps is lower, which is around 14.2%. You can see from this graph that
the highest value is paper and paperboard, which is around 28.2%. You can also see from this graph that the lowest value is other, which is around 3.5%. In conclusion,
paper and paperboard has the highest value of MSW generation by material.
165. Electricity Generation
Answer:
The following graph gives information about electricity generation in China by type from 1994 to 2004. For the conventional thermal, it has increased from 600 in 1994
to 1500 in 2004 gradually. When we look at the hydroelectric, it remained relatively stable at around 100 throughout the period. For the total generation, it has increased
dramatically from 900 to 2000 from 1994 to 2004. To sum up, conventional thermal still occupies the largest part of electricity generation in China.
166. Adult Literacy
Answer:
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The following graph gives information about adult literacy by region from 2000-2004. As we can see the largest amount can be found in Latin America and the
Caribbean, which is 89% in females and 91% in males. Following that Asia has the second largest rate, which is 73% in females and 86% in males. However, we can
find the smallest amount in sub-Saharan Africa, which is 53% in females and 79% in males. In conclusion, males have a larger adult literacy rate than males in all the
regions.
167. Virus Replication
Answer:
The following graph gives information about Virus Replication. It shows how the process is done. The steps include adsorption, entry, replication, assembly, release,
According to this graph, the first step is adsorption. According to this graph, the second step is the entry. You can see from this graph that the third step is replication.
You can also see from this graph that the next step is assembly. According to this graph, The final step is to release. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
168. Simple Circuit
Answer:
The following graph gives information about simple circuit with light. This is a very beautiful picture, and it shows a number of things. According to this graph, at the
central area, there is a battery; the colour of it is black and yellow. You can see from this graph that, at the left area, there is a bulb; the colour of it is white. You can
see from this graph that, there is a line connecting the bulb and the battery. The electricity flows from the negative pole to the positive pole. In conclusion, this picture is
very informative.
169. Earth Structure
Answer:
The following graph gives information about the core. According to the picture, we can see from the inside to the outside, there is an inner core, which is 800 miles,
1300 kilometers. Following that, it’s the outer core, which is 1400 miles, 2250 kilometers. And then it’s the mantle, which is 1800 miles, 2900 kilometers. The most
outside one is the crust, which is 5-25 miles, 8-40 kilometers. In conclusion, the core has a very complex structure.
170. Height of Tree
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Answer:
The following graph gives information about the height of trees. The items include hemlock, cedar, spruce, douglas fir. According to this graph, in Hemlock, the value of
height is around 130 feet, and that of Cedar is higher, which is around 200 feet. You can see from this graph that the highest value of height is in Douglas Fir, which is
around 280 feet. In conclusion, Douglas Fir has the highest number.
171. Air Pollution
Answer:
The following graph gives information about the chemical transformation. According to the chart, the first step is about chemical sources, which generated from industry,
transportation, ore smelting, and power generation. Following that, the second step is about emissions, which means wastes will be emitted to the atmosphere such as
nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide. The third step is about chemical transformation, which transforms the chemicals into nitric acid and sulfuric acid. After that is divided
into two ways, for one it goes to condensation and for the other, it becomes dry fallout which includes particulates and gases. Finally, they will form the precipitation,
acid rain, fog, snow, and mist. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
172. Solar System
Answer:
The following graph gives information about the solar system. This is a very beautiful picture, and it shows a number of things. According to this graph, the largest
planet is Jupiter; the colour of it is brown. You can see from this graph that, the second largest planet is Saturn; the colour of it is brown. And the smallest planet is
Mercury, followed by Mars, Earth, Venus, Neptune, Uranus. In conclusion, this picture is very informative.
173. Oxbow Lake
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Answer:
The following graph gives information about water channels and how they can be formed. From the first picture, we can see that there is a meander and along the
meander, there are lots of trees, there is also a neck in between the meander. However, when we move to the next stage, the sand becomes deposited in the river and
finally, it becomes silt around the river neck, therefore there is a new channel formed and a new oxbow lake begins to run in this way. In conclusion, the formation of the
oxbow lake requires water and sand forces to shape its channels.
174. Typing Hands
Answer:
At the upper left area, there is a keyboard, the color of it is black, and there are hands which parallel with each other, which is right. At the lower left area, there is a
hand which parallels with the keyboard. And it is the right gesture. At the upper right area, there are two hands which are twisted against each other.,and it is wrong. The
second picture in the right area, 2 hands are the point in the opposite direction, which are wrong. The third picture at the right area, there is a hand forming an angle
with the keyboard. At the lower right area, there is a hand whose wrist forming a right angle. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
175. Apartment Plan
Answer:
The following graph gives information about the housing structure. When we enter the house from the entrance, on the left-hand side we can see a small kitchen with a
stove in it and on the right-hand side there is a small toilet and a place for a shower. Going deeper into the house, we can find the main bedroom which is on the left
corner with a double bed and a desk in it, and the living room is on the right corner with spacious room, a long lounge, and some sofas. In conclusion, it is a very
comfortable house to live in.
176. Moon&Fish
Answer:
The following graph gives information about lunar and fish. As we can see for the first quarter moon, the fish are located at the bottom of the sea. When entering into
the next stage, fish begin to move upwards and are located in the middle part of the sea. Next, when it comes to the full moon, the fish are distributed all over the sea.
Finally, for the last quarter moon period, the fish are located near the surface of the sea. In conclusion, the picture shows that lunar and fish are closely related to each
other.
177. BMI
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Answer:
The following graph gives information about Aim for a healthy weight: BMI chart for adults. The graph shows the information about body mass index. The height is
between 140 centimeters to 200 centimeters, and the weight is between 30 kilograms to 150 kilograms. It is clear that obese occupies the largest percentage, above BMI
30; followed by overweight, normally occupies the area between BMI 30 and BMI 25; then the healthy weight range, between BMI 25 and BMI 18.5. Finally it is
underweight below BMI 18.5. In conclusion, this graph summarizes information about body mass.
178. Global Warming
Answer:
The following graph gives information about global warming predictions. Light color represents low temperature increase and dark color represents high temperature
increase. From the map, we can see that the highest temperature increase can be found in North America, which is 6-8 degrees. Following that, the second highest
temperature increase can be found in Africa and Europe, which is around 3-5 degrees. And the lowest temperature increase can be found in Australia and North
America, which is around 1-3 degrees. In conclusion, the world is going to have global warming as predicted.
179. Apple Life Cycle
Answer:
The following graph gives information about how an apple seed can become an apple tree. It shows how the process is done. The steps include apple seeds, an apple
tree, a flower, and so on. According to this graph, the first step is apple seeds. According to this graph, the second step is to sprout. You can see from this graph that
the third step is the apple tree. Then the next step is the flower. Finally, we can get green and big apples from the apple tree. In conclusion, the process will repeat.
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Retell Lecture
1. Icy Sea (Incomplete)

Points: A video. The camera move forwards above the sea which likely has ice on the surface. Keywords: countries, ocean, the United Kingdom, Norway, New Zealand, ...
(these country names are repeated twice in the lecture).
(APEUni Website / App RL #289)
2. Venus (Audio Available)

Original:
There is a picture, sort of artist's impression, before the space age of what Venus might be like on its surface and so this was looking at the planet Venus, it was science
fiction and science fact all the way up to 56 before the start of the space age but it wasn't completely disproved, this idea of a really sort of lush environment on Venus
until 1967, which is when the first measurements in detail were done at Venus. So Mariner four and Mariner five confirmed the feeling from an earlier space mission that
in fact the surface of Venus was not like this at all, but extremely hot and, and also that the clouds were made of sulfuric acid so there wasn't a nice water cycle like is
going on in this picture and so, that it had to wait for these in situ measurements by space craft to actually do that and so Venus turned out not to be quite as Earth like
as we thought and I'll sort of tell you about some of the latest results from Venus Express, which, which they actually there are some Earth like features, but to a large
extent, it's not like the Earth. Okay, so a brief comparison between.
There're audio records available for this question. Search by the question number at APEUni Website / App to listen.
3. Education (Incomplete)
Points: A picture about education, similarly as shown here. Keyword: education, skills, potential.
4. Pursuit of Happiness (Incomplete)

Points: Well-being is usually defined in different ways. Despite different races, genders, and nationalities people pursue well-being in the same way, the way they pursue
fortune and health.
5. Animal Image (Incomplete)

Points: A lecture with a video about how to find images of animals. Six trillion triangles in the video. How to use computers to create images of animals. The more
triangles we use, the more details we can see.
6. Universal Philosophy (Audio Available)

Original:
Okay. So this is the this is the big benefit of a universal philosophy. It says it applies to everybody. Well, looks that doesn't, you know, 205 or 206 countries in the world.
And you've got something that applies to everybody. That's a bit strange, isn't it? No, says liberal theory. There are same value structures that apply to all of us. You
couldn't have the United Nations without it. It couldn't tell you that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights without this idea of values that apply to all of us just
because we are humans. Now, the idea is to test that as well. Why is sport universal? Why does everybody play football? It's because the values are specified at a very
thin level at the top. There are these rules and we all have to abide by just these rules. But there are lots of things about football that aren't rules specified. So Brazilian
football is different from Italian football, from British football, from German football, from Spanish football. It's culturally specific, but acknowledges that there are these
universal general rules to apply to everybody.
7. Facial Recognition (Audio Available)

Original:
Last week we talked about how people recognize objects and really how well people recognize objects, given how difficult the problem is, given how objects can be seen
in all different sorts of illumination, in different positions, in different angles. And yet we are able to extract that information, we are able to take the visual stuff out there,
interpret it in a way that allows us to recognize all the different things that we can see in our environment. Today we're gonna kind of carry on looking at that, but we
gonna look at what's really a special class of objects. That's the human face. So we gonna look at how we recognize human faces and how we do it quite as well as we
do. We're really expert at recognizing faces. So again we can think about how do we take that visual information and how do we transform it into a form which allows us
to put a name to a face, and to do all the other clever things that we can do with faces. So I'm gonna start off again by just pointing out that it's a hard problem. Face
recognition is a hard problem, and it's a clever thing we do. If you think about all the different types of faces you can recognize, and all the different types of information
you can get from the face, you kind of start to appreciate how well we can do face recognition.
8. Computer and Human (Incomplete)

Points: A video beginning with a blackboard on which two big numbers multiply with each other. Computers can do fast multiplication of big numbers, because this is of
mathematics and logic, which takes a great amount of time for human to do it. Because multiplication consists of a sequence of precise steps, computers won't make
mistakes. Then some English words come up in the video, which are written by different persons. Humans can easily read handwriting, which is had for computers to
recognize words written by humans on paper. You may get some Gender Registration Screen.
9. Animated Rabbit (Incomplete)

Points: A video likely consisting of only one or two PPTs. Once upon a time ... (an animated rabbit with four words in the video) ... Introduction is a key factor .. is
important than the .. element of a story ...
10. Cotton Subsidy (Incomplete)

Points: The US provides 100% subsidy towards cotton, and cotton prices in the world market drop drastically, which imposes the greatest impact on cotton farmers in
Africa.
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11. Hat (Incomplete)

Points: A yellowish picture. Keywords:18 century, heading, hat development.
12. City of Rome (Audio Available)

Original:
But you can see from the relatively crooked and narrow streets of the city of Rome as they look from above today, You can see that again, the city grew in a fairly ad
hoc way, as I mentioned. It wasn't planned all at once. It just grew up over time, beginning in the eighth century B.C..Now this is interesting. Because what we know
about the Romans is when they were left to their own devices and they could build the city from scratch, they didn't let it grow in an ad hoc way. They, they structured it
in a, in a very care-, very methodical way. That was basically based on military strategy, military planning. The Romans they couldn't have conquered the world without
obviously having a masterful military enterprise. And they everywhere they went on their various campaigns, their various military campaigns .They would build, build
camps and those camps were always laid out in a very geometric plan along a grid, usually square or rectangular.
13. Child Language Acquisition (Audio Available)

Original:
Child language acquisition, three little words. So let's take them on at a time. Child, when to start being a child? For many people, language acquisition starts around
about twelve months when kids say that first word, but don't forget the first year. At the first year, our first year of life is very important as well and indeed before you
are born, remember there are couple of months before you are born, when you actually able to perceive in the womb, something of the language that's around you. So
language acquisition starts earlier than most people think. And it also ends later than most people think. When does child language acquisition stop? Well, in a sense, you
know, we are all children, we stay being children all in our lives. There is no obvious endpoint for learning sounds, of course, there is for learning grammar, there is for
vocabulary, huh. I mean that goes on for the rest of our lives in million or more words in English. Most of us only have a vocabulary of 50, 60, 70 thousand words,
whatever it is until there is always something to learn. So remember that two ends of child language acquisition are wider apart than some people think. That means
there is more scope for studying in it than most people think.
14. Internet and Children (Incomplete)

Points: In a video a woman talking about the effects of the Internet on children development, including positive effects, and negative effects such as access to
pornography sites and ... the roles of parent and teachers and policymakers on this phenomenon.
15. Energy Challenge (Audio Available)

Original:
Most Americans take energy for granted. But, for many families, maintaining access to reliable and affordable energy is a persistent challenge and a significant material
hardship. This is a problem referred to as energy insecurity, and it affects millions of American households each year. We have found that energy insecurity is a growing
and vexing problem among low-income households, and the COVID-19 pandemic has made this problem worse. Our analysis finds that there are disparities in rates of
energy insecurity across various socio-demographic groups. Black and Hispanic households, for example, are significantly more likely to experience energy insecurity and
face utility disconnection than white households. So too are households with young children, individuals that require electronic medical devices, and those in dwellings
with inefficient or poor conditions. Households that cannot pay for energy are unable to power electronic learning or medical devices, keep perishable, healthy food in
the refrigerator, or maintain safe body temperatures. Under conditions of extreme heat or cold, people can suffer from mental and physical health consequences,
including the possibility of death. Strategies for coping with uncomfortable temperatures, such as burning trash or sitting in one's car with the heat running, can lead to
tragic outcomes as well. Our research underscores the importance of public policy that targets energy insecurity and its underlying causes. Weatherization assistance,
incentives for residential solar power, energy bill assistance, and utility disconnection protections are all viable strategies for helping the millions of households across the
country that are currently unable to pay their energy bills.
16. Solar Energy (Incomplete)

Points: About solar energy with a picture of solar energy panel. The advantage of solar enery is that we don't have to worry about the supply. Solar energy is not always
available. It will be unavailable after sunset. So it is necessary to store solar energy and turn it into chemical fuels. Scientists are working on how to use solar energy
even at night.
17. Red Planet (Audio Available)

Original:
Mars is the fourth planet from the sun and the second smallest planet in the solar system after Mercury, named after the Roman god of the war. It is often referred to as
a red planet because the iron oxide prevalent on its surface gives it a reddish appearance. Mars is a terrestrial planet with a thin atmosphere, having surface features
reminiscent of both the impact crater of the moon, and the volcanoes, valleys, deserts, and polar ice caps of the earth. The rotational period and the season cycles of
the Mars are likewise similar of those of earth, as it was the tilt that produced the seasons. Mars is the site of the Olympus Mons, the largest volcano and the second
largest known mountain in the solar system, and the Valles Marineris, one of the largest canyon in the solar system. Until the first successful Mars flyby in 1965 by
Mariner 4, many speculated about the presence of the liquid water on the planet surface. This was based on observed periodic variation in the light and the dark
patches, particularly in the polar latitude, which appeared to be seas and continents. Geological evidence gathered by the unmanned mission suggested that Mars once
had a large scale of water coverage on the surface at some earlier stages of existence.
18. Dietary Health (Incomplete)

Points: A picture of vegetables including green pepper, eggplant, chili. The lecture is about dietary health. ... from farm to table.
19. Sunrise and Sunset in Space (Incomplete)

Points: When watching the earth from space, the first view is beautiful, phenomenal. A sunrise and a sunset can be seen every 90 minutes, 45 minutes in darkness and
45 minutes in light, so a sunrise every 45 minutes and a sunset every 45 minutes. Orbit is also mentioned.
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20. Bilingual Parents (Audio Available)

Original:
Many parents communicate and educate their children with two languages, probably because they both know more than one language, or they come from different
countries. Most of these parents think this can benefit their children’s language learning. But actually kids will get confused when their parents use different languages
from each other to describe the same object. If one parent sticks to one language, and the other one sticks to another language, their children will not be confused any
more.
21. DNA (Incomplete)

Points: Genes decide, produce and make the protein in the cells. The process from genes to proteins is complex. They are the fundamental building blocks of all
organisms. DNA, as shown in the picture, is like a chain.
22. Leadership (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
A leader can define or clarify goals by issuing a memo or an executive order, an edict or a fatwa or a tweet, by passing a law, barking a command, or presenting an
interesting idea in a meeting of colleagues. Leaders can mobilize people’s energies in ways that range from subtle, quiet persuasion to the coercive threat or the use of
deadly force. Sometimes a charismatic leader such as Martin Luther King Jr. can define goals and mobilize energies through rhetoric and the power of example. We can
think of leadership as a spectrum, in terms of both visibility and the power the leader wields. On one end of the spectrum, we have the most visible: authoritative leaders
like the president of the United States or the prime minister of the United Kingdom, or a dictator such as Hitler or Qaddafi. At the opposite end of the spectrum is
casual, low-key leadership found in countless situations every day around the world, leadership that can make a significant difference to the individuals whose lives are
touched by it. Over the centuries, the first kind–the out-in-front, authoritative leadership–has generally been exhibited by men. Some men in positions of great
authority, including Nelson Mandela, have chosen a strategy of “leading from behind”; more often, however, top leaders have been quite visible in their exercise of power.
Women (as well as some men) have provided casual, low-key leadership behind the scenes. But this pattern has been changing, as more women have taken up
opportunities for visible, authoritative leadership.
23. A Book (Incomplete)

Points: A video with a woman having a book in her hands. The book is about how to do research, and you can read the book's name directly according to the video. The
woman introduces the book to her listeners, and talks about the book's audience, likely students. She also talks about what the first and the second chapters are about,
and why the book is good.
24. Amazon (Incomplete)

Points: A picture about Amazon, the most innovative company. Two examples are given, with one being that kindles can cancel the wrong orders. The lecture mainly
talks about how to be customer centric.
25. Windmill (Incomplete)

Points: A picture with 'windmill' and 'watermill' written on it. The speaker tells for how many people the electricity can be generated by windmills.
26. Biological Forgetting (Audio Available)

Original:
People forget things every day including experiences, feelings and thoughts. We call this process biological forgetting. Remembering is hard for people, and people try to
overcome biological forgetting. Human' memory is not fixed, but it can be reconstructed and shaped by the past. Since ancestors, we have always been trying to improve
our memory.
27. Leadership and Management (Incomplete)

Points: About profound differences between management and leadership. Leaders often dislike the status quo, and want to make some challenges to change directions.
However, management stays in the status quo and follows procedures to make sure everything goes well. So in other words, leadership disrupts management.
28. Graphical Representation (Incomplete)

Points: In a video, a male lecturer is giving his speech on a podium. There is a PPT as the background, whose title is 'graphical representation'. The PPT is about a kind
of software for video/audio edition. In the beginning, music can be recorded, modified, and redone. Then the software is introduced, saying it is used on computer. All
this is electronic, and this job is very professional. 'graphical representation' and 'software' are mentioned many times.
29. General-purpose Cars (Incomplete)

Points: A picture in which there is a red car with a number plate as 'VJxxx' and how many passengers it can carry is mentioned. The topic is about the changes brought
to people's lives by general-purpose cars. People can drive and go everywhere more comfortably. ... go to Scotland。 It changed the way we live and the way we educate
because we can go to school by car. ... improve individual mobility ... be more wealthy.
30. Street Stalls (Incomplete)

Points: A picture. Many people are running stalls in a market. There are three rows of stalls and each row has a vacant stall.
31. Edmund Wilson (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Wilson came then from a different world and he became the focal point of a broad mainstream American culture that thought that modern literature and wanted modern
literature to be able to be read and appreciated by ordinary people. They were not modernists in an abstract sense and certainly some of them like TS Eliot and Faulkner
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were too difficult for some of their writings to be read by ordinary people, but this was a world before the division between the brows or between elite or whatever had
established itself as part of our consciousness. Wilson was a major player in the successful effort of his generation to establish at the heart of American life and
innovative literature that would equal the great cultures of Europe. And he knew that the great cultures of Europe were there he was not a product of a narrow American
Studies kind of training at all. He joined a high artistic standard with an openness to all experience and a belief that literature was as much a part of life for everyone as
conversation. He thought that Proust and Joyce and Yeats and Eliot could and should be read by ordinary Americans and helped that to happen. Wilson was a very
various man over a period of almost 50 years. He was a dedicated a literary journalist, an investigative reporter, a brilliant memoirist and a dedicated journal keeper.
32. Children Obesity (Incomplete)

Points: There are twenty percent of children in the USA today have the obesity problem. As a result, heart diseases have become more and more common among
children, the youngest of which is five years old. This situation makes children suffer the heart attack and other health problems earlier and earlier, such as kidney
impairment and stroke. The diseases that used to occur to people above fifty or sixty are now happening to people as early as they are five or six years old. Those
diseases that used to be uncommon have begun to be common. We have to address the overweight problem.
33. Cloud Formation (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Absolutely. There's a lot of interest in what forms those clouds. Why are those clouds there, why do they stick around? At the center of every cloud drop is a particle.
You can't grow a cloud drop without having a particle there for the water to condense on. The key questions that people have not directly addressed until very recently is
what actually forms those clouds. And so the ones that you’re looking at over the ocean, it turns out sea salt is a very effective nucleator for forming clouds,, so there’s a
really good chance that those are loaded with sea salt. But as you go inland you start to have pollution come from all different kinds of sources, and so different sources
form clouds more effectively than others. And we're trying to unravel which sources are actually contributing to the clouds. The clouds are incredibly important players in
climate change in that they reflect the light back to space, and so they're keeping things much, much cooler than they would be if they weren't there. They also play a
huge role in regional weather. So we're actually starting to see shifts where having more pollution input into the clouds is affecting weather patterns, and in particular it's
actually reducing the amount of precipitation, so we're starting to see drought in areas with super high levels of air pollution.
34. Procedure (Incomplete)

Points: A pale yellow PPT, with the title 'Kumar Case' and three points: justice, procedural fairness,conclusion. Male: What is your concern about the system of law?
Anything about independency, procedural fairness, or else? Female: Procedural fairness. It enables one party to see the other's evidence, and provides opportunities to
question the other party. One party hands in evidence, the evidence is questioned by the opposite party, and then new evidence is handed in again. But procedural
fairness actually influences substantive fairness. How dose such a procedure guarantee justice.
35. Fatherhood (Incomplete)

Points: A picture in which a pair of hands hold a baby. The lecturer talks with a high speech rate. The role of father in parenting is mentioned. Fatherhood makes
children feel safe so they can take risks to develop independence and autonomy. Thus children can grow up into responsible and compassionate citizens.
36. King (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
At the top, you would have a king. Now the king would rule over a kingdom. Now, this is not so easy to govern especially during the Middle Ages. And the king might owe
many people, things especially people who help the king come to power, helped him dispose the previous king or to conquer this land. And so in exchange for that and to
help govern, he might grant land or feasts to other people. And the key currency in the Middle Ages under the feudal system island. And land in exchange for loyalty and
service. So this whole thing is a kingdom. Now right over here, this is a Duchy. And a Duchy will be controlled by a Duke. I guess I didn't call it duckie because that just
doesn't sound as serious. So the king might grant a Duchy, a Duchy to a Duke and in exchange, the Duke would provide loyalty pledged their fealty. If the kingdom is
threatened, the Duke will fight alongside. The King would provide their own troops if the king wants to go conquer other territories, same thing, and also provide the king
with taxes which might be in the form of coinage depending on what time and region we are in the Middle Ages or it might be in the form of a percentage of the
agricultural production from this Duchy.
37. Globalization (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
I've been thinking a lot about the world recently and how it's changed over the last 20, 30, 40 years. Twenty or thirty years ago, if a chicken caught a cold and sneezed
and died in a remote village in East Asia, it would have been a tragedy for the chicken and its closest relatives, but I don't think there was much possibility of us fearing a
global pandemic and the deaths of millions. Twenty or thirty years ago, if a bank in North America lent too much money to some people who couldn't afford to pay it
back and the bank went bust, that was bad for the lender and bad for the borrower, but we didn't imagine it would bring the global economic system to its knees for
nearly a decade. This is globalization. This is the miracle that has enabled us to transship our bodies and our minds and our words and our pictures and our ideas and our
teaching and our learning around the planet ever faster and ever cheaper. It's brought a lot of bad stuff, like the stuff that I just described, but it's also brought a lot of
good stuff. A lot of us are not aware of the extraordinary successes of the Millennium Development Goals, several of which have achieved their targets long before the
due date. That proves that this species of humanity is capable of achieving extraordinary progress if it really acts together and it really tries hard.
38. Performance of Genders (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
You can see that the two charts, each give quite a different picture of the performance of boys and girls in the two key subjects of Math and English. It shows that in
English, girls consistently outperform boys over a period of 6 years, achieving scores about 10% above their male peers. There is quite a different picture when we look at
the Math results with no real difference between genders in the results. What is the explanation for these key differences? To answer this question, researchers look at
biological and cognitive factors, and a range of social factors. The interaction between these different components in early childhood development are seen as
maintained and reinforced in the school context. And this leads to distinct gender patterns of behavior and skills with direct consequences for school performance and
achievement. The ultimate uses of this evidence (are) to show that biological factors, such as patterns of cognitive developments are closely linked to social factor, such
as learned gender categories. This cognitive skills are learned both pre-school and subsequently at school, supported by the responses of teachers, creating a
reinforcement of patterns.
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39. Animal Behavior (B) (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Why should we bother studying animal behavior? Well, first and foremost, because we are interested in understanding why animals do what they do. There are lots of
other reasons for studying animal behavior. Conservation biologists need to know what animals do if they’re going to save them. Are those animals social or solitary?
How much space do they need and how many mates do they have? Sometimes you can’t predict the outcome of the research. Fernando Nottebohm started out being
interested in how birds know what to sing. Yet his research eventually led to a complete overhaul of the entire field of neurobiology, a totally unanticipated yet utterly
monumental effect. And this is the course textbook by John Alcock the fact that this is in its ninth edition tells you how fast an afield animal behavior is. There are lots of
new developments.
40. British Population (Incomplete)

Points: There are three million people in Wales, five million in Scotland, and seven million in London. The population of London is almost as large as those of Wales and
Scotland combined. So many British people in England live in London, almost one out of seven. But people in Soctland and Wales live sparsely. So, it is difficult for
England to manage London with such a large population because it doesn't have a nationalist party which can be used to administrate people. However, Scotland and
Wales have their nationalist parties.
41. Overfishing (Audio Available)

Original:
Aquaculture, the farming of fish, shrimp, shellfish and seaweeds, has been the sources of human protein for nearly four thousand years, especially in Asia. In the last
decade, however, there is been unprecedented growth in aquaculture production, more than 300% since 1984, which has increased the importance of the modern food
supply. It’s the world’s fastest growing food production activity. And globally, more than 25% of the odd fishing and shellfish production in 1999 was attributable to
aquaculture. Yes, this industry’s contributions to human diet is actually greater than the numbers imply, whereas 1/3 of the conventional fish catch is used to make fish
meal and fish oil. Virtually all farmed fish are used as human food. Today, nearly 1/3 of fish consumed by human is the product of aquaculture, and that percentage will
only increase as aquaculture expands the world’s conventional fish catch, for the oceans and lakes continues to decline because of overfishing and environmental
damage.
42. Truth and Rhetoric (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
But Aristotle says the reason we need rhetoric is we have to be able to use it. To use rhetoric influence the ramble, we try to get them to understand truth. Truth is
suggest ... is different than XX Rhetoric is the dressing, is the body, right? Truth is the spirit, is the soul, is abstract. It doesn't have a body. It's not particular. If you
wanna get somebody to the truth, you might have to use some kind of tricks. Right? Because most of people are not sound and can see the truth. That's what we think.
Most people are rambles. Really. Only the educated be erudite are actually capable of seeing the truth. If you wanna get the general mass there, you may have to do a
little bit. So Aristotle that is rhetoric. Rhetoric is something that is used to influence people. Right? And it's a kind of mentally promised a logic.
43. Robot and Human (Audio Available)

Original:
Why is it difficult to make a robot like a human being? Why cannot robots finish the work easily like human beings? For some tasks, it is easy and simple for humans to
complete, but it is very difficult to ask a robot to do what we want because humans and robots have different recognition functions. For example, considering the
insights, it is hard for robots to recognize colours because they do not have sensory mechanisms. Artificial intelligence scientists have to devise a sensor that is
implanted to robots to enable them to recognize different colours. The sensor has a camera on it to capture pixels, and then will translate the pixels into an image, which
is not as easy as expected. This process is very complex. The translation of every pixel to accurate things could be difficult, especially colour differentiation which needs
complicated sensories to fulfil. So the improvement of the sensor is necessary. In conclusion, there is no comparison between humans and robots.
44. Dimensions (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Well, there' s a number of ways to think about what dimensions are. I hope we all know where three dimensions are, which you can say are left, right; forward, backward;
up, down. And if you think about it, three . we say there are three dimensions of space. And sometimes we need three coordinates to locate some objects in space. So,
you can say longitude, latitude and altitude. So if there were more dimensions, you would need more coordinates. Now of course for whatever reason we are not
physiologically designed to observe those dimensions, but that doesn’t mean they don’t exist. One way of thinking about it is, Maybe the best way of thinking about it is
the way that someone named Edwin Abbott did it in the late 19th century in a book called flatland. And he said suppose there were two dimensional creatures living in a
two dimensional universe. They would have the same trouble conceptualizing three dimensions that we have when we try to conceptualize more than three, such as four.
And so, he asked questions like, “What would observers in this two dimensional universe see, say, if a three dimensional object like a sphere passed through the
universe?” And what this flatland universe would see would be a series of disks that grow in size and then decreased in size. In the same way that we can certainly think
about a two dimensional world inside a three dimensional world, it could be that we observe three dimensions but really there are more. And if a hyper sphere say a four
dimensional sphere passed through our universe, we would see a series of spheres that grew in size and then decreased in size. The fact that we don’t observe those
extra dimensions doesn’t mean they don’t exist. And they are hard to conceptualize. They certainly are hard to visualize. But we can think about them mathematically and
conceptually without too much trouble.
45. Linguistic Training (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
I think with our linguistic training we also get all this invisible training to be authorities, to be the people who know. It is part of that process that you come out as a world
authority on your chosen subject. But when we move into working with communities, we have to recognise that the communities have to be the authority in their
language. Actually, a woman in the class I'm teaching at Sydney at the moment, a career woman, expressed this very nicely, although she was talking about something
else, she was distinguishing expertise from authority. And certainly linguists, because of our training we do, have expertise in certain very narrow areas of language, but
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we don't have the authority over what to do with that knowledge or what to do with other knowledge that the community produces. I guess for me the bottom line is
languages are lost because of the dominance of one people over another. That's not rocket science, it's not hard to work that out. But then what that means is if in
working with language revival we continue to hold the authority, we actually haven't done anything towards undoing how languages are lost in the first place, so in a
sense the languages are still lost if the authority is still lost.
46. Earth v.s. Mars (Incomplete)

Points: A PPT is given, and you can read it accordingly. This lecture compares the conditions on the earth and Mars, as well as the habitability of Mars. There are some
similarities such as polar caps, atmospheres and water climate. But Mars and the earth also have lots of differences. Even the most inhabitable areas on the earth are
way different from those on Mars. In preparing for the Phoenix Mission, scientists have done Antarctica trial runs. The lecture also describes different forms of water
(hydrology) on the surface and underground of the earth and Mars.
47. Advanced Machine (Audio Available)

Original:
The biotech engineering has undergone three phases. In the first phase, people designed and made some simple machines, which aimed to help people understand
ourselves. And first group of people that realized we could learn form ourselves were engineers. And then, based on the studies, people began to make complicated
devices, in order to cure wounds, like the practice of suture, and to study physiology. This is the second phase. Later, since we went into the third phase, more
complicated machines have been developed, like ECG (electrocardiography), able to have an insight of your internal body without intruding it, which can show the human
brain's functions. X-ray is a good example. In an X-ray picture, you can see the bright area is the heart with some vessels around, and the dark area is the lungs. These
devices benefit humans greatly in solving health problems, such as diseases.
48. Visual Description (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
The comics I show you with lots of people chatting around in a room is a form of description. We use different kinds of methods to describe a situation. Sometimes we
have to use visual description, particularly when we do not witness the scenario. I was born during the Second World War and my hometown is X, for example when I
asked my mother about the war, I always ask her you have mentioned this or that when you talked to me when asked her about the shelter, I asked her what the shelter
looks like and when did you go to the shelter. From her response I could get more visual evidence as I can to write my book.
49. Ship (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Our civilization, which subsumes most of its predecessors, is a great ship steaming at speed into the future. It travels faster, further, and more laden than any before. We
may not be able to foresee every reef and hazard, but by reading her compass bearing and headway, by understanding her design, her safety record, and the abilities of
her crew, we can, I think, plot a wise course between the narrows and bergs looming ahead. And I believe we must do this without delay, because there are too many
shipwrecks behind us. The vessel we are now aboard is not merely the biggest of all time; it is also the only one left. The future of everything we have accomplished
since our intelligence evolved will depend on the wisdom of our actions over the next few years. Like all creatures, humans have made their way in the world so far by
trial and error; unlike other creatures, we have a presence so colossal that error is a luxury we can no longer afford. The world has grown too small to forgive us any big
mistakes.
50. Anti-HIV Program (Audio Available)

Original:
In India, a lot of people are working as community service workers. Quarterly meetings are held in order to provide training and consultation to them, and thus they can
understand how to prevent diseases from spreading throughout the communities, such as HIV, which is difficult to be controlled. Such precaution knowledge is taught by
professionals from large hospitals and organizations. But in some cities, large consultaion is not suitable because it is hard for target groups to meet, who live in remote
areas. To deliver training to them, professional teams have to go across rivers.
51. Loggerhead Turtle (Incomplete)

Points: About loggerhead turtle, one of the largest turtles in the world, and almost distinct in the USA. They have big heads and short necks. In September, 1986,
scientists put a tracker on a turtle’s shell, and used satellites to track and locate the migration route of the turtle. They reached different localities in different time. The
migration took three months, from the south Florida to the north. A map of the East Coast of the US is given and the turtle migration route and the year are marked it.
52. Food Quantification (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
I'm a dietitian and I work in clinical weight-loss recently. Accurately estimating portion size is critical in research or real-world settings. For example, if you're trying to
watch your weight and you're out to dinner and you're presented with a bowl of food, there's no really good way to actually estimate how much you're eating unless
you're gonna whip some scales out of your bag. So we wanted to find a more objective way for people to quantify what they're eating when they're out and about. I came
up with a more hands-on approach. We got people to measure the dimensions of the food using the width of their fingers and remembering back to primary school
maths. We use the geometric volume formulas to estimate the weight of the food. To show you how this works, I've ordered a piece of lasagna. And that's my box, a
glass of wine and that's my cylinder. And I'm feeling pretty healthy, so I order some watermelon for dessert. And that's my wedge. So this was I know it's seven by five, by
four fingers. In the future, I see this method be incorporated into smartphone applications. So you put your finger, it's in along with your height and your weight. And the
app will do all of the calculations for you. And then you've got a more accurate way to estimate the portion size.
53. Motivation (Incomplete)

Points: About two types of motivation, Approach Motivation and Avoidance Motivation. Approach Motivation means moving to things that are positive, such as vocational
plans. Avoidance Motivation is driving away things that are negative and whose purpose is to reduce anxiety. Avoidance Motivation is quite intense.
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54. Character Education (Incomplete)

Points: The lecture is about a research on young people aged from 3 to 25 years old to see how they participate in their communities and how they form values, as well
as their character education. The outcome involves parents, friends, and school. We try to figure out which one is the most important. 'we want to know how... ' is
mentioned in the lecture many times.
55. Soot Emission (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Sometimes it's the little things that can make big things happen. Fleas and the plague, atoms and nuclear bombs. Diminutive leaders in world history. Soot is one of these
little things. Soot also known as black carbon is released when you burn dung, coal, diesel fuel and wood. From Los Angeles to Mumbai, soot causes respiratory illnesses
like lung cancer and asthma and contributes to one point six million premature deaths every year. Mostly among the poor. And it gets worse. Atmospheric currents carry
soot thousands of miles from where it is produced, to the Himalayas and the Arctic. Black carbon being black, absorbs sunlight, so even a little soot on snow makes it
melt faster. And when snow melts global sea levels rise, threatening our freshwater indigenous communities and polar bears who hunt on the Arctic ice. Climate Change
has been a big thing for a while and carbon dioxide has been its main cause. Scientists estimate that soot causes twenty five percent of human-caused global warming.
It’s the second leading cause of Arctic warming after carbon dioxide. Let’s not underestimate the impact of this tiny particle. But there’s good news, reducing black
carbon may be the fastest way to slow global warming. Buy time for the Arctic. Yes even more so than changing a light bulb. Since black carbon only stays in the
atmosphere for a couple of weeks, reducing it will produce results immediately. Of course, reducing soot alone won’t solve global warming, but solving our soot problem
now will help buy time for the Arctic and allow us to deal with the bigger problem of carbon dioxide. We have the cleaner industries, cook stoves, and diesel now we have
to use them. In developed nations, we’ve significantly reduced our black carbon, but we still have much more to do. We need to tighten our standards at home and invest
in cleaner technologies in developing nations. In a world going on seven billion people, you might feel rather little yourself. But if you urge the US government and the
European Union to take the lead on black carbon reduction, you can make a big difference.
56. Silk Road (Incomplete)

Points: The silk road is not like what we thought it would be. People traveled in groups to other countries through the silk road, exchanged things, and then came back.
There were also some side groups who went to other countries such as India, which was called the ‘Amber Route’. At that time, there was also gift changing that
happened on the silk road. Some individual also use this road for travel.
57. Telescope (Incomplete)

Points: A video with a lady, standing, giving her lecture. About instruments used in space observation. Telescopes should be put as high as possible. Via a telescope
installed in higher areas, especially desert and mountainous areas, people can observe distant objects clearer. They can also be placed in space, such as the Hubble
telescope, which have many functions, like transferring other planets' images back, and thus helping us understand the earth (or space?). Key words: solar energy, the
length of telescope.
58. Advertising Standard Authority (Incomplete)

Points: About ASA(Advertising Standard Authority), with HFSS( food high in fat, sugar and salt) mentioned in the very final part. An organization, ASA(Advertising
Standard Authority), is introduced, and it helps consumers make healthy decisions in buying food and drinks, also helps consumers identify the food contents in the
labeling, like sugar, salt.
59. Melatonin (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
I'm just going to take on where stuff left off. The hormone I want to now talk about it's called melatonin. The synthesis is in the Pineal Gland, which is very small. It is the
size of a pea in your brain. Descartes called it the 'seat of soul', and it is where melatonin is made. And it has a rhythm as well. And in the sense, it is the opposite of the
cortisol. It peaks at night. We call it as the darkness hormone. In every species that we studied, melatonin occurs at night. And it's hormone that prepares you for the
things, that your species, does at night. So, of course, in humans we sleep, but animals, like rodents, they are awake. So, it's a hormone that is related to darkness
behavior.
60. Bee Language (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Honey bees do a waggle dance to direct other bees to the source of nectar. The dancing bees like this one can be halted by a headbutt from another bee. Now research
has found that this headbutt is actually a warning signal. A feeding station was set up in the lab to mimic the a source of nectar, then foraging bees were introduced to
the dangers at the station, such as competition from rival colonies. When foragers returned to the hive they stopped bees dancing. Scientists think the behavior warns
dancers of a dangerous source of nectar.
61. Large Hadron Collider (LHC) (Audio Available)

Original:
Protons are finally transferred to the LHC (both in a clockwise and an anticlockwise direction) where they are accelerated for 20 minutes to 6.5 TeV. Beams circulate for
many hours inside the LHC beam pipes under normal operating conditions. For each collision, the physicist's goal is to count, track and characterize all the different
particles. The charge of the particle, for instance, is obvious since particles with positive electric charge bend one way and those with negative charge bend the opposite
way. Also the momentum of the particle can be determined. Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest particle accelerator lies in a tunnel. The LHC is a ring
roughly 28km around that accelerates protons almost to the speed of light before colliding them head-on. Protons are particles found in the atomic nucleus, roughly one
thousand-million-millionth of a meter in size. The LHC starts with a bottle of hydrogen gas, which is sent through an electric field to strip away the electrons, leaving
just the protons Electric and magnetic fields are the key to a particle accelerator.
62. NGO V2 (Audio Available)
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Original:
A non-governmental organization (NGO) is an organization that is neither a part of a government nor a conventional for–profit business. Usually set up by ordinary
citizens, NGOs may be funded by governments, foundations, businesses, or private persons. Some avoid formal funding altogether and are run primarily by volunteers.
NGOs are highly diverse groups of organizations engaged in a wide range of activities, and take different forms in different parts of the world. Some may have charitable
status, while others may be registered for tax exemption based on recognition of social purposes. Others may be fronts for political, religious, or other interests. The
number of NGOs in the United States is estimated at 1.5 million. Russia has 277,000 NGOs. India is estimated to have had around 2 million NGOs in 2009, just over one
NGO per 600 Indians, and many times the number of primary schools and primary health centres in India. NGOs are difficult to define, and the term ‘NGO’ is rarely used
consistently. As a result, there are many different classifications in use. The most common focus is on “orientation” and “level of operation”. An NGO’s orientation refers
to the type of activities it takes on. These activities might include human rights, environmental, improving health, or development work. An NGO’s level of operation
indicates the scale at which an organization works, such as local, regional, national, or international. Sample Answer: This lecture mainly talks about the non-
governmental organization. NGOs may be funded by governments, foundations, businesses or private persons. The number of NGOs in the US is 1.5 million and India has
around 2 million in 2009. It is difficult to define NGO as the activities are highly diverse, some may have charitable status while others maybe registered for tax
exemption.
63. Australia’s Export (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Thanks for this opportunity to speak about Australia's engagement with Asia from the perspective of trade and in particular to say a few words about what trade is doing
in this, in this space. And I'm particularly pleased to be addressing trade and investment not just of course because these two things are inextricably linked but also of
course because Australia reports to Australia's first ever Minister for trade and investment. Asia's importance to Australia's economy is growing by the day. It is one of
the most important factors to consider. When assessing the International conditions for national prosperity Asian demand for our exports has helped Australia manage
the global financial crisis better than most other developed economies. In fact, probably better than all other developed economies. An investment from Asia has added
to the productive capacity of the economy and to overall productivity in 2013. Seven of our top ten export markets were in Asia and represented 65 percent of our total
exports. Asian markets and Australia's geographic proximity are critical not just for our trade ties and our capacity to access important global supply chains, but also to
the level of foreign investment in Australia. FDI has grown markedly in Australia over the past decade. In fact it has more than doubled from about two hundred ninety
two billion dollars to 630 billion dollars in 2013.
64. America’s Economic Size (Incomplete)

Points: In terms of the size of economy, the US economy is more than the total amount of China, Japan UK and Germany. In terms of the industrial output, US output is
$2.8 trillion, but it only equals to the sum of China and Japan.
65. Teaching (Incomplete)

Points: About how teachers should cope with the educational revolution. Traditionally, teachers use desks, chairs, paper and pencil to teach children handwriting and
reading from paper. With the technological development, the way of teaching has been radically changed. Teachers are using new technology in classrooms. Education in
the future will be focusing on developing children's critical thinking skills.
66. Beautiful Melbourne (Incomplete)

Points: A picture of Flinders Station，and a female speaker speaking fast. Melbourne is a beauty city, but can be better. Industrialization is mentioned, which has
changed people's lives. People used to go to only near places, but now people who don't have their own vehicles can go further because public transportation help them
travel long distance. It’s important to do……Diversity contributes a lot to the market and its culture.
67. Wind Power (Incomplete)

Points: In Australia wind power is just 1% of the whole; But in Denmark, wind power has a larger proportion; In other countries, hydropower has a larger proportion.
68. Pavlov Experiment (Audio Available)

Original:
During this time my goals are going to be to talk about the phenomenon that we may share impart with other animals, and our language and that is emotion. And also
talk about some new technology, brain imaging, functional magnetic imaging. And we try to answer some very old questions about 'how does motivation and emotion
work'. I’m going to put you with the scenario first and some of you may be familiar with. This was developed by Pavlov over a century years ago. And in this scenario the
dog presented with the sound, the dog waits, and then feeds food powder and this happened repeatedly, things starts to happen in the middle of the experiment there.
Interesting things start to happen here. Pavlov’s study was on the salivation of the dog, the salivation increases more time to paralyzes. But other things happened here,
too. You have a dog move around here more, all kinds of things are going on here. What we trying to capture was the experiment 11m going on to describe today is what
is going on in the brain to generate that state which we called it competitive state. But you can also think about state in terms of how the dogs' feeling layer, how you
are feeling about eating lunch today.
69. Invention (Audio Available)

Original:
All of my research, and, that I conducted was my 60 plus graduate students, was motivated by their need to learn, so that we can teach. Of course, in some inventions
happened along the way but I've always considered the end, the result. And I always consider that this invention to be byproduct, byproducts of the learning process. The
end product for me was always better understanding or when one really succeeded in unifying theory that can help us in teaching the subject. I've also looked at teaching
as a vehicle to try new ideas, of new ways to doing things on an intelligent group of learners. That is as the vehicle for the teaching research results. And in my
experience, this kind of teaching is the most stimulating and motivating to students. I'll also uncover many interesting research problems in the course of teaching
assumption. It is this unity of research and teaching their close connection and the benefits gathered by exercising and the interplay that to me characterizes the
successful professor.
70. Privacy (Audio Available)
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Original:
So that creates tensions and that's what I want to talk about. Because I think it’s important that we are, as a society, able to have an informed debate about how much
privacy is enough but not too much, how much security is enough but not too much. Privacy, as a human right, that's simply quoting the Universal Decoration. In the
physical world, we've got all kinds of protections. There is evidence that we care about our privacy. We've got locks, we've got obscured glass, welve got lots, we wear
clothes, we put up shutters. And technology continues to erode the privacy that exists in the real world, in the three spatial dimensions. Security cameras, automatic
number, plate recognition take away anonymity. Long lenses, paparazzi, take away distance and the privacy that used to create. And body scanners are increasingly
being used to see through for example. This process isn’t going to slow down and the new quantum technologies are actually being able to do gravitational sensing. And
that's advancing at a remarkable rate. And you can't shield gravity. So some of the new quantum technologies are able already to see through walls. And there are
technologies also for seeing round corners now using scattered light from lasers. Technology continues to erode privacy.
71. Springtime (Audio Available)

Original:
The Earth’s temperature is rising. And as it does, springtime phenomena—like the first bloom of flowers—are getting earlier and earlier. But rising temperatures aren't
the only factor. Urban light pollution is also quickening the coming of spring. "So temperature and light are really contributing to a double whammy of making everything
earlier." Richard ffrench-Constant, an entomologist at the University of Exeter. He and his colleagues compiled 13 years of data from citizen scientists in the U.K., who
tracked the first bud burst of four common trees. Turns out, light pollution—from streetlights in cities, and along roads—pushed bud burst a full week earlier. Way beyond
what rising temperatures could achieve. This disruptive timing can ripple through the ecosystem. "The caterpillars that feed on trees are trying to match the hatching of
their eggs to the timing of bud burst. Because the caterpillars want to feed on the juiciest and least chemically protected leaves. And it's not just the caterpillars, of
course, that are important. But the knock-on effect is on nesting birds, which are also trying to hatch their chicks at the same time that there's the maximum number of
caterpillars." So earlier buds could ultimately affect the survival of birds, and beyond. The findings are in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B. The world's becoming
increasingly urbanized, and light pollution is growing—which ffrench-Constant says could trick trees into budding earlier and earlier. But smarter lighting—like LEDs that
dial down certain wavelengths—could help. "Perhaps the exciting thing is, if we understand more about how light affects this bud burst, we might be able to devise
smarter sort of street lighting that has less red components, and therefore less early bud burst." Thus keeping springtime an actual springtime phenomenon.
72. Implicit&Explicit Memory (Audio Available)

Original:
I want you to try and remember two things. First, I want you to try and remember learning how to ride a bike. Maybe you have a scar you received when you flipped over
the handlebars. The next thing I want you to remember is how to ride a bike. The reason I asked you to recall both of these memories is that they belong to two different
designated realms of memory. Memory is a fluid and dynamic system that is exceedingly complicated. To this end, psychologists have attempted to divide memory up to
make it easier to study. There are two main categories. Explicit memory is a memory that can be intentionally and consciously recalled. This is your memory of riding a
bike and falling over the handlebars, and skinning your knee. The other is implicit memory which is an exponential functional form of memory that cannot be consciously
recalled. This is your memory of how to ride a bike or how to balance. These are often not tied to a visual memory, but a more like muscle memory. The examples of
implicit memory include using language naturally, driving and reading, and answering multiple questions in the test, etc., will be natural. Let's look at explicit and implicit
memory in a little more detail, and see how age influences these. It is an experimental or functional form of memory. Explicit memory consists of a great deal of highly
personal memories related to time, space and people. It is totally different from implicit memory. Now, if we look at the examples of explicit memory, it includes
remembering people's birthdays and answering multiple questions on the test.
73. Arctic and Antarctic (Audio Available)

Original:
So, when we talk about the polar regions, just to clarify exactly what we mean. And we have first of all the Arctic at the top of the earth and the Antarctic at the bottom,
and so the Arctic was named after the Greek word for bear. Now surprisingly it’s not after the polar bears that live in the Antarctic or live in the Arctic and based on it’s
after the little and great bear constellations that can be seen in the sky. Now the Greek also hypothesize that there would be the Anti-arctic, which is how we get the
name Antarctica and of course it wasn’t discovered until much later on. Now these regions are opposite in many ways other than just their names and their location on
the globe, and so if we look at the arctic first of all, and the Arctic is actually ocean surrounded by land, and so you can see here this is the UK down here and this kind
of Russia and then American Canada around here, and so there is a bit of land cover in our ice on the top in the Arctic, which is Greenland here and Macie all this area
here. Surprisingly a lot of people don’t realize that this isn’t actually land. The north pole isn’t on land. It’s just one big ocean.
74. London Taxi Drivers (Audio Available)

Original:
But we can really thank the Great Exhibition of 1851 for giving us the world’s premier taxi service, for it was going to this exhibition, and this fabulous exhibition
inventions from all around the four corners of the Empire that the visitors were appalled, dismayed and vexed by their journeys to this exhibition because the cabbies of
the day, and their horse-drawn carts were absolutely terrible, could not find their way to this exhibition. And, so, a great public outcry, the London Authority sets up
Public Carriage Office, which is an organization that still exists. And you can take a short walk to Penton Street up the road. And this Public Carriage office took on the
responsibility of licensing all major taxi drivers in London. All taxi drivers from 1851 onwards had to pass what is now known as the London knowledge, was phenomenal
knowledge of London. What is the London knowledge? It’s the ability to remember the 25,000 streets, have it all interconnected and all the main arterial roads in and out
of London. Cabbies need to know all this plus a thousand points of specific interest cafes, bars, public offices. They need to know them all as part of their training.
75. Shy Fish (Audio Available)

Original:
But a new study of fish called sticklebacks shows that shy individuals actually prefer to follow fish that are similarly timid. Researchers had trios of sticklebacks with
known personalities play follow the leader. The fish were placed in a tank that had some plastic plants at one end and some food hidden at the other. In some of the
groups, a bold fish and a shy fish acted as leaders, while another shy fish followed. And in other groups, it was a bold fish that did the following. The researchers
recorded whether the follower sallied forth more frequently with the fish that was behaviorally similar or the one that was different. What they found is that shy fish were
more likely to emerge from undercover when an equally wary fellow was already out there. Bold follower fish did not seem to care which leader they followed. Of course,
no matter which fish a stickleback chose to stick with, the bold fish did lead more expeditions over the course of the experiment than their more retiring friends. That's
because the bold fish initiated more trips, regardless of who might be tailing them. The researchers write that "when offered a choice of leaders, sticklebacks prefer to
follow individuals whose personality matches their own, but bolder individuals may, nevertheless, be able to impose their leadership, even among shy followers, simply
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through greater effort."

76. Happiness (Audio Available)

Original:
As Joanne pointed out, only one country, tiny little Bhutan, wedged between China and India, has adopted the Gross National Happiness as the central index of the
government policy, and actually has a good deal of success in education and in health and in economic growth and in environmental preservation. They have a rather
sophisticated way of measuring the effects of different policies on people's happiness. They are the only country to go that far. But you are now beginning to get other
countries interested enough to do kind of white paper policy analyses of happiness research—what effects would it have if we used it more for public policy? You are
beginning to get countries like Australia, France, Great Britain, that are considering publishing regular statistics on happiness. So it is beginning to become a subject of
greater interest for policymakers and legislators in different advanced countries.
77. Sugar (Audio Available)

Original:
There's sugar in a lot of foods where you don't expect it. Of course there's lots of sugar in donuts of ice cream, or pastries, or other things that are sweet; candy of
course, but there are other places where you see it and you don't necessarily expect it. So as an example: peanut butter. Here's a list of ingredients from Skippy Peanut
Butter and you see that sugar is the second most common ingredient. So that you may know from the reading food labels that these ingredients in any food labels that
are listed in order of how much there is in the food itself, so sugar comes right after peanuts. Here's another example, Beef stew, you wouldn't necessarily expected to
find sugar in beef stew but it's there. Now it's down the list of ingredients, it's actually toward the end, but if you look at the marketing of this and food at the can, it
says, there's fresh potatoes and carrots, but actually there's more sugar in this than there is carrots. And so you wouldn't eat something like beef stew and expect to find
this to be the case.
78. Early Robot (Audio Available)

Original:
This is a kind of object that you're probably all familiar with when you had the term robot, but I'm gonna show you the very, very first robots. These were the very first
robots. They were characters in a play in the 1920s called Rossum's Universal Robots and they, the play was written by Czech writer called Karel Capek. And basically,
these robots, you know, people tend to think of robots as kind of cute cuddly toys or, you know, Hollywood depictions kind of devoid of politics. But the first robots were
actually created and imagined in a time of absolute political turmoil. You just had the First World War, you know, it finished had a devastating impact across Europe and
so people will kind and people are kind of reflecting on what does it mean to be human, what makes us human, those kinds of question. And this kind of context is what
inspired Capek to kind of write this play. And interestingly, these robots being human, they are actually in the play assembled on a production line, a bit like the Ford
manufacturing production line. So even though they are human, they are assembled and these robots are designed to labor, and that is their primary purpose in society.
79. Genome Structural Variation (Audio Available)

Original:
But I'm going to focus on today, is really different larger forms of genetic variation involving essentially gains losses and inversions of sequence. so showing here is a 30
in the simple diagram. we have an example of some structural variation operationally defined as events greater than a KB in size. so we have pieces of DNA that
sometimes become deleted. we have pieces of DNA that sometimes become duplicated on chromosomes and regions which can be in fact inverted or turned around with
respect to another orientation. so this very busy map here represents probably about three years of work in my lab, just to kind of characterize the general pattern of
structural variation in eight human genomes. so shown here are different human chromosomes for from African, and for from non-African the distinctions really aren't
that important, but what I'm showing you here, is the presence of insertions deletions and inversions as red as blue red and green and so each line here represents a
different human genome that has been analyzed looking for structural variation of events greater than 5,000 base pairs in size, so a couple things you can maybe get
from. this is you can see that there's a lot of genetic variation out there , that is above the level of single base pair change and most of the events that you're seeing
here are essentially inherited , but we now know based on studying roughly about 2,000 human genomes, but there's a significant fraction of very large events often
hundreds of KB in size that are either individually specific or specific to specific families , so this is kind of changing our view of the dynamic nature of the human
genome.
80. Night Sky Darkness (Audio Available)

Original:
Our friends at the Highlands Museum and Discovery Center in Ashland, Kentucky, asked a very good question. Why is it dark in space?That question is not as simple as it
may sound. You might think that space appears dark at night because that is when our side of Earth faces away from the Sun as our planet rotates on its axis every 24
hours. But what about all those other far away suns that appear as stars in the night sky? Our own Milky Way galaxy contains over 200 billion stars, and the entire
universe probably contains over 100 billion galaxies. You might suppose that that many stars would light up the night like daytime!Until the 20th century, astronomers
didn't think it was even possible to count all the stars in the universe. They thought the universe went on forever. In other words, they thought the universe was
infinite.Besides being very hard to imagine, the trouble with an infinite universe is that no matter where you look in the night sky, you should see a star. Stars should
overlap each other in the sky like tree trunks in the middle of a very thick forest. But, if this were the case, the sky would be blazing with light. This problem greatly
troubled these astronomers and became known as "Olbers' Paradox." A paradox is a statement that seems to disagree with itself.To try to explain the paradox, some
19th century scientists thought that dust clouds between the stars must be absorbing a lot of the starlight so it wouldn't shine through to us. But later scientists realized
that the dust itself would absorb so much energy from the starlight that eventually it would glow as hot and bright as the stars themselves.Astronomers now realize that
the universe is not infinite. A finite universe—that is, a universe of limited size—even one with trillions and trillions of stars, just wouldn't have enough stars to light up all
of space.Although the idea of a finite universe explains why Earth's sky is dark at night, other causes work to make it even darker.
81. Marshmallow Test (Audio Available)

Original:
Let's take a look at this video of these little kids they were offered the option of having one marshmallow immediately now or two marshmallows 15 minutes later and
you've got some very cute video tape of this experiment. So let's take a look okay, what we found is a very simple and direct way of measuring a competence that seems
to make an important life difference a researcher tells these preschoolers that she's going to leave the room if they wait for her to come back without eating the
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marshmallows. They'll get two marshmallows or they can ring the bell and she'll come back right away but then they only get one marshmallow. I would baby though you
won't ring the bell. okay, looking at children over time. Dr. Michelle has found that being able to wait longer at four has some pretty powerful implications and what are
those powerful implications is that that later in life. They're more discipline and have more self-control is that pretty much it. Well, they are more likely to achieve their
life goals. They have better relationships. They did better on their SI is crazy all because they waited 15 minutes for don't wash me, and I think it is crazy. I probably would
have eaten all three but yeah me too. But um you know actually yes, the ability to be able to pursue your goals in this case it was stabbed two marshmallows versus one
and not going automatic and just grabbed the marshmallow is a very important skill, but I think a main point in mind in the making is that these skills can be caught,
taught if you' re 14 or 40 or or four it's not ever too late and any child can learn the many adult can teach them and it's never too late.
82. Manufacturers (Audio Available)

Original:
Current studies show that what goes on labels is an important consideration for manufacturers, since more than seventy percent of shoppers read food labels when
considering whether to buy a product. A recent controversy as to whether labels on prepared foods should educate or merely inform the consumer is over, and a
consumer group got its way. The group had maintained that product labels should do more than simply list how many grams of nutrients a food contains. Their
contention was that labels should also list the percentage of a day's total nutrients that the product will supply to the consumer, because this information is essential in
planning a healthy diet. A government agency disagreed strongly, favoring a label that merely informs the consumer, in other words, a label that only lists the contents of
the products. The agency maintained that consumers could decide for themselves if the food is nutritious and is meeting their daily needs. The consumer group, in
supporting its case, had cited a survey in which shoppers were shown a food label, and were then asked if they would need more or less of a certain nutrient after eating
a serving of this product. The shoppers weren't able to answer the questions easily when they were not given a specific percentage. This study, and others helped get the
new regulation passed, and now food products must have the more detailed labels.
83. Museum (Audio Available)

Original:
From Boston to Los Angeles, from New York City to Chicago to Dallas, museums are either planning, building, or wrapping up wholesale expansion programs. These
programs already have radically altered facades and floor plans or are expected to do so in the not-too-distant future. In New York City alone, six major institutions
have spread up and out into the air space and neighborhoods around them or are preparing to do so. The reasons for this confluence of activity are complex, but one
factor is a consideration everywhere - space. With collections expanding, with the needs and functions of museums changing, empty space has become a very precious
commodity. Probably nowhere in the country is this more true than at the Philadelphia Museum of Art, which has needed additional space for decades and which received
its last significant facelift ten years ago. Because of the space crunch, the Art Museum has become increasingly cautious in considering acquisitions and donations of
art, in some cases passing up opportunities to strengthen its collections. Deaccessing - or selling off - works of art has taken on new importance because of the
museum's space problems. And increasingly, curators have been forced to juggle gallery space, rotating one masterpiece into public view while another is sent to
storage. Despite the clear need for additional gallery and storage space, however," the museum has no plan, no plan to break out of its envelope in the next fifteen
years," according to Philadelphia Museum of Art's president.
84. Bomb Calorimeter (Audio Available)

Original:
This is a bomb calorimeter; this is the actual piece of equipment that researchers used to calculate the energy content of either biodiesel or maybe even the potato chips
that you had for lunch today. When they calculate the amount of energy. They’re going to calculate it in heat unites which would either be joules or calories. I want you
to look inside the bomb calorimeter inside here, you can see that there’s a silver bucket water goes all in here and this is actually the bomb is the smaller silver cylinder
what you do is put your fuel sample in there then these two electrodes are connected to the bomb. These provide the spark that will ignite your sample when your
sample burns or combust that gives off energy. So how is the energy collected or how did a scientist figure out how much energy is being given off. Well, it’s a closed
system, there’s a lid here that goes on top of this calorimeter and what’s in here in the lid is a stirrer. The stir is going to stir the water. That’s in this big pool here so
that the heat given off from the sample is going to warm the water in a uniform way. This is the temperature probe, this goes down in the water also and measures the
change in temperature because as the sample is burned, it will give off heat and the temperature the water will increase. So the lid goes on the sample is prepared. The
last thing that you need to make a combustion reaction happen is oxygen and at some point during the process, some oxygen is added by a tank. That’s connected to
the calorimeter here. So we are going to burn a sample of the biodiesel that you’ve prepared and get some feedback on the energy content of it. You’ll be able to use
this to compare it to petroleum-based fuels like octane.
85. Licking and Grooming (Audio Available)

Original:
So the way a mother rat takes care of its pups is by licking and grooming, nipple switching an arch back nursing. So the rats that do a lot of licking and grooming and
their last rats that rule very little. But most rats are in between. So that resembles a human human behavious as well, right, you have mothers that are highly mothering
and mothers that couldn't care less and most mothers are somewhere in between. So if you look at these rats. So all you do you observe them and put them in separate
cages. So you put the high lickers in one cage not the mothers, but the offspring and the low lickers in another cage and then you let them grow and they're adults now,
their mothers are long buried and you look in the brain and you see that those who had high licking mothers express a lot of glucocorticoid receptor, gene and though so
our lawmakers express know that reflects a number of factors and that results in a different stress response, but this is not the only difference. We found later on there
are hundreds of genes that are differently expressed. So if you get in a mutation, you know polymorphism once in a million. Here, just the motherly lauching just hundreds
of genes in one shot and it changes them in a very stable way that you can look at the old rat and you can say whether it was licked or not. But you can also save by
behavior. So if you walk to the cages to the room the rats that were poorly lit are highly anxious, hard to handle, aggressive, and , and the rats that were very well
handled as as off as little pups. They are much more relaxed much easier to handle. So you know, like every technician in the lab knows looking at the adult rat how it
was licked when it was a little tough any question , of course, mechanism , how does this work?
86. Brain (Audio Available)

Original:
The brain is basically built from the bottom up first the brain builds basic circuits that are responsible for basic skills, and then more complex circuits are built on top of
those basic circuits as we develop more complex skills. Biologically, the brain is prepared to be shaped by experience. It’s expecting the experiences that a young child
has to literally influence the formation of its circuitry it’s built into our biology. The interaction between genetics and experience that shapes brain architecture is
embedded in a reciprocal relationship, the relationships that children have with the adults in their lives. And by that we mean what we refer to as the serve-and-return
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nature of children’s interaction with their adults development. And the impact of experience on development is not a one-way street. It’s a back-and-forth interaction.
The brain is a highly integrated organ which has multiple sections that specialize in different kind of processes, so we have parts of the brain that are involved more in
cognitive function and other parts that are involved in processing of emotion and parts involved in seeing and hearing. So if a child is emotionally kind of…well…put
together and socially competent, that will affect more positive and productive learning. And if a child is preoccupied with fears or anxiety or is dealing with considerable
stress no matter how intellectually gifted that child might be, his or her learning is going to be impaired by that kind of emotional interference.
87. Wind Turbine (Audio Available)

Original:
Wind turbine is a device that will convert wind into mechanical movement, which we can use to power water pump or electricity generator. Now the power that the
turbine creates is obviously depended on the wind speed, it also depended obviously on the number of sails, the area of the sails and the angle of the sails makes to the
wind. So you can imagine if the turbine blades flat onto the wind, the wind's going to just bend it, if there is slight angle when the wind hits it, it's going to turn the
blades. We can use that for powering things. Now, we're going to have a go, making some of the very, very simple paper windmills, a sort of things that you can make
from the bits and pieces lying around home, and use that to drive very small generator to power electronic devices.
88. Infinite Monkey Theorem (Audio Available)

Original:
This illustration often used is the one that the monkeys and the typewriters. Ok, we have a monkey sitting at a typewriter and the claim here is basically if you leave
chance in time long enough you will get life, don't worry about it, yes, its's strange, yes, it's wonderful, but leave enough matter 600 million years on earth and you will
have life. So, the monkey sitting at the typewriter the chances are eventually he produces the complete works of Shakespeare so what's the problem. So, there's no
problem. There's no issue, right? You just leave it long enough and you'll find. And one key striker seconds, the monkey might well eventually get to you the complete
works of Shakespeare but he doesn't manage to do it in 600 million years. So, what I decided to do is to run the numbers. I, instead of saying typing the complete work
of Shakespeare, I just run the numbers for how long would it take a monkey typing one key striker a second. To type "to be or not to be that is the question'. Right? On
average how long is it gonna take my monkey friend one keystroke a second. I don't know how you think it would be. Maybe you could have a guess. Would it be less or
more than 600 million years, which is the period life on earth isn't supposed to have emerge within and when I run the numbers" to be or not to be is the question' takes
12.6 trillion trillion trillion years to type just that phrase and a DNA string has got as much as information the encyclopedia Britannica. Are we saying that something of
that complexity emerges by chance undirected within 600 million years? Again, it's mathematically possible but it's so incredibly unlikely that it would have that it tilts me
in favour of the Christian story in which God creating life, simply a question of saying let that be and there was.
89. Trade-off Triangle (Audio Available)

Original:
Well, it‘s about whether you can achieve a win-win solution, whether you can achieve economic growth which brings wealth in order to cut poverty without damaging the
biodiversity. And the argument is that if you want to protect biodiversity, you have to focus on that as a goal; but if you do that, you have… you run the risk of hurting the
poor and you also run the risk of inconveniencing and reducing the economic growth. We use the developed and industrialized countries to see this argument, this axis
argued about with, let us say, a government wishing to start drilling for oil in place X which is full of wildlife, and wildlife conservation society is urging them not to on the
grounds that it’s a wilderness refuge. We use to that debate. What I’m saying is that in the developing world there’s a third axis and it’s a complex one.
90. Graffiti (Audio Available)

Original:
"I suppose more and more, people are starting to see graffiti as a form of art. Now there are still many who would beg to differ - and they'd point to the destructive
scribblings that we see on our bus shelters and our public buildings. These often take the form of tags which are fancy, scribble-like versions of someone's name or
nick-name. Tags generally have no aesthetic appeal and they are the scourge of the high street shopkeeper in many a town. I can certainly see where the shopkeepers
and property owners are coming from. But the fact is, graffiti has been around for a very long time indeed. People left their mark on cave walls back in prehistoric times
and it's been found too on ancient monuments in Egypt and Rome. But New York style graffiti - which is really the forerunner of a lot of the graffiti that's getting done
now - New York graffiti took off in the late 1960s. That's when the advent of the spraycan allowed the humble tag to evolve into more complex styles. In the mid to late
70s, subway trains became the new forum for graffiti artists to display their skills. For many young people it became a medium to express their disillusionment with a
system from which they felt excluded. Now of course, the art establishment embraces graffiti artists and some of these artists have actually taken on cult status.
91. (Audio Available)

Original:
Interviewer: What nutritional guidelines should we be following? Interviewee: Well, probably the best source of nutritional guidelines are those that are issued by the
American Cancer Society or the National Cancer Institute. And the American Cancer Society, for example, offers four really basic, simple nutrition guidelines. The first
guideline, which in my mind is the most important, is to choose most of the foods that you eat from plant sources, and we can talk in more detail about that in a
moment. The second guideline is to limit your intake of high fat foods, particularly from animal sources. The third guideline is to be physically active and achieve a
normal, healthy body weight. And the final guideline is to limit consumption of alcoholic beverages if you choose to drink at all. Interviewer: So Susan, one of the things
we always hear about ...from the American Cancer Society is this five-a-day recommendation. Maybe if you could explain to our listening audience what that actually
means. Interviewee: The five-a-day recommendation is a very simple way of communicating the message to increase consumption of these plant foods. And what five-
a-day means is five servings per day of fruits and vegetables in total. And some people misunderstand this guideline, and they may think it's okay if I have five glasses of
fruit juice a day, and I've met my five-a-day guideline. The goal is really to choose both fruits and vegetables as part of the five-a-day guideline, to vary the fruits and
vegetables that you eat on a daily basis, and that alone is a very major step forward in terms of reducing your risk for cancer.
92. Technology and Writer (Audio Available)

Original:
What I want to look at today is the question of how much technology - If, um, a pen can indeed be called technology ... perhaps I should say the instrument of writing -
affects a writer's style and level of production. I also want to consider other factors that may have an effect on prose style, such as personality, educational background,
and so on. Now, production levels aren't so hard to measure in relation to the writing instrument used. The quill pen, for instance, would need continual re-filling and
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resharpening, which led to a leisurely, balanced style of prose full of simple sentences. Writing took a lot longer than now and the great novelists of the 18" century -
Fielding, Smollett, Richardson - had a relatively small output, though some of their books ran to enormous length. By the middle of the 19'h century, the fountain pen had
been invented. It didn't need such constant refilling, which can account for the more flowing, discursive style of, say, Dickens and Thackeray, as well as their tremendous
output. Then came the typewriter, whose purpose, once you got the hang of it, was to speed up the writing process and was therefore much favored by journalists. This,
it seems to me, gave rise to a short winded style characterized by short sentences. A short prose style, if you like. Dictating machines and tape recorders led, as one
novelist complained, to writers becoming too conversational, rambling and long winded. Henry James, although he didn't use these machines, dicta ted his later novels
and, well, some might agree with this accusation. Well, it looks as though we're going to have to leave word processors, computers and, of course, the way film and its
narrative techniques have affected writing style for another day.
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Answer Short Question

1. Which one do you spend longer time in, eating, drinking or sleep?
Answer: Sleep (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1686) (Audio Available)
2. What do we call the period between sunrise and sunset?

Answer: Daytime (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1685) (Audio Available)
3. What do we call the water flowing down the cliff?

Answer: Waterfall (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1684) (Audio Available)
4. What do we measure in Celsius?

Answer: Temperature (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1678) (Audio Available)
5. What is the three-dimensional shape of circle?

Answer: Sphere (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1683) (Audio Available)
6. What is the verb that means employing someone or renting something?

Answer: Hire (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1682) (Audio Available)
7. Points:
Answer: (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1681) (Incomplete)
8. What is the weather condition related with heavy rain and strong wind occurring in the western Pacific or Indian Ocean?
Answer: Typhoon (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1680) (Audio Available)
9. What is the other form of water other than gas and solid?
Answer: Liquid / fluid (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1679) (Audio Available)
10. Points:
11. How many years are there in two centuries?

Answer: Two hundred (APEUni Website / App ASQ #288) (Audio Available)
12. What do we call an amount of money that is taken off the usual cost of something?
Answer: Discount / reduction (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1676) (Audio Available)
13. What is the generic term for gold, silver and copper?
Answer: Metal (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1675) (Audio Available)
14. Points: What is the field of study?

Answer: Geography (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1674) (Incomplete)
15. Which continent is Canada located in?

Answer: North America (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1673) (Audio Available)
16. What is the opposite of the minus sign?

Answer: Plus sign (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1672) (Audio Available)
17. What is the food that is used in a recipe?

Answer: Ingredient (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1671) (Audio Available)
18. How many years are there in two decades?

Answer: Twenty (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1670) (Audio Available)
19. What is the colorful sticker that is attached to an envelope?

Answer: Stamp (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1669) (Audio Available)
20. What is the summary at the beginning of an academic paper called?

Answer: Abstract (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1668) (Audio Available)
21. Where can we find the footnote on a page?

Answer: Bottom (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1667) (Audio Available)
22. What is the part powering a car, ship or an air craft?

Answer: Engine (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1666) (Audio Available)
23. What do you call the hair that grows above your eyes?
Answer: Eyebrow (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1665) (Audio Available)
24. What is the famous canal linking the Mediterranean Sea with the Indian Ocean?
Answer: Suez (APEUni Website / App ASQ #305) (Audio Available)
25. Points:
26. What is the generic term for a person who once had the same title as you have now?
Answer: Predecessor (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1664) (Audio Available)
27. What type of body covering helps to insulate burns?
Page 122 of 263

Answer: Dressing / bandage (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1663) (Audio Available)
28. What do we say if we call brothers and sisters in a same way?

Answer: Siblings (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1659) (Audio Available)
29. How often does an annual event happen?

Answer: Once a year / yearly (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1655) (Audio Available)
30. If a driver drives the car, what does a pilot do to the plane?
Answer: Fly / flies (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1654) (Audio Available)
31. What will happen to a fragile item if it is not handled carefully?

Answer: Smash / break / broken (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1653) (Audio Available)
32. What type of work is a sabbatical a lengthy time away from?

Answer: Teaching (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1651) (Audio Available)
33. What do we call a statement presented in court by a defendant or a lawyer?

Answer: Plea (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1650) (Audio Available)
34. What is the straight line between the center of a circle and any point on its outer edge?
Answer: Radius (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1649) (Audio Available)
35. Where is a suspect convicted of a crime?

Answer: Court (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1648) (Audio Available)
36. What do we call a slight shaking movement in a part of the body?

Answer: Tremor / quiver / shiver / tremble (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1647) (Audio Available)
37. What do we call the weather conditions like rain, hail, etc.?
Answer: Precipitation (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1646) (Audio Available)
38. What do we call a person who trains a team in a particular sport?

Answer: Coach (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1643) (Audio Available)
39. What do we call a vehicle equipped for carrying the injured or sick?
Answer: Ambulance (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1530) (Audio Available)
40. What does the color green help for?

Answer: Sight / eyesight (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1524) (Audio Available)
41. How often is a quarterly journal published?

Answer: Every three months / once a quarter (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1517) (Audio Available)
42. If you do something everyday, you do daily what?

Answer: Routine (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1516) (Audio Available)
43. What is the part of the leg below the thigh?

Answer: Shank / calf (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1507) (Audio Available)
44. What do you call the medicine that is used against headache?
Answer: Pain killer / painkiller (APEUni Website / App ASQ #363) (Audio Available)
45. What is the fourth basic mathematical operation, addition, subtraction, multiplication and?
Answer: Division (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1468) (Audio Available)
46. What do we call the female's partner in a marital relation？

Answer: Husband (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1465) (Audio Available)
47. What do you call the brother of your father or mother?

Answer: Uncle (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1458) (Audio Available)
48. What is a text that you send to your friends to invite them to a party?
Answer: Invitation (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1455) (Audio Available)
49. What is the top surface inside the room?

Answer: Ceiling (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1359) (Audio Available)
50. Where do marine animals live?

Answer: Sea / ocean (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1332) (Audio Available)
51. What do you call your cousin's father?

Answer: Uncle (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1331) (Audio Available)
52. How many years are there in a half of century?

Answer: Fifty (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1289) (Audio Available)
53. What do we call drawings or writing on a wall, especially in a public place?

Answer: Graffiti (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1257) (Audio Available)
54. What do we call the people who move from one country to another country, usually for work or a better life?
Answer: Migrants (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1192) (Audio Available)
55. What is a person called whose job is to write news for newspapers?
Page 123 of 263

Answer: Journalist (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1191) (Audio Available)
56. How do we describe the food that is not cooked?

Answer: Raw / uncooked (APEUni Website / App ASQ #1143) (Audio Available)
57. What do we call the line between a sunset and the sea?
Answer: Sea-sky-line / horizon (APEUni Website / App ASQ #90) (Audio Available)
58. Which part of our body is related to the word "optical"?

Answer: Eye (APEUni Website / App ASQ #988) (Audio Available)
59. When we say someone is doing the B.A. in history or literature in the university, what does B.A. stand for?
Answer: Bachelor of arts (APEUni Website / App ASQ #986) (Audio Available)
60. When you bake a cake, what do you put the cake into?
Answer: Oven (APEUni Website / App ASQ #980) (Audio Available)
61. What is the barrier that can prevent floods from damaging our home?
Answer: Dam (APEUni Website / App ASQ #979) (Audio Available)
62. What is the antonym of 'entrance'?

Answer: Exit (APEUni Website / App ASQ #978) (Audio Available)
63. What includes everything in the world such as stars and planets?
Answer: Universe / cosmos (APEUni Website / App ASQ #977) (Audio Available)
64. What does the word 'T V' stand for?

Answer: Television (APEUni Website / App ASQ #974) (Audio Available)
65. Who serves and helps passengers in a plane?

Answer: Flight attendant / cabin crew / air hostess / steward / stewardess (APEUni Website / App ASQ #964) (Audio Available)
66. Who prepares and sells medicine in shops or hospitals?

Answer: Chemist / pharmacist (APEUni Website / App ASQ #961) (Audio Available)
67. Who flies an airplane?

Answer: Pilot (APEUni Website / App ASQ #957) (Audio Available)
68. What’s the calendar that follows the movement of the moon?
Answer: Lunar calendar (APEUni Website / App ASQ #956) (Audio Available)
69. What do we call a person who leaves college before finishing the studies?
Answer: Dropout (APEUni Website / App ASQ #952) (Audio Available)
70. What do we call a political institution or body that is responsible for a country?
Answer: Government (APEUni Website / App ASQ #949) (Audio Available)
71. What is 'BA' for, such as history and literature?

Answer: Bachelor of arts (APEUni Website / App ASQ #948) (Audio Available)
72. What do we call a ship that carries goods from one place to another?
Answer: Freighter / cargo ship (APEUni Website / App ASQ #946) (Audio Available)
73. What does a guitarist pluck when playing the instrument?

Answer: String (APEUni Website / App ASQ #937) (Audio Available)
74. What do we call a short piece of writing containing the main ideas in a document?
Answer: Abstract / summary (APEUni Website / App ASQ #923) (Audio Available)
75. What do we call a person who is in charge of a meeting?

Answer: Chairman / chairwoman / chairperson (APEUni Website / App ASQ #922) (Audio Available)
76. What do we call the head of a court?

Answer: Judge (APEUni Website / App ASQ #921) (Audio Available)
77. What do we call a person whose job is cutting up and selling meat?
Answer: Butcher (APEUni Website / App ASQ #920) (Audio Available)
78. What is the room in which you keep things when you don't need them?
Answer: Storeroom (APEUni Website / App ASQ #904) (Audio Available)
79. What do we call a material that helps to insulate fire?

Answer: Fireproof material (APEUni Website / App ASQ #903) (Audio Available)
80. What do we call a set of answers to exercises or problems?

Answer: Key (APEUni Website / App ASQ #902) (Audio Available)
81. What is the verb that describes traveling on boat?

Answer: Cruise / voyage / sail (APEUni Website / App ASQ #901) (Audio Available)
82. Who is a person who gives evidence in court?

Answer: Witness (APEUni Website / App ASQ #900) (Audio Available)
83. What do you call the daughter of your sister or brother?
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Answer: Niece (APEUni Website / App ASQ #899) (Audio Available)
84. Where do passengers stand waiting for a train in the railway station?
Answer: Platform (APEUni Website / App ASQ #229) (Audio Available)
85. What is the process of choosing a person for a position by voting?

Answer: election (APEUni Website / App ASQ #898) (Audio Available)
86. What is the opposite of horizontal?

Answer: vertical (APEUni Website / App ASQ #890) (Audio Available)
87. What do we call a person undergoing treatments in hospital?

Answer: patient (APEUni Website / App ASQ #888) (Audio Available)
88. What fruit category includes orange, mandarin and lemon?

Answer: citrus (APEUni Website / App ASQ #879) (Audio Available)
89. What is the part of each day after sunset called?

Answer: evening (APEUni Website / App ASQ #874) (Audio Available)
90. What do we call a book listing acronyms?

Answer: abbreviation dictionary (APEUni Website / App ASQ #867) (Audio Available)
91. What do we call a person who pays rent to the landlord?

Answer: lessee / tenant (APEUni Website / App ASQ #866) (Audio Available)
92. What are the animals that have fins?

Answer: fish (APEUni Website / App ASQ #856) (Audio Available)
93. What do we use to get to the third floor when the elevator is broken?
Answer: stairs (APEUni Website / App ASQ #852) (Audio Available)
94. What is the opposite of maximum?

Answer: minimum (APEUni Website / App ASQ #849) (Audio Available)
95. What do we call someone who studies languages?

Answer: linguist (APEUni Website / App ASQ #833) (Audio Available)
96. What do we call a group of mountains such as the Himalayas?

Answer: range (APEUni Website / App ASQ #832) (Audio Available)
97. In winter, what activities do people usually do on snow mountains by standing on long, thin boards?
Answer: skiing (APEUni Website / App ASQ #831) (Audio Available)
98. What do we call a person who buy things in a shop?

Answer: customer / buyer / shopper (APEUni Website / App ASQ #830) (Audio Available)
99. What instrument would you use when you want to weigh something up?
Answer: scale (APEUni Website / App ASQ #829) (Audio Available)
100. What is the storyline or the series of scenes of novels, movies, short stories or plays?
Answer: plot (APEUni Website / App ASQ #828) (Audio Available)
101. What is the opposite of "dangerous"?

Answer: safe (APEUni Website / App ASQ #817) (Audio Available)
102. We call numbers like one, three, five odd numbers, then what do we call numbers like two, four, six?
Answer: even (APEUni Website / App ASQ #816) (Audio Available)
103. What do we call people who help others get insurance?

Answer: insurance agents / insurance brokers (APEUni Website / App ASQ #812) (Audio Available)
104. What is the opposite of majority?

Answer: minority (APEUni Website / App ASQ #809) (Audio Available)
105. What do we call one of four equal parts of something?

Answer: quarter (APEUni Website / App ASQ #657) (Audio Available)
106. What do we call a car that needs to be charged?

Answer: electric car (APEUni Website / App ASQ #802) (Audio Available)
107. What do we call three children born at the same time to the same mother?
Answer: triplets (APEUni Website / App ASQ #801) (Audio Available)
108. What is the couple's formal relationship called?

Answer: marriage (APEUni Website / App ASQ #797) (Audio Available)
109. What is the low land between two hills or mountains?

Answer: Valley / canyon / trough (APEUni Website / App ASQ #795) (Audio Available)
110. We call a person used to using the right hand a right-hander, and what do we call a person if the left hand?
Answer: left-hander (APEUni Website / App ASQ #791) (Audio Available)
111. What do we call the selling and transporting of goods to another country?
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Answer: export / exportation (APEUni Website / App ASQ #778) (Audio Available)
112. Where are goods stored before sale?

Answer: Warehouse / inventory / stock / storeroom (APEUni Website / App ASQ #777) (Audio Available)
113. In sport, what do we call the cloths that we wear and end above the knee?
Answer: Shorts (APEUni Website / App ASQ #776) (Audio Available)
114. What do we call a child who will soon be a teenager?

Answer: preteen / tween (APEUni Website / App ASQ #775) (Audio Available)
115. What is the opposite meaning of objective?

Answer: subjective (APEUni Website / App ASQ #761) (Audio Available)
116. What is the study of religion called?

Answer: theology (APEUni Website / App ASQ #760) (Audio Available)
117. What do people usually use to cut food in the plate？

Answer: Knife (APEUni Website / App ASQ #755) (Audio Available)
118. What do you call someone who buys something?

Answer: consumer / customer / shopper / buyer (APEUni Website / App ASQ #750) (Audio Available)
119. Points: What do we call a long narrow piece of land almost completely surrounded by water?
Answer: peninsula (APEUni Website / App ASQ #746) (Incomplete)
120. What do you call a statue or a building that is dedicated in memory of someone?
Answer: Monument / memorial (APEUni Website / App ASQ #740) (Audio Available)
121. What kind of food that vegetarians do not eat?

Answer: meat (APEUni Website / App ASQ #370) (Audio Available)
122. Points: There are three eggs, what is the location of the special egg?
Answer: on the right (there is a picture including three eggs: the left two have eggshells while the right one does not (APEUni Website / App ASQ #735) (Incomplete)
123. Points: What is this instrument?

Answer: Telescope (APEUni Website / App ASQ #638) (Incomplete)
124. What do pedestrians move by?

Answer: foot / feet (APEUni Website / App ASQ #626) (Audio Available)
125. What is the heading at the top of an article or page in a newspaper or magazine?
Answer: headline (APEUni Website / App ASQ #731) (Audio Available)
126. What is the term used to describe a period of seven days?

Answer: week (APEUni Website / App ASQ #730) (Audio Available)
127. What do you call the diagram which includes X-axis and Y-axis?
Answer: coordinate system (APEUni Website / App ASQ #728) (Audio Available)
128. How many years are there in a century?

Answer: one hundred (APEUni Website / App ASQ #727) (Audio Available)
129. What organ on your face do you breathe with?

Answer: nose (APEUni Website / App ASQ #723) (Audio Available)
130. How do you describe a line that segments a circle?

Answer: chord (APEUni Website / App ASQ #722) (Audio Available)
131. What do humans and animals need to inhale for survival?

Answer: air / oxygen (APEUni Website / App ASQ #721) (Audio Available)
132. What can bring astronauts to space?

Answer: spacecraft (APEUni Website / App ASQ #720) (Audio Available)
133. What is the opposite direction of sunrise?

Answer: west (APEUni Website / App ASQ #719) (Audio Available)
134. What do we use to launch a space shuttle?

Answer: rocket / booster (APEUni Website / App ASQ #718) (Audio Available)
135. What do we call the treatment in which people use needles to ease others' pain?
Answer: acupuncture (APEUni Website / App ASQ #717) (Audio Available)
136. If a building is one thousand meters high, from where do we measure the height?
Answer: sea level (APEUni Website / App ASQ #228) (Audio Available)
137. If someone tells something funny to you, what is your reaction?

Answer: laugh / laughing (APEUni Website / App ASQ #716) (Audio Available)
138. What is the act of reusing waste materials?

Answer: recycling (APEUni Website / App ASQ #715) (Audio Available)
139. Which part of our body does a gastroscope look into?
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Answer: stomach (APEUni Website / App ASQ #714) (Audio Available)
140. How many days are there in a fortnight？

Answer: fourteen (APEUni Website / App ASQ #712) (Audio Available)
141. What do you call a person who is guilty in terms of law?

Answer: convict / criminal / offender (APEUni Website / App ASQ #710) (Audio Available)
142. What do you call a word formed from the first letters of other words?
Answer: acronym (APEUni Website / App ASQ #708) (Audio Available)
143. What is fake money called?

Answer: counterfeit money / fake note (APEUni Website / App ASQ #705) (Audio Available)
144. How often is a centennial celebrated?

Answer: one hundred years (APEUni Website / App ASQ #698) (Audio Available)
145. What do we call a machine which carries people from one floor to another in a high building?
Answer: lift / lyft / elevator (APEUni Website / App ASQ #251) (Audio Available)
146. What do you call the people who work on boats?

Answer: Sailor / mariner / seaman (APEUni Website / App ASQ #697) (Audio Available)
147. What does 'subterranean' mean?

Answer: underground (APEUni Website / App ASQ #696) (Audio Available)
148. What do we call the building that doctors and nurses work in?
Answer: hospital / clinic (APEUni Website / App ASQ #222) (Audio Available)
149. What is the boat that carries people from one side of a river to the other?
Answer: ferry (APEUni Website / App ASQ #692) (Audio Available)
150. What do you call the buildings of a university or college and the land around them?
Answer: campus (APEUni Website / App ASQ #689) (Audio Available)
151. What do you call the persons who study religions?

Answer: theologians / theologists (APEUni Website / App ASQ #686) (Audio Available)
152. If an event happens annually, how often does it happen?

Answer: once a year (APEUni Website / App ASQ #685) (Audio Available)
153. What clothing do people wear, such as students or nurses, to show that they belong to the same organizations?
Answer: uniform (APEUni Website / App ASQ #679) (Audio Available)
154. What do we call the subject that studies weather and temperature?
Answer: meteorology / climatology (APEUni Website / App ASQ #669) (Audio Available)
155. What will you hear after a flash of lightning?

Answer: thunder (APEUni Website / App ASQ #654) (Audio Available)
156. What do we call a baby cat?

Answer: Kitten / kitty (APEUni Website / App ASQ #645) (Audio Available)
157. What is the nominal form of the wide?

Answer: width (APEUni Website / App ASQ #641) (Audio Available)
158. Which day of the week starts with 'th'?

Answer: thursday (APEUni Website / App ASQ #84) (Audio Available)
159. How many quarters are there in a calendar year?

Answer: four (APEUni Website / App ASQ #633) (Audio Available)
160. When trains or cars need to go through a mountain, where do they enter the mountain?
Answer: tunnel (APEUni Website / App ASQ #629) (Audio Available)
161. Which one deals with rules of language, grammar or literature?

Answer: grammar (APEUni Website / App ASQ #625) (Audio Available)
162. What device do you type on when you use a computer?

Answer: keyboard (APEUni Website / App ASQ #280) (Audio Available)
163. Where is a criminal kept as punishment?

Answer: prison / jail (APEUni Website / App ASQ #605) (Audio Available)
164. What do we call a person's move to a more important job or rank in a company?
Answer: promotion (APEUni Website / App ASQ #603) (Audio Available)
165. Which one in the four seasons has the lowest temperature?
Answer: winter (APEUni Website / App ASQ #602) (Audio Available)
166. What does sub-Mediterranean refer to?

Answer: Climate (APEUni Website / App ASQ #592) (Audio Available)
167. Whose job is making and repairing wooden objects and structures?
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Answer: carpenter (APEUni Website / App ASQ #587) (Audio Available)
168. What do we call people who work on ship or plane?

Answer: crew (APEUni Website / App ASQ #583) (Audio Available)
169. Jack is having a presentation on Wednesday. Today is Tuesday. When will Jack have his speech, today, tomorrow or next week?
Answer: tomorrow (APEUni Website / App ASQ #580) (Audio Available)
170. What is the frozen type of water called?

Answer: ice (APEUni Website / App ASQ #579) (Audio Available)
171. Who is the Swiss greatest scientist in physics?

Answer: einstein (APEUni Website / App ASQ #423) (Audio Available)
172. What do we call famous people?

Answer: celebrity (APEUni Website / App ASQ #577) (Audio Available)
173. What is the highest position in the embassy?

Answer: ambassador (APEUni Website / App ASQ #576) (Audio Available)
174. What device is used to measure the height of mountains?

Answer: altimeter (APEUni Website / App ASQ #575) (Audio Available)
175. In the solar system, which heavenly body produces sunshine?

Answer: sun (APEUni Website / App ASQ #506) (Audio Available)
176. If you have a toothache, who will you go to?

Answer: dentist (APEUni Website / App ASQ #573) (Audio Available)
177. What is the legal document protecting someone's intellectual property?

Answer: patent (APEUni Website / App ASQ #565) (Audio Available)
178. what are the organs of the body that we can breathe with?
Answer: Lungs / Noses (APEUni Website / App ASQ #564) (Audio Available)
179. What thing do postgraduate students have that undergraduate students don’t？
Answer: bachelor degree (APEUni Website / App ASQ #563) (Audio Available)
180. What do people hold overhead when it is raining?

Answer: umbrella (APEUni Website / App ASQ #562) (Audio Available)
181. What is the process where the color becomes lighter and lighter when exposed to sunlight for a long time?
Answer: fade (APEUni Website / App ASQ #559) (Audio Available)
182. How do you call some one with no hair?

Answer: bald (APEUni Website / App ASQ #558) (Audio Available)
183. What is the thing used for sun protection in summer?

Answer: Sunscreen / sunblock / suncream / suntan lotion (APEUni Website / App ASQ #556) (Audio Available)
184. What is the act of jumping into the water?

Answer: diving (APEUni Website / App ASQ #553) (Audio Available)
185. What is a word or expression that has the same or nearly the same meaning as another in the same language?
Answer: synonym (APEUni Website / App ASQ #364) (Audio Available)
186. What do we call the pen that receive its ink from its reservoir?
Answer: fountain pen (APEUni Website / App ASQ #552) (Audio Available)
187. Apart from coffee and hot chocolate, what beverages also contain caffeine?
Answer: Tea / coke / cocoa (APEUni Website / App ASQ #547) (Audio Available)
188. What is the musical instrument which has both pedals and strings?
Answer: harp / piano (APEUni Website / App ASQ #546) (Audio Available)
189. Where can we find the page numbers of books?

Answer: footer (APEUni Website / App ASQ #545) (Audio Available)
190. Which part of our bodies do we use nasal spray in?

Answer: nose / nostril (APEUni Website / App ASQ #356) (Audio Available)
191. What do you throw underwater to keep ships staying on rivers or oceans without drifting away?
Answer: anchor (APEUni Website / App ASQ #542) (Audio Available)
192. How do you call the movements that the babies move by using hands and legs?
Answer: Crawling / crawl (APEUni Website / App ASQ #541) (Audio Available)
193. What do we call the condition that people cannot sleep?

Answer: insomnia / sleeplessness (APEUni Website / App ASQ #538) (Audio Available)
194. What is the opposite of division in mathematics?

Answer: multiplication (APEUni Website / App ASQ #320) (Audio Available)
195. What force makes humans stay on the earth?
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Answer: gravity (APEUni Website / App ASQ #537) (Audio Available)
196. What instrument would scientists use to examine very small life forms?
Answer: microscope (APEUni Website / App ASQ #532) (Audio Available)
197. What is the habitat of camels?

Answer: desert (APEUni Website / App ASQ #531) (Audio Available)
198. How many sides are there in a pentagon?

Answer: five (APEUni Website / App ASQ #529) (Audio Available)
199. What do we call the person who plays musical instruments as a job?
Answer: musician (APEUni Website / App ASQ #527) (Audio Available)
200. Where do people go to watch plays?

Answer: theatre / theater (APEUni Website / App ASQ #526) (Audio Available)
201. Name a month that falls between September and November.

Answer: october (APEUni Website / App ASQ #11) (Audio Available)
202. What do we call the ship that runs underwater?

Answer: submarine (APEUni Website / App ASQ #521) (Audio Available)
203. What subject involves the study of the Periodic Table?

Answer: chemistry (APEUni Website / App ASQ #520) (Audio Available)
204. How many years are there in a bicentennial?

Answer: two hundred (APEUni Website / App ASQ #516) (Audio Available)
205. Tomorrow’s lecture has been cancelled. If today is Tuesday, then on which day is the lecture cancelled?
Answer: wednesday (APEUni Website / App ASQ #512) (Audio Available)
206. What do we call dollars, cents, pounds and euros?

Answer: currency (APEUni Website / App ASQ #509) (Audio Available)
207. How do you call the doctor who treats sick animals?
Answer: vet / veterinarian (APEUni Website / App ASQ #508) (Audio Available)
208. What do we call the legal document that states how people's property should be allocated after their deaths?
Answer: testament / will (APEUni Website / App ASQ #505) (Audio Available)
209. What do we call stop, comma or ellipsis?

Answer: punctuation (APEUni Website / App ASQ #287) (Audio Available)
210. What do we call the extra performance that actors give?

Answer: encore (APEUni Website / App ASQ #383) (Audio Available)
211. What do you call the government where the power is concentrated in the hands of one person?
Answer: autocracy / dictatorship (APEUni Website / App ASQ #503) (Audio Available)
212. What is the thing which we use for painting and is made of hair?
Answer: brush (APEUni Website / App ASQ #500) (Audio Available)
213. What are the five things in front of your foot?

Answer: toes (APEUni Website / App ASQ #498) (Audio Available)
214. When you have the PRIMARY, the SECONDARY, what do you have next?
Answer: tertiary (APEUni Website / App ASQ #497) (Audio Available)
215. What is the place you share bedroom with your classmates?
Answer: dormitory (APEUni Website / App ASQ #494) (Audio Available)
216. What is the room that is under the ground floor?

Answer: basement (APEUni Website / App ASQ #491) (Audio Available)
217. What do you need to submit for completing a degree in the university?
Answer: dissertation / thesis (APEUni Website / App ASQ #234) (Audio Available)
218. When a person’s blood alcohol level is higher than the standard range, what activity can’t the person do?
Answer: driving (APEUni Website / App ASQ #490) (Audio Available)
219. How do we call the car that uses two types of fuels?
Answer: hybrid (APEUni Website / App ASQ #298) (Audio Available)
220. If there are 8 black balls and 1 white ball, and I randomly pick one, which color is mostly likely to be picked?
Answer: black (APEUni Website / App ASQ #489) (Audio Available)
221. Where do people go for watching sports or games?

Answer: stadium (APEUni Website / App ASQ #487) (Audio Available)
222. What material are windows made of?

Answer: glass (APEUni Website / App ASQ #486) (Audio Available)
223. What do birds use to fly?
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Answer: wings (APEUni Website / App ASQ #485) (Audio Available)
224. What are the two holes in your nose to breathe?

Answer: nostrils (APEUni Website / App ASQ #484) (Audio Available)
225. What’s the color of the medal that a champion gets?

Answer: Golden / gold (APEUni Website / App ASQ #32) (Audio Available)
226. What do we call the northernmost and southernmost parts of the earth?
Answer: Pole / poles (APEUni Website / App ASQ #482) (Audio Available)
227. How many wheels does a bicycle have?

Answer: two (APEUni Website / App ASQ #481) (Audio Available)
228. How do you call the two siblings born by a mother at the same time?
Answer: twins (APEUni Website / App ASQ #291) (Audio Available)
229. If you want to read tragedies or comedies, what kind of book do you read?
Answer: fiction books / novels (APEUni Website / App ASQ #477) (Audio Available)
230. What do you use to test the body temperature?

Answer: thermometer (APEUni Website / App ASQ #474) (Audio Available)
231. How do we call that animals and plants preserved in the rocks?
Answer: fossil (APEUni Website / App ASQ #469) (Audio Available)
232. Which one is more widespread, Korean, Thai or Hindi?

Answer: hindi (APEUni Website / App ASQ #464) (Audio Available)
233. How do you describe the money that citizens must contribute to the government for public use?
Answer: tax / taxes (APEUni Website / App ASQ #452) (Audio Available)
234. How would you describe an animal that no longer exist on the earth?
Answer: extinct (APEUni Website / App ASQ #454) (Audio Available)
235. What device do you use to measure your weight?

Answer: scale / weighing machine (APEUni Website / App ASQ #651) (Audio Available)
236. What are the people who study history and historical evidence?
Answer: historian (APEUni Website / App ASQ #649) (Audio Available)
237. Sea level rise or down due to climate change?

Answer: rise (APEUni Website / App ASQ #636) (Audio Available)
238. What is the force that happens between the relative motion when objects are rubbed against each other?
Answer: friction (APEUni Website / App ASQ #620) (Audio Available)
239. What is the opposite of artificial?

Answer: natural (APEUni Website / App ASQ #465) (Audio Available)
240. What is the hardest part of your hand?

Answer: Nails (APEUni Website / App ASQ #467) (Audio Available)
241. What is H2O in chemical substances?

Answer: water (APEUni Website / App ASQ #463) (Audio Available)
242. In mathematics and arithmetic, there are addition, multiplication, division. What's the other one?
Answer: subtraction (APEUni Website / App ASQ #462) (Audio Available)
243. What do bees collect from flowers?

Answer: pollen / nectar (APEUni Website / App ASQ #458) (Audio Available)
244. Which literary genre describes all details of a famous person's life?
Answer: Biography / autobiography (APEUni Website / App ASQ #457) (Audio Available)
245. What material is the tire made of?

Answer: rubber (APEUni Website / App ASQ #456) (Audio Available)
246. What are the people who study ancient bones or plants in rocks?
Answer: paleontologists / paleontologist / archaeologists / archaeologist (APEUni Website / App ASQ #646) (Audio Available)
247. How many eggs are there in a dozen?

Answer: twelve (APEUni Website / App ASQ #607) (Audio Available)
248. If you want to find the map of U.S., what type of book should you use?
Answer: atlas (APEUni Website / App ASQ #451) (Audio Available)
249. What does IT stand for?

Answer: information technology (APEUni Website / App ASQ #447) (Audio Available)
250. What is the color that refers to environmental protection?

Answer: Green (APEUni Website / App ASQ #442) (Audio Available)
251. Which color do we make by blending black and white?
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Answer: grey (APEUni Website / App ASQ #441) (Audio Available)
252. What do we call the liquid which is in a car?

Answer: gasoline / petrol / gas / fuel (APEUni Website / App ASQ #312) (Audio Available)
253. Which continent do China, India, Korea and Japan locate in?
Answer: Asia (APEUni Website / App ASQ #440) (Audio Available)
254. Before airplanes were invented, how did people travel from America to Europe?
Answer: by ship (APEUni Website / App ASQ #438) (Audio Available)
255. Who is a physician who performs surgical operations?

Answer: surgeon (APEUni Website / App ASQ #437) (Audio Available)
256. In the word ‘postgraduate’, what does the ‘post’ mean?

Answer: after (APEUni Website / App ASQ #436) (Audio Available)
257. What natural resource is used by a carpenter?

Answer: wood / timber (APEUni Website / App ASQ #435) (Audio Available)
258. If you invented something, what can you apply for to prevent others copying your invention?
Answer: patent (APEUni Website / App ASQ #434) (Explanation) (Audio Available)
259. How do you describe the type of magazine that is published four times a year?
Answer: quarterly (APEUni Website / App ASQ #289) (Audio Available)
260. When something has increased by triple, how many times does it increase?
Answer: three times (APEUni Website / App ASQ #432) (Audio Available)
261. Who sits in the cockpit of an airplane?

Answer: pilot (APEUni Website / App ASQ #431) (Audio Available)
262. What will snow become after it melts?

Answer: Water (APEUni Website / App ASQ #427) (Audio Available)
263. Which part of your leg can make it possible to bend?

Answer: knee (APEUni Website / App ASQ #425) (Audio Available)
264. Oral English is different from academic English. Which is the best term to describe academic English: tolerant or rigorous?
Answer: rigorous (APEUni Website / App ASQ #424) (Audio Available)
265. What is the opposite of convex?

Answer: concave (APEUni Website / App ASQ #422) (Audio Available)
266. What do we call the first paragraph of a report?

Answer: introduction (APEUni Website / App ASQ #418) (Audio Available)
267. What do we call a doctor who can sell prescribed medicines?

Answer: pharmacist / chemist (APEUni Website / App ASQ #415) (Audio Available)
268. What kind of drugs are used for killing bacteria?

Answer: Antibiotics (APEUni Website / App ASQ #412) (Audio Available)
269. What is a thermometer used to measure?

Answer: Temperature (APEUni Website / App ASQ #406) (Audio Available)
270. How many hemispheres does the equator divide earth into?
Answer: Two (APEUni Website / App ASQ #404) (Audio Available)
271. What is the collection of pictures called?

Answer: album (APEUni Website / App ASQ #321) (Audio Available)
272. How many extra days in February in a leap year?

Answer: One (APEUni Website / App ASQ #282) (Audio Available)
273. In statistics, what is a circle divided into many parts called?

Answer: pie chart (APEUni Website / App ASQ #315) (Audio Available)
274. How do you call a student that has finished his first year?
Answer: sophomore (APEUni Website / App ASQ #145) (Audio Available)
275. Which one is quicker? Running, jogging or walking?

Answer: running (APEUni Website / App ASQ #401) (Audio Available)
276. What does the sun do during dawn?

Answer: sunrise (APEUni Website / App ASQ #400) (Audio Available)
277. What do we call a festival which is held every four years gathering people together as a sporting event?
Answer: the olympic games (APEUni Website / App ASQ #396) (Audio Available)
278. What is the feature that guitars and violins have in common?
Answer: string / strings (APEUni Website / App ASQ #393) (Audio Available)
279. What do we call a person who can speak two languages?
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Answer: Bilingual / bilinguist (APEUni Website / App ASQ #388) (Audio Available)
280. What does the sun do during dusk?

Answer: sunsets / sunset (APEUni Website / App ASQ #386) (Audio Available)
281. What type of shape has four right corners, four lines that are equal in length?
Answer: square (APEUni Website / App ASQ #384) (Audio Available)
282. Which is easier to be recycled, plastic or paper?

Answer: paper (APEUni Website / App ASQ #377) (Audio Available)
283. What is the opposite word of "stale"?

Answer: fresh (APEUni Website / App ASQ #376) (Audio Available)
284. What do we call the "Times New Roman" in word？

Answer: typeface / font (APEUni Website / App ASQ #374) (Audio Available)
285. Which kind of mountain can erupt?

Answer: volcano / volcanos (APEUni Website / App ASQ #373) (Audio Available)
286. If a couple have a pair of children, how many children do they have?
Answer: two (APEUni Website / App ASQ #378) (Audio Available)
287. The instructions that tell you how to cook food?

Answer: recipe / recipes (APEUni Website / App ASQ #371) (Audio Available)
288. What is one half of 100% ?

Answer: fifty (APEUni Website / App ASQ #365) (Audio Available)
289. What is the opposite of positive?

Answer: negative (APEUni Website / App ASQ #362) (Audio Available)
290. What is the name of the student who has not completed his course?
Answer: undergraduate student (APEUni Website / App ASQ #350) (Audio Available)
291. A dozen is a grouping of which number?

Answer: twelve (APEUni Website / App ASQ #349) (Audio Available)
292. In the library, which books we are not allowed to bring them out with ourselves?
Answer: closed reserve book / closed reserve books (APEUni Website / App ASQ #347) (Audio Available)
293. What kind of dictionary provides synonyms, antonyms and related words?
Answer: thesaurus (APEUni Website / App ASQ #344) (Audio Available)
294. What is the altitude related to, weight or height?

Answer: height (APEUni Website / App ASQ #339) (Audio Available)
295. What is the opposite to “predecessor”?

Answer: successor (APEUni Website / App ASQ #335) (Audio Available)
296. What do we call the thread in the center of the candle?

Answer: wick (APEUni Website / App ASQ #332) (Audio Available)
297. How do you call the pointing device that is connected to the computer?
Answer: mouse (APEUni Website / App ASQ #330) (Audio Available)
298. What is the thing you touch when you play the guitar?
Answer: strings / string (APEUni Website / App ASQ #329) (Audio Available)
299. Which one is past tense: has gone, went or going?

Answer: went (APEUni Website / App ASQ #327) (Audio Available)
300. What do we call the animals with white ivory and long trunk?
Answer: elephant / elephants (APEUni Website / App ASQ #325) (Audio Available)
301. What material is used for most of vehicles and craft?

Answer: metal / plastic / glass (APEUni Website / App ASQ #348) (Audio Available)
302. Which kind of book can we find Africa maps?

Answer: Atlas (APEUni Website / App ASQ #324) (Audio Available)
303. What are the strings on shoes?

Answer: shoelace / shoelaces (APEUni Website / App ASQ #361) (Audio Available)
304. What does a sundial measure?

Answer: Time (APEUni Website / App ASQ #336) (Audio Available)
305. If a button has come off a shirt, what would someone most likely use to put it back on?
Answer: needle / thread (APEUni Website / App ASQ #300) (Audio Available)
306. How many years are there in a decade?

Answer: ten years (APEUni Website / App ASQ #283) (Audio Available)
307. What kind of liquid do mammals feed their babies?
Page 132 of 263

Answer: milk (APEUni Website / App ASQ #279) (Audio Available)
308. What is the antonym of vertical?

Answer: horizontal (APEUni Website / App ASQ #277) (Audio Available)
309. What is the economic sector that deals with farming?

Answer: agriculture (APEUni Website / App ASQ #273) (Audio Available)
310. Some calendars begin the week on Sunday, what is the other day which commonly starts a week?
Answer: monday (APEUni Website / App ASQ #270) (Audio Available)
311. What is the ceremony called for marriage?

Answer: Wedding (APEUni Website / App ASQ #318) (Audio Available)
312. What do we call the piece of paper that proves you have bought an item?
Answer: Receipt (APEUni Website / App ASQ #304) (Audio Available)
313. How many years does it typically take to finish undergraduate study?
Answer: three years / four years (APEUni Website / App ASQ #267) (Audio Available)
314. In a recession, does economic activity increase or slow down?

Answer: slow down (APEUni Website / App ASQ #265) (Audio Available)
315. What is the name of the field of study that studies the human mind and behavior?
Answer: psychology (APEUni Website / App ASQ #262) (Audio Available)
316. Which of the following is not a means of transportation: by plane, by public transportation or car model?
Answer: car model (APEUni Website / App ASQ #259) (Audio Available)
317. A manufacturing process releases poisonous gases. What is the most important safety measure for workers at this plant⼀ensuring good ventilation, or appropriate
footwear?
Answer: Ensuring good ventilation (APEUni Website / App ASQ #233) (Audio Available)
318. What is the joint called where your hand is connected to your arm?
Answer: wrist / wrists (APEUni Website / App ASQ #212) (Audio Available)
319. What is the behavior when an animal changes its color to match the environment for protection?
Answer: Camouflage (APEUni Website / App ASQ #226) (Audio Available)
320. Where would you expect to find equipment like microscopes, a Bunsen burner, beaker and petri dish?
Answer: Laboratory / lab (APEUni Website / App ASQ #243) (Audio Available)
321. How many days are there in a week?

Answer: Seven (APEUni Website / App ASQ #246) (Audio Available)
322. What is the most important document you would have to show if you would to hire a car?
Answer: driver's license / driving license (APEUni Website / App ASQ #205) (Audio Available)
323. What do you call a specialist who repairs leaking water pipes?
Answer: plumber (APEUni Website / App ASQ #204) (Audio Available)
324. What do we call a period of ten years?

Answer: decade (APEUni Website / App ASQ #203) (Audio Available)
325. What we call it when the moon completely blocks out the light from the sun?
Answer: a solar eclipse / an eclipse (APEUni Website / App ASQ #198) (Audio Available)
326. What do we call a period of 100 years?

Answer: century (APEUni Website / App ASQ #195) (Audio Available)
327. What is the job of someone that looks after your teeth and gums?
Answer: dentist / surgeon dentist (APEUni Website / App ASQ #171) (Audio Available)
328. What plan shows how much money is available and how it will be spent?
Answer: budget (APEUni Website / App ASQ #168) (Audio Available)
329. What do you call the number of people living in a specific area?
Answer: population (APEUni Website / App ASQ #165) (Audio Available)
330. What is it called when two or more people are speaking to each other?
Answer: conversation / chat (APEUni Website / App ASQ #163) (Audio Available)
331. Who is a person that makes bread, cakes and pastries?

Answer: baker (APEUni Website / App ASQ #157) (Audio Available)
332. What kind of book is written by a person about their own life?
Answer: autobiography (APEUni Website / App ASQ #152) (Audio Available)
333. What key mineral makes sea water different from fresh water?
Answer: Salt (APEUni Website / App ASQ #235) (Audio Available)
334. What does ophthalmologist specialize in?

Answer: eye operations / eye (APEUni Website / App ASQ #368) (Audio Available)
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335. In addition to the A, E, what are the other three vowels?

Answer: U / I / O (APEUni Website / App ASQ #338) (Audio Available)
336. What is the month between January and March?

Answer: February (APEUni Website / App ASQ #278) (Audio Available)
337. What is the meeting point of sea and sky called?

Answer: Horizon (APEUni Website / App ASQ #286) (Audio Available)
338. What do we call the things of 88 keys covered by colors white and black?
Answer: Pianos / piano (APEUni Website / App ASQ #322) (Audio Available)
339. On what geographical location would someone be living if their country is surrounded by water on all sides?
Answer: Island (APEUni Website / App ASQ #191) (Audio Available)
340. Who would you consult to treat a fear of crowded places, a philosopher or a psychologist?
Answer: psychologist (APEUni Website / App ASQ #140) (Audio Available)
341. How many days are in a leap year?

Answer: three hundred and sixty six (APEUni Website / App ASQ #136) (Audio Available)
342. In the animal kingdom, is the purpose of camouflage to attract a mate, to find food or to hide?
Answer: hide (APEUni Website / App ASQ #131) (Audio Available)
343. What special document do most people need to carry when they travel between countries?
Answer: passport (APEUni Website / App ASQ #130) (Audio Available)
344. What kind of equipment is used to protect motorbike riders' brains from injury？
Answer: helmet (APEUni Website / App ASQ #89) (Audio Available)
345. What is a list of historical events arranged in time order?

Answer: chronology / timeline (APEUni Website / App ASQ #76) (Audio Available)
346. What is the term used for a place or an institution where one can park extra funds to earn a return or borrow funds by making an extra payment?
Answer: bank (APEUni Website / App ASQ #70) (Audio Available)
347. What is the term used for the life history of a person written by himself?
Answer: autobiography / memoir (APEUni Website / App ASQ #65) (Audio Available)
348. If someone lives in an urban area, where do they live?

Answer: city / town (APEUni Website / App ASQ #35) (Audio Available)
349. If something such as fabric or medicine is artificially made, not natural, what do we say it is?
Answer: Synthetic / artificial (APEUni Website / App ASQ #28) (Audio Available)
350. What do you call a professional trained to treat illnesses?

Answer: doctor / mediciner (APEUni Website / App ASQ #27) (Audio Available)
351. What do you call the alphabetical list at the end of a textbook that tells you where to find specific information?
Answer: index / reference (APEUni Website / App ASQ #25) (Audio Available)
352. What do we call a company or organization that gives money to a sports or arts event in exchange for advertising?
Answer: sponsor / patron / supporter (APEUni Website / App ASQ #24) (Audio Available)
353. What is the word for a building or room where art exhibitions are held?
Answer: art gallery / art museum (APEUni Website / App ASQ #14) (Audio Available)
354. At what ceremony do students receive their degree or diploma at the end of their period of study?
Answer: graduation / commencement (APEUni Website / App ASQ #8) (Audio Available)
355. What is it that you wear on your wrist and that tells you time?
Answer: wrist watch / watch (APEUni Website / App ASQ #5) (Audio Available)
356. A business doesn't want to make a loss - what does it want to make?
Answer: Profit / profits (APEUni Website / App ASQ #107) (Audio Available)
357. How many languages can a monolingual person speak?

Answer: one (APEUni Website / App ASQ #105) (Audio Available)
358. How many sides are there in a bilateral agreement?

Answer: Two (APEUni Website / App ASQ #15) (Audio Available)
359. What is the job title of someone who designs buildings?

Answer: Architect (APEUni Website / App ASQ #38) (Audio Available)
360. What do we call the organs in our chest that we use to breathe?
Answer: Lungs / lung (APEUni Website / App ASQ #41) (Audio Available)
361. Where can people go to borrow books?

Answer: Library / bibliotheca (APEUni Website / App ASQ #52) (Audio Available)
362. If telescopes are used to locate distant objects, what instrument is employed to magnify minuscule objects?
Answer: Microscope / microscopes (APEUni Website / App ASQ #111) (Audio Available)
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363. Which sweet food is produced by bees?

Answer: Honey (APEUni Website / App ASQ #51) (Audio Available)
364. What are winter, spring, summer and autumn?

Answer: Seasons (APEUni Website / App ASQ #134) (Audio Available)
365. How many years does a millennium have?

Answer: One thousand / a thousand (APEUni Website / App ASQ #122) (Audio Available)
366. Despite all the advances in equality between the sexes, would more men or women play professional football?
Answer: Men (APEUni Website / App ASQ #120) (Audio Available)
367. What is the word for a period of one hundred years?

Answer: Century (APEUni Website / App ASQ #12) (Audio Available)
368. Where do people usually go to deposit money?

Answer: Bank (APEUni Website / App ASQ #106) (Audio Available)
Page 135 of 263

B. Writing
Summarize Written Text
1. Automatic Cars (Incomplete)
Points:
(APEUni Website / App SWT #419)
2. Carbon (Incomplete)
Points:
3. World Population (Incomplete)

Points:
4. Immune System (Incomplete)

Points:
5. World Population (Incomplete)

Points:
6. Telescope (Incomplete)
Points:
7. Women in University
Original:
If women are so far ahead of men, why are they so far behind? Reports from both sides of the Atlantic show that female students dominate university courses, yet
women still do not make it to the top. A report on inequality in the UK said last week that girls had better educational results than boys at 16, went to university in greater
numbers and achieved better degrees once they got there. "More women now have higher education qualifications than men in every age group up to age 44," the report
said. In the US, 57 per cent of college graduates in 2006-07 were women. Women form the majority of all graduates under 45. Yet few women make it to the boards of
companies in either country. In the UK, the proportion of women on FTSE 100 boards rose fractionally from 11.7 per cent to 12.2 per cent last year, according to the
Cranfield University School of Management, but that was only because of a fall in the size of the boards. In the US, women accounted for 15.2 per cent of board seats
on Fortune 500 companies, according to Catalyst, the research organization, which said the numbers had barely budged for five years. The hopeful way of looking at this
is that the rising generation of female graduates has yet to reach director age. Give it 10 years and they will dominate boards as they do universities. If that were true,
however, we would surely see the number of women director numbers moving up by now. The first year that women college graduates outnumbered men in the US was
1982. These graduates must be entering their 50s – prime director age.
Answer:
More women now have higher education qualifications than men in every age group up to age 44, and women form the majority of all graduates under 45, which means
that we would surely see the number of women director numbers moving up by now, so the younger generation of women is thriving in the workplace; there was still a
large pay gap.
8. Levels of Crime
Original:
The British Crime Survey (BCS) provides an important source of information about levels of crime, public attitudes to crime and other related issues. The results play an
important role in informing Home Office policy. The BCS measures the amount of crime in England and Wales by asking people about crimes they have experienced in
the last year. This includes crimes not reported to the police, so it is an important alternative to police records. Victims do not report crime for various reasons, and
without the BCS there would be no official source of information on these unreported crimes. Because members of the public are asked directly about their experiences,
the survey also provides a consistent measure of crime that is unaffected by the extent to which crimes are reported to the police, or by changes in the criteria used by
the police when recording crime. The survey also helps to identify those most at risk of different types of crime, and this helps in the planning of crime prevention
programs. The BCS also examines people's attitudes to crime, such as how much they fear crime and what measures they take to avoid it. The survey also covers
attitudes to the Criminal Justice System (CJS), including the police and the courts, and has also been successful at developing special measures to estimate the extent
of domestic violence, stalking and sexual victimization, which are probably the least reported to the police, but among the most serious of crimes in their impact on
victims.
Answer:
The British Crime Survey provides an important source of information, and the survey also provides a consistent measure of crime that is unaffected, which means that
the survey also helps to identify those most at risk of different types of crime, so the BCS also examines people's attitudes to crime; the survey also covers attitudes to
the Criminal Justice System.
9. Human Traits
Original:
The age-old question of whether human traits are determined by nature or nurture has been answered, a team of researchers say. Their conclusion? It’s a draw. By
collating almost every twin study across the world from the past 50 years, researchers determined that the average variation for human traits and disease is 49 percent
due to genetic factors and 51 percent due to environmental factors. University of Queensland researcher Beben Benyamin from the Queensland Brain Institute
collaborated with researchers at VU University of Amsterdam to collate 2,748 studies involving more than 14.5 million pairs of twins. “Twin studies have been conducted
for more than 50 years but there is still some debate in terms of how much the variation is due to genetic or environmental factors,” Benyamin said. He said the study
showed the conversation should move away from nature versus nurture, instead looking at how the two work together. “Both are important sources of variation between
individuals,” he said. While the studies averaged an almost even split between nature and nurture, there was wide variation within the 17,800 separate traits and diseases
examined by the studies. For example, the risk for bipolar disorder was found to be 68 percent due to genetics and only 32 percent due to environmental factors. Weight
maintenance was 63 percent due to genetics and 37 percent due to environmental factors. In contrast, risk for eating disorders was found to be 40 percent genetic and
Page 136 of 263

60 percent environmental, whereas the risk for mental and behavioral disorders due to use of alcohol was 41 percent genetic and 59 percent environmental. Benyamin
said in psychiatric, ophthalmological and skeletal traits, genetic factors were a larger influence than environmental factors. But for social values and attitudes it was the
other way around.
Answer:
The average variation for human traits and disease is 49 percent due to genetic factors and 51 percent due to environmental factors, and both are important sources of
variation between individuals, which means that in psychiatric, ophthalmological and skeletal traits, genetic factors were a larger influence than environmental factors, but
for social values and attitudes it was the other way around.
10. Brain Wave

Original:
We can't see it, but brains hum with electrical activity. Brain waves created by the coordinated firing of huge collections of nerve cells pinball around the brain. The
waves can ricochet from the front of the brain to the back, or from deep structures all the way to the scalp and then back again. Called neuronal oscillations, these
signals are known to accompany certain mental states. Quiet alpha waves ripple soothingly across the brains of meditating monks. Beta waves rise and fall during
intense conversational turns. Fast gamma waves accompany sharp insights. Sluggish delta rhythms lull deep sleepers, while dreamers shift into slightly quicker theta
rhythms. Researchers have long argued over whether these waves have purposes, and what those purposes might be. Some scientists see waves as inevitable but
useless by-products of the signals that really matter — messages sent by individual nerve cells. Waves are simply a consequence of collective neural behavior, and
nothing more, that view holds. But a growing body of evidence suggests just the opposite: instead of by-products of important signals, brain waves are key to how the
brain operates, routing information among far-flung brain regions that need to work together. MIT’s Earl Miller is among the neuroscientists amassing evidence that
waves are an essential part of how the brain operates. Brain oscillations deftly route information in a way that allows the brain to choose which signals in the world to
pay attention to and which to ignore, his recent studies suggest.
Answer:
Brains hum with electrical activity, and these signals are known to accompany certain mental states, which means that brain waves are key to how the brain operates,
routing information among far-flung brain regions that need to work together, so brain oscillations deftly route information in a way that allows the brain to choose
which signals in the world to pay attention to and which to ignore.
11. Fiber
Original:
Currently, Americans only eat about 16 grams of fiber — the parts of plants that can’t be digested — per day. That’s way less than the 25 to 30 grams that’s
recommended. There are so many reasons why, from fast-food marketing to agriculture subsidies, but one contributing factor is the slow death of cooking, and the rise
of the restaurant meal. Americans now spend more on food at restaurants than they do at grocery stores, but restaurant food tends to have even less fiber than the food
we would otherwise eat at home. One problem seems to be that restaurant meals aren’t typically loaded with two of the best sources of fiber, unprocessed fruits and
vegetables. A revealing study from 2007, in which researchers interviewed 41 restaurant executives, showed that restaurants think fruits and vegetables are too expensive
to feature prominently on the menu, and “61 percent said profits drive menu selections.” They also opposed labeling certain menu items as healthier choices, saying that
would be “the kiss of death.” So people like to eat out, and when they do, they prefer mushy, fiber-free comfort foods, but that’s a pretty dangerous road to go down.
Answer:
One contributing factor is the slow death of cooking, and the rise of restaurant meals, and restaurant food tends to have even less fiber than the food we would
otherwise eat at home, which means that restaurants think fruits and vegetables are too expensive to feature prominently on the menu; they also opposed labeling
certain menu items as healthier choices, so people like to eat out, and they prefer mushy, fiber-free comfort foods.
12. Importance of Water

Original:
Water is at the core of sustainable development. Water resources, and the range of services they provide, underpin poverty reduction, economic growth and
environmental sustainability. From food and energy security to human and environmental health, water contributes to improvements in social well-being and inclusive
growth, affecting the livelihoods of billions. In a sustainable world that is achievable in the near future, water and related resources are managed in support of human
well-being and ecosystem integrity in a robust economy. Sufficient and safe water is made available to meet every person's basic needs, with healthy lifestyles and
behaviors easily upheld through reliable and affordable water supply and sanitation services, in turn supported by equitably extended and efficiently managed
infrastructure. Water resources management, infrastructure and service delivery are sustainably financed. Water is duly valued in all its forms, with wastewater treated as
a resource that avails energy, nutrients and freshwater for reuse. Human settlements develop in harmony with the natural water cycle and the ecosystems that support it,
with measures in place that reduce vulnerability and improve resilience to water-related disasters. Integrated approaches to water resources development, management
and use and to human rights are the norm. Water is governed in a participatory way that draws on the full potential of women and men as professionals and citizens,
guided by a number of able and knowledgeable organizations, within a just and transparent institutional framework.
Answer:
Water is at the core of sustainable development, and water contributes to improvements in social well-being and inclusive growth, affecting the livelihoods of billions,
which means that in a sustainable world that is achievable in the near future, water and related resources are managed in support of human well-being and ecosystem
integrity in a robust economy, so water is duly valued in all its forms.
13. Environmental Technologies

Original:
Many technologies have promised these qualities, but few have been commercially viable. What's been lacking is the performance data needed to demonstrate that these
technologies are durable, genuinely environmentally beneficial, and suitable to be insured. Over the past 13 years, our Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering has
led on research into straw as a low-impact building material. This work, which has included developing a unique straw bale panel as well as scientific monitoring and
testing, has now culminated in crucial industry certifications. The BM TRADA’s Q-Mark certification guarantees a straw building’s energy efficiency, fire safety, durability
and weather-resilience and means that developers and homebuyers can now get insurance and mortgages for straw homes and buildings. The innovative straw walls in
the new houses provide two times more insulation than required by current UK building regulations. Based on monitoring a residential straw-bale development in Leeds,
fuel bill reductions up to 90% can be expected. The walls have been built using ModCell technology; prefabricated panels consisting of a wooden structural frame infilled
with straw bales or hemp and rendered with either a breathable lime-based system or ventilated timber or brick cladding. This technology combines the lowest carbon
footprint and the best operational CO² performance of any system of construction currently available. In fact, as an agricultural co-product, straw buildings can be
carbon negative as straw absorbs CO² when it grows.
Answer:
Our Department has led research into straw as a low-impact building material and the BM TRADA’s Q-Mark certification guarantees a straw building’s energy efficiency,
Page 137 of 263

fire safety, durability and weather-resilience as the technology combines the lowest carbon footprint and the best operational CO² performance, which enables the
innovative straw walls to provide insulation and reduce fuel bills.
14. Summer Vacation (Incomplete)

Points:
15. Volcano Prediction (Incomplete)

Points:
16. Seattle Commuters (Incomplete)

Points: The traffic improvement in Seattle is due to the decreasing number of cars of commuters, who have turned to take bus. This is a piece of news from a survey
and the situation has not changed a lot.
17. New Women (Incomplete)

Points: About New Women in British and North America, which was a concept brought forward by a writer named Sarah, who wrote a book which triggered dispute
between two kinds of commentators. The book mainly talks about women's position in the middle class, including a few aspects, such as finance, employment, marriage,
etc.. The write advocated protecting women's position. Although the idea did not go well, it was still commemorated as women's movement.
18. The Women Institute (Incomplete)

Points: It has been more than 100 years since The Women Institute was established, but gender equality has not yet been achieved. Even with the equality law, the
gender pay gap still exists and women are still earning much less than men are. Women need to improve themselves, in areas including…… So there is still a lot more
that we need to do, such as STEM. And governments should also take actions.
19. Education Technology (Explanation)

Original:
In 1953 B.F. Skinner visited his daughter’s maths class. The Harvard psychologist found every pupil learning the same topic in the same way at the same speed. A few
days later he built his first "teaching machine", which let children tackle questions at their own pace. By the mid-1960s similar gizmos were being flogged by door-to-
door salesmen. Within a few years, though, enthusiasm for them had fizzled out. Since then education technology (edtech) has repeated the cycle of hype and flop, even
as computers have reshaped almost every other part of life. One reason is the conservatism of teachers and their unions. But another is that the brain-stretching
potential of edtech has remained unproven. Today, however, Skinner’s heirs are forcing the sceptics to think again (see article). Backed by billionaire techies such as
Mark Zuckerberg and Bill Gates, schools around the world are using new software to "personalize" learning. This could help hundreds of millions of children stuck in
dismal classes—but only if edtech boosters can resist the temptation to revive harmful ideas about how children learn. To succeed, edtech must be at the service of
teaching, not the other way around. The conventional model of schooling emerged in Prussia in the 18th century. Alternatives have so far failed to teach as many children
as efficiently. Classrooms, hierarchical year-groups, standardized curriculums and fixed timetables are still the norm for most of the world’s nearly 1.5bn schoolchildren.
Answer:
Despite education technology, which must be at the service of teaching, having repeated the cycle of hype and flop, schools around the world are using new software to
"personalize" learning, helping hundreds of millions of children stuck in dismal classes, but alternatives of the conventional model of schooling failed to teach as many
children as efficiently, with classrooms, hierarchical year-groups, standardized curriculums and fixed timetables being still the norm for most of the world's
schoolchildren.
20. Positive Mindset (Explanation)

Original:
Research shows that when people work with a positive mind-set, performance on nearly every level – productivity, creativity, engagement - improves. Yet happiness is
perhaps the most misunderstood driver of performance. For one, most people believe that success precedes happiness. “Once I get a promotion, I'll be happy,” they
think. Or, “Once I hit my sales target, I'll feel great.” But because success is a moving target – as soon as you hit your target, you raise it again, the happiness that
results from success is fleeting. In fact, it works the other way around: People who cultivate a positive mind-set perform better in the face of challenge. I call this the
"happiness advantage” – every business outcome shows improvement when the brain is positive. I've observed this effect in my role as a researcher and lecturer in 48
countries on the connection between employee happiness and success. And I'm not alone: In a meta-analysis of 225 academic studies, researchers Sonja Lyubomirsky,
Laura King, and Ed Diener found strong evidence of directional causality between life satisfaction and successful business outcomes. Another common misconception is
that our genetics, our environment, or a combination of the two determines how happy we are. To be sure, both factors have an impact. But one's general sense of well-
being is surprisingly malleable. The habits you cultivate, the way you interact with coworkers, how you think about stress – all these can be managed to increase your
happiness and your chances of success.
Answer:
People who cultivate a positive mind-set perform better in the face of challenge, which is called "happiness advantage”, supported by strong evidence of directional
causality between life satisfaction and successful business outcomes, and another common misconception is that our genetics, our environment, or a combination of the
two determines how happy we are, despite the fact that one's general sense of well-being is surprisingly malleable.
21. Ethics (Explanation)

Original:
Ethics is a set of moral obligations that define right and wrong in our practices and decisions. Many professions have a formalized system of ethical practices that help
guide professionals in the field. For example, doctors commonly take the Hippocratic Oath, which, among other things, states that doctors "do no harm" to their patients.
Engineers follow an ethical guide that states that they "hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public." Within these professions, as well as within science,
the principles become so ingrained that practitioners rarely have to think about adhering to the ethic – it's part of the way they practice. And a breach of ethics is
considered very serious, punishable at least within the profession (by revocation of a license, for example) and sometimes by the law as well. Scientific ethics calls for
honesty and integrity in all stages of scientific practice, from reporting results regardless to properly attributing collaborators. This system of ethics guides the practice
of science, from data collection to publication and beyond. As in other professions, the scientific ethic is deeply integrated into the way scientists work, and they are
aware that the reliability of their work and scientific knowledge in general depends upon adhering to that ethic. Many of the ethical principles in science relate to the
production of unbiased scientific knowledge, which is critical when others try to build upon or extend research findings. The open publication of data, peer review,
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replication, and collaboration required by the scientific ethic all help to keep science moving forward by validating research findings and confirming or raising questions
about results.
Answer:
Within the professions, where many professions have a formalized system of ethical practices, ethical principles become so ingrained that practitioners rarely have to
think about adhering to the ethic, a set of moral obligations defining right and wrong, and scientific ethics, deeply integrated into the way scientists work, calls for
honesty and integrity in all stages of scientific practice, which guides the practice, with the ethical principles relating to the production of unbiased scientific knowledge.
22. Ecology and Climatology (Explanation)

Original:
Ecology is the study of interactions of organisms among themselves and with their environment. It seeks to understand patterns in nature (e.g., the spatial and temporal
distribution of organisms) and the processes governing those patterns. Climatology is the study of the physical state of the atmosphere – its instantaneous state or
weather, its seasonal-to-interannual variability, its long-term average condition or climate, and how climate changes over time. These two fields of scientific study are
distinctly different. Ecology is a discipline within the biological sciences and has as its core the principle of natural selection. Climatology is a discipline within the
geophysical sciences based on applied physics and fluid dynamics. Both, however, share a common history. The origin of these sciences is attributed to Aristotle and
Theophrastus and their books Meteorological and Enquiry into Plants, respectively, but their modern beginnings trace back to natural history and plant geography.
Seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth century naturalists and geographers saw changes in vegetation as they explored new regions and laid the foundation for the
development of ecology and climatology as they sought explanations for these geographic patterns. Alexander von Humboldt, in the early 1800s, observed that widely
separated regions have structurally and functionally similar vegetation if their climates are similar. Alphonse de Candolle hypothesized that latitudinal zones of tropical,
temperate, and arctic vegetation are caused by temperature and in 1874 proposed formal vegetation zones with associated temperature limits.
Answer:
The origin of ecology, the study of interactions of organisms among themselves and with their environment, and climatology, the study of the physical state of the
atmosphere, is attributed to Aristotle and Theophrastus, but their modern beginnings trace back to natural history and plant geography, with naturalists and geographers
saw changes in vegetation while exploring new regions and laying the foundation for ecology and climatology as they sought explanations for these geographic patterns.
23. World Wide Web (Explanation)

Original:
Tim Berners-Lee believes the internet can foster human understanding and even world peace. He is the man who has changed the world more than anyone else in the
past hundred years. Sir Tim Berners-Lee may be a mild-mannered academic who lives modestly in Boston, but as the inventor of the world wide web he is also a
revolutionary. Along with Galileo, William Caxton and Sir Isaac Newton, he is a scientist who has altered the way people think as well as the way they live Since the web
went global 20 years ago, the way we shop, listen to music and communicate has been transformed. There are implications for politics, literature, economics even
terrorism because an individual can now have the same access to information as the elite. Society will never be the same. The computer scientist from Oxford, who built
his own computer from a television screen and spare parts after he was banned from one of the university computers, is a cultural guru as much as a technological one.
It is amazing how far we've come, he says. But you're always wondering what’s the next crazy idea, and working to make sure the web stays one web and that the
internet stays open. There isn't much time to sit back and reflect. We speak for more than an hour about everything from Facebook to fatwas, Wikipedia to Google. He
invented the web, he says, because he was frustrated that he couldn't find all the information he wanted in one place. It was an imaginary concept that he realized.
Answer:
Tim- Berners-Lee, the inventor of the world wide web, is a revolutionary scientist who has altered the way people think as well as the way they live, believing the internet
can foster human understanding and even world peace, because an individual now have the same access to information as the elite; there is not much time to sit back
and reflect because society will never be the same.
24. Asda (Explanation)

Original:
Asda has become the first food retailer in the country to measure how much customers can save by cutting back on food waste, thanks to a Knowledge Transfer
Partnership (KTP) with the University of Leeds. The idea behind the KTP was for the University, using Asda’s customer insight data, to apply its research to identify,
investigate and implement ways of helping customers to reduce their food waste. This was one of the first times that a major retailer had tried to deliver large-scale
sustainability changes, with the two year project seen as a way for Asda to position themselves as true innovators in this area. The campaign focused on providing
customers with advice on everything from food storage and labelling, to creative recipes for leftovers. Meanwhile, in-store events encouraged customers to make
changes in their own. They will make changes to how they deal with food waste in their own homes, leading to an average saving of 57 pounds per customer, as well as a
reduction in waste. A key aspect of a KTP is that an associate is employed by the University to work in the firm and help deliver the desired outcomes of the KTP. As a
part of the collaboration with Asda, Laura Babbs was given the task of driving forward the sustainability changes in the retailer. As a result of the success of her work,
Laura eventually became a permanent member of the team at Asda.
Answer:
Asda has become the first food retailer in the country to measure how much customers can save by cutting back on food waste, with a campaign focusing on providing
customers with advice on everything from food storage and labelling, to creative recipes for leftovers, and with in-store events encouraging customers to make changes
in their own, and an associate is employed by the University to work in the firm.
25. Nutritional Science (Explanation)

Original:
Most of the time when I embark on such an investigation, it quickly becomes clear that matters are much more complicated and ambiguous several shades grayer than I
thought going in. Not this time. The deeper I delved into the confused and confusing thicket of nutritional science, sorting through the long-running fats versus carb
wars, the fiber skirmishes and the raging dietary supplement debates, the simpler the picture gradually became. I learned that in fact, science knows a lot less about
nutrition than you would expect - that in fact, nutrition science is, to put it charitably, a very young science. Ifs still trying to figure out exactly what happens in your body
when you sip a soda, or what is going on deep in the soul of a carrot to make it so good for you, or why in the world you have so many neurons - brain cells! - in your
stomach, of all places. It's a fascinating subject, and someday the field may produce definitive answers to the nutritional questions that concern us, but — as nutritionists
themselves will tell you - they're not there yet. Not even close. Nutrition science, which after all only got started less than two hundred years ago, is today approximately
where surgery was in the year 1650 -very promising, and very interesting to watch, but are you ready to let them operate on you? I think I'll wait a while.
Answer:
Nutrition science is a very young science, and someday the field may produce definitive answers to the nutritional questions that concern us, but it knows a lot less about
nutrition than you would expect because it only got started less than two hundred years ago and is today approximately where surgery was in the year 1650.
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26. Illusion (Explanation)

Original:
According to researchers, the invisibility cloak illusion stems from the belief that we are much more socially observant than the people around us. This means that, while
we watch and wonder about other people as much as possible, we often think that people around us are less aware. This illusion occurs because, while we are fully aware
of our own impressions and speculations about other people, we have no idea about what those other people are thinking unless they choose to share with us, something
that rarely happens except in exceptional circumstances. To better understand what is happening, it is important to consider the groundbreaking research by Amos
Tversky and Daniel Kahneman on cognitive biases. When people make judgments about other people in social situations, they often depend on specific biases such as
the availability heuristic, i.e., that we attach more significance to thoughts that come to mind easily. This is why we consider thoughts about other people as being more
important than thoughts about inanimate objects. And so, as we look around us, we tend to focus our thoughts on the people we see and what they happen to be doing.
Which is why people-watching can be so addictive. What adds to the sense that we are relatively invisible to others is that people tend to be as discreet as possible
about their people-watching. Just because other people aren't sharing their observations with us, it's easy to pretend that they are not as observant as we are. Of
course, people may share their people-watching observations with anyone they happen to be with but, for the most part, that only applies to something remarkable
enough to comment on. For most of us, what we are seeing tends to be extremely private and not to be shared with others.
Answer:
The invisibility cloak illusion stems from the belief that we are much more socially observant than the people around us, which means while we watch and wonder about
other people as much as possible, we often think they are less aware, and occurs because, while we are fully aware of our own impressions and speculations about other
people, we have no idea about what those other people are thinking.
27. Reading (Explanation)

Original:
It might seem a little eccentric, but reviewing your work by reading it aloud can help to identify the woolliest areas. This works best if you perform your reading in a
theatrical way, pausing at the commas and ends of sentences. If you run out of breath during a sentence, it is probably too long. You ought to be able to convert your
writing into a speech in this way if it sounds too stilted and convoluted, perhaps you could rework these parts until they sound fluid. It is unlikely that your reader will be
fooled by the idea that long words make you sound clever. Cluttering a sentence with too many complicated words can prevent its meaning from being understood at all.
A short word is always preferable to a long one. Why should anyone choose the word erroneous over the word wrong in an essay? Usually, writers who employ more
obscure words are trying to sound impressive but can appear pretentious. Direct words enable you to control what you are saying, and are not necessarily babyish, but
the most appropriate ones for the job. When you read your writing aloud, you will notice that the key stress comes at the end of your sentence. It is, therefore, most
effective to end with a short and emphatic word to secure your point. Try to resist the impulse to waffle at the end of your sentence by trailing off into qualifying clauses.
It might be worth relocating the clause to the beginning of the sentence or losing it altogether if you feel that it adds little to its meaning. Your sentences might be the
most grammatically perfect in the world, but still, cause your writing to sound wrong if you have misjudged its tone. A colloquial style, which uses slang and
exclamations, is an inappropriately chatty tone for an essay. However, style can be equally jarring if your vocabulary is too formal or ambitious for its context. It is much
more impressive to make complicated points using simple language and grammar.
Answer:
Reviewing your work by reading it aloud can help to identify the woolliest areas, including cluttering a sentence with too many complicated words, which can prevent its
meaning from being understood because direct words enable you to control what you are saying, and your sentences might be the most grammatically perfect while a
colloquial style is an inappropriate tone for an essay and style can be jarring if your vocabulary is too formal or ambitious.
28. Plastic Particles (Explanation)

Original:
Fish are being killed, and prevented from reaching maturity, by the litter of plastic particles finding their way into the world's oceans, new research has proved. Some
young fish have been found to prefer tiny particles of plastic to their natural food sources, effectively starving them before they can reproduce. The growing problem of
microplastics - tiny particles of polymer-type materials from modern industry - has been thought for several years to be a peril for fish, but the study published on
Thursday is the first to prove the damage in trials. Microplastics are near-indestructible in natural environments. They enter the oceans through litter, when waste such as
plastic bags, packaging and other convenience materials are discarded. Vast amounts of these end up in the sea, through inadequate waste disposal systems and
sewage outfall. Another growing source is microbeads, tiny particles of hard plastics that are used in cosmetics, for instance as an abrasive in modern skin cleaners.
These easily enter waterways as they are washed off as they are used, flushed down drains and forgotten, but can last for decades in our oceans. The impact of these
materials has been hard to measure, despite being a growing source of concern. Small particles of plastics have been found in seabirds, fish and whales, which swallow
the materials but cannot digest them, leading to a build-up in their digestive tracts. For the first time, scientists have demonstrated that fish exposed to such materials
during their development show stunted growth and increased mortality rates, as well as changed behavior that could endanger their survival.
Answer:
Fish are being killed and prevented from reaching maturity, by the litter of plastic particles finding their way into the world's oceans, as some young fish have been found
to prefer tiny particles of plastic to their natural food, effectively starving them before they can reproduce, which has been thought for several years to be a peril for fish,
with the impact of these materials hard to measure, despite being a growing source of concern.
29. Voting Rights in UK (Explanation)

Original:
Compulsory voting is often suggested as a solution to the problem of declining turnout. But how are individuals and countries affected by compulsory voting beyond
boosting electoral participation? Shane Singh investigates the social, economic, and political consequences of compelling citizens to vote. There has been a lot of
discussion about compulsory voting these days. In the United Kingdom, in particular, as voter turnout rates have declined, many commentators and politicians have begun
advocating for mandatory electoral participation. Those in favor of compulsory voting often adduce the importance of participation among all segments of society.
Citizens of democracies are forced to do many things in the interest of the public good, they maintain, including serving on juries and educating their children, and full
participation serves the country as a whole. Those opposed to compulsory voting often argue that, from a democratic theory perspective, the right to vote implicitly
includes a right not to vote. Such a right of abstention, they argue, is more important than any societal good that might accompany high turnout. In fact, opponents of
compulsory voting often contend that the country may be better off if those who are disinclined to vote are not pushed to participate in public affairs. Regardless of
whether one of these sets of arguments is more persuasive than the other, compulsory voting is commonly used around the world. Several European democracies
mandate voting, as do Australia and most of the countries in Latin America. By evaluating results from these countries, it is possible to assess the mechanics and effects
of compulsory voting.
Answer:
Despite discussion about compulsory voting, in which proponents advocate the importance of participation across all societal segments and opponents argue a right of
abstention is more important, compulsory voting is commonly used around the world, including several European democracies, Australia, and most Latin American
countries, and the mechanics and effects can be assessed by evaluating results from these countries.
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30. Vividity of TV and Newspaper (Explanation)

Original:
To understand the final reason why the news marketplace of ideas dominated by television is so different from the one that emerged in the world dominated by the
printing press, it is important to distinguish the quality of vividness experienced by television viewers from the “vividness” experienced by readers. I believe that the
vividness experienced in the reading of words is automatically modulated by the constant activation of the reasoning centers of the brain that are used in the process of
concreating the representation of reality the author has intended. By contrast, the visceral vividness portrayed on television has the capacity to trigger instinctual
responses similar to those triggered by reality itself—and without being modulated by logic, reason, and reflective thought. The simulation of reality accomplished in the
television medium is so astonishingly vivid and compelling compared with the representations of reality conveyed by printed words that it signifies much more than an
incremental change in the way people consume information. Books also convey compelling and vivid representations of reality, of course. But the reader actively
participates in the conjuring of the reality the book’s author is attempting to depict. Moreover, the parts of the human brain that are central to the reasoning process are
continually activated by the very act of reading printed words: Words are composed of abstract symbols—letters—that have no intrinsic meaning themselves until they
are strung together into recognizable sequences. Television, by contrast, presents to its viewers a much more fully formed representation of reality—without requiring the
creative collaboration that words have always demanded.
Answer:
The news marketplace of ideas dominated by television is so different from the one that emerged in the world dominated by the printing press, because the quality of
vividness experienced by television viewers is different from that by readers, and the simulation of reality accomplished in the television medium is much more compelling
and vivid compared with the representation of reality conveyed by printed words.
31. The Great Sphinx (Explanation)

Original:
The face, though better preserved than most of the statue, has been battered by centuries of weathering and vandalism. In 1402, an Arab historian reported that a Sufi
zealot had disfigured it “to remedy some religious errors.” Yet there are clues to what the surface looked like in its prime. Archaeological excavations in the early 19th
century found pieces of its carved stone beard and a royal cobra emblem form its headdress. Residues of red pigment are still visible on the face, leading researchers to
conclude that at some point, the Sphinx’s entire visage was painted red. Traces of blue and yellow paint elsewhere suggest to Lehner that the Sphinx was once decked
out in gaudy comic book. For thousands of years, sand buried the colossus up to its shoulders, creating a vast disembodied head atop the eastern edge of the Sahara.
Then, in 1817, a Genoese adventurer, Capt. Giovanni Battista Caviglia, led 160 men in the first modern attempt to dig out the Sphinx. They could not hold back the sand,
which poured into their excavation pits nearly as fast as they could dig it out. The Egyptian archaeologist Selim Hassan finally freed the statue from the sand in the late
1930s. “The Sphinx has thus emerged into the landscape out of shadows of what seemed to be an impenetrable oblivion,” the New York Times declared.
Answer:
The face, battered by centuries of weathering and vandalism, like a Sufi zealot disfiguring it “to remedy some religious errors”, with pieces of its carved stone beard and
a royal cobra emblem form its headdress found in the early 19th century, and at some point painted red, was once decked out in gaudy comic book, and in 1817, a
Genoese adventurer, attempted to dig out the Sphinx with the statue freed from the sand.
32. Rosetta Stone (Explanation)

Original:
When the Rosetta Stone was discovered in 1799, the carved characters that covered its surface were quickly copied. Printer's ink was applied to the Stone and white
paper laid over it. When the paper was removed, it revealed an exact copy of the text—but in reverse. Since then, many copies or "facsimiles" have been made using a
variety of materials. Inevitably, the surface of the Stone accumulated many layers of material left over from these activities, despite attempts to remove any residue.
Once on display, the grease from many thousands of human hands eager to touch the Stone added to the problem. An opportunity for investigation and cleaning the
Rosetta Stone arose when this famous object was made the centerpiece of the Cracking Codes exhibition at The British Museum in 1999. When work commenced to
remove all but the original, ancient material, the stone was black with white lettering. As treatment progressed, the different substances uncovered were analyzed.
Grease from human handling, a coating of carnauba wax from the early 1800s and printer's ink from 1799 were cleaned away using cotton wool swabs and liniment of
soap, white spirit, acetone and purified water. Finally, white paint in the text, applied in 1981, which had been left in place until now as a protective coating, was removed
with cotton swabs and purified water. A small square at the bottom left corner of the face of the Stone was left untouched to show the darkened wax and the white
infill.
Answer:
Since the Rosetta Stone was discovered in 1799, the carved characters that covered its surface were quickly copied, which leaves the surface of the Stone accumulated
many layers of material left over from these activities, despite attempts to remove any residue, so when the work of the Cracking Codes exhibition at The British
Museum in 1999 commenced to remove all but the original, ancient material the stone was black with white lettering.
33. Songbird (Explanation)

Original:
Males do the singing and females do the listening. This has been the established, even cherished view of courtship in birds, but now some ornithologists are changing
tune. László Garamszegi of the University of Antwerp, Belgium, and colleagues studied the literature on 233 European songbird species. Of the 109 for which information
on females was available, they found evidence for singing in 101 species. In only eight species could the team conclude that females did not sing. Females that sing have
been overlooked, the team say, because their songs are quiet, they are mistaken for males from their similar plumage or they live in less well studied areas such as the
tropics. Garamszegi blames Charles Darwin for the oversight. “He emphasised the importance of male sexual display, and this is what everyone has been looking at.”
The findings go beyond modern species. After carefully tracing back an evolutionary family tree for their songbirds, Garamszegi’s team discovered that, in at least two
bird families, singing evolved in females first. They suggest these ancient females may have been using their songs to deter other females from their territories, to
coordinate breeding activities with males, or possibly to attract mates. “It leaves us with a perplexing question.”
Answer:
Now some ornithologists are changing tune on the previous belief that males do the singing and females do the listening, with females that sing having been overlooked,
because in at least two bird families, singing evolved in females first, who may have been using their songs to deter other females from their territories.
34. Plug-in Vehicle (Explanation)

Original:
Here's a term you're going to hear much more often: plug-in vehicle, and the acronym PEV. It's what you and many other people will drive to work in ten years and more
from now. At that time, before you drive off in the morning you will first unplug your car - your plugin vehicle. Its big on board batteries will have been fully charged
overnight, with enough power for you to drive 50-100 kilometers through city traffic. When you arrive at work you'll plug in your car once again, this time into a socket
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that allows power to flow from your car's batteries to the electricity grid. One of the things you did when you bought your car was to sign a contract with your favorite
electricity supplier, allowing them to draw a limited amount of power from your car's batteries should they need to, perhaps because of a blackout, or very high
wholesale spot power prices. The price you get for the power the distributor buys from your car would not only be most attractive to you, it would be a good deal for
them too, their alternative being very expensive power form peaking stations. If, driving home or for some other reason your batteries looked like running flat, a relatively
small, but quiet and efficient engine running on petrol, diesel or compressed natural gas, even bio-fuel, would automatically cut in, driving a generator that supplied the
batteries so you could complete your journey. Concerns over 'peak oil', increasing greenhouse gas emissions, and the likelihood that by the middle of this century there
could be five times as many motor vehicles registered worldwide as there are now, mean that the world's almost total dependence on petroleum-based fuels for transport
is, in every sense of the word, unsustainable.
Answer:
While people can charge their plug-in vehicles overnight before driving, they can plug vehicles into sockets allowing the power to flow from your car's batteries to the
electricity grid, and an engine driving a generator will supply alternative power, which means more people will drive plug-in vehicles in the future because the world’s
almost total dependence on petroleum-based fuels for transport is unsustainable.
35. Plants Research (Explanation)

Original:
Plants serve as the conduit of energy into the biosphere, provide food and materials used by humans, and they shape our environment. According to Ehrhardt and
Frommer, the three major challenges facing humanity in our time are food, energy, and environmental degradation. All three are plant related. All of our food is produced
by plants, either directly or indirectly via animals that eat them. Plants are a source of energy production. And they are intimately involved in climate change and a major
factor in a variety of environmental concerns, including agricultural expansion and its impact on habitat destruction and waterway pollution. What’s more, none of these
issues are independent of each other. Climate change places additional stresses on the food supply and on various habitats. So, plant research is instrumental in
addressing all of these problems and moving into the future. For plant research to move significantly forward, Ehrhardt and Former say technological development is
critical, both to test existing hypotheses and to gain new information and generate fresh hypotheses. If we are to make headway in understanding how these essential
organisms function and build the foundation for a sustainable future, then we need to apply the most advanced technologies available to the study of plant life, they say.
Answer:
The three major challenges facing humanity in our time are food, all of which is produced by plants as a source of energy production, energy, a source of whose
production plants are, and environmental degradation, and they are intimately involved in climate change and a major factor in a variety of environmental concerns, with
none independent of each other, so plant research is instrumental in addressing all of these problems and moving into the future.】
36. Children Watching TV (Explanation)

Original:
Why and to what extent should parents control their children’s TV watching? There is certainly nothing inherently wrong with TV. The problem is how much television a
child watches and what effect it has on his life. Research has shown that as the child watches and what effect it has on his life. Research has shown that as the amount
of time spent watching TV goes up, the amount of time devoted not only to homework and study but other important aspects of life such as social development and
physical activities decreases. Television is bound to have it tremendous impact on a child, both in terms of how many hours a week he watches TV and of what he sees.
When a parent is concerned about the effects of television, he should consider a number of things: what TV offers the child in terms of information and knowledge, how
many hours a week a youngster his age should watch television, the impact of violence and sex, and the influence of commercials. What about the family as a whole? Is
the TV set a central piece of furniture in your home! Is it flicked on the moment someone enters the empty house? Is it on during the daytime? Is it part of the
background notice of your family life? Do you demonstrate by your own viewing that television should be watched selectively?
Answer:
Parents not only concern how long their children watch TV but also what they see because television has its tremendous impact on children; when the amount of time
spent watching TV goes up, the amount of time devoted not only to homework and study but other important aspects of life decreases, which suggests that family should
consider television as a whole.
37. Overqualified Employees (Explanation)

Original:
If your recruiting efforts attract job applicants with too much experience—a near certainty in this weak labor market—you should consider a response that runs counter
to most hiring managers’ MO: Don’t reject those applicants out of hand. Instead, take a closer look. New research shows that overqualified workers tend to perform
better than other employees, and they don’t quit any sooner. Furthermore, a simple managerial tactic—empowerment—can mitigate any dissatisfaction they may feel.
The prejudice against too-good employees is pervasive. Companies tend to prefer an applicant who is a “perfect fit” over someone who brings more intelligence,
education, or experience than needed. On the surface, this bias makes sense: Studies have consistently shown that employees who consider themselves overqualified
exhibit higher levels of discontent. For example, over-qualification correlated well with job dissatisfaction in a 2008 study of 156 call-center reps by Israeli researchers
Saul Fine and Baruch Nevo. And unlike discrimination based on age or gender, declining to hire overqualified workers is perfectly legal. But even before the economic
downturn, a surplus of overqualified candidates was a global problem, particularly in developing economies, where rising education levels are giving workers more skills
than are needed to supply the growing service sectors. If managers can get beyond the conventional wisdom, the growing pool of too-good applicants is a great
opportunity. Berrin Erdogan and Talya N. Bauer of Portland State University in Oregon found that overqualified workers’ feelings of dissatisfaction can be dissipated by
giving them autonomy in decision making. At stores where employees didn’t feel empowered, “overeducated” workers expressed greater dissatisfaction than their
colleagues did and were more likely to state an intention to quit. But that difference vanished where self-reported autonomy was high.
Answer:
Prejudice against too-good employees is pervasive as employees who consider themselves overqualified exhibit higher levels of discontent and declining to hire
overqualified workers is perfectly legal, but the growing pool of too-good applicants is a great opportunity for managers because overqualified workers tend to perform
better than other employees, and empowerment can mitigate any dissatisfaction they may feel.
38. Online Teaching & Learning (Explanation)

Original:
What makes teaching online unique is that it uses the internet, especially the World Wide Web, as the primary means of communication. Thus, when you teach online, you
don’t have to be someplace to teach. You don’t have to lug your briefcase full of paper or your laptop to a classroom, stand at a lectern, scribble on a chalkboard (or
even use your high-tech, interactive classroom “smart” whiteboard), or grade papers in a stuffy room while your students take a test. You don’t even have to sit in your
office waiting for students to show up for conferences. You can hold “office hours” on weekends or at night after dinner. You can do all this while living in a small town
in Wyoming or a big city like Bangkok, even if you are working for a college whose administrative office is located in Florida or Dubai. You can attend an important
conference in Hawaii on the same day you teach your class in New Jersey, logging on from your laptop via the local café’s wireless hotspot or your hotel room’s high-
speed network. Or you may simply pull out your smartphone to quickly check on the latest postings, email, or text messages from students. Online learning offers more
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freedom for students as well. They can search for courses using the Web, scouring their institution or even the world for programs, classes, and instructors that fit their
needs. Having found an appropriate course, they can enroll and register, shop for their books, read articles, listen to lectures, submit their homework assignments, confer
with their instructors, and receive their final grades-all online.
Answer:
Because teaching online uses the internet as the primary means of communication, teachers don’t have to be someplace to teach and they can hold “office hours” on
weekends or at night after dinner; online learning offers more freedom for students as they can search for courses using the Web, scouring their institution or even the
world for programs, classes, and instructors that fit their needs.
39. Oil Price Decline (Explanation)

Original:
A plunging oil price has dragged UK inflation to zero over recent months. But analysts say the fall in retail prices cannot solely be attributed to oil. Discount retailers
continue to steal market share from established industry giants, taking an increased chunk of both food and non-food markets. And, as retail analyst Nick Bubb notes,
“the big supermarkets have had to respond to this by bringing down their own ‘rip off’ prices”. The result is a sector-wide fall in prices paid at the till. The growth of
online retailers has also brought prices down, in part due to the ease with which customers can compare prices and purchase goods elsewhere if they find an item
cheaper on a competitor’s site. Retailers are also reluctant to offer different prices in their physical and online stores, according to retail analyst Richard Hyman, which
means shops are forced to cut prices on the high street. An ever-expanding range of shops is also to blame, according to Mr. Hyman. “Overcapacity is the biggest of
the issues affecting prices,” he says. “In the last 10 years, online alone has added the equivalent of 110m square feet of trading space — that’s roughly equal to 65
additional Westfield London shopping malls. An increase in supply of retailers, with no increase in demand, has left the industry massively oversupplied.”
Answer:
While analysts say the fall in retail prices cannot just be attributed to the plunging oil price, discount retailers continue to steal market share from established industry
giants, and the growth of online retailers and the increase in supply of retailers are both to blame.
40. Malaysia Tourism (Explanation)

Original:
Malaysia is one of the most pleasant, hassle-free countries to visit in Southeast Asia. Aside from its gleaming 21st century glass towers, it boasts some of the most
superb beaches, mountains and national parks in the region. Malaysia is also launching its biggest-ever tourism campaign in effort to lure 20 million visitors here this
year. Any tourist itinerary would have to begin in the capital, Kuala Lumpur, where you will find the Petronas Twin Towers, which once comprised the world tallest
buildings and now hold the title of second-tallest. Both the 88-story towers soar 1,480 feet high and are connected by a sky-bridge on the 41st floor. The limestone
temple Batu Caves, located 9 miles north of the city, have a 328-foot-high ceiling and feature ornate Hindu shrines, including a 141-foot-tall gold-painted statue of a
Hindu deity. To reach the caves, visitors have to climb a steep flight of 272 steps. In Sabah state on Borneo island not to be confused with Indonesias Borneo you'll find
the small mushroom-shaped Sipadan island, off the coast of Sabah, rated as one of the top five diving sites in the world. Sipadan is the only oceanic island in Malaysia,
rising from a 2,300-foot abyss in the Celebes Sea. You can also climb Mount Kinabalu, the tallest peak in Southeast Asia, visit the Sepilok Orang Utan Sanctuary, go
white-water rafting and catch a glimpse of the bizarre Proboscis monkey, a primate found only in Borneo with a huge pendulous nose, a characteristic pot belly and
strange honking sounds. While you're in Malaysia, consider a trip to Malacca. In its heyday, this southern state was a powerful Malay sultanate and a booming trading
port in the region. Facing the Straits of Malacca, this historical state is now a place of intriguing Chinese streets, antique shops, old temples and reminders of European
colonial powers. Another interesting destination is Penang, known as the Pearl of the Orient. This island off the northwest coast of Malaysia boasts of a rich Chinese
cultural heritage, good food and beautiful beaches.
Answer:
While Malaysia is one of the most pleasant countries to visit in Southeast Asia, it is also launching its biggest-ever tourism campaign to lure more visitors this year, and
people can visit lots of places, such as the Petronas Twin Tower in Kuala Lumper, the limestone temple Batu Caves, the Sipadan island in Sabah, the Mount Kinabalu as
well as Malacca.
41. Geothermal Energy (Explanation)

Original:
What is the solution for nations with increasing energy demands, hindered by frequent power cuts and an inability to compete in the international oil market? For East
Africa at least, experts think geothermal energy is the answer. More promising still, the Kenyan government and international investors seem to be listening. This is just in
time according to many, as claims of an acute energy crisis are afoot due to high oil prices, population spikes and droughts. Geothermal energy works by pumping water
into bedrock, where it is heated and returns to the surface as steam which is used directly as a heat source or to drive electricity production. Source: Energy Information
Administration, Geothermal Energy in the Western United States and Hawaii. Currently over 60% of Kenya’s power comes from hydroelectric sources but these are
proving increasingly unreliable as the issue of seasonal variation is intensified by erratic rain patterns. Alternative energy sources are needed; and the leading energy
supplier in Kenya, Kenya Electricity Generating Company (KenGen), hopes to expand its geothermal energy supply from 13% to 25 % of its total usage by 2020. The
potential of geothermal energy in the region was first realised internationally by the United Nations Development Program, when geologists observed thermal anomalies
below the East African Rift system. Locals have been utilising this resource for centuries; using steam vents to create the perfect humidity for greenhouses, or simply to
enjoy a swim in the many natural hot lakes. Along the 6000 km of the rift from the Red Sea to Mozambique, geochemical, geophysical and heat flow measurements were
made to identify areas suitable for geothermal wells. One area lies next to the extinct Olkaria volcano, within the Hell’s Gate National Park, and sits over some of the
thinnest continental crust on Earth. This is a result of the thinning of the crust by tectonic stretching, causing hotter material below the Earth’s surface to rise, resulting
in higher temperatures. This thin crust was ideal for the drilling of geothermal wells, reaching depths of around 3000 m, where temperatures get up to 342°C, far higher
than the usual temperature of 90°C at this depth. Water in the surrounding rocks is converted to steam by the heat. The steam can be used to drive turbines and
produce electricity.
Answer:
With the increasing energy demands in East Africa and the current unreliable energy source, Kenya has already adopted a geothermal energy as an alternative source
and hopes to increase its supply in the future, which is mainly generated from the thinnest continental crust on Earth where the water is converted into steam that can be
either used as a direct heat source or drive electricity production.
42. Electric Cars (Explanation)

Original:
Although we tend to think of electric cars as being something completely modern, they were in fact some of the earliest types of motorized vehicle. At the beginning of
the twentieth century electric cars were actually more popular than cars with an internal combustion engine as they were more comfortable to ride in. However, as cars
fuelled by petrol increased in importance, electric cars declined. The situation became such that electric vehicles were only used for certain specific purposes - as fork-
lift trucks, ambulances and urban delivery vehicles, for example. Although electricity declined in use in road vehicles, it steadily grew in importance as a means of
powering trains. Switzerland, for example, was quick to develop an electrified train system, encouraged in this no doubt by the fact that it had no coal or oil resources of
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its own. Nowadays there is renewed interest in electricity as a means of powering road vehicles. Why is this the case? Well, undoubtedly economic reasons are of
considerable importance. The cost of oil has risen so sharply that there is a strong financial imperative to look for an alternative. However, there are also environmental
motivations. Emissions from cars are blamed in large part for - among other things – the destruction of the ozone layer and the resultant rise in temperatures in the
polar regions. A desire not to let things get any worse is also encouraging research into designing effective electric transport.
Answer:
Although electric cars were actually more popular than cars with an internal combustion engine as they were more comfortable to ride in, they declined because cars
fuelled by petrol increased in importance, ; however because of economic reasons and environmental motivations, nowadays there is renewed interest in electricity as a
means of powering road vehicles.
43. Double Blind (Explanation)

Original:
The feature of being “double blind”, where neither patients nor physicians are aware of who receives the experimental treatment, is almost universally trumpeted as being
a virtue of clinical trials. Hence, trials that fail to remain successfully double blind are regarded as providing inferior evidential support. The rationale for this view is
unobjectionable: double blinding rules out the potential confounding influences of patient and physician beliefs. Nonetheless, viewing double blind trial as necessarily
superior is problematic. For one, it leads to the paradox that very effective experimental treatments will not be supportable by best evidence. If a new drug were to make
even the most severe symptoms of the common cold disappear within seconds, most participants and investigators would correctly identify it as the latest wonder drug
and not the control (i.e. placebo) treatment. Any trial testing the effectiveness of this wonder drug will therefore fail to remain double blind. Similar problems arise for
treatments, such as exercise and most surgical techniques, whose nature makes them resistant to being tested in double blind conditions. It seems strange that an
account of evidence should make priori judgments that certain claims can never be supported by ‘best evidence’. It would be different if the claims at issue were
pseudoscientific – untestable. But so far as treatments with large effects go, the claim that they are effective is highly testable and intuitively they should receive
greater support from the evidence than do claims about treatments with moderate effects.
Answer:
While double blind is a virtue of clinical trials because it rules out the potential confounding influences of patients and physician beliefs, viewing double blind trial as
necessarily superior is problematic because it leads to the paradox that effective experimental treatments will not be supportable by the best evidence, but claims
treatments are effective is highly testable and intuitively they should receive greater support from the evidence than do claims about treatments with moderate effects.
44. Children Allowance (Explanation)

Original:
Many people who have written on the subject of allowances say it is not a good idea to pay your child for work around the home. These jobs are a normal part of family
life. Paying children to do extra work around the house, however, can be useful. It can even provide an understanding of how a business works. Allowances give children
a chance to experience the things they can do with money. They can share it in the form of gifts or giving to a good cause. They can spend it by buying things they
want. Or they can save and maybe even invest it. Saving helps children understand that costly goals require sacrifice: you have to cut costs and plan for the future.
Requiring children to save part of their allowance can also open the door to future saving and investing. Many banks offer services to help children and teenagers learn
about personal finance. A savings account is an excellent way to learn about the power of compound interest. Compounding works by paying interest on interest. So, for
example, one dollar invested at two percent interest for two years will earn two cents in the first year. The second year, the money will earn two percent of one dollar and
two cents, and so on. That may not seem like a lot. But over time it adds up.
Answer:
Although many people say it is not a good idea to pay your child for work around the home, it can provide an understanding of how a business works and give them a
chance to experience the things they can do with money because children can spend the money or understand saving and investing, so that they can learn about the
power of compound interest.
45. Cataract Surgery (Explanation)

Original:
Scientists believe they may have found a way to prevent complications that can arise following cataract surgery, the world’s leading cause of blindness. Detailing why
complications can occur after surgery, researchers from the University of East Anglia (UEA) explained that while cataract surgery works well to restore vision, a few
natural lens cells always remain after the procedure. Over time, the eye’s wound-healing response leads these cells to spread across the underside of the artificial lens,
which interferes with vision, causing what’s known as ‘posterior capsule opacification’ or secondary cataract. UEA’s School of Biological Sciences academic, Dr. Michael
Wormstone, who led the study, said: “Secondary visual loss responds well to treatment with laser surgery. But as life expectancy increases, the problems of cataract and
posterior capsule opacification will become even greater in terms of both patient well being and economic burden. It’s essential that we find better ways to manage the
condition in future.” As a result, researchers are designing new artificial lenses that can be placed into a capsular bag that stays open, instead of shrink-wrapping
closed, which currently occurs. It is believed that, through the new approach, fluid in the eye can flow around the artificial lens, therefore diluting and washing away the
cell-signaling molecules that encourage cell re-growth.
Answer:
Complications following cataract surgery are the world’s leading cause of blindness because it will cause secondary cataract which will become even greater in terms of
patients’ wellbeing and economic burden as life expectancy increases, but researchers are designing new artificial lenses that are proved to be able to prevent
complications following cataract surgery.
46. Australian Indigenous Food (Explanation)

Original:
In its periodic quest for culinary identity, Australia automatically looks to its indigenous ingredients, the foods that are native to this country. 'There can be little doubt
that using an indigenous product must qualify a dish as Australian notes Stephanie Alexander. Similarly, and without qualification, states that ‘A uniquely Australian food
culture can only be based upon foods indigenous to this country, although, as Craw remarks, proposing Australian native foods as national symbols relies more upon their
association with 'nature' and geographic origin than on common usage. Notwithstanding the lack of justification for the premise that national dishes are, of necessity,
founded on ingredients native to the country—after all, Italy's gastronomic identity is tied to the non-indigenous tomato, Thailand's to the non-indigenous chili—the
reality is that Australians do not eat indigenous foods in significant quantities. The exceptions are fish, crustaceans and shellfish from oceans, rivers and lakes, most of
which are unarguably unique to this country. Despite valiant and well-intentioned efforts today at promoting and encouraging the consumption of native resources, bush
foods are not harvested or produced in sufficient quantities for them to be a standard component of Australian diets, nor are they generally accessible. Indigenous foods
are less relevant to Australian identity today than lamb and passionfruit, both initially imported and now naturalized.
Answer:
In its periodic quest for culinary identity, Australia automatically looks to its indigenous ingredients, the foods that are native to this country, notwithstanding the lack of
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justification for the premise that national dishes are founded on ingredients native to the country and the reality that Australians do not eat indigenous foods in
significant quantities, and indigenous foods are less relevant to Australian identity today than lamb and passionfruit, both initially imported and now naturalized.
47. Australia-US Alliance (Explanation)

Original:
Some "moments" seem more important in hindsight than they were at the time. David Day, for example, looks at John Curtin's famous "Australia looks to America"
statement of December 1941, a moment remembered as embodying a fundamental shift in Australia's strategic alliance away from Britain towards the US. As Day points
out, the shift to the US as our primary ally was a long, drawn-out process which occurred over half a century. Curtin's statement is iconic - it represents and symbolizes
the shift - but in and of itself it made almost no difference. Russell McGregor makes similar arguments with regard to the 1967 referendum, falsely hailed in our
memories as a huge advance in Aboriginal rights. There are many other important events which our contributors examine - the campaign to save the Franklin River; the
landings at Gallipoli, the discovery of gold in 1851, the disastrous Premiers' Plan designed to cope with the Great Depression, to name just a few. Taken together, our
contributors show that narrative approaches to Australian history are not as simple as might be imagined. There is of course the issue of what should be included and
what should not be - what, after all, makes a moment or an event sufficiently important to be included in an official narrative? Just as importantly, the moments and
events that are included in narrative histories are open to multiple interpretations. We hope this collection will provide an important reminder to those wanting to impose
a universal history curriculum for our schoolchildren, and indeed a lesson to all Australians wishing to understand their nation's past. History is never simple or
straightforward, and it always resists attempts to make it so.
Answer:
While a moment is remembered as embodying a fundamental shift in Australia’s strategic alliance away from Britain towards the US, there are many other important
events which our contributors examine, which suggests our contributors show that narrative approaches to Australian history are not as simple as might be imagined, and
the moments and events that are included in narrative histories are open to multiple interpretations.
48. American English (Explanation)

Original:
American English is, without doubt, the most influential and powerful variety of English in the world today. There are many reasons for this. First, the United States is, at
present, the most powerful nation on earth and such power always brings with it influence. Indeed, the distinction between a dialect and a language has frequently been
made by reference to power. As has been said, a language is a dialect with an army. Second, America’s political influence is extended through American popular culture,
in particular through the international reach of American films (movies, of course) and music. As Kahane has pointed out, the internationally dominant position of a
culture results in a forceful expansion of its language... the expansion of language contributes... to the prestige of the culture behind it. Third, the international
prominence of American English is closely associated with the extraordinarily quick development of communications technology. Microsoft is owned by an American, Bill
Gates. This means a computer’s default setting for language is American English, although of course this can be changed to suit one’s own circumstances. In short, the
increased influence of American English is caused by political power and the resultant diffusion of American culture and media, technological advance, and the rapid
development of communications technology.
Answer:
While American English is a dialect with an army because the United States is the most powerful nation on the earth and such power brings with it influence, America’s
political influence is extended through American popular culture which also results in an expansion of its language, and the international prominence of American English
is associated with the quick development of communications technology, which suggests American English is the most influential and powerful variety of English.
49. Crime Rate (Explanation)

Original:
The Home Office's periodic British Crime Survey estimates that the true level of crime (the sorts, anyway, which inform the official figures) is about four times than is
registered in the annual statistics. Quite often, especially in the financial services sector, businesses do not report crimes against themselves for fear of lowering their
public image. Many citizens today are not insured against car theft or property loss (because they cannot afford the premiums) so they have no incentive to tell the
police if they become victims. A steep statistical rise in crime can sometimes arise not from a real growth in a particular type of conduct but from a new policing policy -
offences of "lewd dancing" rose by about 300 per cent during 12 months in the 1980s in Manchester, but only because the zealous Chief Constable James Anderton had
deployed a great many officers in gay night clubs. Sometimes the enactment of a new range of offences or the possibility of committing old offences in a new way (like
computer offences involving fraud and deception) can cause an upward jolt in crime levels. The figures just released show a startling jump in street robbery but much of
this seems to be a very particular crime: the theft of the now ubiquitous mobile phones. Conversely, if crimes like joyriding and some assaults are kept out of the
categories measured in the annual statistics, as is the case, the official figures do not reflect even what is reported to the police as criminal. The way that criminal
statistics are compiled by the Home Office is also relevant. From April 1998, police forces started to count crime in a way which, according to the government, will give
"a more robust statistical measure".
Answer:
There are several reasons that contribute to a rise in crime rate including that businesses do not report crimes against themselves for fear of lowering their public image,
that citizens have no incentive to tell police if they become victims, a new policing policy, the enactment of a new range of offenses or the possibility of committing old
offenses in a new way, and the way that criminal statistics are compiled by the Home Office.
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Write Essay
1. Art and Culture (Explanation)
Question:
Should the government or charity/private investment be responsible for the funding of art and culture? Give your opinion.
(APEUni Website / App WE #384)
2. Replaced Textbooks (Explanation)

Question:
Do you think textbooks should be replaced by online resources and technological innovations?
3. Overcrowding (Explanation)
Question:
As the urban population grows, traffic is heavy and public areas such as parking lots are packed. What solutions do you think can address such problems?
4. Nature or Nurture
Question:
Scientists have been debating the impact of nature and nurture on people’s personality and behavior. Nature brings you inborn skills and nurture helps you obtain skills by
practices. Which one do you think has a greater influence?
5. Hyper Competition
Question:
Some people claim that competition improves the quality of our private and professional lives. Others believe that hyper competition is bad for society in general. What is
your opinion?
6. Financial Learning
Question:
As dealing with money is such an important skill, all children should be taught financial management at school. Do you agree with it or not?
7. Salary on Achievements
Question:
Pay-for-performance is a trend for teachers. Some people agree that it is an incentive for teachers to link students' achievements to teachers' salaries, while others
disagree. What is your opinion about paying teachers according to students' achievement? Give your reasons.
8. Age for Activity

Question:
Some people say the elderly are unsuitable to take part in some activities. Please give an example of the activities, and give the maximum age for it.
9. Workplace Exercise
Question:
Exercise is essential for health, and exercise in the workplace makes employees less absent from work. All employers should provide exercise facilities in the workplace.
What is your opinion? Support your opinion with personal examples.
10. Success
Question:
Some people feel that success lies in achieving professional and economic targets, while others say that success lies in spending quality time with family and friends.
What is your opinion?
11. Travel for Education

Question:
Some believe the value of travel is overrated. Some talented people know things across the world without travel. People argue whether travel is or not a necessary part of
education. To what extent do you agree with it?
12. Public Space

Question:
Some people believe that all cities and towns should have at least one large public open space. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
13. Foreign Languages

Question:
While artificial intelligence becomes so advanced, people can use computers to translate foreign languages. That makes learning a foreign language unnecessary. Do you
agree with it? Give examples or your experiences to support.
14. City or Countryside

Question:
Living in the countryside or living in cities, which one do you prefer? Please use examples or your personal experience to support your opinion.
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15. New Inventions (Explanation)

Question:
In our technological world, the number of new inventions has been increasing. Please make an example with its impact on our life, and explain if it is beneficial or
detrimental
16. Over-competitive
Question:
What are the advantages and the disadvantages of being over-competitive to individuals and society?
17. Artificial Intelligence (Explanation)

Question:
Advance in artificial intelligence such as computers can more easily translate a foreign language. To what extent do you think that it makes learning a foreign language
unnecessary? Support your opinion with reasons or your personal experience, and give examples.
18. Wage Cap

Question:
Some people say there should be a maximum wage for high-paying jobs. Do you support that？Can you give your point of view or your own experience？
19. Harder Life

Question:
It is harder for children living in the 21st century than that in the past. How far do you agree with this statement? Give your opinions.
20. Old or Modern Buildings

Question:
More and more countries spend large amounts of money on the restoration of buildings instead of on modern housing. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this
analysis? Support your writing with your experience or examples.
21. Compulsory Learning

Question:
Some people think learning a foreign language at school should be compulsory. Do you agree with it?Use your experience or examples to support your viewpoint.
22. Working Women (Explanation)

Question:
More and more women are managing to combine raising a family and following a career. Some people believe this is a challenge for women. Please give your
suggestions about this challenge on a personal level and a national level.
23. Short Weeks

Question:
Unemployment among young people is a serious problem.One solution has been suggested is to shorten the working week. What do you think are the advantages and
disadvantages? Do you think this policy should apply to just young workers or the whole workforce？
24. Celebrities' Privacy

Question:
People who are famous entertainers or sportspeople should give up the right to privacy as this is the price of fame. To what extent do you agree/disagree with this point
of view? Give your opinion with your experiences.
25. Less Work Hours

Question:
“In the future, people will work fewer hours at their jobs than they do now.” To what extent do you agree with it? Please support your opinion with your own experience.
26. Television (Explanation)

Question:
Television serves many useful functions. It helps people to relax. Besides, it can also be seen as a companion for lonely people. To what extent do you agree with this?
Explain it with your own experience.
27. Inventions (Explanation)

Question:
In our technological world, the number of new inventions has been evolving on a daily basis. Please describe a new invention, and determine whether it brings beneficial
or harmful impact to society.
28. Dangerous Activities (Explanation)

Question:
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Nowadays, more and more people engage in dangerous activities, such as skydiving, skiing and extreme motorcycling. Are you in favor of such activities or not? Why?
29. Environmental Influence (Explanation)

Question:
Nowadays, people believe that the environment influences their accomplishments. Some people think their success and accomplishment were influenced by the places
where they grew up. Do you think the environment does or does not affect people’s accomplishment and how it affects? Please give an example of a famous person to
support your statement.
30. Tourism's Pros and Cons (Explanation)

Question:
For less developed countries, the disadvantages of tourism are as great as the advantages. What is your opinion?
31. Law Effect (Explanation)

Question:
Some people think human behavior can be changed by laws, while others think laws have little effect. What is your opinion?
32. Marketing in Companies (Explanation)

Question:
Should marketing in companies which produce consumer goods, like food and clothing, place emphasis on reputation of the company or short-term strategies like the
discounts and special offers? Why?
33. Studying Climate Change (Explanation)

Question:
Imagine you have been assigned on the study of climate change. Which area of climate change will you choose and why? Use examples.
34. Common Exams

Question:
Exams are commonly used in most schools and universities. Some people think exams should be replaced by other forms of assessment. Do you agree or disagree?
35. Wealthy Nations

Question:
Wealthy nations are required to share their wealth with poorer countries. What is your opinion?
36. Studying Abroad (Explanation)

Question:
It is often argued that studying overseas is overrated. There are many scholars who study locally. To what extent do you agree with this？
37. Arts or Technology Research

Question:
Governments should not put too much attention on arts, such as theaters. Instead, they should allocate more funds to areas of concern, such as the technology research.
Do you agree with this opinion or not? Use your own experience to support your idea.
38. Public Transportation

Question:
What are the advantages and problems of cheaper public transportation? Give your opinion from your own experience.
39. Concentration
Question:
Some people argue that young people should concentrate on study or work, but some people think it is better to put energy in activities designed to broaden their
experience, such as international travel and volunteering. Discuss with examples or cases.
40. Distraction (Explanation)

Question:
Effective study requires time, comfort and peace. it is impossible to combine learning with employment because one may distract the other. To what extent do you think
the statements are realistic? Give your opinion with examples.
41. Life Experience (Explanation)

Question:
Experience is the best teacher. Some people think life experiences teach people more effectively than books or formal education can. How far do you agree with this
statement? Give your reason or provide your personal experience.
42. Credit Cards (Explanation)

Question:
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In a cashless society, people use more credit cards instead of cash. Cashless society seems to be a reality. How realistic do you think it might be? What are the benefits
or problems of this phenomenon?
43. Journalist
Question:
Being a journalist is one of the most difficult jobs in the world. To what extent, you agree with it?
44. Age Limit

Question:
Age restriction should be placed on many activities such as driving and smoking. What do you think the minimum age should be? Give your reasons and examples.
45. Tourism (Explanation)

Question:
Tourism is good for some less developed countries, but also has some disadvantages. Discuss.
46. Digital Materials (Explanation)

Question:
With the increase of digital information available online, the role of the library has become obsolete. Universities should only procure the new materials rather than
constantly update textbooks. Discuss both the advantages and disadvantages of this position and give your own point of view.
47. Building Effects (Explanation)

Question:
Do you think the design of buildings affects positively or negatively where people live and work?
48. Teenagers
Question:
Teenagers should receive lessons on principles of personal finance, such as investing and debt. To what extent do you agree with this statement?
49. Experiential Learning (Explanation)

Question:
Some people point that experiential learning (i.e. learning by doing it) can work well in formal education. However, others think a traditional form of teaching is the best.
Do you think experiential learning can work well in high schools or colleges?
50. Digital Age

Question:
Some people claim that digital age has made us lazier, others claim it has made us more knowledgeable. Discuss both opinions, use examples to support.
51. Television
Question:
Nowadays television has become an essential part of life. It is a medium for disseminating news and information, and for some it acts as a companion. What is your
opinion about this?
52. Emigration
Question:
Many people choose to emigrate to other countries. What are the advantages and disadvantages of living in a foreign country? Discuss with your own experience.
53. Extreme Sports

Question:
In your opinion, what are the advantages and disadvantages of extreme or adventure sports?
54. Formal Written Examination (Explanation)

Question:
Many education systems assess students using formal written examinations. Those kinds of exams are a valid method. To what extent do you agree or disagree? Give
examples with your own experience.
55. Personal Life (Explanation)

Question:
Nowadays, work leaves little time to people's personal life. How widespread do you think it is? How can we solve the problems caused by the shortage of time?
56. Senior Executives (Explanation)

Question:
Employers involve workers in decision making process about products and services. What are the advantages and disadvantages of such a policy?
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57. Getting Married (Explanation)

Question:
It is argued that getting married before finishing studying or getting established in a good job is foolish. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
58. Facing Issues (Explanation)

Question:
The world's governments and organizations confront a multitude of global problems. Which do you think is the most pressing problem for the inhabitants of our planet
and give the solution?
59. Global Issue (Explanation)

Question:
Climate change is a concerning global issue, and many people hold a negative attitude towards it. Who should take the main action to solve this problem, governments,
big companies or individuals?
60. Personal Life (Explanation)

Question:
Nowadays, people devote too much time to their job. This leaves very little time for their personal life. How widespread is the problem? What problem will this shortage
of time cause?
61. Reputation or Short Term Strategies (Explanation)

Question:
Should marketing for consumer goods companies like clothing and food emphasize reputation or short-term strategies like discounts and special offers?
62. Mark Deduction (Explanation)

Question:
Some universities deduct marks from students' work if it is given in late. What is your opinion? Suggest some alternative actions.
63. Transportation Networks (Explanation)

Question:
As cities expand, governments should look forwards to creating better networks of public transport available for everyone rather than building more roads for vehicle
owning population. To what extent do you agree or disagree？Give some examples or experience to support your opinion.
64. Information Revolution (Explanation)

Question:
The information revolution brought about by modern mass media has both positive and negative consequences to individuals and society. To what extent do you agree
with this statement? Discuss with your own experience.
65. Studying Theater (Explanation)

Question:
There are both problems and benefits for high school students to study plays and other works for theater that were written centuries ago. Use your own experience to
discuss it.
66. Shopping Malls (Explanation)

Question:
In many towns and cities, large shopping malls are replacing small local shops. Do you think this is a positive development? Give your reasons and examples.
67. Legal Responsibility (Explanation)

Question:
Should parents be held legally responsible for the actions of their children? Support your opinion with personal examples.
68. Birth Rate

Question:
In many countries, the birth rates are lowing, and the problems of ageing population are serious. What are the causes and the effects of this phenomenon? what should
we do to address these issues?
69. Extending Life Expectancy (Explanation)

Question:
Medical technology is responsible for increasing the average life expectancy. Do you think it is a blessing or a curse?
70. Inventions (Explanation)

Question:
In the past 100 years, there have been many inventions such as antibiotics, airplanes and computers. What do you think is the most important one? Why?
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71. Right Balance (Explanation)

Question:
Nowadays, it is increasingly more difficult to maintain the right balance between work and the other aspects of one’s life, such as leisure pursuits with family members.
How important do you think this balance is? What are the reasons that make some people think that this is hard to achieve？
72. Mass Media (Explanation)

Question:
The mass media, such as TV, radio and newspapers, have an influence on people, particularly on younger generations. It plays a pivotal role in shaping the opinions of
people, especially teenagers and young people. To what extent do you agree with this? Please give examples.
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C. Reading
Fill in the Blanks (Reading & Writing)
1. Recruitment Tool
The six programs represented here report that word of mouth is by far their most effective recruitment tool, particularly because it typically yields candidates who are
similar to previously successful candidates. Moreover, satisfied candidates and school systems are likely to spread the word without any special effort on the part of their
program. Other, less personal advertising approaches, such as radio and television spots and local newspaper advertisements, have also proven fruitful, especially for
newer programs. New York uses a print advertising campaign to inspire dissatisfied professionals to become teachers. Subway posters send provocative messages to
burned-out or disillusioned professionals. "Tired of diminishing returns? Invest in NYC kids" was just one of many Madison Avenue-inspired invitations. News coverage
has also proven to be a boon to alternative programs. When the New York Times, for example, ran a story about the district’s alternative route program, 2,100
applications flooded in over the next six weeks.
Options:
1) spread, deepen, unfold, splay
2) effect, errand, effort, emotion
3) rarely, totally, especially, likely
4) telling, warning, messages, stories
5) facet, charge, boon, burden
(APEUni Website / App FIBRW #920)
2. Self Recognition (Incomplete)

Points: Everyone ( ) his or her social identity. ... people will (lower) esteem ...
3. Bonus of Dendrochronology
A bonus of dendrochronology is that the width and substructure of each ring reflect the amount of rain and the season at which the rain fell during that particular year.
Thus, tree ring studies also allow one to reconstruct past climate; e.g., a series of wide rings means a wet period, and a series of narrow rings means a drought .
Options:
1) covet, reflect, register, copy
2) timing, duration, division, season
3) then, before, past, pass
4) seam, serious, serial, series
5) drought, hardness, humidity, strength
4. Sleep Pattern (Incomplete)

Points: About research on sleep of different ages. Compared with the patterns of youth and adults, infants fall asleep sooner and less likely to be affected by
environment. Part time employees' sleep is more likely to be affected by factors such as work. Key words: eyelash, the number of blink.
5. New Material (Incomplete)

Points: About the cooperation between a scientific research institute and Samsung. ... new (result / method / conclusion) was published in academic periodicals. ...
academic and industrial (researchers / people / areas) ... the method that has been studied for years ... The new material can lower costs in production. ... (whereby /
whereas ) the performance of the material ... The material is (comparable / preferable / compatible) with ... industrial product.
6. Water Consumption (Incomplete)

Points: A short passage about water consumption with three, or four blanks. The growing population makes the city's water (pollution / consumption). We should
improve water resource's (efficiency). In rich countries, water consumption has gradually been slowed down by increased prices and the use of modern technologies and
recycling.
7. Company Culture (Incomplete)

Points: The use of company culture is for ... A company will (copy / resemble) company culture, ... small companies and large companies will ... large companies will have
crisis ...
8. Station Service (Incomplete)

Points: About station service (road related?) ... the government is responsible to (set / build) up ... Because of competition, the service has to do ... well, in which the
most important one is to provide showers. The people will (walk / head) for showers first.
9. Environmental Policy (Explanation)

Thus the environmental policy does not contribute to the profitability in any real sense at all. In practice it is companies that are well organized and efficient, or that are
already comfortably profitable, that have time to establish and police environmental policies. However, if profitable companies are the ones most likely to establish
'environmental best practice ' this is confusing cause with effect. It is not that environmental best practice causes profitability, but that being profitable allows
for concern for the environment.
Options:
1) cater, enlist, enrol, establish
2) practice, vocation, code, revision
3) concern, level, effect, bother
10. Clinical Trials (Incomplete)

Points: Clinical trials are a type of research that studies new tests and treatments and evaluates their effects on human health outcomes. People volunteer to take part in
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clinical trials to test medical interventions. Clinical trials are carefully designed, reviewed and completed, and need to be approved before they can start.
11. Types of Women (Incomplete)

Points: Some women cannot live independently, who focus on household chores and childcare. So they like to compare themselves to others, and care about how others
see themselves. But some other women live an independent live, never minding the ways others look at them.
12. Activity (Incomplete)

Points: Many (applications) were submitted ... the lady was (pleased) ... to this activity. Some money could enable her to (attend) further activities ... she was confident to
complete the writing of some (chapters).
13. Korean Students (Incomplete)

Points: A survey about Korean students using media. Some people use it to keep touch with the family and cultivate relationships with friends. Some Korean students
study (during / by / while / about) oversea programs … they think using media spends too much time, (and / as well as / because / ... ) ... They use media just
(gathering) information ... (focus on) ... study.
14. Korean Students (Incomplete)

Points: A survey about student networks. Asian students point out that Korean students … academic. Using online ... just for gathering information for academic … they
think networks need much time … Korean students focus on learning ...
15. Financial Crisis (Explanation)

Since the beginning of the financial crisis, there have been two principal explanations for why so many banks made such disastrous decisions. The first is structural.
Regulators did not regulate. Institutions failed to function as they should. Rules and guidelines were either inadequate or ignored. The second explanation is that Wall
Street was incompetent , that the traders and investors didn't know enough, that they made extravagant bets without understanding the consequences.
Options:
1) explanations, debates, excuses, examples
2) function, use, stabilize, maintain
3) rough, rampant, incompetent, irresponsible
4) counting, understanding, correcting, valuing
16. Crime Prevention (Explanation)

Crime prevention has a long history in Australia, and in other parts of the world. In all societies, people have tried to protect themselves and those close to them from
assaults and other abuses. Every time someone locks the door to their house or their car, they practice a form of prevention. Most parents want their children to learn to
be law abiding and not spend extended periods of their lives in prison. In this country, at least, most succeed . Only a small minority of young people become recidivist
offenders. In a functioning society, crime prevention is part of everyday life. While prevention can be all-pervasive at the grassroots, it is oddly neglected in mass media
and political discourses. When politicians, talkback radio hosts and newspaper editorialists pontificate about crime and possible remedies, it is comparatively rare for
them to mention prevention. Overwhelmingly, emphasis is on policing, sentencing and other 'law and order' responses .
Options:
1) promote, respect, protect, enhance
2) part of, a form of, relation to, addition to
3) success, has succeeded, succeed, was succeeded
4) which, it, what, as
5) default, possible, articulate, absolute
17. Sand Dune (Incomplete)

Points: About sand dune. (... / single / ...) sand ... wind blows (into / on / in / off / towards (?)) ...the sand ( under / behind / beyond / ...) mask ...
18. IQ Test (Incomplete)

Points: IQ can be influenced by some factors, one of which is education. For example, children's IQs have increased where compulsory education is prolonged.
19. International Trade (Explanation)

International trade allows countries to expand their markets and access goods and services that otherwise may not have been available domestically. As a result of
international trade, the market is more efficient. This ultimately leads to more competitive pricing and brings cheaper products to consumers.
Options:
1) either, thus, otherwise, likely
2) result, prelude, degree, delegation
3) cheaper, newer, all, novel
20. Pinker (Explanation)

Steven Pinker, a cognitive psychologist best known for his book "The Language Instinct", has called music "auditory cheesecake, an exquisite confection crafted to tickle
the sensitive spots of at least six of our mental faculties." If it vanished from our species, he said, "the rest of our lifestyle would be virtually unchanged." Others have
argued that, on the contrary , music, along with art and literature, is part of what makes people human; its absence would have a brutalizing effect. Philip Ball, a British
science writer and an avid music enthusiast, comes down somewhere in the middle. He says that music is ingrained in our auditory, cognitive and motor functions. We
have a music instinct as much as a language instinct, and could not rid ourselves of it if we tried .
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Options:
1) have called, calling, call, has called
2) rarely, cynically, nearing, virtually
3) end, contrary, whole, top
4) pretentious, presumptuous, ambitious, avid
5) enacted, installed, empowered, ingrained
21. Plains Indians (Explanation)

"The Plains Indians were people who did not like to live in one place. They liked to travel around and moved camps at least three times a year. For this reason they lived
in tepees. These were like big tents and were easy to put up and take down. These tepees were transported by horses." "Inside the tepee you would find all the items
that people needed to live with. The Plains Indians would decorate the insides with pictures, and store their weapons and food. The Indians would also have a fire in the
middle of the tepee to cook the food. The Sioux people used to put buffalo skins on the floor to use as carpets. You would also find their beds." "In the Indian camp
everyone had a job to do. The men had to hunt for food, and keep the families safe. The women had to cook all the meals, make the clothes, look after the children and
whenever the camp moved they had to take down and put up the tepees."
Options:
1) at least, fewer than, at most, less than
2) both, alike, like, otherwise
3) On the top, In spite, in the middle, in terms
4) have used to, use to, used to, using to
5) at, up, after, around
22. Lake (Incomplete)

Points: There is a lake which is also a wildlife sanctuary. The lake (allows) only seven boats to have a sightseeing tour in it at one time. There is an island in the lake,
where tigers and bears live. The island also has a hotel which is not only for accommodation but also feeding the animals.
23. Graphene
Fascination with this material stems from its remarkable physical properties and the potential applications these properties offer for the future. Although scientists knew
one atom thick, two-dimensional crystal graphene existed, no-one had worked out how to extract it from graphite. That was until it was isolated in 2004 by two
researchers at The University of Manchester, Professor Andre Geim and Professor Kostya Novoselov. This is the story of how that stunning scientific feat came about
and why Andre and Kostya won the Nobel Prize in Physics for their pioneering work. Andre and Kostya frequently held 'Friday night experiments' - sessions where they
would try out experimental science that wasn’t necessarily linked to their day jobs.
Options:
1) Since, Unless, However, Although
2) had worked, works, working, work
3) necessarily, fully, solely, indirectly
24. Maps (Incomplete)

Points: About map. Many metropolitan maps have been investigated，and have been found inconvenient for users.
25. Cultural Fusion (Incomplete)

Points: ... the cultural fusion between Slav and Byzantium ... (alienation) ...
26. Dag Hammarskjold Library (Explanation)

The Dag Hammarskjold Library at United Nations Headquarters in New York is a library designated to facilitate the work of the United Nations and focuses mainly on the
needs of the UN Secretariat and diplomatic missions. Anyone with a valid United Nations Headquarters grounds pass , including specialized agencies, accredited media
and NGO staff, is able to visit the library. Due to security constraints in place at the United Nations Headquarters complex, the library is not open to the general public .
Options:
1) falls, depends, focuses, pelts
2) pass, cover, deposit, brochure
3) security, economic, scale, health
4) view, aim, public, category
27. Coral Reefs (Explanation)

Coral reefs support more marine life than any other ocean ecosystem and are, not surprisingly , a favorite pursuit for many divers. But as well as being physically and
biologically spectacular, coral reefs also sustain the livelihoods of over half a billion people . What is more, this number is expected to double in coming decades while the
area of high-quality reef is expected to halve. In combination with the very real threat of climate change, which could lead to increased seawater temperatures and
ocean acidification , we start to arrive at some quite frightening scenarios .
Options:
1) curb, harvest, support, cultivate
2) seemingly, specifically, demandingly, surprisingly
3) appear, double, countdown, unravel
28. Mindfulness (Incomplete)

Points: Mindfulness is introduced then two experiments are conducted. In the first experiment, a group of people ... before and after mindfulness ... new connections
between areas in the brain ... (have observed) ... In the second experiment, a group of people undergo practice of mindfulness and are compared with people who (have
not done / had not done) practice of mindfulness ... ... involve (in) ... (associated) with ...
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29. Dinosaurs (Explanation)

What killed off the dinosaurs? The end of the Cretaceous Period saw one of the most dramatic mass extinctions the Earth has ever seen. The fossil record shows that
throughout their 160-million-year existence , dinosaurs took on a huge variety of forms as the environment changed and new species evolved that were suited to these
new conditions. Others that failed to adapt went extinct. But then 66 million years ago, over a relatively short time, dinosaurs disappeared completely (except for birds).
Many other animals also died out, including pterosaurs, large marine reptiles, and other sea creatures such as ammonites. Although the number of dinosaur species was
already declining, this suggests a sudden catastrophic event sealed their fate, causing unfavorable changes to the environment more quickly than dinosaurs and other
creatures could adapt. The exact nature of this catastrophic event is still open to scientific debate. The catastrophe could have been an asteroid impact, volcanic
eruptions or the effect of both, together with more gradual changes in the Earth's climate over millions of years. Whatever the causes, the huge extinction that ended the
age of the dinosaur left gaps in the ecosystem that were subsequently filled by mammals and birds, allowing them to evolve rapidly.
Options:
1) existence, continuous, extent, expectation
2) went, to go, going, go
3) partially, gradually, completely, excessively
4) However, Because, Although, Unless
5) relative, open, additional, focused
6) irregular, gradual, spiritual, positive
30. Shakespeare (Explanation)

There has been a great variety of critical approach to Shakespeare's work since his death. During the 17th and 18th century, Shakespeare was both admired and
condemned. Since then, much of the adverse criticism has not been considered relevant, although certain issues have continued to interest critics throughout the years.
For instance, charges against his moral propriety were made by Samuel Johnson in the 18th century and by George Bernard Shaw in the 20th. Early criticism was
directed primarily at questions of form. Shakespeare was criticized for mixing comedy and tragedy and failing to observe the unities of time and place prescribed by the
rules of classical drama. Dryden and Johnson were among the critics claiming that he had corrupted the language with false wit, puns, and ambiguity. While some of his
early plays might justly be charged with a frivolous use of such devices, 20th-century criticism has tended to praise their use in later plays as adding depth and
resonance of meaning.
Options:
1) to, or, and, with
2) not being, should have not been, has not been, was not
3) consecutively, primarily, hardly, solely
4) subscribed, documented, described, prescribed
5) versed, referred, transverse, corrupted
6) Since, Because, That, While
31. World Map of Happiness (Explanation)

Bhutan used to be one of the most isolated nations in the world. Developments including direct international flights, the Internet, mobile phone networks, and cable
television have increasingly modernized the urban areas of the country. Bhutan has balanced modernization with its ancient culture and traditions under the guiding
philosophy of Gross National Happiness (GNH). Rampant destruction of the environment has been avoided. The government takes great measures to preserve the
nation's traditional culture, identity and the environment. In 2006, Business Week magazine rated Bhutan the happiest country in Asia and the eighth-happiest in the
world, citing a global survey conducted by the University of Leicester in 2006 called the "World Map of Happiness".
Options:
1) spontaneously, increasingly, contemporarily, mechanically
2) juggled, opted, balanced, altered
3) destruction, embodiment, vanity, execution
4) pride, measures, effects, allowance
5) submitting, citing, reviewing, proving
32. Spanish (Explanation)

Spanish is spoken by more than 300 million people in over 20 countries and is rapidly becoming one of the most popular choices for language learners around the world.
A popular course for beginners, Suenos World Spanish is designed to meet the varied needs of adult learners, whether learning at home or in a class. From the very
beginning it encourages you to develop your listening and speaking skills with confidence and provides many opportunities to practice reading in Spanish. Using the
extensive range of media available, from the course book to the audio CDs or cassettes, to the popular accompanying television series and free online activities , Suenos
World Spanish can help you reach the equivalent level of a first qualification, such as GCSE.
Options:
1) commodities, choices, records, improvements
2) record, meet, choose, satisfies
3) as, whether, nor, not
4) series, range, rate, wisdom
5) actions, activities, breaches, binge
33. Important Corollary (Explanation)

An important corollary of this focus on language as the window to legal epistemology is the central role of discourse to law and other sociocultural processes. In
particular, the ideas that people hold about how language works combine with linguistic structuring to create powerful, often unconscious effects. In recent years,
linguistic anthropologists have made much progress in developing more precisely analytic tools for tracking those effects .
Options:
1) discourse, epoch, dialect, acquaintance
2) deviation, besmirch, consent, ideas
3) mandatory, linguistic, legitimate, customary
34. Roommates (Incomplete)
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Points: About roommates. ... (share / take) responsibility ... ... (worth / worthy / worthwhile) it ... ... (divide) bills ... ... (determine) the most important (factors /
characteristics) ...
35. Alcohol Consumption (Incomplete)

Points: ... economic (payment \ spend \ cost) of alcohol consumption by employees and ... economic (impact).
36. Light Pollution (Explanation)

The widespread use of artificial light in modern societies means that light pollution is an increasingly common feature of the environments humans inhabit. This type of
pollution is exceptionally high in coastal regions of tropic and temperate zones, as these are areas of high rates of human population growth and settlement. Light
pollution is a threat for many species that inhabit these locations, particularly those whose ecology or behavior depends , in some way , on natural cycles of light and
dark. Artificial light is known to have detrimental effects on the ecology of sea turtles, particularly at the hatchling stage when they emerge from nests on natal beaches
and head towards the sea. Under natural conditions, turtles hatch predominantly at night (although some early morning and late afternoon emergence occurs) and show
an innate and well-directed orientation to the water, relying mostly on light cues that attract them toward the brighter horizon above the sea surface. Artificial lighting on
beaches is strongly attractive to hatchlings and can cause them to move away from the sea and interfere with their ability to orient in a constant direction. Ultimately,
this disorientation due to light pollution can lead to death of hatchlings from exhaustion, dehydration and predation .
Options:
1) exceptionally, absolutely, completely, rarely
2) in no way, in some way, by the way, in some ways
3) imposing, figuring, relying, pouring
4) them to move, it to move, which to move, that to move
37. Video Game (Incomplete)

Points: IBM arranged a video game match between a super computer and human gamers. The fact that the computer has (fought / challenged / competed against / ... )
on humans make people worry if scientific technologies would threaten us. But the computer can just perform programs set by us. Even machine-learning has not (still /
yet) deduced well ...
38. Kathryn Mewes (Explanation)

Kathryn Mewes does not meet bohemian, hippy parents in her line of work. Typically one, or both, of the parents she sees work in the City of London. "Professionals
seek professionals," she says. Originally a nanny, Mewes is now a parenting consultant, advising couples privately on changing their child's behavior, as well as doing
corporate seminars for working parents. Her clients find they are unprepared for the chaos and unpredictability that having a child can entail. "Parents are getting older,
they have been in control their whole lives and been successful. Suddenly a baby turns up and life turns on its head." Nicknamed the "Three-Day Nanny " because of her
pledge to fix behavioral problems in children under the age of 12 within three days, she is filming a new Channel 4 television series demonstrating her techniques.
The role of the parenting consultant — distinct from that of a nanny — has developed, she says, as people are used to buying in expertise, such as personal trainers or,
in her case, parenting advice.
Options:
1) as long as, in order to, in spite of, as well as
2) whole, all, full, every
3) related with, together with, because of, according to
4) percentage, performance, role, belief
39. Rugby Matches (Incomplete)

Points: Rugby matches draw attention. Athletes should have ... qualities. About how they should arrange their muscle training so that they can recover soon after the
match.
40. Bhutan (Explanation)

Bhutan is the last standing Buddhist Kingdom in the World and, until recently, has preserved much of their culture since the 17th century by avoiding globalization and
staying isolated from the world. Internet, television, and western dress were banned from the country up until ten years ago. But over the past ten years globalization has
begun to change in Bhutan, but things remain perfectly balanced. Bhutan is the only country in the world that has a 'GNH.' You may think GNH is just
another statistically based term with no real-life application, but it refers to "Gross National Happiness." The process of measuring GNH began when Bhutan opened to
globalization. It measures people's quality of life, and makes sure that "material and spiritual development happen together." Bhutan has done an amazing Job of finding
this balance. Bhutan has continually been ranked as the happiest country in all of Asia, and the eighth Happiest Country in the world according to Business Week. In
2007 Bhutan had the second fastest growing GDP in the world, at the same time as maintaining their environment and cultural identity.
Options:
1) of, about, to, for
2) summoned, observed, displayed, banned
3) statistically, barely, overwhelmingly, roughly
4) demeaning, intruding, maintaining, mourning
41. Dance (Explanation)

Dance has played an important role in many musicals. In some cases , dance numbers are included as an excuse to add to the color and spectacle of the show, but
dance is more effective when it forms an integral part of the plot . An early example is Richard Rodgers On Your Toes(1936) in which the story about classical ballet
meeting the world of jazz enabled dance to be introduced in a way that enhances , rather than interrupts the drama .
Options:
1) dimensions, cases, brief, extent
2) prowess, plot, phenomenon, roundabout
3) encumbers, enhances, levels, crumples
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42. Teenage Daughter (Explanation)

Your teenage daughter gets top marks in school, captains the debate team, and volunteers at a shelter for homeless people. But while driving the family car, she text-
messages her best friend and rear-ends another vehicle. How can teens be so clever, accomplished, and responsible-and reckless at the same time ? Easily, according
to two physicians at Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School (HMS) who have been exploring the unique structure and chemistry of the adolescent brain
."The teenage brain is not just an adult brain with fewer miles on it," says Frances E. Jensen, a professor of neurology. "It's a paradoxical time of development . These
are people with very sharp brains, but they're not quite sure what to do with them." Research during the past 10 years, powered by technology such as functional
magnetic resonance imaging, has revealed that young brains have both fast-growing synapses and sections that remain unconnected . This leaves teens easily influenced
by their environment and more prone to impulsive behavior, even without the impact of souped-up hormones and any genetic or family predispositions.
Options:
1) for the time being, at the same time, as ever, in good time
2) exposing, exploring, enumerating, explaining
3) ample, adult, adulthood, abundant
4) enrichment, development, adornment, adoration
5) both, few, whole, either
6) impact, impress, impair, impose
43. Digital Media (Explanation)

Digital media and the internet have made the sharing of texts, music and images easier than ever, and the enforcement of copyright restriction harder. This situation has
encouraged the growth of IP law, and prompted increased industrial concentration on extending and 'policing' IP protection, while also leading to the growth of an 'open
access', or 'creative commons' movement which challenges such control of knowledge and creativity .
Options:
1) detriment, solstice, enforcement, commissary
2) straggled, prompted, equated, grappled
3) challenges, hankered, allows, compelled
4) comparison, penmanship, quotient, creativity
44. Lionfish (Incomplete)

Points: Lionfish were originally from the water of Pacific and Indian Ocean. Five blanks: (sight\views\ ... ) ... (recently), (being released\release\being released) from their
home aquariums.
45. Age Groups (Incomplete)

Points: 50 or 60 years of age group ... grown more (sharply/greatly/normally/commonly) than other aged groups. ...They can't get/find a job (because/if/while / ... ) they
don't have one.
46. Sound Speed (Explanation)

The speed of sound (otherwise known as Mach 1) varies with temperature. At sea level on a 'standard day', the temperature is 59°F, and Mach 1 is approximately 761
mph. As the altitude increases, the temperature and speed of sound both decrease until about 36,000 feet, after which the temperature remains steady until about
60,000 feet. Within that 36,000 – 60,000 foot range, Mach 1 is about 661 mph. Because of the variation , it is possible for an airplane flying supersonic at high altitude
to be slower than a subsonic flight at sea level. The transonic band (the 'sound barrier') extends from around Mach 0.8 — when the first supersonic shock waves form
on the wing — to Mach 1.2, when the entire wing has gone supersonic .
Options:
1) not, yet, none, both
2) opposes, remains, plots, mutates
3) variety, variation, ventilation, similarity
4) near, from, with, in
5) diverge from, add to, prevent from, form on
47. Evolution (Explanation)

A creature may have fine physical defenses such as hard armor or sharp spines. It may have powerful chemical defenses such as an appalling smell or a foul taste but
none of these defenses is much used in the struggle for survival unless the animal also has the right behavior to go with it. Evolution shapes a living creature’s size and
color, and it also shapes an animal’s actions and behavioral patterns. The most automatic behaviors are instinctive or in-built. In other words, the creatures can perform
the actions without having to learn what to do it by trial and error.
Options:
1) agreeable, enchanting, ordinary, appalling
2) struggle, march, game, campaign
3) shapes, pieces, features, aspects
4) dangerous, automatic, difficult, ascetic
5) attempt, doing, trial, tasting
48. Panic-striken Climate (Explanation)

First, the scientific community that studies climate change is quietly panic-stricken, because things are moving much faster than they expected. Greenhouse gas
emissions are going up faster than predicted both from industrializing countries in Asia and from melting permafrost in Siberia and Canada. The Arctic Sea ice is melting
so fast that the whole ocean may be ice-free in late summer in five years' time. Most climate scientists now see last year's report of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change, whose forecasts are used by most governments for planning purposes, as a purely historical document. Second, the biggest early impact of global
warming will be on the food supply, both locally and globally. When the global average temperature hits one and a half degrees hotter - and it will; the carbon dioxide
already in the atmosphere commits us to that much warming - some countries will no longer be able to feed their people. Others, further from the equator, will still have
enough food for themselves, but none to spare .
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Options:
1) few, same, much, most
2) anticipation, predictability, predicted, predicts
3) purely, evenly, disproportionately, firmly
4) commits, directs, allows, addresses
5) spare, dispense, apply, consume
49. Smartphones (Explanation)

Thanks to their ability to hijack our most primal desires for connection, distraction and validation, smartphones have become some of the bestselling devices of all time.
Apple have sold more than a billion iPhones since its launch in 2007. By one estimate, we spend an average of almost five hours a day staring at their little screens. The
real figure is probably higher: a team of British psychologists found that people tend to underestimate the time spent on their phones by about half, whole hours
just evaporating in the fog.
Options:
1) hijack, describe, sharpen, conserve
2) watching, waggling, snoring, staring
3) has evaporated, evaporates, evaporate, evaporating
50. Hand Art (Incomplete)

Points: South Asian thread ... handloom ... Malaysian ... The last line is something like: ... machines replaced hand art & young generations are not interested in the
traditional craft.
51. Digitalization (Explanation)

As digitalization and smart automation progress, many will see their jobs altered. Advances in automation technologies will mean that people will increasingly work side by
side with robots, smart automation and artificial intelligence. Businesses will look for employees who are good at the tasks that smart automation struggles to do and
that add value to the use of smart automation. In the past, technological progress has had a positive impact on our society, increasing labour productivity, wages and
prosperity. Right now, a new technological wave of digitalization and smart automation — combinations of artificial intelligence, robotics and other technologies — is
fundamentally transforming the way we work, at an unprecedented pace. For example , data analytics, the Internet of Things and drones are already used in many
industries to make production processes better, faster, and cheaper. We already see shifts in the structure of employment: in industries, tasks, educational levels and
skills.
Options:
1) increase, increasingly, increasing, increased
2) struggled, struggling, struggles, used to struggle
3) combinations, combines, combining, combine
4) Instead, Of course, No wonder, For example
52. Superintelligence
A superintelligence is any intellect that vastly outperforms the best human brains in practically every field, including scientific creativity, general wisdom, and social skills.
This definition leaves open how the superintelligence is implemented : it could be in a digital computer, an ensemble of networked computers, cultured cortical tissue, or
something else. On this definition, Deep Blue is not a superintelligence, since it is only smart within one narrow domain (chess), and even there it is not vastly
superior to the best humans. Entities such as corporations or the scientific community are not superintelligences either. Although they can perform a number of
intellectual feats of which no individual human is capable, they are not sufficiently integrated to count as intellects, and there are many fields in which they perform much
worse than single humans. For example, you cannot have a real-time conversation with the scientific community.
Options:
1) has implemented, is implemented, implements, implementing
2) against, to, for, by
3) barely, sufficiently, vaguely, sparsely
53. Tokyo Skytree (Explanation)

Team Lab's digital mural at the entrance to Tokyo’s Skytree, one of the world’s monster skyscrapers, is 40 meters long and immensely detailed. However massive this
form of digital art becomes — and it's a form subject to rampant inflation — Inoko's theories about seeing are based on more modest and often pre-digital sources. An
early devotee of comic books and cartoons (no surprises there), then computer games, he recognized when he started to look at traditional Japanese art that all those
forms had something in common : something about the way they captured space. In his discipline of physics, Inoko had been taught that photographic lenses , along
with the conventions of western art, were the logical way of transforming three dimensions into two, conveying the real world onto a flat surface . But Japanese
traditions employed 'a different spatial logic', as he said in an interview last year with j-collabo.org, that is 'uniquely Japanese'.
Options:
1) However, Whereas, Whichever, Wherever
2) subject to, related with, apart from, based on
3) in fact, as whole, in common, in the same terms
4) apart from, further afield, along with, out of
5) Thus, So, Therefore, But
54. Dictionary Publishers (Explanation)

For the first time, dictionary publishers are incorporating real, spoken English into their data. It gives lexicographers (people who write dictionaries) access to a more
vibrant, up-to-date vernacular language which has never really been studied before.
Options:
1) incorporating, enlarging, treating, excluding
2) honor, access, prevision, privilege
3) obscure, indifferent, vernacular, common
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55. Heart of Study

Turning now to the heart of the study, in two divisions an attempt was made to change the supervision so that the decision levels were pushed down and detailed
supervision of the workers reduced. More general supervision of the clerks and their supervisors was introduced. In addition, the managers, assistant managers,
supervisors and assistant supervisors of these two divisions were trained in group methods of leadership, which they endeavored to use as much as their skill would
permit during the experimental year. For easy reference, the experimental changes in these two divisions will be labelled the ‘participative program’!
Options:
1) was made, making, made, makes
2) put off, turned over, set up, pushed down
3) fired, overlapped, trained, deduced
4) expanded, gathered, covered, endeavored
5) will be labelled, being labelled, have labelled, labelled
56. Academic Writing （B） (Explanation)

Academic writing is an expression of logic that is the product of thinking. This means that the writing that you produce is a reflection of your intellectual abilities.
It puts into words your knowledge and your conceptual understanding and shows evidence of your ability to think critically.
Options:
1) expectation, entitlement, expression, exchange
2) means, questions, stipulates, answers
3) redundancy, mission, credit, reflection
4) enriches, shows, allows, puts
5) hassle, excuse, capacity, evidence
57. HongKong APP (Incomplete)

Points: An organization, HKUST, created an APP to help people learn sign language interpretation because many people in HongKong have a hearing problem. ...
(however / therefore / consequently / although) ... (as well as / in spite of / for example / ...）... to the general public ... ... skills (developed / had developed / are
developed) in the university. ... at the last ... now they (will face / facing / faced / to face ) issue ...
58. Giant Exoplanets (Explanation)

Giant exoplanets, like the so-called 'hot Jupiters' that are similar in characteristics to the solar system's biggest planet and orbit very close to their host stars, are
excellent targets for astronomers in their search for their extrasolar worlds. The size and proximity of these planets is easy to detect as they create a large decrease in
brightness when passing in front of their parent stars .
Options:
1) borders, expressions, characteristics, shapes
2) frame, subordinate, planet, comet
3) members, astronomers, parties, makers
4) denounce, detect, deflect, determine
59. Globalization (Incomplete)

Points: About globalization. ... global (mechanism) ... ... international (body) ... A world organization is mentioned.
60. Shrimp Farm (Explanation)

Over the past two decades around a third of the world’s mangrove swamps have been converted for human use, with many turned into valuable shrimp farms. In 2007 an
economic study of such shrimp farms in Thailand showed that the commercial profits per hectare were $9,632. If that were the only factor , conversion would seem an
excellent idea. However, proper accounting shows that for each hectare government subsidies formed $8,412 of this figure and there were costs, too: $1,000 for
pollution and $12,392 for losses to ecosystem services. These comprised damage to the supply of foods and medicines that people had taken from the forest, the loss
of habitats for fish, and less buffering against storms. And because a given shrimp farm only stays productive for three or four years, there was the additional cost of
restoring them afterwards: if you do so with mangroves themselves, add another $9,318 per hectare. The overall lesson is that what looks beneficial only does so
because the profits are retained by the private sector, while the problems are spread out across society at large, appearing on no specific balance sheet.
Options:
1) rearranged, exchanged, conserved, converted
2) index, element, choice, factor
3) accounting, percentage, aggregation, division
4) comprised, uneven, neglected, augmented
5) productive, interactive, distinctive, collective
6) beneficial, immediate, moderate, modest
61. Product Selling (Explanation)

Once an organization has its product to sell, it must then determine the appropriate price to sell it at. The price is set by balancing many factors including supply-and-
demand, cost, desired profit competition, perceived value, and market behavior. Ultimately, the final price is determined by what the market is willing to exchange for the
product. Pricing theory can be quite complex because so many factors influence what the purchaser decides is a fair value . It also should be noted that, in addition to
monetary exchange, price can be the exchange of goods or services as in a barter agreement, or an exchange of specific behavior, such as a vote in a political
campaign.
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Options:
1) tolerate, determine, fabricate, fancy
2) comparing, begetting, balancing, offsetting
3) consign, design, exchange, prepare
4) addition, shape, content, value
5) explained, enlarged, overrated, noted
62. Facial Appearance (Incomplete)

Points: facial appearance is the (chance/opportunity/.../... ) and it is (insufficient/relative/sufficient) to ...
63. Edward (Incomplete)

Points: Edward and ... start (making/designing/building/...) up shops that used seats (for/with/which/that) and they had for their customers way (for/that/which/...)
scientists to ... and they have space (too much/more/enough/...) for early men and they used digital tools ...
64. IQ Tests (Incomplete)

Points: About average IQ of children who learn music. Mozart ... there is a lack of scientific evidence (test/tests/testing/tested) ... key (process/goal/...) ... child-six-
year-old learned the lessons of music and displayed IQ point 3.2 and ... (exhibited/taught/learned/... ) IQ point 7.1 ... People like heavy food that are ... (lighter) food and
people have (illusion/sight) the ... of and light drinks such as wine expresses by scientists ...
65. Gravity (Incomplete)

Points: About gravity. Every object pulls on every other object with an (invisible/unknown/unbelievable) force called gravity. and is ... (theory) ... proposed by Newton.
Isaac Newton, over 300 years ago a scientist, (explained) this invisible force of gravity.
66. Dire Prediction (Incomplete)

Points: Perhaps you remember the dire predictions from the analysts. The fall-off in the housing drags down the entire economy. High energy prices put the kibosh on
consumer spending.
67. Civil War

A Civil War reenactment is in part a memorial service. It is partly, too, a leisure activity. Furthermore most reenactors assert an educational import to the performance,
and to develop their roles many pursue archival research with a rare dedication. On the other hand Civil War reenactments are increasingly commercial spectacles , with
as many as fifty thousand Americans routinely gathering at (or near) historical Civil War battlefields in order to stage performances that purport to recreate the conflict,
while hundreds of thousands more spectate (Hadden 1996:5). I will show how theoretical issues of authenticity arise as practical problems in the Civil War reenactment
community by presenting my own observations from the 2006 Gettysburg reenactment and by relying on a number of texts produced by participant-observers. In
particular I will refer to Robert Lee Hodge, who was made famous by Tony Horwitz's 1996 book, Confederates in the Attic, and who served as a kind of Virgil to the
author on his journey through a Confederate Valhalla. From these sources I will argue that 'Living History' performances require an interpretive apparatus that takes
genuine history as its authority, while remaining external to both participants and tourists, who may well be unaware of how closely their own involvement approximates
genuine historical events.
Options:
1) points, costs, spectacles, areas
2) velocity, authenticity, ability, intensity
3) exercising, researching, building, relying
4) depose, deny, argue, suggest
68. Umami
Umami was first identified in Japan, in 1908, when Dr. Kikunae Ikeda concluded that Kombu, a type of edible seaweed, had a different taste than most foods. He
conducted experiments that found that the high concentration of glutamate in Kombu was what made it so tasty. From there, he crystallized monosodium glutamate
(MSG), the seasoning that would become popular the world over. Decades later Umami became scientifically defined as one of the five individual tastes sensed by
receptors on the tongue . Then in 1996, a team of University of Miami researchers studying taste perception made another breakthrough. They discovered separate taste
receptor cells in the tongue for detecting Umami. Before then, the concept was uncharted. 'Up until our research, the predominant wisdom in the scientific community
was that Umami was not a separate sense. It was just a combination of the other four qualities (salty, sweet, bitter, sour)', explained Dr. Stephen Roper, the University of
Miami physiology and biophysics professor who helped zero in on the taste along with Nirupa Chaudhari, the team‘s lead researcher.
Options:
1) attempts, experiments, contests, experiences
2) exported, exclusive, popular, spread
3) jaws, mouth, tongue, fingers
4) erroneous, predominant, insignificant, important
69. Good Looks in Votes (Explanation)

It is tempting to try to prove that good looks win votes, and many academics have tried. The difficulty is that beauty is in the eye of the beholder , and you cannot behold
a politician’s face without a veil of extraneous prejudice getting in the way. Does George Bush possess a disarming grin, or a facetious smirk ? It’s hard to find anyone
who can look at the president without assessing him politically as well as physically .
Options:
1) principle, idea, difficulty, concept
2) people, beholder, builder, audience
3) smell, complexion, smirk, binge
4) culturally, physically, economically, individually
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70. Mini Helicopter (Explanation)

A mini helicopter modelled on flying tree seeds could soon be flying overhead. Evan Ulrich and colleagues at the University of Maryland in College Park turned to the
biological world for inspiration to build a scaled-down helicopter that could mimic the properties of full-size aircraft. The complex design of full-size helicopters gets
less efficient when shrunk, meaning that standard mini helicopters expend most of their power simply fighting to stay stable in the air. The researchers realized that a
simpler aircraft designed to stay stable passively would use much less power and reduce manufacturing costs to boot. It turns out that nature had beaten them to it. The
seeds of trees such as the maple have a single-blade structure that allows them to fly far away and drift safely to the ground. These seeds, known as samaras, need no
engine to spin through the air, thanks to a process called autorotation. By analyzing the behavior of the samara with high-speed cameras, Ulrich and his team were able
to copy its design.
Options:
1) turned to, turned for, turned in, turned off
2) overhaul, gauge, imagination, design
3) is beating, was beaten, had beaten, beaten
4) had allowed, allowed, allows, will allow
5) spin, fluctuate, drift, bob
71. Underground Houses

Underground houses have many advantages over conventional housing. Unlike conventional homes, they can be built on steep surfaces and can maximize space in small
areas by going below the surface. In addition, the materials excavated in construction can be used in the building process. Underground houses have less surface area so
fewer building materials are used, and maintenance costs are lower. They are also wind, fire, and earthquake resistant, providing a secure and safe environment in
extreme weather. One of the greatest benefits of underground living is energy efficiency . The earth's subsurface temperature remains stable, so underground dwellings
benefit from geothermal mass and heat exchange, staying cool in the summer and warm in the winter. This saves around 80% in energy costs. By incorporating solar
design this energy bill can be reduced to zero, providing hot water and heat to the home all year round.
Options:
1) geometric, flat, overhead, steep
2) heating, buoyancy, maintenance, facility
3) ratio, consistency, efficiency, renewal
4) intriguing, initiating, incorporating, inventing
5) has reduced, can be reduced, can reduce, has been reduced
72. Intelligence Comparison (Explanation)

Comparing the intelligence of animals of different species is difficult, how do you compare a dolphin and a horse? Psychologists have a technique for looking at
intelligence that does not require the cooperation of the animal involved. The relative size of an individual's brain is a reasonable indication of intelligence.
Comparing across species is not as simple as generally expected. An elephant will have a larger brain than a human has simply because it is a large beast. Instead , we
use the Cephalization index, which compares the size of an animal's brain with the size of its body. Based on the Cephalization index, the brightest animals on the planet
are humans, followed by great apes, porpoises and elephants. As a general rule , animals that hunt for a living (like canines) are smarter than strict vegetarians (you don't
need much intelligence to outsmart a leaf of lettuce). Animals that live in social groups are always smarter and have larger EQ's than solitary animals.
Options:
1) can, do, did, does
2) across, to, through, with
3) Then, Instead, Because, Otherwise
4) followed, follows, follow, following
5) theory, principal, rule, principle
73. Eco-friendly Smoothies (Explanation)

Students at the University of Leicester have recently whizzed up a storm of eco-friendly smoothies. This comes as part of a week of events aimed at promoting
environmental initiatives on campus. A range of events and activities were organized by the University Environment Team and the Students Union to encourage students
to waste less, recycle more , travel sustainably and save energy to contribute to the University s target of cutting its carbon footprint by 60% by the year 2020. The
highlight of the week was a cycle-powered smoothie maker. Students rescued fruit from Leicester market which would otherwise have been thrown away and salvaged it
to create delicious smoothies.' No electricity was used as the fruit was whizzed up in a blender attached to the back of a bike pedaled by enthusiastic student
volunteers.
Options:
1) off, on, in, at
2) few, many, more, less
3) throughout, by, through, about
4) ever, also, otherwise, never
5) No, The, None, Nonetheless
74. Academic Writing

Academic writing addresses complex issues that require high-order thinking skills to comprehend (e.g., critical reflective logical and creative thinking). Think of your
writing this way: one of the most important attributes of a good teacher is the ability to explain complex ideas in a way that is understandable and relatable to the topic
being presented . This is also one of the main functions of academic writing - describing and explaining the significance of complex ideas as clearly as possible.
Often referred to as higher-order thinking skills, these include cognitive processes that are used to comprehend solve problems and express concepts or that describe
abstract ideas that cannot be easily acted out pointed to or shown with images. As a writer you must take in the role of a good teacher by summarizing a lot of complex
information into a well-organized synthesis of ideas concepts and recommendations that contribute to a better understanding of the research problem.
Options:
1) no, this, either, a
2) presented, surpassed, refunded, forgiven
3) referred, prior, due, added
4) out, off, down, in
5) attribute, distribute, expose, contribute
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75. Learning from History

The prospect of learning something from history is what makes sociologists tick. It is through developing a systematic understanding of the forces which shape our lives
that we can exercise control over them. The founding thinkers of sociology, who came to prominence during the development of what we are pleased to call modernity,
thought so. It Is the intimate relationship between the development of sociology and the development of modernity that the course begins with. This relationship is an
intimate one, because it is only with the social change instituted in the development of the modern world that a discipline such as sociology and social science in general
could either exist or have anything to study.
Options:
1) developing, delivering, covering, deterring
2) can, wish, deny, doubt
3) referred, came, supposed, conferred
4) only, roughly, randomly, never
76. Roman and Water (Explanation)

Clean water was very important to the Romans. Cities, towns and forts were built near springs. However, as Roman cities and towns grew, they needed to bring in water
from further afield . As the population grew, so did the need for clean water. Trying to shift large volumes of water underground in pipes was not possible as lead pipes
would be too weak and bronze pipes would be too expensive. The Romans could not make cast iron pipes as the techniques for doing this were not known to them. If
water could not be brought via pipes, the Romans decided to bring it overland in what were conduits. When the water got to the city, it was fed off into smaller bronze or
ceramic pipes. To get the water to flow at an even (and slow) pace, conduits were built on a slight slope. Valleys were crossed by using aqueducts. One of the most
famous of these is the Pont du Gard aqueduct at Nimes in southern France. Where possible, the Romans did take water through tunnels but the hills needed to be
relatively small for this to be successful.
Options:
1) different parts, these origins, further afield, specific sources
2) as well, so, how, thus
3) few loads, improper intakes, relative levels, large volumes
4) spans, proportions, scales, techniques
77. Visual Perception

A team in the University of London found that people who went with their initial response on a test of visual perception (questions included picking out an anomaly in a
pattern of symbols) did better than those who were given more time to ponder. Whereas the subconscious brain recognized a rotated version of the same symbol as
different, the conscious brain reasoned that 'an apple is still an apple whether rotated or not', the researchers on the project concluded . When the subjects had time to
engage their higher-level functions instead of relying on their intuitive responses, they were more likely to be wrong.
Options:
1) Even, Whereas, Whether, Therefore
2) claimed, concluded, speculated, asked
3) instead, because, in spite, together
4) likely, involved, agreeable, susceptible
78. Flower Color

A flower's colour, however, isn't a full-proof guide to a good lunch. That's because the colour can change depending on the angle at which sunlight hits its petals. A
yellow flower, for example, may look somewhat blue from one angle and red from another. Scientists call this kind of colour change iridescence. 'It's the same
phenomenon that makes a rainbow appear in a soap bubble or on a CD, ' says Beverley Glover. She studies plants at the University of Cambridge in England. In 2009,
Glover and her colleagues showed that even when petals look shimmery, bees can still tell which flowers likely hold food. But she and others noticed something odd
about iridescence . It's not quite as flashy in plants as in other life forms, Glover says. The backs of jewel, beetles, or the wings of certain butterflies, for instance, shine
and shimmer a lot more. The researchers tested their hypothesis in the lab. They trained a group of bees to associate fake purple flowers with getting more nectar. Then
the team tested the bees. They added non-shimmery fake flowers with purple-blue and purple-red hues to the bees' flight path. The bees passed the test, ignoring
flowers that weren't perfectly purple. Second group of bees was trained to drink from fully flashy, 'perfectly iridescent' purple flowers. But when the team added perfectly
iridescent flowers in different hues, the insects checked them for nectar too.
Options:
1) pattern, shape, texture, iridescence
2) challenged, circled, tested, cursed
3) surprisingly, perfectly, roughly, narrowly
4) threatened, described, trained, persuaded
79. Speech of Alchemy (Explanation)

To learn the speech of alchemy, an early form of chemistry in which people attempted to turn metals into gold, it helps to think back to a time when there was no
science: no atomic number or weight, no periodic chart, no list of elements. To the alchemists the universe was not made of leptons, bosons, gluons, and quarks. Instead
it was made of substances, and one substance-say, walnut oil-could be just as pure as another-say, silver-even though modern scientists would say one is
heterogeneous and the other homogeneous. Without knowledge of atomic structures, how would it be possible to tell elements from compounds?
Options:
1) universe, metallurgy, material, spirit
2) all, completed, pure, wholesome
3) affidavits, laws, scientists, medicines
4) proper, necessary, capable, possible
80. English Language (Explanation)

With about one and a half billion non-native speakers, English has become the world's own language. Such dominance has its downside, of course. There are now about
6,800 languages left in the world, compared with perhaps twice that number back at the dawn of agriculture. Thanks in part to the rise of über-languages, most
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importantly English, the remaining languages are now dying at the rate of about one a fortnight. Want to learn Busuu, anyone? Then you'd better head to Cameroon fast,
before one of the language's last eight speakers kicks the bucket (as the Busuu-nese presumably doesn't say).
Options:
1) facet, dominance, deficit, paradox
2) many, twice, few, as
3) respect, addition, part, connection
4) time, rate, cost, coverage
81. Genius (Explanation)

Genius, in the popular conception, is inextricably tied up with precocity - doing something truly creative, we're inclined to think, requires the freshness and exuberance
and energy of youth. Orson Welles made his masterpiece, "Citizen Kane," at twenty-five. Herman Melville wrote a book a year through his late twenties, culminating, at
the age of thirty-two, with "Moby-Dick." Mozart wrote his breakthrough Piano Concerto No. 9 in E-Flat-Major at the age of twenty-one. In some creative forms, like
lyric poetry, the importance of precocity has hardened into an iron law. How old was T. S. Eliot when he wrote "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" ("I grow old ... I
grow old")? Twenty-three. "Poets peak young," the creativity researcher James Kaufman maintains. Mihály Csíkszentmihályi, the author of "Flow," agrees: "The most
creative lyric verse is believed to be that written by the young." According to the Harvard psychologist Howard Gardner, a leading authority on creativity, "Lyric poetry is a
domain where talent is discovered early, burns brightly, and then peters out at an early age."
Options:
1) on, without, through, over
2) proportion, rate, age, cost
3) junction, inferiority, importance, structure
4) master, supremacy, authority, atheist
5) fire, clerk, offender, talent
82. ARENA
The Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) has awarded $2.49 million to cover a portion of the cost of a collaborative project led by the Australian Maritime
College at the University of Tasmania, in partnership with The University of Queensland and CSIRO. The $5.85 million 'Tidal Energy in Australia _ Assessing Resource and
Feasibility to Australia's Future Energy Mix' project will map the country's tidal energy in unprecedented detail before assessing its ability to contribute to Australia's
energy needs.
Options:
1) wholesome, total, portion, worth
2) disguise, partnership, contrast, revenge
3) unexpected, unforgiven, universal, unprecedented
83. Poetry
Throughout history poetry has often been created to celebrate a wedding. This article will examine the ways in which this has happened at different periods of time and
in many widely differing societies. It will look at some examples of wedding poems from a range of eras and cultures, and will set them in their specific context, drawing
out the particular features that reflect that context. Other writers on this topic have tended to focus on more personal wedding poems, those dedicated to the bride or
the groom. Here, however, the intention is to consider poems that were written with more of a social purpose in mind.
Options:
1) as, that, which, what
2) bit, range, sequence, little
3) separate, reflect, prevail, converge
4) never, some, those, if
84. Cheating
Although not written about extensively, a few individuals have considered the concept and act of cheating in history as well as contemporary culture. J. Barton Bowyer
writes that cheating 'is the advantageous distortion of perceived reality. The advantage falls to the cheater because the cheated person misperceives what is assumed to
be the real world'. The cheater is taking advantage of a person, a situation, or both . Cheating also involves 'distortion of perceived reality' or what others call 'deception'.
Deception can involve hiding the 'true' reality or 'showing' reality in a way intended to deceive others.
Options:
1) journal, tale, life, history
2) misperceives, deceives, perceives, receives
3) none, both, neither, either
85. Symbiosis
Symbiosis is a general term for interspecific interactions in which two species live together in a long-term, intimate association. In everyday life, we sometimes use the
term symbiosis to mean a relationship that benefits both parties. However, in ecologist-speak, symbiosis is a broader concept and can include close , lasting
relationships with a variety of positive or negative effects on the participants.
Options:
1) disembarking, intractable, interspecific, homogeneous
2) suspectable, dense, intimate, sparse
3) resembles, separates, hampers, benefits
4) spiritual, complete, imaginary, close
86. Basic Organisms (Explanation)

Some of the most basic organisms are smarter than we thought. Rather than moving about randomly, amoebas and plankton employ sophisticated strategies to look for
food and might travel in a way that optimizes their foraging. Biophysicists have long tried to explain how creatures of all sizes search for food. However, single-celled
organisms such as bacteria seem to move in no particular direction in their search. To investigate, Liang Li and Edward Cox at Princeton University studied the
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movements of amoebas (Dictyostelium) in a Petri dish, recording the paths travelled by 12 amoebas, including every turn and movement straight ahead, for 8 to 10 hours
per amoeba. Immediately after an amoeba turned right, it was twice as likely to turn left as right again, and vice versa, they told a meeting of the American Physical
Society meeting in Denver, Colorado, last week. This suggests that the cells have a rudimentary memory being able to remember the last direction they had just turned
in, says Robert Austin, a biophysicist at Princeton who was not involved in the study.
Options:
1) strategies, positions, structures, budgets
2) along, long, seldom, never
3) expected, mentioned, likely, forbidden
4) rudimentary, narrow, laborious, spacious
87. Stressors
Research has suggested that major stressors in our lives are life changes , for example, moving house, marriage or relationship breakdown. Work-related
factors, including unemployment and boredom, are also common causes of stress. Differences in personality may also play a part.
Options:
1) collections, expectations, appearances, changes
2) have included, including, include, included
3) conferences, courses, causes, pressure
4) act, play, list, give
88. Cell (Explanation)

Cells are now acceptable as a unifying concept. A cell is the smallest unit of structure and function. Thus, cells are the basic building blocks of all organisms. Cells vary
in size. With few exceptions, individual cells are so small they cannot be seen unaided. In 1665, a British scientist named Robert Hooke observed cells for the first time
using a microscope. A microscope is an instrument that magnifies an object. Most images of cells are taken with a microscope and are called micrographs.
Options:
1) determined, interactive, claimed, acceptable
2) unification, uniting, unity, unit
3) much, ever, so, very
4) earliest, first, last, latest
89. Golden Gate Bridge (Explanation)

San Francisco’s Golden Gate Bridge, a stunning technological and artistic achievement, opens to the public after five years of construction. On opening day–“Pedestrian
Day”–some 200,000 bridge walkers marveled at the 4,200-foot-long suspension bridge, which spans the Golden Gate Strait at the entrance to San Francisco Bay
and connects San Francisco and Marin County. On May 28, the Golden Gate Bridge opened to vehicular traffic.On May 27, 1937, the Golden Gate Bridge was opened to
great acclaim, a symbol of progress in the Bay Area during a time of economic crisis. At 4,200 feet, it was the longest bridge in the world until the completion of New
York City’s Verrazano-Narrows Bridge in 1964. Today, the Golden Gate Bridge remains one of the world’s most recognizable architectural structures.
Options:
1) opens, closes, appears, equals
2) On, During, Since, When
3) stationed, looked, marveled, laughed
4) separates, connects, channels, differentiates
5) aquatic, vehicular, airborne, watertight
6) denial, symbol, technique, yield
7) since, until, along, within
90. Water (Incomplete)

Points: For species, water is an important substance. Water is important substance for all living beings. Water is necessary to all of us. Save water, save life. Water plays
an important role. Without water we cannot survive. Key words: darkset, depths.
91. Economic Depression

An economic depression is a period of sustained, long-term downturn in economic activity in one or more economies. It is more severe than a recession, which is a
slowdown in economic activity over the course of a normal business cycle. Economic depressions are characterized by their length, and by abnormally large increases in
unemployment rate .
Options:
1) variation, promotion, downturn, reduction
2) an era, the course, a tally, the year
3) calculation, bias, ratio, rate
92. Marketing (Incomplete)

Points: Marketing is a (professional/flexible) job ...... such as (financial) service and consumer goods ...... to resolve less (balance) problem to remain economy.
93. PIE
No matter whether you speak English or Urdu, Waloon or Waziri, Portuguese or Persian, the roots of your language are the same. Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the
mother tongue _ shared by several hundred contemporary languages, as well as many now extinct, and spoken by people who lived from about 6,000 to 3,500 BC on the
steppes to the north of the Caspian Sea. They left no written texts and although historical linguists have, since the 19th century, painstakingly reconstructed the language
from daughter languages, the question of how it actually sounded was assumed to be permanently out of reach. Now, researchers at the Universities of Cambridge and
Oxford have developed a sound-based method to move back through the family tree of languages that stem from PIE. They can simulate how certain words would have
sounded when they were spoken 8,000 years ago. Remarkably, at the heart of the technology is the statistics of shape. 'Sounds have shape,' explains Professor John
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Aston, from Cambridge's Statistical Laboratory. 'As a word is uttered it vibrates air, and the shape of this soundwave can be measured and turned into a series of
numbers. Once we have these stats, and the stats of another spoken word, we can start asking how similar they are and what it would take to shift from one to
another.'
Options:
1) where, which, what, who
2) despite, until, however, although
3) would have sounded, would sound, have sounded, sound
4) cost, heart, end, moment
94. Gunpowder and Fireworks

Gunpowder and fireworks might have been invented independently in Europe, but they probably reached Europe via the Mongols, who spread west from China as far as
central Europe by the mid-13th century. In 1267, the English monk Roger Bacon recorded seeing what were very likely firecrackers, which he compared with the flash of
lightning and growl of thunder. In 1377 fireworks accompanied a religious mystery play by the bishop's palace in Vicenza, and were soon used to add sparks to figures of
doves, representing the Holy Spirit, or angels, made to ascend and descend from the heavens on ropes. By the 15th century, rockets were being used in Europe for
military and peaceful purposes. Italian and Spanish cities in particular began to use fireworks for outdoor celebrations. The Italian metallurgist Vannoccio Biringuccio
described festivities in Florence and Siena for feast days. These included 'girandoles' or whirling decorated wheels packed with fireworks which were suspended from a
rope hung across a street or square. Fireworks were also used in the German lands. An elaborate colour-painted book commemorates the Schembart carnival of
Nuremberg, which saw men dressed in brightly-coloured costumes parading through the town. Often these included some kind of pyrotechnics. One image shows a man
wearing a hat in the form of a castle with fireworks and smoke shooting up from the towers, and interestingly, what looks like a smoking artichoke.
Options:
1) recorded seeing, recorded seen, recording seeing, took sight of
2) initially using, began use, began to use, beginning to using
3) were suspending by, was suspended within, were suspended from, suspending from
4) souvenirs, commemorates, calculates, communicates
95. Drones
Antarctic plants can be important indicators of subtle changes in environmental conditions, including climate change. Traditional ground-based assessments of
vegetation health are, however, not ideal in Antarctica, as they can destroy the vegetation and are physically demanding in the harsh weather conditions. Co-author
Professor Sharon Robinson from UOW’s School of Biological Sciences said the study found drone-based monitoring of vegetation health produced similar results to
traditional techniques, but with much greater efficiency and with no damage to the vegetation. “Drones are a powerful tool for monitoring fragile Antarctic vegetation,”
Professor Robinson said. “They could be used to provide timely warnings about specific environmental stress events, as well as monitoring the longer-term impacts of
climate change. “These methods could also be adapted to monitor the health of other small-stature, patchy plant communities, including in alpine or desert regions.” The
researchers found that drones equipped with sensors were able to detect vegetation health indicators more accurately than satellite imagery. Mosses are one of the key
Antarctic vegetation types that need to be monitored. However, they tend to occur in patches among rocks, ice and soil, making it important that the imagery used to
assess their health is as accurate and spatially detailed as possible.
Options:
1) demanding, demand, demanded, having demanded
2) except, as well as, despite, as long as
3) toppled, equipped, assessed, equipping
4) made, to make, making, make
96. Sandra Lousada

London's National Portrait Gallery is currently celebrating the fifty-year career of photographer Sandra Lousada. The twenty one portraits on display depict key figures in
literature, film and fashion from the early 1960s. Subsequent to the acquisition of forty portraits by Lousada, the display at The National Portrait Gallery highlights shots
taken between 1960 and 1964, many of which feature in Lousada's book Public Faces Private Places (2008). Formal commissioned portraits are shown alongside behind-
the-scenes photographs taken on films sets and unguarded portraits of sitters captured at home.
Options:
1) invitation, promotion, training, career
2) figures, gadgets, fashions, genres
3) gists, sets, tickets, aisles
97. Novel Device

A novel invention for helping farmers to dry out hay more quickly has won a University of Glasgow graduate a prestigious design award.Gavin Armstrong, 23, from
Kippen, Stirlingshire scooped the Glasgow 1999 Design Medal for his design for a swath inverter— a device for flipping over a hay crop to help dry out the damp
underside. Dry hay is an essential farmyard food source for sheep and cows. Gavin came up with the design as part of his Product Design Engineering degree course,
run in conjunction with Glasgow School of Art. He built a working prototype of the device which is powered and towed by a tractor and uses a pair of parallel belts to
invert the swath. The rollers are driven from one hydraulic motor and are geared so as to spin at the same speed and in opposite directions ensuring that the touching
inner two faces of the belt that perform the inversion move rearwards at the same speed.
Options:
1) forged, consigned, renewed, scooped
2) suggestion, prediction, situation, device
3) coordinate, accordance, conjunction, contrast
4) denying, supposing, imposing, ensuring
98. Physical Activity

Participating regularly in physical activity has been shown to benefit an individual's health and wellbeing . Regular physical activity is important in reducing the risk
of chronic diseases, such as heart disease and stroke, obesity, diabetes and some forms of cancer. The National Physical Activity Guidelines for Adults recommends at
least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity, preferably every day of the week, to obtain health benefits.
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Options:
1) values, immortality, expectation, wellbeing
2) chronic, contraindicated, untouched, detectable
3) excludes, recommends, denotes, defies
4) relatively, absolutely, preferably, namely
5) charge, obtain, weigh, estimate
99. Studying Law

It is important to emphasize the need for hard work as an essential part of studying law, because far too many students are tempted to think that they can succeed by
relying on what they imagine to be their natural ability, without bothering to add the expenditure of effort. To take an analogy some people prefer the more or less
instant gratification which comes from watching television adaptation of a classic novel to the rather more laborious process of reading the novel itself. Those
who prefer watching television to reading the book are less likely to study law successfully, unless they rapidly acquire a taste for text-based materials.
Options:
1) expenditure, exhaustion, costing, exclusion
2) gratification, excitement, temptation, obsession
3) simple, complex, effortless, laborious
4) prefer, Enjoy, interest, like
5) knowledge, idea, motivation, taste
100. Kashmiri
Two decades ago, Kashmiri houseboat-owners rubbed their hands every spring at the prospect of the annual influx of tourists . From May to October, the hyacinth-
choked waters of Dal Lake saw flotillas of vividly painted Shikaras carrying Indian families, boho westerners, young travellers and wide-eyed Japanese. Carpet-
sellers honed their skills, as did purveyors of anything remotely embroidered while the house boats initiated by the British Raj provided unusual accommodation. Then, in
1989, separatist and Islamist militancy attacked and everything changed. Hindus and countless Kashmiri business people bolted, at least 35,000 people were killed in a
decade, the lake stagnated, and the houseboats rotted. Any foreigners venturing there risked their lives , proved in 1995 when five young Europeans were kidnapped and
murdered.
Options:
1) volunteers, watchdogs, employees, tourists
2) waters, connection, atmosphere, volume
3) enacted, registered, honed, wasted
4) fell, enacted, followed, attacked
5) credits, insurances, lives, contributions
101. Welfare Morality

The morality of the welfare state depends on contribution and responsibility. Since some people don't contribute and many are irresponsible, the choices of those who do
contribute and are responsible are either to tolerate the free riders, refuse to pay for the effects of their irresponsibility or trust the state to educate them. Hence the
government campaigns against smoking, alcoholism, obesity and gas guzzling ‐ the first two solidly in place, the other two ramping up. But the British state now goes
further: it acts in favor of sexual and racial minorities. In the case of gay men and women this means progressively removing the legal disadvantages under which they
have lived, and ensuring that society as a whole observes the new order.
Options:
1) tolerate, believe, overlook, misunderstand
2) effects, contents, appearances, causes
3) educate, breach, divide, muster
102. Ikebana
More than simply putting flowers in a container ,Ikebana is a disciplined art form in which nature and humanity are brought together. Contrary to the idea of a
particolored or multicolored arrangement of blossoms, Ikebana often emphasizes other areas of the plant , such as its stems and leaves, and puts emphasis on shape,
line, and form. Though Ikebana is an expression of creativity, certain rules govern its form. The artist's intention is shown through a piece's color combinations, natural
shapes, graceful lines, and the implied meaning of the arrangement.
Options:
1) shape, way, container, fashion
2) restricted, random, disciplined, fleeting
3) garden, arrangement, duplication, augmentation
4) flora, plant, organism, fauna
103. Healthcare
In the fast-changing world of modern healthcare, the job of a doctor is more like the job of chief executive. The people who run hospitals and physicians' practices don't
just need to know medicine . They must also be able to balance budgets, motivate a large and diverse staff and make difficult marketing and legal decisions .
Options:
1) dosage, techniques, treatments, medicine
2) gang, staff, employment, mass
3) decisions, reactions, recommendations, actions
104. International Bodies (Incomplete)

Points: International (bodies), such as world trade organization ... (contest/ admit/ enshrine/ detain）the power of producers ...
105. Colonial Era
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At the end of the colonial era, as many new nations gained independence, relative levels of economic development became an important criterion by which to distinguish
between countries. The former colonial powers and wealthier parts of the world generally became known as advanced industrial, or developed countries, while former
colonies and poorer nations became known as less developed, or more positively, developing countries. Critics of the uneven distribution of wealth across the globe
highlighted the role which wealth creation in some places had played in impoverishing poorer nations and, rather, described them as actively underdeveloped. The
question as to whether economic change is developing or underdeveloping countries remains a vital issue, as the debate over sweatshops highlights.
Options:
1) wealthier, older, healthier, bigger
2) while, although, so, because
3) odd, uneven, ubiquitous, sporadic
4) whether, which, what, when
106. Colour Preference

Many tests have shown that, in a very broad way, peoples in most parts of the world have similar color preferences. Blue is the most preferred and popular hue, followed
in order by red, green, purple, yellow and orange. Overlaying this basic order of color preference, however , are the responses of individuals, which of course
vary widely and may also be very powerful. Children are likely to have strong preferences for some colors and aversions to others, but sometimes will not admit to them,
since outside factors may be influential in determining both color preferences and the way that they are expressed or suppressed. Current fashions in clothes and
accessories, gender-stereotyping and peer-group pressure may all play a significant part. Boys in particular may be reluctant to admit to any strong preferences for
colors other than those of favorite football teams, because color awareness may be regarded by their peer-group as feminine.
Options:
1) however, thus, therefore, nevertheless
2) widely, slightly, badly, strongly
3) preferences, similarities, divergences, comparisons
4) pressures, factors, appearances, reasons
5) instead of, rather than, together with, other than
107. Sun and Moon

In these distant times the sun was seen to make its daily journey across the sky. At night the moon appeared. Every new night the moon waxed or waned a little and on a
few nights it did not appear at all. At night the great dome of the heavens was dotted with tiny specks of light. They became known as the stars. It was thought that
every star in the heavens had its own purpose and that the secrets of the universe could be discovered by making a study of them. It was well known that there were
wandering stars, they appeared in different nightly positions against their neighbours and they became known as planets. It took centuries, in fact it took millennia, for
man to determine the true nature of these wandering stars and to evolve a model of the world to accommodate them and to predict their positions in the sky.
Options:
1) plan, level, journey, line
2) are, well, become, became
3) stories, secrets, views, imaginations
4) distort, discuss, charge, determine
5) draw, predict, dictate, save
108. Fossil Fuels

But look beyond fossil fuels for the most intriguing trends. One is that the energy intensity of the world economy - the amount of energy it takes to produce one
dollar's worth of income - keeps falling, at a rate of about 2 percent. What this means is that even without any change in the relative shares of fossil-based and fossil-
free sources in the world's energy mix, we could have 2 percent annual economic growth without increasing carbon emissions from energy use. Of course that is not
enough to address climate change and we need more economic growth than that. It is nonetheless a stunning number, which refutes the claim by some environmentalists
that permanent economic growth is fundamentally incompatible with finite physical resources.
Options:
1) plenty, money, value, worth
2) relevant, related, communal, relative
3) outline, address, point, highlight
4) thus, thereby, also, nonetheless
5) over, with, within, by
109. Marshmallow
They call it the "marshmallow test." A four- to-six-year-old-child sits alone in a room at a table facing a marshmallow on a plate. The child is told: "If you don't eat
this treat for 15 minutes you can have both it and a second one." Kids on average wait for five or six minutes before eating the marshmallow. The longer a child can
resist the temptation has been correlated with higher general competency later in life. Now a study shows that ability to resist temptation isn't strictly innate -- it's aIso
highly influenced by environment.
Options:
1) fun, joy, recipe, treat
2) longest, longer, long, longing
3) artificial, innate, intimate, disguised
110. Study of Objects

The study of objects constitutes a relatively new field of academic enquiry, commonly referred to as material culture studies. Students of material culture seek to
understand societies, both past and present, through careful study and observation of the physical or material objects generated by those societies. The source material
for study is exceptionally wide, including not just human-made artefacts but also natural objects and even preserved body parts (as you saw in the film 'Encountering a
body'). Some specialists in the field of material culture have made bold claims for its pre-eminence. In certain disciplines, it reigns supreme . It plays a critical role in
archaeology, for example, especially in circumstances where written evidence is either patchy or non-existent. In such cases , objects are all scholars have to rely on in
forming an understanding of ancient peoples. Even where written documents survive, the physical remains of literate cultures often help to provide new and interesting
insights into how people once lived and thought, as in the case of medieval and post-medieval archaeology. In analyzing the physical remains of societies, both past and
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present, historians, archaeologists, anthropologists and others have been careful to remind us that objects mean different things to different people.
Options:
1) subject to, compared with, across from, referred to
2) experiment, modification, consumption, observation
3) includes, including, included, had included
4) at all, supreme, everywhere, far and wide
5) By no means, In such cases, In this time, In this way
6) as long as, as if, as a result of, as in
111. Psychology
Psychology as a subject of study has largely developed in the West since the late nineteenth century. During this period there has been an emphasis on scientific
thinking. Because of this, there have been many scientific studies in psychology which explore different aspects of human nature. These include studies into how biology
(physical factors) influences human experience, how people use their senses (touch, taste, smell, sight and hearing) to get to know the world, how people develop, why
people behave in certain ways, how memory works, how people develop language, how people understand and think about the world, what motivates people, why people
have emotions and how personality develops. These scientific investigations all contribute to an understanding of human nature. What do we mean by the practical
applications of these studies? An understanding of psychology is useful in many different areas in life, such as education, the workplace, social services and medicine.
This means that people who have knowledge of psychology can use or apply that knowledge in areas such as the ones listed above.
Options:
1) emphasis, emphases, emphasize, emphasizing
2) exceed, excel, separate, explore
3) brains, skins, minds, senses
4) assumptions, correlations, investigations, stimulations
5) ideology, empowerment, understanding, equivalence
6) register, classify, use, learn
112. Mass Extinction

Scientists have discovered the cause of a mass extinction of sea-floor marine organisms 800,000 years ago — which also provides insight into how climate change can
impact on deep ocean biota. In a new study published in the journal Nature Communications, scientists from the universities of Nottingham and Durham and the British
Geological Survey (BGS), have discovered the cause of a mass extinction within marine organisms called foraminifera. Foraminifera are an important group in relation to
biomass in the deep ocean and the cause of their extinction was previously unknown. Scientists tested various possible causes for the mass extinction and were able to
discount others such as ocean cooling. Instead , they discovered that the extinction was caused by a global change in plankton at the surface of the ocean.
Options:
1) in, of, on, off
2) publishing, has published, published, be publishing
3) occasionally, necessarily, previously, currently
4) causes, consequences, elements, factors
5) However, Thus, So, Instead
113. Australia's Dwellings

The stock of Australia's dwellings is evolving , with current homes having more bedrooms on average than homes ten years ago. At the same time, households are
getting smaller on average with decreasing proportions of couple families with children and increasing couple only and lone person households. This article examines the
changes in household size and number of bedrooms from 1994-95 to 2003-04.
Options:
1) evanescent, eternal, erupting, evolving
2) interests, proportions, appearances, durations
3) flopping, increasing, fluctuating, declining
4) predicts, suggests, examines, counts
114. Noisy Studying

Some students say that they need complete quiet to read and study. Others study best in a crowded, noisy room because the noise actually helps them concentrate.
Some students like quiet music playing; others do not. The point is, you should know the level of noise that is optimal for your own studying. However, one general rule
for all students is that the television seems to be more of a distraction than music or other background noise, so leave the TV off when you are reading or
studying. Also , don't let yourself become distracted by computer games, email, or Internet surfing.
Options:
1) helps, stops, aids, gives
2) have, doing, do, are
3) make, put, leave, cut
4) Thus, However, Yet, Also
115. Exams Looming

It's that time again! Exams looming, essays or reports outstanding and you wonder where the years have gone already. You start wondering how you're going to cope
with it all. A limited amount of anxiety can help you to be more motivated and more purposeful . It can help you to plan your work and to think more clearly
and logically about it. In other words, it can help you stay on top of things. Sit down at your desk and make a start on writing down all the things you have to do
to prepare for the exams.
Options:
1) warning, wondering, believing, defying
2) intelligent, excitable, grateful, purposeful
3) wantonly, logically, extensively, thoroughly
4) behave, prepare, apply, substitute
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116. Coastal Fish Farms

Coastal fish farms seem to do less harm to nearby plants and animals than previously believed, a new study reveals . And marine ecosystems can recover from this
damage surprisingly fast. But the analysis of a single trout farm internationally renowned in a Faroe Islands fjord over nearly a year also shows that these facilities need
to be placed carefully, and that there's a limit to how many can operate in a particular area before its biodiversity suffers lasting harm. In coastal farms, fish live in large
cages hanging from pontoons on the surface. Fish feces and uneaten food sink to the seabed, affecting its ecosystem. Badly managed farms can also have serious
effects on the surrounding water column.
Options:
1) collectively, individually, previously, pretentiously
2) introduces, deceives, reveals, conceives
3) derive, segregate, recover, prevent
4) visually, commonly, surprisingly, spiritually
5) dislocated, estimated, placed, dismounted
6) Well, Badly, Expectedly, Attentively
117. Cultural Studies

Cultural studies is a new way of engaging in the study of culture. In the past, many academic subjects including anthropology, history, literary studies, human geography
and sociology have brought their own disciplinary concerns to the study of culture. However , in recent decades there has been a renewed interest in the study of culture
that has crossed disciplinary boundaries . The resulting activities and cultural studies have emerged as an intriguing and exciting area of intellectual inquiry which has
already shed important new life on the character of human cultures and which promises to continue to do so. While there is a little doubt that cultural studies are coming
to be widely recognized as an important and distinctive field of study, it does seem to encompass a potentially enormous area. This is because the term 'culture' has a
complex history and range of usages, which have provided a legitimate focus of inquiry for several academic disciplines.
Options:
1) However, Then, Subsequently, Consistently
2) renewed, renewable, renewing, renew
3) discriminations, similarities, boundaries, differentiations
4) simultaneous, spontaneous, resulting, derivative
5) have promised, promising, promises, would have promised
6) phase out, pull together, be widely recognized, be narrowly reduced
7) dispersion, focus, heart, center
118. Daniel Harris

Daniel Harris, a scholar of consumption and style, has observed that until photography did finally supplant illustration as the "primary means of advertising clothing" in the
1950s, glamour inhered less in the face of the drawing, which was by necessity schematic and generalized, than in the sketch's attitude , posture, and gestures,
especially in the strangely dainty positions of the hands. Glamour once resided so emphatically in the stance of the model that the faces in the illustrations cannot really
be said to have expressions at all, but angles or tilts. The chin raised upwards in a haughty look; the eyes lowered in an attitude of introspection; the head cocked at an
inquisitive or coquettish angle: or the profile presented in sharp outline, emanating power of the severity like an emperor's bust embossed on a Roman coin.
Options:
1) surmount, deplete, supplant, use
2) everlasting, endurable, luminous, advertising
3) least, few, yet, less
4) attitude, altitude, magnitude, analogue
5) expressions, exceptions, expectations, experiences
6) encircled, embodied, embossed, encrypted
119. Radioactivity
Radioactivity was discovered in 1896 by the French physicist, Antoine Henri Becquerel. He left an unexposed photographic plate in the dark near a sample of a uranium
salt. When the plate was developed it was found to be fogged , just as if it had been exposed to light, which was caused by a form of radiation from the uranium. The
term radioactivity was coined by Marie Curie and her husband Pierre Curie. They worked together and showed that radioactivity was an atomic property not a chemical
change. The discovery of radioactivity won the Curies and Ekcquerel the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903.
Options:
1) developed, unraveled, overlapped, transmitted
2) transparent, corrugated, fogged, clarified
3) concocted, coined, created, designed
4) fabrication, invention, discharge, discovery
120. Trinity Sport and Fitness

Whether you want to exercise and stay healthy , train professionally with like-minded people, or indulge your competitive streak, Trinity Sport and Fitness has it covered .
We've got a dedicated support development team on campus to support every student taking part in sports. You might want to participate in sports competitions
volunteer with a local sports class or simply play for fun with our social sport program. Trinity fitness members of our public-facing sports facility will also entitle you to
discounts when you are booking a sports facility and fitness class. You will also get an opportunity to benefit from tailored personal training, free activities events, and
lots more.
Options:
1) healthy, wealthy, humble, hungry
2) has it covered, makes covering, have covered, does it covering
3) taking, taken, have taken, were taking
4) idle, fun, kidding, exchange
5) enact, encourage, entitle, allow
6) obtain, upgrade, benefit, proceed
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121. Electrons
The electrons that orbit closest to the nucleus are strongly attracted. They are called bound electrons. The electrons that are farther away from the pull of nucleus can
be forced out of their orbits. These are called free electrons. Free electrons can move from one atom to another. This movement is known as electron flow. Electricity is
the movement or flow of electrons from one atom to another. A condition of imbalance is necessary to have a movement of electrons. In a normal atom, the positively
charged nucleus balances the negatively charged electrons. This holds them in orbit. If an atom loses electrons, it becomes positive in charge. It attracts more electrons
in order to get its balance. A conductor is any material that allows a good electron flow and conducts electricity. A good conductor must be made of atoms that give off
free electrons easily. Also, the atoms must be close enough to each other so that the free electron orbits overlap . Ignition systems use copper and aluminium wires to
conduct electricity. They allow good electron flow.
Options:
1) least, strongly, weakly, unexpectedly
2) superstition, judgement, condition, presumption
3) varied, normal, strange, singular
4) metal, molecule, chemical, material
5) collapse, diverge, appear, overlap
122. Amount of Sleep

The amount of sleep you need depends on many factors , especially your age. Newborns sleep between 16 and 18 hours a day and preschool children should sleep
between 10 and 12 hours. Older children and teens need at least nine hours to be well rested. For most adults, seven to eight hours a night appears to the best amount
of sleep. However, for some people" enough sleep" may be as few as five hours or as many as 10 hours of sleep. As you get older, your sleeping patterns change. Older
adults tend to sleep more lightly and awaken more frequently in the night than younger adults. This can have many causes including medical conditions and medications
used to treat them. But there's no evidence that older adults need less sleep than younger adults. Getting enough sleep is important to your health because it boosts
your immune system, which makes your body better able to fight disease. Sleep is necessary for your nervous system to work properly. Too little sleep makes you drowsy
and unable to concentrate. It also impairs memory and physical performance. So how many hours of sleep are enough for You? Experts say that if you feel drowsy
during the day - even during boring activities - you are not getting enough sleep. Also, quality of sleep is just as important as quantity. People whose sleep is frequently
interrupted or cut short are not getting quality sleep. If you experience frequent daytime sleepiness, even after increasing the amount of quality sleep you get, talk to your
doctor. He or she may be able to identify the cause of sleep problems and offer advice on how to get a better night's sleep.
Options:
1) reasons, possibilities, fractions, factors
2) durations, structures, distributions, patterns
3) benevolent, important, additional, luxurious
4) ecological, immune, medical, psychological
5) discharge, identify, dismiss, tout
123. Retirement
For a start, we need to change our concept of 'retirement', and we need to change mind-sets arising from earlier government policy which, in the face of high
unemployment levels, encouraged mature workers to take early retirement. Today, government encourages them to delay their retirement. We now need to think of
retirement as a phased process, where mature age workers gradually reduce their hours, and where they have considerable flexibility in how they combine their work and
non work time. We also need to recognise the broader change that is occurring in how people work, learn, and live. Increasingly we are moving away from a linear
relationship between education, training, work, and retirement, as people move in and out of jobs, careers, caregiving, study, and leisure. Employers of choice remove
the barriers between the different segments of people's lives, by creating flexible conditions of work and a range of leave entitlements. They take an individualised
approach to workforce planning and development so that the needs of employers and employees can be met simultaneously . This approach supports the different
transitions that occur across the life course - for example, school to work, becoming a parent, becoming responsible for the care of older relatives, and moving from
work to retirement.
Options:
1) contempt, confrontation, concept, conclusion
2) delay, replay, relay, drag
3) radically, disruptively, abruptly, gradually
4) hinges, barriers, nexus, bans
5) condescendingly, simultaneously, hypocritically, spontaneously
124. Agrarian Parties

Agrarian parties are political parties chiefly representing the interests of peasants or, more broadly, the rural sector of society. The extent to which they are important,
or whether they even exist, depends mainly on two factors. One, obviously, is the size of an identifiable peasantry, or the size of the rural relative to the urban population.
The other is a matter of social integration: for agrarian parties to be important, the representation of countryside or peasantry must not be integrated with the other
major sections of society. Thus , a country might possess a sizable rural population, but have an economic system in which the interests of the voters were predominantly
related to their incomes, rather than their occupations or location; and in such a country the political system would be unlikely to include an important agrarian party.
Options:
1) where, why, how, what, whether
2) from, to, of, on, with
3) as, in, for, to, by
4) Meanwhile, Moreover, Thus, However, Nevertheless
5) higher, lower, rather, other, fewer
125. Bedtimes (Incomplete)

Points: Children can sleep (soundly/successfully) for eight to nine hours, but teenagers’ sleep pattern is (erratic/expressive/explicit). (Insufficient) sleep may (influence)
their studying/learning problems.
126. Home Appliances
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In the developed world, home appliances have greatly reduced the need for physical labour. Fewer people need to be involved in tasks that once left them little time to
do much else. For example, the word processor and email have, to a great extent , replaced the dedicated secretarial staff that briefly flourished with the rise of the
typewriter. At one time all copies were made with manual scribes, carefully duplicating what they read. Then we had carbon paper. Then photocopiers. Then printers.
Then the requirement for physical copy reduced. An entire stream of labour appeared and disappeared as technology advanced. We freed ourselves of one kind of work;
we just replaced it with another.
Options:
1) Fewer, More, Less, Many
2) extension, possibility, extend, extent
3) once, some, one, a
4) with, as, for, by
127. Decision Making

Decision making is central to the management of an enterprise. The manager of a profit making business has to decide on the manner of implementation of the
objectives of the business, at least one of which may well relate to allocating resources so as to maximize profit. A non-profit-making enterprise (such as a department
of central or local government) will be making decisions on resource allocation so as to be economical, efficient and effective in its use of finance. All organizations,
whether in the private sector or the public sector, take decisions which have financial implications. Decisions will be about resources, which may be people, products,
services or long-term and short-term investment. Decisions will also be about activities, including whether and how to undertake them. Most decisions will at some stage
involve consideration of financial matters, particularly cost.
Options:
1) well, better, best, thereby
2) its use of, its using of, using of, accordance with
3) beget, do, adapt, take
4) eventually, consequently, particularly, spontaneously
128. Icebergs' Sound

Twenty years ago, not so long before B-15 broke off from Antarctica, 'we didn't even know that icebergs made noise,' says Haru Matsumoto, an ocean engineer at
NOAA who has studied these sounds. But in the past few years, scientists have started to learn to distinguish the eerie, haunting sounds of iceberg life — ice cracking,
icebergs grinding against each other, an iceberg grounding on the seafloor — and measure the extent to which those sounds contribute to the noise of the ocean. While
they're just now learning to listen, the sounds of ice could help them understand the behavior and breakup of icebergs and ice shelves as the poles warm up .
Options:
1) for, more, much, few
2) within, about, through, against
3) which, that, what, whether
4) away, out, up, off
129. How World Work

Throughout the 18th century, mathematicians, scientists and philosophers researched, discussed, and published their investigations into how the world worked, while
engineers and inventors developed new and successful machines and processes. The latest theories inspired greater invention, and more technology encouraged
theoretical scientists to make further discoveries in medicine, biology, mechanics, physics, and chemistry. By 1800, the new machines had brought revolutionary changes
to the workplace, transportation and communications, and eventually to the home. Some of these inventions simply made it easier to produce things on a large scale
such as textile machines and foundries, which produced large quantities of cloth and metal objects quickly and cheaply. But some inventions brought completely new
possibilities such as the first batteries, steamboats, and locomotives. It would take decades for some of these inventions to make a big impact on the world. Yet their
creation, and the sheer amount of imagination and risk-taking involved, marked the beginning of a modern, global, technologically based economy of the kind that we
live in today.
Options:
1) fewest, newest, nearest, latest
2) are, have, were, had
3) those, which, that, what
4) brought, necessitated, enforced, took
5) Notwithstanding, As, Whether, Yet
130. Brains or Brawn

While workers worry about whether robots will take their jobs, teachers are wondering how to use education to insulate the next generation from such a fate. This has
worked before. When the last wave of automation swept the developed world at the start of the 20th century, policymakers decided education was the answer. If
machines were going to substitute for brawn, they reasoned , more people would need to use their brains. The US invested heavily in education, with good results.
Workers reaped the benefits through better jobs and higher wages. Economists Andrew McAfee and Erik Brynjolfsson summed it up like this: 'The industrial
revolution started a race between technology and education — and, for most of the 20th century, humans won that race.'
Options:
1) would work, had worked, has worked, has yet to work
2) analyzed, approved, reasoned, examined
3) inadvertently, heavily, stingily, expensively
4) started, set, ran, began
131. Managing Performance

Managing performance is about getting people into action so that they achieve planned and agreed results. It focuses on what has to be done, how it should be done
and what is to be achieved . But it is equally concerned with developing people - helping them to learn - and providing them with the support they need to do well, now
and in the future. The framework for performance management is provided by the performance agreement, which is the outcome of performance planning. The
agreement provides the basis for managing performance throughout the year and for guiding improvement and development activities. It is used as reference
point when reviewing performance and the achievement of improvement and development plans.
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Options:
1) achieved, denoted, glutted, afforded
2) developing, evaluating, recruiting, alerting
3) what, this, which, it
4) guiding, reassuring, heralding, concluding
5) when, as, but, by
132. Dictionary
The famous dictionary of Samuel Johnson, published in London in 1755; its principles dominated English lexicography for more than a century. This two-volume work
surpassed earlier dictionaries not in bulk but in the precision of definition. Its strength lay in two features: the original carefully divided and ordered, elegantly formulated
definitions of the main word stock of the language; and the copious citation of quotations from the entire range of English literature, which served in support and
illustration and which exemplified the different shades of meaning of a particular word. A Dictionary of the English Language included a history of the language, a
grammar, and an extensive list of words representing basic general vocabulary, based on the best conversation of contemporary London and the normal usage of
respected writers. The original was followed in 1756 by an abbreviated one-volume version that was widely used far into the 20th century. Johnson's accomplishment
was to provide for the English language a dictionary that incorporated with skill and intellectual power the prevailing ideals and resources and the best available
techniques of European lexicography. It was the standard English dictionary until Noah Webster's.
Options:
1) hieroglyph, lexicography, hierarchy, taxonomy
2) busk, barn, bask, bulk
3) classified, exemplified, signified, simplified
4) contemptuous, contemplative, contemporary, contemptible
5) prevailing, condescending, dignifying, demeaning
133. Wholeness of Thought

The writer, or, for that matter, the speaker conceives his thought whole, as a unity, but must express it in a line of words; the reader, or listener, must take this line of
symbols and from it reconstruct the original wholeness of thought. There is little difficulty in conversation, because the listener receives innumerable cues from the
physical expressions of the speaker; there is a dialogue, and the listener can cut in at any time. The advantage of group discussion is that people can overcome linear
sequence of words by converging on ideas from different directions; which makes for wholeness of thought. But the reader is confronted by line upon line of printed
symbols, without benefits of physical tone and emphasis or the possibility of dialogue or discussion.
Options:
1) recover, respect, reconstruct, reduce
2) little, much, more, few
3) lean, cut, intrude, get
4) conveying, combination, collecting, converging
5) tune, thumb, tone, note
134. Interior Design

Interior design is a professionally conducted, practice-based process of planning and realization of interior spaces and the elements within. Interior design is related with
the function and operation of the aesthetics and its sustainability . The work of an interior designer draws upon many other disciplines , such as environmental
psychology, architecture, product design and, aesthetics, in relation to a wide range of building spaces including hotels, corporate and public spaces, schools, hospitals,
private residences, shopping malls, restaurants, theaters and airport terminals.
Options:
1) related, compared, concentrated, corresponded
2) capability, environment, sustainability, deniability
3) disciplines, course, principals, functions
135. Computational Thinking

Developing computational thinking helps students to better understand the world around them. Many of us happily drive a car without understanding what goes on under
the bonnet. So is it necessary for children to learn how to program computers? After all , some experts say coding is one of the human skills that will become obsolete as
artificial intelligence grows. Nevertheless, governments believe coding is an essential skill. Since 2014, the principles of computer programming have featured on
England's curriculum for children from the age of five or six, when they start primary school. While not all children will become programmers, Mark Martin, a computing
teacher at Sydenham High School, London, argues that they should learn to understand what makes computers work and try to solve problems as a computer might.
Options:
1) leads in, raises up, sets off, goes on
2) Till now, Nevertheless, However, After all
3) have featured, had featured, featuring, features
4) endows, makes, glosses, causes
136. When to Revise?

Timing is important for revision. Have you noticed that during the school day you get times when you just don't care any longer? I don't mean the lessons you don't like,
but the ones you usually find OK, but on some occasions, you just can't be bothered with it. You may have other things on your mind, be tired, restless or looking forward
to what comes next. Whatever the reason, that particular lesson doesn't get 100 percent effort from you. The same is true of revision. Your mental and
physical attitudes are important. If you try to revise when you are tired or totally occupied with something else, your revision will be inefficient and just about worthless. If
you approach it feeling fresh, alert and happy, it will be so much easier, and you will learn more, faster. However, if you make no plans and just slip in a little bit of
revision when you feel like it, you probably won't do much revision! You need a revision timetable, so you don't keep putting it off .
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Options:
1) may, never, do, hardly
2) effort, afford, affect, effect
3) support, concerns, attitudes, health
4) stopping, putting it off, giving it up, putting out
137. Paris Opera

Most important of all is the fact that for each new ballet-pantomime created at the Paris Opera during the July Monarchy, a new score was produced. The reason for
this is simple: these ballet-pantomimes told stories — elaborate ones — and music was considered an indispensable tool in getting them across to the
audience. Therefore , music had to be newly created to fit each story. Music tailor-made for each new ballet-pantomime, however, was only one weapon in the Opera's
explanatory arsenal. Another was the ballet-pantomime libretto, a printed booklet of fifteen to forty pages in length, which was sold in the Operas lobby(like the opera
libretto), and which laid out the plot in painstaking detail, scene by scene. Critics also took it upon themselves to recount the plots (of both ballet-pantomimes and
operas) in their reviews of premieres. So did the publishers of souvenir albums, which also featured pictures of famous performers and of scenes from favorite ballet-
pantomimes and operas.
Options:
1) However, Nevertheless, In fact, Therefore
2) Another, Others, It, Also
3) views, reviews, overviews, supervisions
4) teachers, students, performers, drivers
138. Great Engineers

Great engineers have a passion to improve life; a burning conviction that they can make life better for everyone. Engineers need to have a talent for invention and
innovation, but what drives them is the conviction that they can find a better way to do things; a cheaper and more efficient solution to the problems of human existence
on this planet of limited resources that we call Earth. Many of us spend a lot of time complaining about the difficulties and problems of life. It is easy to find fault with
things that make daily life arduous. For an engineer, these difficulties can be opportunities. How can this be made to work better? How can that process be made more
efficient? How can components be made more cheaply, more accurately and more fit-for- purpose? Great engineers are convinced that everything can be improved .
Instead of complaining, they think of ways to make things better.
Options:
1) drives, makes, motivate, activate
2) limited, unlimited, numerous, mysterious
3) take, spend, cost, save
4) parts, elements, units, components
5) improved, created, performed, changed
139. Significance of Instinct

What is the significance of instinct in business? Does a reliable gut feeling separate winners from losers? And is it the most valuable emotional tool any entrepreneur can
possess? My observations of successful company owners lead me to believe that a highly analytical attitude can be a drawback. At critical junctures in commercial life,
risk-taking is more an act of faith than a carefully balanced choice. Frequently, such moments require decisiveness and absolute conviction above all else. There is
simply no time to wait for all the facts, or room for doubt. A computer program cannot tell you how to invent and launch a new product. That journey involves too many
unknowns, too much luck — and too much sheer intuition, rather than the infallible logic that machines deliver so well. As Chekhov said: "An artist’s flair is sometimes
worth a scientist's brains" — entrepreneurs need right-brain thinking. When I have been considering whether to buy a company and what price to offer, I have
been blinded too often by reams of due diligence from the accountants and lawyers. Usually it pays to stand back from such mountains of grey data and weigh up the
really important issues-and decide how you feel about the opportunity.
Options:
1) ideas, thoughts, observations, researches
2) act, importance, art, emphasis
3) decisiveness, patience, confidence, courage
4) journey, mindset, prototype, answer
5) rationale, rule, principle, logic
6) blinded, attracted, allured, deceived
140. Global Textile Industry

The environmental impact of the global textile industry is hard to overstate. One-third of the water used worldwide is spent fashioning fabrics. For every ton of
cloth produced , 200 tons of water is polluted with chemicals and heavy metals. An estimated 1 trillion kilowatt-hours of electricity powers the factories that card and
comb, spin and weave, and cut and stitch materials into everything from T-shirts to towels, leaving behind mountains of solid waste and a massive carbon footprint.
'Where the industry is today is not really sustainable for the long term,' says Shreyaskar Chaudhary, chief executive of Pratibha Syntex, a textile manufacturer based
outside Indore, India. With something of an “if you build it, they will come” attitude, Mr.Chaudhary has steered Pratibha toward the leading edge of eco-friendly textile
production. Under his direction, Pratibha began making clothes with organic cotton in 1999. Initially, the company couldn't find enough organic farms growing cotton in
central India to supply its factories. To meet production demands, Chaudhary's team had to convince conventional cotton farmers to change their growing methods.
Pratibha provided seeds, cultivation instruction, and a guarantee of fair-trade prices for their crops. Today, Pratibha has a network of 28,000 organic cotton growers
across the central states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Orissa.
Options:
1) produced, has produced, producing, is produced
2) moving, leaving, processing, looking into
3) against, over, toward, behind
4) have supplied, supplying, to supply, is supplied
5) their, some, mine, them
141. Ancient Egypt Music

Music was as important to the ancient Egyptians as it is in our modern society. Although it is thought that music played a role throughout the history of Egypt, those
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that study the Egyptian writings have discovered that music seemed to become more important in what is called the ‘pharaonic’ period of their history. This was
the time when the Egyptian dynasties of the pharaohs were established (around 3100 BCE) and music was found in many parts of everyday Egyptian life.
Options:
1) role, game, response, situation
2) need, require, confirm, study
3) predicted, seemed, like, thought
4) period, people, place, race
5) result, range, time, group
6) contributed, established, constructed, raised
7) found at, found, found from, found in
142. Very Old Paris

Paris is very old—there has been a settlement there for at least 6000 years and its shape has been determined in part by the River Seine, and in part by the edicts of
France’s rulers. But the great boulevards we admire today are relatively new, and were constructed to prevent any more barricades being created by the rebellious
population; that work was carried out in the middle 19th century. The earlier Paris had been in part a maze of narrow streets and alleyways. But you can imagine that the
work was not only highly expensive, but caused great distress among the half a million or so residents whose houses were simply razed, and whose neighbourhoods
disappeared. What is done cannot usually be undone, especially when buildings are torn down .
Options:
1) being created, to be created, creating, been created
2) as if, in part, just as, relative
3) evenly, rarely, simply, equally
4) up, across, between, down
143. Wind
The world’s atmosphere is forever on the move. Wind is air in motion. Sometimes air moves slowly, giving a gentle breeze. At other times it moves rapidly, creating gales
and hurricanes. Gentle or fierce, wind always starts in the same way. As the sun moves through the sky, it heats up some parts of the sea and land more than others. The
air above these hot spots is warmed, becomes lighter than the surrounding air, and begins to rise. Elsewhere, cool air sinks, because it is heavier . Winds blow because
air squeezed out by sinking, cold air is sucked in under rising, warm air. Winds will blow wherever there is a difference in air temperature and pressure, always flowing
from high to low pressure. Some winds blow in one place, and have a local name - North America’s chinook and France's mistral. Others are part of a huge circulation
pattern that sends winds over the entire globe.
Options:
1) Gentle, Wild, Chill, Aloud
2) cold, hot, cool, warm
3) heavier, deeper, larger, colder
4) convergence, diversity, discretion, difference
5) entire, all, total, wholesome
144. Native Species in North America

Of the more than 1,000 bat species worldwide, 22 are native to North America. And while there are no pollinator bats in our area, gardeners should champion those that
do live here, because they’re insectivorous. These bats consume moths, beetles and mosquitoes, and can eat up to 500 mosquito-sized insects per hour. They also
protect gardens and crops from such pests as cucumber beetles, cutworms and leafhoppers.
Options:
1) local, national, native, residential
2) suppose, champion, breed, fight
3) spend, consume, provide, deplete
4) species, pests, objects, animals
145. Rudman
Rudman looks at how a poor understanding of Maths has led historians to false conclusions about the Mathematical sophistication of early societies. Rudman's final
observation-that ancient Greece enjoyed unrivaled progress in the subject while failing to teach it at school-leads to a radical punchline：Mathematics could be better
learnt after we leave school.
Options:
1) marked, enjoyed, reviewed, expected
2) waiting, hesitating, hoping, failing
3) radical, rational, radish, radius
4) enter, graduate, leave, go
146. MBA Programs

Deciding to go to business school is perhaps the simplest part of what can be a complicated process. With nearly 600 accredited MBA programs on offer around the
world, the choice of where to study can be overwhelming. Here we explain how to choose the right school and course for you and unravel the application and funding
process. "Probably the majority of people applying to business school are at a point in their careers where they know they want to shake things up, but they don't know
exactly what they would like to do with their professional lives," says Stacy Blackman, an MBA admissions consultant based in Los Angeles. "If that's the case with you,
look at other criteria : culture, teaching method, location, and then pick a place that’s a good fit for you with a strong general management program. Super-defined
career goals don’t have to be a part of this process."
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Options:
1) offer, provide, give, take
2) elect, choose, identify, recognize
3) few, many, majority, most
4) enjoy, hesitate, want, choose
5) standards, factors, rules, criteria
147. UNEP
Equitable and sustainable management of water resources is a major global challenge. About one third of the world’s population lives in countries with moderate to high
water stress, with disproportionately high impacts on the poor. With respect to the current projected human population growth, industrial development and the expansion
of irrigated agriculture in the next two years, water demand is expected to rise to levels that will make the task of providing water for human sustenance more difficult.
Since its establishment, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) has worked to promote sustainable water resources management practices
through collaborative approaches at the national, regional and global levels. After more than 30 years, water resources management continues to be a strong pillar of
UNEP’s work. UNEP is actively participating in addressing water issues together with partner UN agencies , other organizations and donors; they facilitate and catalyze
water resource assessments in various developing countries; implement projects that assist countries in developing integrated water resource management plans; create
awareness of innovative alternative technologies and assist the development, implementation and enforcement of water resource management policies, laws and
regulations.
Options:
1) proportionately, disproportionately, largely, scarcely
2) reactionary, current, few, past
3) substitute, sustenance, substance, sustainable
4) operation, cooperating, collaborative, collaborating
5) sectors, agencies, factors, segments
148. Origin of Species

In The Origin of Species, Darwin provided abundant evidence that life on Earth has evolved over time, and he proposed natural selection as the primary mechanism for
that change. He observed that individuals differ in their inherited traits and that selection acts on such differences, leading to evolutionary change. Although Darwin
realized that variation in heritable traits is a prerequisite for evolution , he did not know precisely how organisms pass heritable traits to their offspring. Just a few years
after Darwin published The Origin of Species, Gregor Mendel wrote a groundbreaking paper on inheritance in pea plants. In that paper, Mendel proposed a model of
inheritance in which organisms transmit discrete heritable units (now called genes) to their offspring. Although Darwin did not know about genes, Mendel’s paper set the
stage for understanding the genetic differences on which evolution is based.
Options:
1) differ, difference, different, same
2) evolving, evolutionary, evolve, evolved
3) evolution, development, growth, maturity
4) a few, little, a little, few
5) Of, In, At, With
6) Although, Despite, However, Even
7) for, as, in, on
149. Women in Labour Force

With the increase in women's participation in the labour force, many mothers have less time available to undertake domestic activities. At the same time, there has been
increasing recognition that the father's role and relationship with a child is important. A father can have many roles in the family, ranging from income provider to
teacher, carer, playmate and role model. Therefore, balancing paid work and family responsibilities can be an important issue for both fathers and mothers in families.
Options:
1) anticipation, substitution, participation, definition
2) available, related, consumable, useful
3) recognition, discrimination, resolution, recreation
4) scholarship, relationship, worship, employment
150. Origin of Music

Music is an important part of our lives. We connect and interact with it daily and use it as a way of projecting our self-identities to the people around us. The music we
enjoy - whether it' s country or classical, rock n' roll or rap - reflects who we are. But where did music, at its core, first come from? It' s a puzzling question that may
not have a definitive answer. One leading researcher, however, has proposed that the key to understanding the origin of music is nestled snugly in the loving bond
between mother and child. In a lecture at the University of Melbourne, Richard Parncutt, an Australian-born professor of systematic musicology, endorsed the idea that
music originally spawned from ' motherese' -- the playful voices mothers adopt when speaking to infants and toddlers. As the theory goes, increased human brain sizes
caused by evolutionary changes occurring between one and 2,000,000 years ago resulted in earlier births, more fragile infants and a critical need for stronger
relationships between mothers and their newborn babies. According to Parncutt, who is based at the University of Graz in Austria, ' motherese' arose as a way to
strengthen this maternal bond and to help ensure an infant's survival.
Options:
1) means, convinces, shows, reflects
2) freelance, best, unanimous, leading
3) adapt, adopt, sing, forge
4) clinical, chronic, critical, fallow
5) confirm, improve, ensure, enquire
151. Standard Language

At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the relationship between standard and nonstandard language is, evidently, still an uncertain one. We are at
a transitional point between two eras. We seem to be leaving an era when the rules of Standard English, as elected and defined by prescriptive grammarians, totally
conditioned our sense of acceptable usage, so that all other usages and varieties were considered to be inferior or corrupt, and excluded from serious consideration. And
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we seem to be approaching an era when nonstandard usages and varieties, previously denigrated or ignored, are achieving a new presence and respectability within
society, reminiscent of that found in Middle English, when dialect variation in literature was widespread and uncontentious. But we are not there yet . The rise of
Standard English has resulted in a confrontation between the standard and nonstandard dimensions of the language which has lasted for over 200 years, and this has
had traumatic consequences which will take some years to eliminate. Once people have been given an inferiority complex about the way they speak or write, they find it
difficult to shake off.
Options:
1) transcendent, separative, distinctive, transitional
2) notable, irreversible, acceptable, possible
3) isolated, suffered, excluded, separated
4) be approached, be approaching, approaching, approach
5) likelihood, respectability, overestimation, discrimination
6) too, yet, neither, either
7) sources, consequences, reasons, orientations
152. Conservancy
To qualify as a conservancy, a committee must define the conservancy' s boundary, elect a representative conservancy committee, negotiate a legal constitution, prove
the committee's ability to manage funds, and produce an acceptable plan for equitable distribution of wildlife-related benefits. Once approved, registered conservancies
acquire the rights to a sustainable wildlife quota , set by the ministry.
Options:
1) information, representative, parliamentary, management
2) attract, freeze, borrow, manage
3) moral, equitable, equal, stable
4) integrity, agreement, rights, tools
5) limit, segment, quota, quotation
153. Fresh Water

Everybody needs fresh water. Without water, people, animals and plants cannot live. Although a few plants and animals can make do with saltwater, all humans need a
constant supply of fresh water if they are to stay fit and healthy. Of the total supply of water on the Earth, only about 3 percent of it is fresh, and most of that is stored
as ice and snow at the poles, or is so deep under the surface of the Earth that we cannot get to it. Despite so much of the water being out of reach, we still have a
million cubic miles of it that we can use. That's about 4,300,000 cubic kilometers of fresh water to share out between most of the plants, animals and people on the
planet.
Options:
1) Without, Despite, As, With
2) excited, here, up, fit
3) wide, hard, deep, common
4) can, won't, don't, cannot
154. Guilt and Responsibility

The narrative of law and order is located fundamentally at the level of individual guilt and responsibility. Criminal acts are seen as individual issues of personal
responsibility and culpability , to which the state responds by way of policing, prosecution , adjudication and punishment. This is but one level at which crime and criminal
justice can be analyzed. The problem is that so often analysis ends there, at the level of individual action, characterized in terms of responsibility, guilt, evil. In few other
areas of social life does individualism have this hold. To take but one instance ,it would be absurd to restrict analysis of obesity, to individual greed. It should similarly be
widely seen as absurd to restrict analysis of criminal justice issues to the culpability of individuals.
Options:
1) guilty, capability, culpability, reliability
2) persecution, prosecution, execution, inspection
3) combined, characterized, chosen, concluded
4) method, exemplify, instance, reason
5) strict, sophisticate, restrict, stretch
155. Transportation System

A sustainable transportation system is one in which people's needs and desires for access to jobs, commerce, recreation, culture and home are accommodated using a
minimum of resources. Applying principles of sustainability to transportation will reduce pollution generated by gasoline-powered engines, noise, traffic congestion, land
devaluation, urban sprawl, economic segregation, and injury to drivers, pedestrians and cyclists. In addition, the costs of commuting, shipping, housing and goods will
be reduced . Ultimately in a sustainable San Francisco, almost all trips to and within the City will be on public transit, foot or bicycle-as will a good part of trips to the
larger Bay Region. Walking through streets designed for pedestrians and bicycles will be more pleasant than walking through those designed for the automobile. Street-
front retail and commercial establishments will prosper from the large volume of foot traffic drawn to an environment enhanced by trees, appropriately designed 'street
furniture' ( street lights, bicycle racks, benches, and the like) and other people. Rents and property costs will be lowered as land for off-street parking is
no longer required or needed.
Options:
1) reliability, sustainability, sustain, sustainable
2) reduced, enhance, seduced, reducing
3) apart, within, among, away
4) start, inject, control, prosper
5) smaller, longer, most, best
156. APS
The APS supports the development of an Australian curriculum for psychological science. The APS Division of Psychological Research, Education and Training,
in consultation with teacher and curriculum representatives from every State and Territory in Australia, develops a proposed framework for senior secondary school
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studies in psychological science. This framework is modeled on the current senior science curricula that were developed and published by the Australian Curriculum,
Assessment and Reporting Authority. The APS hopes that this framework will facilitate a dialogue between educators and their local curriculum authority, with the aim of
working towards a more consistent approach to the teaching of psychological science at secondary school level and optimizing the preparation for students going on to
undergraduate psychology studies at university, as well as the effective use of psychological principles in everyday life.
Options:
1) criticism, consultation, consolation, condolence
2) is developed, develops, had been developing, developed
3) has modeled, to model, is modeled, modeled
4) fertilize, facilitate, fascinate, conduct
5) conjunctive, constituent, consistent, consequent
157. Computer
The purpose of this paper is to consider the claim, often made, that computer simulation exercises provide an excellent source of speaking practice. In so doing I shall
first consider the properties of computer simulations from a theoretical point of view , then describe the experience of using a particular simulation with a general EFL
class. On the basis of this experience, and of some very straightforward pedagogical considerations, I shall argue that the claim is justified, subject to a very important
caveat: computer simulations can form the basis of excellent speaking exercises, provided you do not expect the computer to do all the work. Put in another way, many
computer simulations only attain their full potential as language exercises if they are integrated into a larger, planned, teacher-managed activity.
Options:
1) shape or form, state of mind, point of view, status quo
2) used, being used, using, having been used
3) subject, reject, expect, inject
4) obtain, attain, retain, remain
5) separated, included, participated, integrated
158. Customer Service Promotion

Promoting good customer service must start at the top. If management doesn' t realize how important this aspect of their business is, they will be at an
instant disadvantage in their industry. Good customer response equates to loyal customers, which are the cornerstone of any successful business. No matter how much
money you invest in your marketing , if you don't much have the fundamental elements of your business right, it's wasted money.
Options:
1) slides, aspect, sides, way
2) advantage, consequence, benefit, disadvantage
3) experience, marketing, service, mind
4) rendered, earned, wasted, settled
159. Population Change

Populations can change through three processes: fertility, mortality and migration. Fertility involves the number of children that women have and differs from fecundity (a
woman's childbearing potential). Mortality is the study of the causes, consequences and measurement of processes affecting death in a population. Demographers most
commonly study mortality using the Life Table, a statistical device which provides information about the mortality conditions (most notably the life expectancy) in the
population. Migration refers to the movement of persons from an origin place to a destination place across some pre-defined political boundary. Migration researchers
do not designate movements as migrations, unless they are somewhat permanent. Thus demographers do not consider tourists and travelers to be migrating. While
demographers who study migration typically do so through census data on place of residence , indirect sources of data including tax forms and labor force surveys are
also important. Demography is today widely taught in many universities across the world, attracting students with initial training in social sciences, statistics or health
studies.
Options:
1) contributes, rotates, involves, requires
2) rear, slander, equip, have
3) means, study, researches, device
4) but, though, unless, therefore
5) commute, residence, life, health
6) researching, attracting, analyzing, exploiting
160. Interdisciplinary Centre

A new interdisciplinary centre for the study of the frontiers of the universe, from the tiniest subatomic particle to the largest chain of galaxies, has been formed at The
University of Texas at Austin. The Texas Cosmology Centre will be a way for the university' s departments of Astronomy and Physics to collaborate on research that
concerns them both. 'This centre will bring the two departments together in an area where they overlap — in the physics of the very early universe,' said Dr. Neal Evans,
Astronomy Department chair. Astronomical observations have revealed the presence of dark matter and dark energy, discoveries that challenge our knowledge of
fundamental physics. And today's leading theories in physics involve energies so high that no Earth-bound particle accelerator can test them. They need the universe as
their laboratory . Steven Weinberg, Nobel laureate and professor of physics at the university, called the Centre' s advent a very exciting development for that
department.
Options:
1) separate, collaborate, participate, cooperative
2) overlapped, overload, overlap, folded
3) enhanced, released, revealed, deluded
4) workshop, library, laboratory, basement
5) adventure, movement, advent, approach
161. Life Expectancy

Life expectancy at birth is one of the most widely used and internationally recognised indicators of population health. It focuses on the length of life rather than its
quality, and provides a useful summary of the general health of the population. While an indicator describing how long Australians live that simultaneously takes into
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account quality of life would be a desirable summary measure of progress in the area, currently no such measure exists, and this is why life expectancy at birth is used as
the Main Progress Indicator here. During the decade 1999 to 2009, life expectancy at birth improved for both sexes. A girl born in 2009 could expect to reach 83.9 years
of age, while a boy could expect to live to 79.3 years. Over the decade, boys 'life expectancy increased slightly more than girls' ( 3.1 compared with 2.1 years) . This saw
the gap between the sexes' life expectancy decrease by one year to 4.6 years. In the longer term, increases in life expectancy also occurred over most of the 20th
century. Unfortunately, life expectancy isn't shared across the whole population though, being lower in Tasmania and the Northern Territory, and for Aboriginal and
Torres Strait Islander peoples.
Options:
1) rather, more, none, better
2) density, volume, progress, surface
3) that, as, while, which
4) lightly, slightly, slowly, dramatically
5) at, in, for, above
6) the most, most, a majority, a few
162. Debt, Poverty and Development

Books and articles highlighting intractable debt, poverty and development abound in both the academic and popular literature. This addition to the debate is both timely
and interesting as it subsumes the economic debate to the broader social, political, environmental and institutional context of debt in developing countries. Debt-for-
Development Exchanges: History and New Applications is intended for a wide audience including: academics from a range of disciplines (including accounting and
finance); non-Government organizations (NGOs); civil society groups; and, both debtor and creditor governments and public sector organization. Professor Ross Buckley,
author and editor, has developed an international profile in the area of debt relief and this book is the outcome of an Australian Research Council (ARC) Discovery grant
to explore debt-for development mechanisms that relieve debt, improve development outcomes from aid, are practically and politically attractive to creditors
and contribute to regional security.
Options:
1) that, as, so, whereas
2) has intended, intends, is intending, is intended
3) develops, has developed, have developed, developed
4) to, for, from, as
5) contribution, contributed, contributing, contribute
163. Spotted Owls

Our analysis of the genetic structure of northern spotted owls across most of the range of the subspecies allowed us to test for genetic discontinuities and identify
landscape features that influence the subspecies' genetic structure. Although no distinct genetic breaks were found in northern spotted owls, several landscape features
were important in structuring genetic variation. Dry, low elevation valleys and the high elevation Cascade and Olympic Mountains restricted gene flow, while the lower
Oregon Coast Range facilitated gene flow, acting as a ' genetic corridor.' The Columbia River did not act as a barrier, suggesting owls readily fly over this large river.
Thus, even in taxa such as northern spotted owls with potential for longdistance dispersal, landscape features can have an important impact on gene flow and genetic
structure.
Options:
1) distinct, distribute, oblivious, rare
2) few, several, much, many
3) hindered, embedded, enabled, facilitated
4) suggesting, demanding, demonstrating, proposing
164. Maya
The Classic era of Mayan civilisation came to an end around 900 AD. Why this happened is unclear; the cities were probably over-farming the land, so that a period of
drought led to famine. Recent geological research supports this, as there appears to have been a 200-year drought around this time.
Options:
1) community, society, civilisation, class
2) time, period, range, phase
3) research, test, examination, exploitation
165. Snails
Snails are not traditionally known for quick thinking, but new research shows they can make complex decisions using just two brain cells in findings that could help
engineers design more efficient robots. Scientists at the University of Sussex attached electrodes to the heads of freshwater snails as they searched for lettuce. They
found that just one cell was used by the mollusc to tell if it was hungry or not, while another let it know when food was present. Foodsearching is an example of goal-
directed behavior, during which an animal must integrate information about both its external environment and internal state while using as little energy as possible. Lead
researcher Professor George Kemenes, say "This will eventually help us design the' brain' of robots based on the principle of using the fewest possible components
necessary to perform complex tasks." What goes on in our brains when we make complex behavioral decisions and carry them out is poorly understood." Our study
reveals for the first time how just two neurons can create a mechanism in an animal's brain which drives and optimizes complex decision-making tasks.
Options:
1) findings, results, recommendations, decisions
2) because, although, but, as
3) that, if, neither, how
4) through, about, during, to
5) least, less, fewest, fewer
6) shall, should, can, ought
166. English in Change

English has been changing throughout its lifetime and it's still changing today. For most of us, these changes are fine as long as they' re well and truly in the past.
Paradoxically, we can be curious about word origins and the stories behind the structures we find in our language, but we experience a queasy distaste for any change
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that might be happening right under our noses. There are even language critics who are convinced that English is dying, or if not dying at least being
progressively crippled through long years of mistreatment. For example, many people in Australia worry about their language and its relationship with its powerful relative,
American English. In particular they express concern for the 'Americanisation' of the language - it's a hot topic here in Australia.
Options:
1) scared, cranky, worried, curious
2) ruptures, indications, values, structures
3) enlarge, expect, deal, experience
4) satisfied, persuaded, reassured, convinced
5) crippled, lost, disabled, dented
167. SpaceX
SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket lifted off from Cape Canaveral, Florida, on Friday at 1845 GMT (1445 EDT), reaching orbit 9 minutes later. The rocket lofted an
uncrewed mockup of SpaceX's Dragon capsule, which is designed to one-day carry both crew and cargo to orbit. 'This has been a good day for SpaceX and
a promising development for the US human space flight program,' said Robyn Ringuette of SpaceX in a webcast of the launch. In a teleconference with the media on
Thursday, SpaceX's CEO, Paypal co-founder Elon Musk, said he would consider the flight 100 percent successful if it reached orbit . ' Even if we prove out just that the
first stage functions correctly, I'd still say that's a good day for a test,' he said. ' It's a great day if both stages work correctly.' SpaceX hopes to win a NASA contract to
launch astronauts to the International Space Station using the Falcon 9. US government space shuttles, which currently make these trips, are scheduled to be retired for
safety reasons at the end of 2010.
Options:
1) replication, mockup, setting, base
2) promising, hopefully, rapid, encouraging
3) track, orbit, circulation, trajectory
4) award, contract, case, bid
5) ceased, fixed, removed, retired
168. History Books

What history books tell us about the past is not everything that happened, but what historians have selected .They cannot put in everything: choices have to be made.
Choices must similarly be made about which aspects of the past should be formally taught to the next generation in the shape of school history lessons. So, for
example ,when a national school curriculum for England and Wales was first discussed at the end of the 1980s, the history curriculum was the subject of considerable
public and media interest . Politicians argued about it; people wrote letters to the press about it; the Prime Minister of the time, Margaret Thatcher, intervened in the
debate. Let us think first about the question of content. There were two main camps on this issue: those who thought the history of Britain should take pride of place ,
and those who favored what was referred to as 'world history'.
Options:
1) be selected, have selected, been selected, select
2) nevertheless, shall we say, for example, likewise
3) realization, knowledge, interest, tastes
4) had intervened, intervened, was intervened, did intervene
5) location, place, culture, opportunity
169. Scientists
Scientists make observations, have assumptions and do experiments . After these have been done, he got his results . Then there are a lot of data from scientists. The
scientists around the world have a picture of world.
Options:
1) thinking, hyperbole, principles, assumptions
2) experiments, essays, assignments, thesis
3) proofs, evidence, numbers, results
4) digits, static, figure, data
5) look, idea, view, picture
170. Disease
If you have a chronic disease such as heart disease, diabetes, asthma, or back or joint pain, exercise can have important health benefits . However, it's important to talk
to your doctor before starting an exercise routine . He or she might have advice on what exercises are safe and any precautions you might need to take while exercising.
Options:
1) chronic, acute, rarely, abnormal
2) issues, rituals, problems, benefits
3) operation, habit, outfit, routine
4) advice, compliment, addiction, advertisement
171. Sleep Patterns

Children have sound sleep patterns. They can successfully sleep for 8-9 hours and get up at a fixed time. But teenagers don't. Their need of an early start to schools or
other schedules can influence their sleep patterns. Despite these factors , they actually need longer sleep. So, parents should try and speak to their children, who
are suitable to help them understand that a night of sound sleep is always helpful.
Options:
1) sound, expressive, erratic, soundly
2) periodically, successfully, hardly, barely
3) effect, influence, gained, diverge
4) Regardless, Despite, As, Unless
5) probabilities, factors, particles, forms
6) reinforced, suitable, lucky, linking
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172. Politics Disciplines

This course provides students with an in-depth understanding of the exciting disciplines of politics and international relations and commerce. Students will learn about
the workings of political institutions in countries around the world and explore the complex field of relations between nations. Topics in governance, public policy, public
administration, national security, border control and commerce ensure that students receive a broad and current education in the range of issues which are covered
under the label of politics and international relations and commerce. In addition to acquiring specialist knowledge and competencies in Politics and International Relations
and Commerce, students will graduate with a range of generic skills such as critical thinking, enhanced communication abilities, problem solving and strong capacities to
work with others. They will also develop ethically based and socially responsible attitudes and behaviors.
Options:
1) workings, understanding, handing, agency
2) whole, confined, narrow, broad
3) order, according, addition, term
4) information, experience, knowledge, intelligence
5) responsible, accountability, responsibility, liable
173. Australian Women Novelists

In the literary world, it was an accepted assumption that the 1970s was a time of unprecedented growth in homegrown Australian fiction. And everybody was reading and
talking about books by young Australian women. But it was not until recently that a researcher was able to measure just how many novels were published in that decade,
and she found that there had been a decline in novels by Australian writers overall, but confirmed an increase in women' s novels. It is this sort of research - testing
ideas about literary history - that is becoming possible with the spread of 'Digital Humanities.' The intersection of Humanities and digital technologies is opening
up opportunities in the fields of literature, linguistics, history and language that were not possible without computational methods and digitized resources
to bring information together in an accessible way. Transcription software is being developed for turning scans of books and documents into text, as the field of digital
humanities really takes off .
Options:
1) not until, until, impossible, till
2) there will have been, there may be, there had been, there being
3) should become, must become, is becoming, will become
4) is opened to, is opening up, is opened up, is opening to
5) were not possible, was not possible, could be possible, can be possible
6) squeeze, bring, muddle, stow
7) in, off, on, over
174. Nightjar
When you spend your days nesting on the ground and weigh less than 100 grams, self-preservation depends on mastering the art of disguise. The nightjar's soft plumage
and variegated coloring help it blend in with its surrounds, but it is the bird's own judgement in choosing the most sympathetic background that makes it a camouflage
champion. Each bird chooses where to nest based on its specific patterns and colors, says camouflage researcher Martin Stevens, of the Centre for Ecology and
Conservation at the University of Exeter in Cornwall. "Each individual bird looks a little bit different," he says. "This is not a species-level choice. Individual birds
consistently sit in places that enhance their own unique markings, both within a habitat and at a fine scale with regards to specific background sites."
Options:
1) blending, blend, blended, blends
2) pleads, makes, wins, changes
3) based, basing, basis, basic
4) together, both, either, whether
175. Business
One distinguishing feature of business is its economic character. In the world of business, we interact with each other not as family members, friends, or neighbors, but
as buyers and sellers ,employers and employees, and the like. Trading, for example, is often accompanied by hard bargaining, in which both sides conceal their full hand
and perhaps engage in some bluffing. And a skilled salesperson is well- versed in the art of arousing a customer' s attention (sometimes by a bit of puffery) to clinch the
sale. Still, there is an "ethics of trading" that prohibits the use of false or deceptive claims and tricks such as "bait-and-switch" advertising.
Options:
1) sellers, solicitors, tellers, traders
2) accompanied, customized, complimented, accomplished
3) engage, thrive, flourish, conduct
4) informed, staffed, known, versed
5) deal, motivate, make, clinch
176. Writing Style

Learning to write well in college means learning (or re-learning) how to write clearly and plainly. Now that doesn't mean that plainness is the only good style, or that you
should become a slave to spare, unadorned writing. Formality and ornateness have their place, and in competent hands complexity can take us on a dizzying, breathtaking
journey. But most students, most of the time should endeavor to be sensibly simple to develop a baseline style of short words, active verbs and relatively simple
sentence carrying clear actions or identities. It's faster, it makes arguments easier to follow, it increases the chances a busy reader will bother to pay attention, and it lets
you center more attention on your moments of rhetorical flourish which I do not advise abandoning altogether.
Options:
1) solder, person, staff, slave
2) helping, competent, comparative, heaving
3) commit, reject, endeavor, stick
4) concealing, carrying, defining, confining
5) rise, center, pin, span
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177. Distance Learning

Distance learning can be highly beneficial to a large variety of people from young students wanting to expand their horizons to adults looking for more job security. With
programs that allow learners of all ages to take courses for fun, personal advancement and degrees , distance learning can meet the needs of a diverse population.
Perhaps one of the most notable and often talked about advantages of distance learning is the flexibility. The majority of programs allow students to learn when and
where it's convenient for them. For those who are struggling to balance their distance learning goals with working a fulltime job and taking care of a family this kind of
flexibility can allow many people to pursue education who would not otherwise be able to do so. Since there are no on-campus courses to attend, students can learn
from their own homes, at work on their lunch breaks and from virtually anywhere with internet access. For some it can even be a big source of savings on the fuel costs
and time required to commute to classes.
Options:
1) conformations, discriminations, abhorrences, degrees
2) claim, achieve, devise, meet
3) definitions, factors, advantages, defaults
4) they, them, those, that
5) obey, accelerate, test, pursue
6) Due to, Thus, Besides, Since
178. Language
Language comes so naturally to us that it is easy to forget what a strange and miraculous gift it is. All over the world members of our species fashion their breath into
hisses and hums and squeaks and pops and listen to others do the same .We do this, of course, not only because we like the sounds but because details of the sounds
contain information about the intentions of the person making them. We, humans, are fitted with a means of sharing our ideas, in all their unfathomable vastness. When
we listen to speech, we can be led to think thoughts that have never been thought before and that never would have occurred to us on our own.
Options:
1) genre, category, group, species
2) same, so, liking, correspondence
3) intentions, activities, determinations, attempts
4) rendering, loading, turning, sharing
5) appeared, occurred, risen, opened
179. Allergies
What are allergies? Allergies are abnormal immune system reactions to things that are typically harmless to most people. When you're allergic to something, your immune
system mistakenly believes that this substance is harmful to your body. Substances that cause allergic reactions- such as certain foods, dust, plant pollen, or medicines-
are known as allergens. In an attempt to protect the body, the immune system produces IgE antibodies to that allergen. Those antibodies then cause certain cells in the
body to release chemicals into the bloodstream, one of which is histamine (pronounced: HIS-tuh-meen). The histamine then acts on the eyes, nose, throat, lungs, skin, or
gastrointestinal tract and causes the symptoms of the allergic reaction. Future exposure to that same allergen will trigger this antibody response again. This means that
every time you come into contact with that allergen, you'll have some form of allergy symptoms.
Options:
1) mistakenly, misleadingly, involuntarily, unprovokedly
2) protect, preserve, equip, hedge
3) dissolve, thicken, release, crystallize
4) focuses, targets, reacts, acts
5) antigen, counter, antibody, psychological
180. Classic
One of the most important things to remember is that "classic" does not necessarily translate to "favorite" or "bestselling". Literature is instead considered classic when
it has stood the test of time and it stands the test of time when the artistic quality it expresses - be it an expression of life, truth, beauty, or anything about the universal
human condition - continues to be relevant and continues to inspire emotional responses, no matter the period in which the work was written . Indeed, classic literature
is considered as such regardless of book sales or public popularity. That said, classic literature usually merits lasting recognition - from critics and other people in a
position to influence such decisions - and has a universal appeal. And, while effective use of language as well as technical excellence - is a must, not everything that is
well-written or is characterized by technical achievement or critical acclaim will automatically be considered a classic. Conversely, works that have not been
acknowledged or received positively by the writer's contemporaries or critics can still be considered as classics.
Options:
1) quality, facade, bid, clime
2) written, writing, write, to write
3) regardless, lacking, devoid, careless
4) exclusively, usually, merely, consequently
5) imposingly, positively, efficiently, arguably
181. Leadership
Leadership is all about being granted permission by others to lead their thinking. It is a bestowed moral authority that gives the right to organize and direct the efforts of
others. But moral authority does not come from simply managing people effectively or communicating better or being able to motivate. It comes from many sources ,
including being authentic and genuine, having integrity, and showing a real and deep understanding of the business in question. All these factors build confidence.
Leaders lose moral authority for three reasons: they behave unethically , they become plagued by self-doubt and lose their conviction, or they are blinded by power, lose
self-awareness and thus lose connection with those they lead as the context around them changes. Having said all this, it has to be assumed that if someone becomes a
leader, at some point they understood the difference between right and wrong. It is up to them to abide by a moral code and up to us to ensure that the moment we
suspect they do not, we fire them or vote them out.
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Options:
1) foundations, origins, outcomes, sources
2) objects, functions, elements, factors
3) falsely, outrageously, eternally, unethically
4) contempt, associate, connection, convection
5) abide, remain, stand, conform
182. Credibility and Pride

Moreover, for Professor David Phoenix, the dean of the faculty of science and technology, the return of single-honors chemistry is a matter of credibility and pride. "If
you say you're a science faculty, you have to have all the core sciences, and this course will mean we attract a new supply of potential Masters and PhD students in
chemistry." Phoenix is adamant that the new course will teach solid chemistry, but he thinks that an attraction for students will be a teaching approach
that differs significantly from his days as an undergraduate. This takes real-life issues as the starting point of lectures and modules, such as how drugs are made or the
science behind green issues. Out of this study, he says, students will be exposed to the same core chemistry unchanged over decades, but they will be doing it in a way
that is more engaging and more likely to lead to more fundamental learning. It is an approach that symbolizes chemistry' s recent success story: moving with the times,
while holding fast to the subject's essential role as a building block of science and technological advance.
Options:
1) matter, sum, degree, pinch
2) divides, diversify, differs, deviates
3) conventional, engaging, courageous, pretentious
4) realizes, depicts, mobilizes, symbolizes
183. Oxford Course

When I enrolled in my master's course at Oxford last year, I had come straight from medical school with the decision to leave clinical science for good. Thinking back, I
realize that I didn't put very much weight on this decision at the time. But today, I more clearly understand the consequences of leaving my original profession. When I
meet old friends who are now physicians and surgeons, I sense how our views on medical problems have diverged .They scrutinize the effects of disease and try to
eliminate or alleviate them; I try to understand how they come about in the first place. I feel happier working on this side of the problem, although I do occasionally miss
clinical work and seeing patients. However, when I think about the rate at which my medical skills and knowledge have dissipated , the years spent reading weighty
medical textbooks, the hours spent at the bedside, I sometimes wonder if these years were partly a waste of time now that I am pursuing a research career. Nonetheless,
I know the value of my medical education. It is easy to forget the importance of the biosciences when working with model organisms in basic research that seem to have
nothing to do with a sick child or a suffering elderly person. Yet, I still have vivid memories of the cruel kaleidoscope of severe diseases and of how they can strike a
human being. I hope to retain these memories as a guide in my current occupation.
Options:
1) attention, weight, accumulation, denotation
2) subsequences, consequences, successors, successions
3) apart, diverged, converged, diversified
4) disappeared, disclosed, dispersal, dissipated
5) consumption, waste, misuse, splash
6) strike, kill, pounce, encounter
184. Dictatorship
Dictatorship is not a modern concept. Two thousand years ago, during the period of the Roman Republic, exceptional powers were sometimes given by the Senate
to individual dictators such as Sulla and Julius Caesar. The intention was that the dictatorship would be temporary and that it would make it possible to take swift and
effective action to deal with an emergency. There is some disagreement as how the term should be applied today. Should it be used in its original form to describe the
temporary exercise of emergency powers? Or can it now be applied in a much broader sense as common usage suggests?
Options:
1) exclusive, individual, inclusive, special
2) significance, intention, effort, meaning
3) patient, urgent, immediate, possible
4) agreement, treatment, treaty, disagreement
5) applied, corresponded, avoided, responded
185. Zika
Zika is more pernicious than public health officials anticipated. At present, it is circulating in more than 50 countries. And as of mid-May, seven countries or territories
have reported cases of microcephaly or other serious birth defects linked to the virus, which is transmitted by mosquito bite, blood transfusion or sexual contact with an
infected human. It can also be passed from mother to fetus during pregnancy. Despite Zika's vast range over almost 70 years, there is little genetic difference among the
various strains, according to an analysis by researchers at the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. For example, the strain currently in the Americas and
another previously detected in French Polynesia are practically indistinguishable from each other (group in white box). If the virus has changed so little over time, why is it
rearing its ugly head now? Scientists are not sure yet, but new experimental work in mosquitoes suggests that the virus was capable of causing detrimental health
effects and outbreaks all along. Therefore, it is unlikely mutations enabled new abilities. Instead, public health officials probably did not understand Zika's potential
because the virus circulated mostly in remote locations until recently.
Options:
1) transmitted, had been transmitted, was transmitted, is transmitted
2) range, extent, number, domain
3) identical, indistinguishable, odd, different
4) shaping, pressing, causing, making
5) is circulated, circulates, are circulated, circulated
186. DNA
DNA is a molecule that does two things. First, it acts as the familial material, which is passed down from generation to generation. Second, it directs, to a considerable
extent, the construction of our bodies, telling our cells what kinds of molecules to make and guiding our development from a single-celled zygote to a fully formed adult.
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These two things are of course connected . The DNA sequences that construct the best bodies are more likely to get passed down to the next generation because well-
constructed bodies are more likely to survive and thus to reproduce. This is Darwin's theory of natural selection stated in the language of DNA.
Options:
1) acquired, familial, nutritional, metabolic
2) establishing, guiding, pushing, determining
3) supplanted, connected, paralleled, required
4) thus, yet, namely, nevertheless
187. Japan and China

At times, a broad stream of knowledge flowed from China to Japan. At other times, this transfer was halted from one side or the other, and Japan developed on its own
culture. But whether in isolation or not, Japan was always itself. Everything that arrived from China was adapted to suit Japanese tastes and needs.
Options:
1) expanded, changed, flowed, extended
2) halted, heaved, described, started
3) cared, invented, developed, betrayed
4) produced, stipulated, arrived, gathered
5) forced, disrupted, adopted, adapted
188. Granular Material

Part of the fun of experimenting with granular materials, says Stephen W. Morris, is the showmanship. In one stunt that he has demonstrated in settings ranging from
high school classrooms to television studios, the University of Toronto physicist loads clear plastic tubes with white table salt and black sand and starts them rotating.
What transpires in the tubes usually knocks the socks off of any unsuspecting bystander. Instead of mixing into a drab gray sameness, the sand particles slowly separate
into crisp black bands cutting across a long, narrow field of salt. As the spinning continues, some bands disappear and new ones arise. "It's a parlor trick," Morris says.
Not to deny its entertainment value, this demonstration of how strangely granular materials can behave is also an authentic experiment in a field both rich in fundamental
physics and major practical consequences. Yet granular mixing today remains more of an art than a science , says chemical engineer Fernando J.
Options:
1) psychologist, physicist, pharmacists, physicians
2) uncomfortable, unsuspecting, representing, suspecting
3) theory, demonstration, exhibition, notion
4) tradition, science, hobby, computation
189. Cardona Salt Mountain

Formed two million years ago when low-density salt was pushed up through the much harder materials surrounding it, the Cardona Salt Mountain is one of the largest
domes of its kind in the world, and unique in Europe. While small amounts of other minerals pervade the savory hill, the salt pile would have a near translucent quality if
not for the thin layer of reddish clay coating the exterior. The significance of the mountain was recognized as early as the middle ages when Romans began exploiting
the mountain for its salt, which began to bolster the young Cardonian economy . With the invention of industrial mining techniques, a mine was built into the side of the
mountain and a thriving facility formed at its base as excavators dragged enormous amounts of potash (water-soluble) salt from the innards of the hill. In addition to the
mineral export, the locals of Cardona began making salt sculptures to sell and invented a number of hard, salty pastries unique to the area.
Options:
1) would have, have had, has, has had
2) significant, significance, significantly, signify
3) correspondence, economy, accordance, economist
4) ratio, addition, interest, adaption
190. Viper
The horned desert viper's ability to hunt at night has always puzzled biologists. Though it lies with its head buried in the sand, it can strike with great precision as soon
as prey appears. Now, Young and physicists Leo van Hemmen and Paul Friedel at the Technical University of Munich in Germany have developed a model of the snake’s
auditory system to explain how the snake 'hears' its prey without really having the ears for it. Although the vipers have internal ears that can hear frequencies between
200 and 1000 hertz, it is not the sound of the mouse scurrying about that they are detecting. 'The snakes don't have external eardrums ,' says van Hemmen. So unless
the mouse wears boots and starts stamping, the snake won’t hear it.'
Options:
1) hand, head, chest, feet
2) applications, system, appliance, tools
3) eyeballs, eardrums, eyes, hearings
191. Private Schools

Private schools in the UK are redoubling their marketing efforts to foreigners. Almost a third of the 68,000 boarding pupils at such schools already come from overseas.
But now, with many UK residents unwilling or unable to afford the fee - top boarding schools edging towards £30,000 ($49,759) a year - and a cultural shift away from
boarding, many schools are looking abroad to survive. Overseas students now account for about £500m of fee income a year for boarding schools in the UK.
Options:
1) never, already, yet, often
2) incapable, eager, unwilling, afraid
3) slumping, caring, edging, plateauing
4) switch, transfer, shift, change
5) count, allocate, account, portion
192. Water Security

Equally critical is the challenge of water security. The UN Environment Programme (UNEP) has pointed out that about one-third of the world's population lives in
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countries with moderate to high water stress, with a disproportionate impact on the poor. With current projected global population growth, the task of providing water for
human sustenance will become increasingly difficult. And increasing competition over this scarce but vital resource may fuel instability and conflict within states as well
as between states. The UN is doing a great deal in both areas to proactively foster collaboration among Member States. UNEP has long been actively addressing the
water issue together with partner UN agencies and other organizations. Looking ahead, the UN can do more to build synergies of technology, policy and capacity in this
field. In this regard , events like the annual World Water Week in Stockholm come to the forefront of the public mind when talking about championing water issues.
Options:
1) singular, equal, disproportionate, improper
2) sustainability, living, maintenance, sustenance
3) conflict, collaboration, association, merging
4) agencies, cooperates, partners, companies
5) regard, speculation, consideration, level
193. Fingerprints
Fingerprints can prove that a suspect was actually at the scene of a crime. As long as a human entered a crime scene, there will be traces of DNA. DNA can help the
police to identify an individual to crack a case. An institute in London can help preserve DNA and be used to match with the samples taken from the crime scenes.
Options:
1) present, prove, show, illustrate
2) know, figure, realise, identify
3) preserve, install, protect, save
4) specimen, results, samples, data
194. Trip (Incomplete)

Points: It's a (trip) to Germany not for leisure but for Germany exchange. This is the worst flight I have ever been on ...in my life, I have (before)... We were originally from
Amsterdam, I arrived half an hour later than the due time when that plane took off, but our plane was late, we took another plane and flew somewhere, and the result
was still wrong, landed at another airport, a few one a hundred kilometers away from my destination. We could only wait for the next (connecting) flight to continue the
journey, for which I had waited for (another) one and half hour. No wonder we all hoped to go home straight away.
195. Generosity
Americans approached a record level of generosity last year. Of the $260.28bn given to charity in 2005, 76.5 percent of it came from individual donors . These people
gave across the range of nonprofit bodies, from museums to hospitals to religious organizations, with a heavy emphasis on disaster relief after the Asian tsunami and US
hurricanes. In total, Americans gave away 2.2 per cent of their household income in 2005, slightly above the 40-year average of 2.1 per cent.
Options:
1) donors, accounts, businessmen, honors
2) analysis, imagination, emphasis, hypothesis
3) sovereignty, coverage, average, indebtedness
196. Canadian Arctic

This summer, 41 UBC alumni and friends participated in expeditions to the Canadian Arctic and the legendary Northwest Passage. Presentations, conversations and
learning accompanied their exploration of the great outdoors aboard the Russian-flagged Akademik Ioffe, designed and built in Finland as a scientific research vessel in
1989. Her bridge was open to passengers virtually 24 hours a day. Experts on board presented on topics including climate change, wildlife, Inuit culture and history, and
early European explorers. UBC professor Michael Byers presented on the issue of Arctic sovereignty, a growing cause of debate as ice melts, new shipping routes open,
and natural resources become accessible. Recommended pre-trip reading was late UBC alumnus Pierre Bertons book, The Arctic Grail.
Options:
1) outdoors, view, outside, scene
2) board, boat, ship, sea
3) slight, growing, disappearing, growth
4) were becoming, had become, become, became
197. Business Schools

In an attempt to lure new students, leading business schools — including Harvard, Stanford, the University of Chicago and Wharton – have moved away from the
unofficial admissions pre-requisite of four years’ work experience and instead have set their sights on recent college graduates and so-called ‘early
career professionals with only a couple years of work under the belt .
Options:
1) punish, teach, encourage, lure
2) offer, exclusion, prepare, pre-requisite
3) rather than, instead, hardly, no longer
4) professionals, winners, leaders, teachers
5) bell, belt, management, protect
198. Folklore
Folklore, a modern term for the body of traditional customs, superstitions, stories, dances, and songs that have been adopted and maintained within a
given community by processes of repetition is not reliant on the written word. Along with folk songs and folktales, this broad category of cultural forms embraces all
kinds of legends, riddles, jokes, proverbs, games, charms, omens, spells, and rituals, especially those of pre-literate societies or social classes. Those forms of verbal
expression that are handed on from one generation or locality to the next by word of mouth are said to constitute an oral tradition .
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Options:
1) activity, achievement, symbol, body
2) family, community, organization, immunity
3) experience, category, experiment, use
4) development, transmission, word, transition
5) tone, condition, prediction, tradition
199. Shakespeare
For all his fame and celebration, William Shakespeare remains a mysterious figure with regards to personal history. There are just two primary sources for information on
the Bard: his works, and various legal and church documents that have survived from Elizabethan times. Naturally, there are many gaps in this body of information, which
tells us little about Shakespeare the man.
Options:
1) inventive, idealistic, ridiculous, mysterious
2) types, resources, sources, forms
3) college, university, private, church
4) grabs, achievements, gaps, merits
200. Painting Movement

Movement in painting that originated in France in the 1860s and had enormous influence in European and North American painting in the late 19th century. The
Impressionists wanted to depict real life, to paint straight from nature, and to capture the changing effects of light. The term was first used abusively to describe Claude
Monet's painting Impression: Sunrise (1872). The other leading Impressionists included Paul Camile, Edgar Degas, Edouard Manet, Camille Pissarro, Pierre-Auguste
Renoir, and Alfred Sisley, but only Monet remained devoted to Impressionist ideas throughout his career. The core of the Impressionist group was formed in the early
1860s by Monet, Renoir, and Sisley, who met as students and enjoyed painting in the open air - one of the hallmarks of Impressionism. They met other members of the
Impressionist circle through Paris café society. They never made up a formal group, but they organized eight group exhibitions between 1874 and 1886, at the first of
which the name Impressionism was applied. Their styles were diverse, but all experimented with effects of light and movement created with distinct brush strokes
and fragments of color dabbed side-by-side on the canvas rather than mixed on the palette. By the 1880s the movement's central impulse had dispersed, and a number
of new styles were emerging, later described as post-impressionism. British Impressionism had a major influence on the more experimental and progressive British
painters in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Many of the painters were affected in the circle of Walter Sickert, who spent much of his career in France and was an
influential figure who inspired many younger artists. His friend and exact contemporary Philip Wilson Steer is generally regarded as the most outstanding British
Impressionist.
Options:
1) originated, initiated, oriented, appreciated
2) deepen, depict, simplify, contrary
3) describe, descent, satirize, transcribe
4) experimented, supplemented, experienced, examined
5) frige, fragile, combination, fragments
6) progressive, stubborn, predicable, promoted
201. David Lynch

David Lynch is professor and head of education at Charles Darwin University. Prior to this he was sub dean in the Faculty of Education and Creative Arts at Central
Queensland University and foundation head of the University’s Noosa campus . David’s career in education began as a primary school teacher in Queensland in the early
1980’s and progressed to four principal positions before entering higher education. David’s research interests predominate in teacher education with particular interest
in building teacher capability to meet a changed world.
Options:
1) After, Prior, Last, Before
2) campus, place, camp, college
3) projected, processed, pronounced, progressed
4) leaving, hiring, entering, having
202. Australia Higher Education Funding

Financing of Australian higher education has undergone dramatic change since the early 1970s. Although the Australian Government provided regular funding for
universities from the late 1950s, in 1974 it assumed full responsibility for funding higher education — abolishing tuition fees with the intention of making university
education affordable to all Australians who had the ability and who wished to participate in higher education. Since the late 1980s, there has been a move towards
greater private contributions, particularly student fees. In 1989, the Australian Government introduced the Higher Education Contribution Scheme (HECS) which included
a loans scheme to help students finance their contributions. This enabled university to remain accessible to students by delaying their payments until they could afford to
pay off their loans. In 2002, the Australian Government introduced a scheme similar to HECS for postgraduate students - the Postgraduate Education Loan Scheme
(PELS). Funding for higher education comes from various sources. This article examines the three main sources - Australian Government funding, student fees and
charges, and HECS. While the proportion of total revenue raised through HECS is relatively small, HECS payments are a significant component of students' university
costs, with many students carrying a HECS debt for several years after leaving university. This article also focuses on characteristics of university students based on their
HECS liability status, and the level of accumulated HECS debt.
Options:
1) change, appeal, exhaustion, plateau
2) assumed, subsumed, presumed, consumed
3) without, automatically, with, particularly
4) access, inaccessible, accessibility, accessible
5) produced, carried, remembered, introduced
6) expenses, expenditure, profit, revenue
203. Sales Jobs

Sales jobs allow for a great deal of discretionary time and effort on the part of the sales representatives - especially when compared with managerial, manufacturing,
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and service jobs. Most sales representatives work independently and outside the immediate presence of their sales managers. Therefore, some form of goals needs to be
in place to help motivate and guide their performance. Sales personnel are not the only professionals with performance goals or quotas. Health care professionals
operating in clinics have daily, weekly, and monthly goals in terms of patient visits. Service personnel are assigned a number of service calls they must perform during a
set time period. Production workers in manufacturing have output goals. So, why are achieving sales goals or quotas such a big deal? The answer to this question can be
found by examining how a firm's other departments are affected by how well the company's salespeople achieve their performance goals. The success of the
business hinges on the successful sales of its products and services. Consider all the planning, the financial, production and marketing efforts that go into producing
what the sales force sells. Everyone depends on the sales force to sell the company's products and services and they eagerly anticipate knowing things are going.
Options:
1) huge, great, few, big
2) helping motivate and guide, to help motivate and guide, have helped motivate and guide, help
motivate and guide
3) have displayed, must perform, are reforming, can take
4) leads to, hinges on, is set to, is set on
5) producing what, consuming as, protecting that, producing where
204. Military Advance (Incomplete)

Points: With the advances of military, the demand of armed force is decreasing... // ... {{1}} more positions to women, {{2}} ... in military, {{3}} they work behind the front
line of war, ... nevertheless ...
205. Anesthetics
Before effective anaesthetics, surgery was very crude and very painful. Before 1800, alcohol and opium had little success in easing pain during operations. Laughing gas
was used in 1844 in dentistry in the USA, but failed to ease all pain and patients remained conscious. Ether (used from 1846) made patients totally unconscious and
lasted a long time. However, it could make patients cough during operations and sick afterwards. It was highly flammable and was transported in heavy glass bottles.
Chloroform (used from 1847) was very effective with few side effects. However, it was difficult to get the dose right and could kill some people because of the effect on
their heart. An inhaler helped to regulate the dosage.
Options:
1) little, a little, few, a few
2) contained, retained, remained, released
3) has transported, was transported, had transported, have transported
4) rather than, because of, but, due
206. Dog
A DOG may be man's best friend. But man is not always a dog's. Over the centuries selective breeding has pulled at the canine body shape to produce what is often a
grotesque distortion of the underlying wolf. Indeed, some of these distortions are, when found in people, regarded as pathologies .Dog breeding does, though, offer a
chance to those who would like to understand how body shape is controlled. The ancestry of pedigree pooches is well recorded, their generation time is short and
their litter size reasonably large, so there is plenty of material to work with. Moreover ,breeds are, by definition, inbred, and this simplifies genetic analysis. Those such as
Elaine Ostrander, of America's National Human Genome Research Institute, who wish to identify the genetic basis of the features of particular pedigrees thus have
an ideal experimental animal.
Options:
1) sequential, excessive, selective, genetic
2) dismissed, disabled, pathologies, diseases
3) little, offspring, puppy, litter
4) Hence, Moreover, Although, However
5) expected, unusual, optimal, ideal
207. Herbal
A herbal is a book of plants, describing their appearance, their properties and how they may be used for preparing ointments and medicines. The medical use of plants
is recorded on fragments of papyrus and clay tablets from ancient Egypt, Samaria and China that date back 5,000 years but document traditions far older still. Over 700
herbal remedies were detailed in the Papyrus Ebers, an Egyptian text written in 1500 BC. Around 65 BC, a Greek physician called Dioscorides wrote a herbal that
was translated into Latin and Arabic. Known as ‘De materia medica’, it became the most influential work on medicinal plants in both Christian and Islamic worlds until the
late 17th century. An illustrated manuscript copy of the text made in Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) survives from the sixth century. The first printed herbals date
from the dawn of European printing in the 1480s. They provided valuable information for apothecaries, whose job was to make the pills and potions prescribed by
physicians. In the next century, landmark herbals were produced in England by William Turner, considered to be the father of British botany, and John Gerard, whose
illustrations would inspire the floral fabric, wallpaper and tile designs of William Morris four centuries later.
Options:
1) registered, recorded, memorized, discovered
2) moved, interpreted, translated, removed
3) preserves, revives, suffers, survives
4) instructed, pointed, prescribed, determined
208. Hairstyles
With their punk hairstyles and bright colors, marmosets and tamarins are among the most attractive primates on earth. These fast-moving, lightweight animals live in the
rainforests of South America. Their small size makes it easy for them to dart about the trees, catching insects and small animals such as lizards, frogs, and snails.
Marmosets have another unusual food source - they use their chisel-like incisor teeth to dig into tree bark and lap up the gummy sap that seeps out, leaving telltale,
oval-shaped holes in the branches when they have finished. But as vast tracts of rainforest are cleared for plantations and cattle ranches, marmosets and tamarins are in
serious danger of extinction.
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Options:
1) brings, makes, takes, claims
2) originality, provenience, source, origin
3) grasses, branches, trees, roots
4) fatal, endangered, safe, danger
209. Sales Activities

Organizations need to integrate their sales activities more both internally and with customers' needs according to a new book co-authored by an academic at the
University of East Anglia. The book addresses how sales can help organizations to become more customer-oriented and considers how they are responding to
challenges such as increasing competition, more demanding customers and a more complex selling environment. Many organizations are facing escalating costs and a
growth in customer power, which makes it necessary to allocate resources more strategically. The sales function can provide critical customer and market knowledge to
help inform both innovation and marketing. However, the authors say that within the industry there is still uncertainty about the shape a future sales team should take,
how it should be managed, and how it fits into their organization's business model.
Options:
1) predicts, stipulates, addresses, circumscribes
2) demanding, aggressive, friendly, needy
3) which, this, that, where
4) that, there, which, this
5) applies, segregates, fits, develops
210. Settlement
Over the last ten thousand years there seem to have been two separate and conflicting building sentiments throughout the history of towns and cities. One is the desire
to start again, for a variety of reasons: an earthquake or a tidal wave may have demolished the settlement, or fire destroyed it, or the new city marks a new political
beginning. The other can be likened to the effect of a magnet: established settlements attract people, who tend to come whether or not there is any planning for their
arrival. The clash between these two sentiments is evident in every established city unless its development has been almost completely accidental or is lost in history.
Incidentally, many settlements have been planned from the beginning but, for a variety of reasons, no settlement followed the plan. A good example is Currowan, on the
Clyde River in New South Wales, which was surveyed in the second half of the 19th century, in expectation that people would come to establish agriculture and a small
port. But no one came.
Options:
1) It, What, One, That
2) highlights, starts, marks, protrudes
3) hesitate, ought, turn, tend
4) whereas, whatever, if, unless
5) has been surveyed, had surveyed, be surveyed, was surveyed
211. Natural Capital

Capital has often been thought of narrowly as physical capital — the machines, tools, and equipment used in the production of other goods, but our wealth and wellbeing
also relies on natural capital. If we forget this, we risk degrading the services that natural ecosystems provide, which support our economies and sustain our lives. These
services include purifying our water, regulating our climate, reducing flood risk, and pollinating our crops. The Natural Capital Project — a partnership among WWF, The
Nature Conservancy, University of Minnesota and Stanford University — works to provide decision makers with reliable ways to assess the true value of the services that
ecosystems provide. An essential element of the Natural Capital Project is developing tools that help decision makers protect biodiversity and ecosystem services.
Options:
1) compensates, relies, reduces, spurs
2) reducing, lowering, improving, degrading
3) controlling, diminishing, denying, regulating
4) liable, strong, powerful, reliable
212. Good Schools

A big rise in state schools rated among the best institutions in the country is revealed in the latest edition of the Good Schools Guide. Middle-class parents facing
financial pressures in the downturn are increasingly looking beyond the private sector to educate their children. The 23 year-old Good Schools Guide —
a popular reference book for fee-paying families set on the best private school — has increased the number of state schools in this year's edition to 251, pushing the
figure to more than a quarter of its 1 ,000 entries for the first time. Explaining why the guide has more than doubled the number of schools it features outside the private
sector in only five years, Sue Fieldman, regional editor, told the Financial Times: "The parents we speak to want more information on the state sector and the best it has
to offer. "
Options:
1) period, upturn, downtown, downturn
2) diverse, ubiquitous, complete, popular
3) Demonstrating, Asking, Complaining, Explaining
4) part, branch, division, sector
213. Video Conference

Never has the carbon footprint of multi-national corporations been under such intense scrutiny. Inter-city train journeys and long-haul flights to conduct face-to-face
business meetings contribute significantly to greenhouse gases and the resulting strain on the environment. The Anglo-US company Teliris has introduced a new video-
conferencing technology and partnered with the Carbon Neutral Company, enabling corporate outfits to become more environmentally responsible. The innovation allows
simulated face-to-face meetings to be held across continents without the time pressure or environmental burden of international travel. Previous designs have enabled
video-conferencing on a point-to-point, dual-location basis. The firm's VirtuaLive technology, however, can bring people together from up to five separate locations
anywhere in the world - with unrivaled transmission quality.
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Options:
1) create, conduct, produce, generate
2) gases, strain, affect, steam
3) pressure, limit, stress, press
4) separate, each, single, respectively
5) unreasonable, unrealistic, unreliable, unrivaled
214. Burger King

Drive down any highway，and you’ll see a proliferation of chain restaurants—most likely, if you travel long and far enough you’ll see McDonald's golden arches as well as
signs for Burger King, Hardee’s，and Wendy’s the “big four” of burgers. Despite its name, though Burger King has fallen short of claiming the burger crown, unable to
surpass market leader McDonald's No 1 sales status. Always the bridesmaid and never the bride, Burger King remains No 2. Worse yet, Burger King has experienced a
six-year 22 percent decline in customer traffic, with its overall quality rating dropping while ratings for the other three contenders have increased. The decline has
been attributed to inconsistent product quality and poor customer service. Although the chain tends to throw advertising dollars at the problem, an understanding of
Integrated Marketing Communication theory would suggest that internal management problems (nineteen CEOs in fifty years) need to be rectified before a unified, long-
term strategy can be put in place. The importance of consistency in brand image and messages, at all levels of communication, has become a basic tenet of IMC theory
and practice. The person who takes the customer’s order must communicate the same message as Burger King's famous tagline, "Have it your way,” or the customer
will just buzz up the highway to a chain restaurant that seems more consistent and, therefore, more reliable .
Options:
1) filing, claiming, winning, getting
2) constables, contenders, cooperators, contestants
3) dedicated, contributed, devoted, attributed
4) rectified, ratified, realized, recognized
5) importance, pressure, incumbency, ignorance
6) available, reliable, quality, disputable
215. Spanish Language

If after years of Spanish classes, some people still find it impossible to understand some native speakers, they should not worry. This does not necessarily mean the
lessons were wasted. Millions of Spanish speakers use neither standard Latin American Spanish nor Castilian, which predominate in US schools. The confusion is partly
political - the Spanish-speaking world is very diverse. Spanish is the language of 19 separate countries and Puerto Rico. This means that there is no one standard
dialect. The most common Spanish dialect taught in the US is standard Latin American. It is sometimes called "Highland" Spanish since it is generally spoken in
the mountainous areas of Latin America. While each country retains its own accents and has some unique vocabulary, residents of countries such as Mexico, Colombia,
Peru, and Bolivia generally speak Latin American Spanish, especially in urban centers. This dialect is noted for its pronunciation of each letter and its strong "r" sounds.
This Spanish was spoken in Spain in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and was brought to the Americas by the early colonists. However, the Spanish of Madrid
and of northern Spain, called Castilian, developed characteristics that never reached the New World. These include the pronunciation of "ci" and "ce" as "th." In Madrid,
"gracias" (thank you) becomes "gratheas" (as opposed to "gras-see-as" in Latin America). Another difference is the use of the word "vosotros" (you all, or you guys) as
the informal form of "ustedes" in Spain. Castilian sounds to Latin Americans much like British English sounds to US residents.
Options:
1) usually, only, particularly, necessarily
2) evolve, proceed, precede, predominate
3) mountainous, coastal, rocky, hidden
4) accents, actions, authority, thoughts
5) elucidation, remembering, pronunciation, collection
6) normality, characteristics, problems, distinguishes
216. Definition of Country

What is a country, and how is a country defined? When people ask how many countries there are in the world, they expect a simple answer. After all, we've explored
the whole planet, we have international travel, satellite navigation and plenty of global organizations like the United Nations, so we should really know how many countries
there are! However, the answer to the question varies according to whom you ask. Most people say there are 192 countries, but others point out that there could be
more like 260 of them. So why isn't there a straightforward answer? The problem arises because there isn't a universally agreed definition of 'country' and because, for
political reasons, some countries find it convenient to recognize or not recognize other countries.
Options:
1) very, whole, only, total
2) for, while, but, so
3) Few, All, Most, Least
4) those, their, other, all
217. Visual Arts

It is the assertion of this article that students who use visual art as a prewriting stimulus are composing their ideas both in images and in words. The result of the art
creation process allows students the distance to elaborate , add details, and create more coherent text. The process of writing is more than putting words on a piece of
paper. Effective authors are able to create imagery and to communicate ideas using well-chosen words, phrases, and text structures. Emergent writers struggle with
the mechanics of the writing process, i.e. fine motor control for printing legibly, recall of spelling patterns, and the use of syntax and grammar rules. As a result, texts
written by young writers tend to be simplistic and formulaic. The artwork facilitates the writing process, resulting in a text that is richer in sensory detail and
more intricate than the more traditional writing-first crayon drawing-second approach .
Options:
1) decorate, complicate, supplement, elaborate
2) context, sense, texture, imagery
3) workings, mechanics, implements, apparatus
4) vocabulary, tense, letter, spelling
5) composes, rectified, fixes, facilitates
6) sensitive, reliable, intricate, communal
7) scheme, organization, approach, manner
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218. Pinker
In a sequence of bestsellers, including The Language Instinct and How the Mind Works, Pinker has argued the swathes of our mental, social and emotional lives may
have originated as evolutionary adaptations, well suited to the lives our ancestors eked out on the Pleistocene savannah. Sometimes it seems as if nothing
is immune from being explained this way. Road rage, adultery, marriage, altruism, our tendency to reward senior executives with corner offices on the top floor, and the
smaller number of women who become mechanical engineers—all may have their roots in natural selection, Pinker claims. The controversial implications are obvious: that
men and women might differ in their inborn abilities at performing certain tasks, for example, or that parenting may have little influence on personality.
Options:
1) regarded, described, assimilated, originated
2) prohibited, convinced, immune, protected
3) needs, roots, demands, values
4) differ, complicate, indulge, interested
5) more, some, small, little
219. Impressionist
Impressionism was a nineteenth century art movement that began as a loose association of Paris-based artists who started publicly exhibiting their art in the 1860s.
Characteristics of Impressionist painting include visible brush strokes, light colors, open composition, emphasis on light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the
effects of the passage of time), ordinary subject matter, and unusual visual angles. The name of the movement is derived from Claude Monet's Impression, Sunrise
(Impression, soleil levant). Critic Louis Leroy inadvertently coined the term in a satiric review published in Le Charivari. Radicals in their time, early Impressionists broke
the rules of academic painting. They began by giving colors, freely brushed, primacy over line, drawing inspiration from the work of painters such as Eugene Delacroix.
They also took the act of painting out of the studio and into the world. Previously, not only still-lives and portraits, but also landscapes had been painted indoors, but the
Impressionists found that they could capture the momentary and transient effects of sunlight by painting air (in plain air).
Options:
1) emphasized, emphasis, emphatic,, emphasize
2) deriving, have derived, derive, is derived
3) inspiration, inspiring, inspired, inspire
4) act, actor, action, active
5) capture, carry, conduct, culminate
220. Egg-eating Snakes

Egg-eating snakes are a small group of snakes whose diet consists only of eggs. Some eat only small eggs, which they have to swallow whole , as the snake has no
teeth. Instead, some other snakes eat bigger eggs, but it requires special treatment . These snakes have spines that stick out from the backbone. The spines
crack open the egg as it passes through the throat.
Options:
1) food, meal, snack, diet
2) total, entire, whole, all
3) thinking, treatment, food, supplement
4) about, on, by, out
5) down, up, close, open
221. Southern Cone

In the southern cone especially, from Venezuela to Argentina, the region is rising to overthrow the legacy of external domination of the past centuries and the cruel and
destructive social forms that they have helped to establish. The mechanisms of imperial control- violence and economic warfare, hardly a distant memory in Latin
America- are losing their effectiveness, a sign of the shift toward independence. Washington is now compelled to tolerate governments that in the past would have
drawn intervention or reprisal. Throughout the region a vibrant array of popular movements provides the basis for a meaningful democracy. The indigenous populations,
as if in a rediscovery of their pre-Columbian legacy, are much more active and influential, particularly in Bolivia and Ecuador. These developments are in part the result of
a phenomenon that has been observed for some years in Latin America: As the elected governments become more formally democratic, citizens express an increasing
disillusionment with democratic institutions. They have sought to construct democratic systems based on popular participation rather than elite and foreign domination .
Options:
1) merchants, metabolism, mechanisms, machinery
2) sequence, flow, array, direction
3) extent, export, express, expose
4) detection, domination, illustration, determination
222. Below-ground Organisms

"If you want to find unique diversity and if you want to find a wide range of different below-ground organisms, you don't have to travel around the world. You can walk
across Central Park." That statement comes from Noah Fierer, an ecology and evolutionary biology professor at the University of Colorado, Boulder. He's also
a coauthor of a study that uncovered the surprisingly large diversity of subterranean microbial life at the 843-acre green rectangle in the heart of Manhattan. The
research is in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B. Investigators looked at 596 separate soil samples from the park and found thousands of different types
of microbes . They also compared those microbes with those living in 52 other soil samples taken from all around the planet. The park had organisms that also exist in
deserts, frozen tundra, forests, rainforests and prairies. Antarctica was the only area that had microbes that did not overlap with those found in Central Park. And only a
small percentage of the park's microbes were found to be already listed in databases. The variety of microbes probably reflects a diversity of soil conditions within the
park. Seems that New York is a melting pot for people above the surface. And for microbes beneath it.
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Options:
1) thankfully, diversity, scantily, audacity
2) different, coincident, impressionist, inconsiderate
3) holler, propaganda, pastor, coauthor
4) separate, subjugate, waved, wage
5) pageants, maestros, microbes, sidestrokes
6) biogas, rainforests, land, rangeland
223. Great Listeners

Dogs make great listeners. And that may be because man and man's best friend use analogous brain regions to process voices. Researchers collected almost 200 sound
samples, including human and canine vocalizations , as well as environmental noises and silence. They played these clips to 22 people and 11 dogs while the subjects'
brains were undergoing functional MRI scans. Human brains tuned in most to vocal sounds. Dog brains were most sensitive to environmental noises. But they still had a
lot in common. A dedicated brain area reacted strongly to the vocalizations of their own species. And that area also responded to the voices of the other species.
Meanwhile, a different brain region noted emotion in a voice, with a strong response to cheery sounds like laughter and a weaker reaction to unhappy noises like canine
whining. The study is in the journal Current Biology. Seems that thousands of years of domestication have made our furry friends sensitive to the same vocal cues we
are. You can confide in Fido.
Options:
1) collected, herald, checkup, develop
2) sameness, vocalizations, occupations, deformations
3) conducting, attending, undergoing, examining
4) foamy, defamatory, horny, strongly
5) splatted, shoplift, insulted, responded
224. Australia and New Zealand

Australia and New Zealand have many common links. Both countries were recently settled by Europeans, are predominantly English speaking and in that sense, share a
common cultural heritage .Although in close proximity to one another, both countries are geographically isolated and have small populations by world standards .They
have similar histories and enjoy close relations on many fronts. In terms of population characteristics ,Australia and New Zealand have much in common. Both countries
have minority indigenous populations, and during the latter half of the 20th century have seen a steady stream of migrants from a variety of regions throughout the
world. Both countries have experienced similar declines in fertility since the high levels recorded during the baby boom, and alongside this have enjoyed the benefits of
continually improving life expectancy. One consequence of these trends is that both countries are faced with an ageing population, and the associated challenge of
providing appropriate care and support for this growing group within the community.
Options:
1) heritage, asset, appearance, prestige
2) statistics, standards, authorities, records
3) senses, characteristics, aspects, directions
4) experienced, expected, compensated, estimated
5) associated, favourable, comprehensive, irrevocable
225. Cloth-making
About 10,000 years ago, people learned how to make cloth. Wool, cotton, flax, or hemp was first spun into a thin thread using a spindle. The thread was then woven into
a fabric. The earliest weaving machines probably consisted of little more than a pair of sticks that held a set of parallel threads, called the warp, while the cross-thread,
called the weft, was inserted. Later machines called looms had rods that separated the threads to allow the weft to be inserted more easily . A piece of wood, called the
shuttle, holding a spool of thread, was passed between the separated threads. The basic principles of spinning and weaving have stayed the same until the present day,
though during the industrial revolution of the 18th century many ways were found of automating the processes. With new machines such as the spinning mule, many
threads could be spun at the same time, and, with the help of devices like the flying shuttle, broad pieces of cloth could be woven at great speed.
Options:
1) doubtless, probably, possible, possibility
2) precise, accuracy, easily, accurate
3) role, principles, foundation, criteria
4) automating, slower, faster, existing
226. Language Extinct

At the moment, there are between six and seven thousand languages in the world. According to linguists, fifty percent of these are in danger of becoming extinct. The
speed of language loss has accelerated over the past few decades because businesses that need to communicate with a range of people from other cultures prefer to
employ more widely used languages, such as English, Chinese, or Spanish. This attitude is understandable, but it means that many local languages are dying out before
anyone has had the opportunity to study them. According to linguists, some of these languages could reveal a great deal of useful information about language learning
and cognitive development. In addition, a local language that has been built on the local culture contains words and phrases that express that culture; lose the language
and you arguably may lose the culture, too. And finally, historians will argue that a language contains evidence of a region's history and should, for that reason alone, be
preserved.
Options:
1) to become, became, of becoming, have become
2) select, prefer, fancy, must
3) would have, has had, have, having had
4) size, deal, load, capacity
5) speak, argue, explore, tell
227. Longevity
People are living longer and this longevity is good news for sales teams. It results in a much more precise customer base for them to work from. Why we are living longer
is not the issue for anyone involved in drawing up plans to market a product. What they focus on is the fact that there are now more age groups to target, which means
that a sales pitch can be re-worked a number of times to more exactly fit each one. For example, rather than referring simply to 'adults', there are now 'starting adults',
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'young adults' and 'established adults'. Similarly ,markets no longer talk about 'children', but tend to refer to a fuller range of categories that includes 'kids', 'tweens',
'pre-teens' and 'teenagers'. We now have a very diverse population in terms of age, and that can only be a bonus for business.
Options:
1) usual, precise, right, honest
2) mixed, concerned, involved, linked
3) while, by, even when, rather than
4) Even, While, Similarly, Really
5) favour, bonus, promise, desire
228. Keith Haring

Keith Haring began as an underground artist, literally. His first famous projects were pieces of stylized graffiti drawn in New York subway stations. Haring travelled from
station to station, drawing with chalk and chatting with commuters about his work. These doodles helped him develop his classic style and he grew so prolific , doing up
to 40 drawings a day, that it was not long before fame and a measure of fortune followed. Soon, galleries and collectors from the art establishment wanted to buy full-
sized pieces by Haring. The paintings skyrocketed in price but this did not sit well with Haring's philosophy. He believed that art, or at least his art, was for everyone.
Soon, Haring opened a store which he called the Pop Shop, which he hoped would attract a broad range of people. While somewhat controversial among street
artists，some of whom accused Haring of 'selling out', the Pop Shop changed the way people thought about the relationship between art and business.
Options:
1) drawers, drew, draws, drawn
2) prolific, pedantic, perceptive, proactive
3) in part, at least, by contrast, actually
4) those, whom, them, whose
229. Honorary Degree

Victoria University of Wellington has conferred an honorary degree on a distinguished astrophysicist in a recent graduation ceremony. Professor Warrick
Couch received the honorary degree of Doctor of Science for his remarkable contribution to our knowledge of galaxies and dark energy. Professor Couch is a
distinguished astrophysicist who has played a crucial role in the discovery that the Universe is expanding at an accelerating rate, a finding which led to the lead
scientists being awarded a Nobel Prize in Physics in 2011, which he attended in recognition of his contribution. In his research, Professor Couch uses large ground-based
and spaced-based telescopes to observe galaxy clusters, which are the largest Structures in the Universe. He is also involved in a number of national and international
committees overseeing the management of these telescopes. In addition to his own research activities, Professor Couch has worked to support young researchers and
provide public comment on astronomy internationally.
Options:
1) was receiving, received, had received, is received
2) led, played, done, found
3) who, they, those, which
4) As a result of, Instead of, In addition to, Regarding
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Multiple Choice (Multiple)

1. Poetry Training (Incomplete)
Points: An experiment with two groups of students for comparison. One group does poetry training, about rhythm, metaphor, etc. The other group acts as the object of
comparison. After the training, the two groups respectively write poetry and short stories, and get marks. As the result, the group that has undergone the training get
higher marks for poetry, but lower marks for short stories.
(APEUni Website / App RMCM #125)
2. Dogs (Incomplete)
Points: A long text about the relation between dogs and owners. Previously dogs' personalities were thought to be stable. But research shows that dogs will be more and
more like their owners, and if a dog's owner changes, the dog's behaviors will change.
3. Turks and Caicos (Incomplete)

Points: The Turks and Caicos Islands are a multi-island archipelago at the southern tip of the Bahamas chain, approximately 550 miles south-east of Florida. The islands
are an overseas territory' of the United Kingdom although they exercise a high degree of local political autonomy. The economy of the islands rests mainly on tourism,
with some contribution from offshore banking and fishing. Primary schooling is divided into eight grades, with most pupils entering at the age of four years and leaving at
twelve. After two kindergarten years, Grades 1-6 are covered by a graded curriculum in maths, language, and science that increases in difficulty as pupils get older. There
is little repetition and pupils are expected to progress through primary school in their age cohorts. At the end of primary schooling, pupils sit an examination that serves
to stream them in the secondary setting. Primary and secondary school enrolment is virtually universal. There are a total of ten government primary schools on the
Islands. Of these, seven are large enough to organize pupils into single-grade classrooms. Pupils in these schools are generally grouped by age into mixed-ability'
classes. The remaining three schools, because of their small pupil numbers, operate with multigrade groupings. They serve communities with small populations whose
children cannot travel to a neighboring larger primary school. Pupils in these classes span up to three grade and age groups. As far as classroom organization is
concerned, the multigrade and monograde classrooms are similar in terms of the number of pupils and the general seating arrangements, with pupils in rows facing the
blackboard. There is no evidence that the multigrade teachers operate in a particularly resource-poor environment in the Turks and Caicos Island. This is in contrast to
studies conducted in other developing country contexts. Question 1: In the last paragraph, what information can you have? Options: Multigrade and monograde have
similar teaching resource; In this area multigrade is better than that in other countries. Question 2：According to the text, which of the following statements can be
concluded about primary classes in the Turks and Caicos Islands? Options: Multigrade classes are mostly found in smaller schools； Most primary pupils are in mixed-
ability classes.
4. Children Care (Incomplete)

Points: 要点：关于child care 。选项：government child care 更有效；（答案）带mother的选项。（答案）
5. Optional Courses (Incomplete)

Points: 要点：关于美国的教育制度，提到secondary school和high school。本来提供很多课程是为了学⽣可以向⾃⼰喜欢的⽅向发展，结果学⽣只是和关系好的⼈选同⼀⻔或
选容易的课程，使得课程设置原本的⽬的没有达到。选项：结果不如intended那样；（答案）学⽣可以⾃主选择课程。（答案）
6. Jails (Incomplete)
Points: About prison with a lot of numbers, including the percentage of prisoners, what crimes they have bee imprisoned for and how long they will be kept in.
7. (Incomplete)
Points: 要点：关于新能源公交⻋electronic buses, 提到两个公司，公司1占有市场份额的60%。 government 购买这种bus to be environmentally friendly。选项：A: 政府为了
环保购买这种bus ；（答案） B: 公司1的market share⼤于公司2 ；（答案）
8. Pink Tube (Incomplete)

Points: A picture of a wild duke with the caption 'pink tube'. The duke has a pink tube circling on its ankle. One of the reasons why ducks are decreasing is that they
enter fishing areas mistakenly and are caught by fishing nets. Question：Which of the following statements are true? Option：Pink tubes protect ducks from being
caught by fishing nets.
9. Crystal Palace (Incomplete)

Points: 要点：关于⽔晶宫，提到玻璃结构，设计师和1851年的展览。 The huge, modular, iron, wood and glass, structure was originally erected in Hyde Park in London to
house the Great Exhibition of 1851, which showcased the products of many countries throughout the world. At this point renowned gardener Joseph Paxton became
interested in the project, and with the enthusiastic backing of Commission member Henry Cole, he decided to submit his own design. 最后讲该建筑耗时多久建好，⽤了多
少⼈⼯和物⼒，维多利亚⼥王在⾥⾯开了第⼀届世界博览会，后来它怎么被烧掉的。问：下⾯的statement哪个是对的? 选项: 维多利亚余⽣都在这度过;（⼲扰项）那个设计师
是⽔晶宫的gardener。
10. ANZAC (Incomplete)

Points: ANZAC（Australian and New Zealand Army Corps) in the battle field of World War One in Gallipoli, Turkey. Options：ANZAC has profound impacts on modern
Australians' values; (True) Soldiers threw grenades against those on the other side; (True, according to 'back and forth' in the first paragraph, because ANZAC was close
enough to the target) Many people were used in the construction of defense works; 13,000 Turks died; (False) Those dead soldiers had come from other campaigns;
(False) ANZAC invaded Turkey.(False)
11. (Incomplete)
Points: 到⼀题关于cycling，把骑⾃⾏⻋的⼈的⼼情状态之类的与其他交通⼯具的⼈对⽐，然后下半部分还有⼀些机构调查数据问⽂章主旨选项：阅读82 所以不能保证对的
1.cycling have many benefits 在不同的⽅⾯（我选了，⽂章有说骑⾃⾏⻋的⼈更加快乐，可以更好的control life） 2.骑⾃⾏⻋的⼈better performance ⼯作中（这个我⽐较纠
结，感觉⽂章⾥⾯没有直接提到⼯作表现更好） 3. 骑⾃⾏的⼈可以better control life（类似这个意思我选了） 4.more people driving to work（数据就是调查各种⼈上班交通⼯
具的⽐例我记得开⻋的⼈最多好像有60% 骑⾃⾏⻋的⼈%最少，但是我没选这个，应为⽂章主旨不是强调使⽤交通⼯具的%） 5.骑⾃⾏⻋上班的⼈最少（同上虽然对的但我也
没选）
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12. History of Sleep

Original:
September 2, 1752, was a great day in the history of sleep. That Wednesday evening, millions of British subjects in England and the colonies went peacefully to sleep and
did not wake up until twelve days later. Behind this feat of narcoleptic prowess was not same revolutionary hypnotic technique or miraculous pharmaceutical discovered
in the West Indies. It was, rather, the British Calendar Act of 1751, which declared the day after Wednesday 2nd to be Thursday 14th. Prior to that cataleptic September
evening, the official British calendar differed from that of continental Europe by eleven days—that is, September 2 in London was September 13 in Paris, Lisbon, and
Berlin. The discrepancy had sprung from Britain's continued use of the Julian calendar, which had also been the official calendar of Europe from its invention by Julius
Caesar (after whom it was named) in 45 B.C. until the decree of Pope Gregory XIII in 1582. Caesar's calendar, which consisted of eleven months of 30 or 31 days and a
28-day February (extended to 29 days every fourth year), was actually quite accurate: it erred from the real solar calendar by only 11.5 minutes a year. After centuries,
though, even a small inaccuracy like this adds up. By the sixteenth century, it had put the Julian calendar behind the solar one by 10 days. In Europe, in 1582, Pope
Gregory XIII ordered the advancement of the Julian calendar by 10 days and introduced a new corrective device to curb further error: century years such as 1700 or 1800
would no longer be counted as leap years, unless they were (like 1600 or 2000) divisible by 400.
Question:
What factors were involved in the disparity between the calendars of Britain and Europe in the 17th century?
Options:
A) the provisions of the British Calendar Act of 1751
B) Britain's continued use of the Julian calendar
C) the accrual of very minor differences between the calendar used in Britain and real solar events
D) the failure to include years divisible by four as leap years
E) the decree of Pope Gregory XIII
F) revolutionary ideas which had emerged from the West Indies
G) Britain's use of a calendar consisting of twelve months rather than eleven
Answer:
B, C, E
13. Decision
Original:
By the laws of probability, most decisions made under pressure should be flawed ones, yet psychologists have found that people routinely make correct judgments most
of the time, even with limited information. One of Gladwell's surprising points is that we can actually learn how to make better snap judgments, in the same way that we
can learn logical, deliberative thinking. But first we have to accept the idea that thinking long and hard about something does not always deliver us better results, and
that the brain actually evolved to make us think on our feet.
Question:
Which of the following does the passage tell us about decision making?
Options:
A) The brain is designed to enable quick decision making.
B) Quick decision making can be improved.
C) Quick decision making routinely leads to error.
D) To make correct decisions we require all relevant information.
E) Thinking things through thoroughly will lead to greater success.
Answer:
A, B
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Re-order Paragraphs
1. Amazon Drought (Incomplete)
Points: In 1930s, Amazon had droughts. In 2000-2005 a large area of rainforest had drought, too. Scientists are concerned with this long-term consequence.
(APEUni Website / App RO #571)
2. Coral Reefs
Correct Order:
1) Coral reefs support more marine life than any other ocean ecosystem and are, not surprisingly , a favorite pursuit for many divers.
2) But as well as being physically and biologically spectacular, coral reefs also sustain the livelihoods of over half a billion people.
3) What is more, this number is expected to double in coming decades while the area of high-quality reef is expected to halve.
4)
In combination with the very real threat of climate change, which could lead to increased seawater temperatures and ocean acidification, we start to arrive at some quite frightening s
3. Notion of Engineering (Incomplete)

Points: Sentence 1: The England tend to adopt ... approach. Sentence 2: The France tend to adopt ... approach so they have developed fast in some areas, which is
called different branches of engineering. Sentence 3: The scientists have formed a small community, ... secrets within ... Sentence 4: The notion of engineering ...
4. Dramatic Dialogues (Incomplete)

Points: Sentence 1: Dramatic dialogues are different from dialogues in our lives. Sentence 2: Dramatic dialogues' features ... Sentence 3: Importantly (or Most
importantly) ... Sentence 4: ...
5. Super Markets (Incomplete)

Points: Sentence 1: Consumers buy fresh food in small retails in Australia. Sentence 2: However, this adoption is not easily to happen. Sentence 3: Super markets assert
power to ... Sentence 4: In Australia and the UK, ...
6. Crab
Correct Order:
1) The last time you splurged on a live lobster for dinner, you might not have given any thought to how much the little guy was going to suffer as he boiled to death.
2) Until recently many researchers believed the crustacean nervous system too primitive to process pain.
3) Scientists at Queen's University in Belfast now think that crustaceans may be more sensitive to pain than previously thought.
4) And they found that crabs that experienced an electric shock when they hid under a safe, dark rock would eventually learn to avoid the hiding place.
7. Age (Incomplete)
Points: Four sentences about humans not animals. One of the sentences is 'we are/ were all age/ages.'
8. Project (Incomplete)
Points: Sentence 1. A boss and his employees do a project. Sentence 2. If you are ... you will be invited to an interview. Sentence 3. We will provide you ... Sentence 4.
When the project is finished, you should hand in a ...
9. Darwin
Correct Order:
1) Charles Darwin was born on 12 February 1809 into a rich and powerful family.
2) His paternal grandfather was Erasmus Darwin, a famous scientist who came up with his own theory of evolution, while his maternal grandfather was Josah Wedgwood,
of pottery fame.
3) Despite this, for the first decades of his life Darwin failed to distinguish himself, first dropping out of medical studies in Edinburgh because he hated the sight of
blood, and subsequently entering Cambridge to study for the profession of clergyman very much as second option.
4) Yet Darwin was gaining great skill as an amateur naturalist and it was this that allow him to seize the opportunity presented when he was offered an unpaid position
as scientist on board the Beacle, a naval surveying ship bound for the farthest corners of the globe.
5) The five-year voyage was the making of Darwin, providing him with the wealth of observations of the natural world that established him as one of the foremost
scientists of his age and provided the raw material for his revolutionary theory.
10. Ada (Incomplete)

Points: Ada was the poet Byron's daughter. Many people waited to see if Ada had the potential same as her father's. Her mother did not want the daughter to be a
person like the father since Ada's birth. So she only cultivated the daughter's interest on maths and science.
11. Travel (Incomplete)

Points: Travel is luxury and ... Until now travel has been very expensive. With the development of accommodation, travel has become convenient.
12. Palm Oil (Incomplete)

Points: Originally palm oil was produced in Africa. The fruit of a golf size produces palm oil. With the increase of demand, other continents began to grow this fruit.
13. Agriculture (Incomplete)

Points: NRC(NEC?) ... agriculture ... technology ... ... institution released a publication about agriculture, then researched technologies related to agriculture ...
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14. E-waste (Incomplete)

Points: Many electric appliances are mentioned, including digital gadgets and MP3 players. The e-waste will be disposed. '2021' is mentioned.
15. Learning in Childhood (Incomplete)

Points: Sentence 1: Children learn how to read and write in childhood. Sentence 2: ... 5 years they learn to ... Sentence 3: At the age of 5 ... Sentence 4: ... they start
understanding logos ...
16. Temperature Measurement (Incomplete)

Points: Four sentences about temperature rising. In 1980 ... was used to measure temperature. Earlier than the invention of thermometer, ... was used to measure
temperature.
17. Meerkats
Correct Order:
1) Meerkats, a small group-living mongooses in southern Africa, have been so extensively studied and filmed that we can follow individuals through their lives like
characters in an animal soap opera.
2) The Kalahari Desert meerkats, Suricata Suricatta, have been followed over generations.
3) They are so habituated to humans that they will climb on and off weighing scales when a scientist wants to weigh an animal.
4) It is remarkable that behavior, which at one time could only be observed by dedicated field workers, is now readily available for all of us to see.
18. Leaf Structure

Correct Order:
1) The natural structure found within leaves could improve the performance of everything from rechargeable batteries to high-performance gas sensors, according to an
international team of scientists.
2) The researchers have designed a porous material that utilises a vascular structure, such as that found in the veins of a leaf, and could make energy transfers more
efficient.
3) The material could improve the performance of rechargeable batteries, optimising the charge and discharge process and relieving stresses within the battery
electrodes, which, at the moment, limit their life span.
4) The same material could be used for high performance gas sensing or for catalysis to break down organic pollutants in water.
19. Takeaway Meals

Correct Order:
1) Over time, fashion and people's tastes change.
2) Such changes affect the demand for products and services.
3) Changes in work patterns tend to mean that fewer families sit down in the evening for a traditionally produced family meal, often because a lack of time.
4) Consequently, people are now more likely to buy takeaway meals or convenience food, as opposed to ingredients for meals that take time to prepare.
5) In contrast, people now tend to spend more time shopping and are therefore more likely to spend time relaxing in a coffee shop or restaurant while on a shopping trip.
20. Locomotion
Correct Order:
1) Researchers need to understand why different forms of locomotion evolved.
2) Long-held assumptions, such as the need for energy efficiency, have already been overturned.
3) For example, a mechanical ankle brace can improve the metabolic efficiency of human walking, implying that walking is inefficient.
4) But variation of movement is important, too: such an ankle brace holds you back if you try to skip, gallop or skitter.
5) Similarly, legged robots struggle to deploy different gaits, just as roboticists struggle to enumerate them.
21. Mandarin
Correct Order:
1) Mandarin is the most common language in the world as it is the official language of Mainland China, Taiwan, and one of the official languages of Singapore.
2) Thus, Mandarin is commonly referred to as ‘Chinese’.
3) But in fact, it is just one of many Chinese languages.
4) Depending on the region, Chinese people also speak Wu, Hunanese, Jiangxinese, Hakka, Min, and many other languages.
5) Even in one province, there can be multiple languages spoken. For example, in Fujian province, you can hear Min, Fuzhounese, and Mandarin being spoken, each being
very distinct from the other.
22. Plato
Correct Order:
1) Although usually remembered today as a philosopher, Plato was also one of ancient Greece's most important patrons of mathematics.
2) Inspired by Pythagoras, he founded his Academy in Athens in 387 BC, where he stressed mathematics as a way of understanding more about reality.
3) In particular, he was convinced that geometry was the key to unlocking the secrets of the universe.
4) The sign above the Academy entrance read: 'Let no-one ignorant of geometry enter here'.
23. US Manufacturing (Incomplete)

Points: Five sentences. ... increased job opportunities ... ... manufacturing in US ... ... automation improves efficiency ...
24. Poincaré
Correct Order:
1) Poincaré had an especially interesting view of scientific induction.
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2) Laws, he said, are not direct generalizations of experience; they aren’t mere summaries of the points on the graph.
3) Rather, the scientist declares the law to be some interpolated curve that is more or less smooth and so will miss some of those points.
4) Thus a scientific theory is not directly falsifiable by the data of experience; instead, the falsification process is more indirect.
25. Sun Light (Incomplete)

Points: Sentence 1.The sun ... light ..... Sentence 2. It provides .... for plants ... Sentence 3. Trees use this sunlight .... chemical energy ... Sentence 4.This energy ...
26. English Agricultural Revolution

Correct Order:
1) Historians are now agreed that beginning in the 17th century and continuing throughout the 18th century, England witnessed an agricultural revolution.
2) English (and Dutch) farmers were the most productive farmers of the century and were continually adopting new methods of farming and experimenting with new
types of vegetables and grains.
3) They also learned a great deal about manure and other fertilizers.
4) In other words, many English farmers were treating farming as a science, and all this interest eventually resulted in greater yields.
27. Photogrammetry
Correct Order:
1) Photogrammetry involves taking hundreds of photos of an object at slightly different angles and ‘stitching’ them together to create an interactive digital 3D model.
2) The process is already being used by the University of Aberdeen’s anatomy department to create digital models of organs and other body parts to aid teaching and
learning for young doctors.
3) Now the same technology is being used to create virtual replicas of artifacts within the University’s museum’s collections, including an ancient Egyptian mummified
cat, prehistoric skulls and ancient Greek pottery.
4) These artifacts are rarely handled as they are so fragile.
5) Photogrammetry lets the public and students get to see them close-up and in very high detail.
28. Noise and Study

Correct Order:
1) Some students say that they need complete quiet to read and study.
2) Others study best in crowded, noisy rooms because the noise actually helps them concentrate.
3) The point is, you should know the level of noise that is optimal for your own studying.
4) However, one general rule for all students is that the television seems to be more of a distraction than music or other background noise, so leave the TV off when you
are reading or studying. Also, don't let yourself distracted by computer games, email, or internet surfing.
29. Rectangle and Square (Incomplete)

Points: Sentence 1: A rectangle also has four sides. Sentence 2: The only difference is that rectangles' all four sides are not equal. Sentence 3: Two short lines equal to
each other. Sentence 4: Two long lines (make some angle?) ...
30. Tourism (Incomplete)

Points: Sentence1: Tourism is luxury and ... way ... Sentence2: In this way ... leisure ... Sentence3: The transportation ... both cheap price, time ... Sentence4: .Until
recently, ... both low prices, time ... , people can travel conveniently. (The sequence is unconfirmed.)
31. Invention of Electronics (Incomplete)

Points: 1. The invention of electronics has become a challenge. 2. An Indian university persuaded IT service department to have an Electronic Recycling Collection Day. 3.
During these days, people are encouraged to recycle their e-waste instead of throwing them into the bin. 4. On certain days throughout the year, many electronic devices
like …. 5. From families and households … have been recycled…. 200,000 electronic products had been recycled in 2010.
32. Selective Books（认真挑选的书籍）

Correct Order:
1) History is selective.
2) What history books tell us about the past is not everything that happened, but what historians have selected.
3) They cannot put in everything: choices have to be made.
4) Choices must similarly be made about which aspects of the past should be formally taught to the next generation in the shape of school history lessons.
33. Far From Content （远离⽆⽤内容）

Correct Order:
1) Your first draft is complete, but your paper is far from finished.
2) The next step is to revise your paper: strengthen the content.
3) Start this at least a week before your paper is due.
4) In fact, you don't need to wait until you have a complete first draft to start revising.
34. Sydney (Incomplete)

Points: About how architecture of those buildings affect Sydney. Buildings in some rocky area in Sydney are not what we like today, because they were built early with ...
concepts.
35. Green Areas (Incomplete)

Points: 1. Definition of Green Areas 2. These areas are good places of working meeting. 3. However, mobile phone is not suitable there. 4. Mobile phone usages in ....
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（regulations of phone usage are mentioned)

36. Drivers licenses（驾照）

Correct Order:
1) According to the research, more car accidents occur in the morning.
2) Particularly, most of those accidents happen between 1 am and 5 am, for example in Port Macquarie.
3) Especially, this happens very often among teenage drivers.
4) This should draw the public attention, and people should put more concerns on teenagers.
5) As a new method, it is advised to have more qualifications for teenagers to get licenses.
37. Decline（下降）
Correct Order:
1) The decline in marriage rates and increase in divorce rates has led to a decrease in the proportion of the population that is formally married.
2) In 1986, 60% of the population aged 15 years and over were married; by 2001 this proportion had decreased to 55%.
3) Conversely the proportion of the population aged 15 years and over who were never married increased from 29% in 1986 to 32% in 2001.
4) At the same time, the proportion of the population who were divorced increased, from 5% in 1986 to 7% in 2001, while the proportion of the population who were
widowed remained at around 6%.
38. 2100-2013
Correct Order:
1) By 2100, human-induced climate change threatens to raise temperatures by 2-4℃ and push up tide-lines by 4-6m.
2) The government has promised to help counter this global trend by reducing UK carbon emissions by 80 percent from 1990 levels by 2050.
3) And with the second largest tidal range in the world, British marine energy could play an important role in this shift.
4) But harnessing the power of the tides is not without consequence.
5) In 2013, plans to construct a 34 billion pounds barrage across the Severn estuary were rejected after concerns were raised about its effect on local ecosystems.
39. Child Temptation（孩⼦的诱惑）

Correct Order:
1) A four-to-six-year-old child sits alone in a room at a table facing a marshmallow on a plate.
2) The child is told: if you don't eat this treat for 15 minutes you can have both this one and a second one.
3) Kids on average wait for five or six minutes before eating the marshmallow.
4) The longer a child can resist the temptation has been correlated with higher general competency later in life.
40. Essential Skill（必要技能）

Correct Order:
1) Many of us happily drive a car without understanding what goes on under the bonnet.
2) So is it necessary for children to learn how to program computers?
3) After all, some experts say coding is one of the human skills that will become obsolete as artificial intelligence grows.
4) Nevertheless, governments believe coding is an essential skill.
41. Children's Clothes（⼉童服装）

Correct Order:
1) During the past few years, some of the world's biggest names in high-end fashion have begun to see children's clothes as a promising sideline with which to extract
more value from their main business.
2) For example, Jean Paul Gaultier, Chloe and John Galliano have all launched children's clothes lines.
3) But for France's Bonpoint, making kids' clothing is the main business.
4) Since Bonpoint was founded 40 years ago by clothes store owner Marie-France and Bernard Cohen, children and babies have been at the centre of the brand's
development.
42. Advertising (Incomplete)

Points: Sentence 1: Advertising is introducing goods and … and is sponsored by identical companies. Sentence 2: This allows companies to present their products in a
less costly way to lots of people (something like that) that are channel members. Sentence 3: ... (something about advertising on TV) marketers also find a less costly way
for advertisement is digital media such as social media. Sentence 4: Marketers also consider other media: cinema, station.
43. Deaf School (Incomplete)

Points: Sentence 1: In 1815, Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet got to know the Dr. Mason Fitch Cogswell family and their deaf daughter, Alice Cogswell, and they wanted to find
educational methods towards the deaf. Sentence 2: Gallaudet went to Europe, and got acquaintance of Braidwood methods in Scotland (The Braidwood family, formerly
of Edinburgh, Scotland, operated a school for the deaf in London as a family business). Sentence 3: In 1817, The Connecticut Asylum for the Education and Instruction of
Deaf and Dumb Persons, the first permanent school for deaf Americans, opened. Sentence 4: This school aimed to…
44. O'Keeffe
Correct Order:
1) O'Keeffe never formally recorded her theories about art.
2) She did, however, leave a long trail of interviews and letters that reveal how she approached her painting practice—and the rituals, experiences, and environments that
inspired her.
3) Correspondence with her husband, photographer Alfred Stieglitz, in particular, offers a raw, honest glimpse into O'Keeffe's creative mind.
4) The two exchanged 25,000 pages of letters between 1915 and 1946, during which time she found her voice as an artist: first, through her flower paintings, and later,
through landscapes and surrealistic still lifes inspired by her mountainous, skull-studded surroundings in New Mexico.
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45. Mobile Phone（⼿机）

Correct Order:
1) Bitcoin is an online money.
2) That's to say you need to download mobile phone app to use such money.
3) With above done it generates a bitcoin address.
4) This address can only be used once.
46. Actors' Performance

Correct Order:
1) In a wonderful set of studies and subsequent book, Elly A. Konijn looked to the question of how much actors are aware of their performance as they perform it, and
how much they let the character 'take over'.
2) She asked Dutch actors to rate their own emotions and the emotions of the characters they were playing across a range of affective states (from disgust and anxiety
to tenderness and pleasure).
3) She found that positive emotions were often felt by the actors as they played those character's emotions.
4) However, the more negative the emotion of the character, the less likely the actor would report feeling that emotion onstage
47. Financial Literacy

Correct Order:
1) It is easy to assume that a programme of financial literacy can be set up quite quickly but there are numerous potential pitfalls which hold back a clear start time.
2) This is because when working with a variety of partners the potential for delays increase enormously.
3) There can be problems contacting organisers, difficulties in negotiating dates and times, problems finding suitable accommodation and general procrastination on the
pan of people who may have conflicting priorities.
4) In addition, there may be a need to provide group members with childcare facilities, which can add to the difficulty of finding suitable accommodation, equipment and
staffing.
48. Understanding Differences（了解差异）

Correct Order:
1) Around 1 billion people depend on water resources originating from the Hindu-Kush Karakoram Himalayan region, attributable to both rainfall and melting of snow and
ice.
2) The wind in the valleys in the region plays an important role in transporting clouds and moisture and redistributing snow in the valleys, and so understanding what
drives this wind is crucial.
3) Around the world, wind in valleys generally travels up the valley, and up the sides of mountains, during the day.
4) This is often driven by differences in pressure caused by the slopes of the mountains and the shape of the valleys.
49. Sea Turtles

Correct Order:
1) The bony shell of a sea turtle can actually sense when something touches it.
2) A series of thin nerves run along the shell and detect pressure changes associated with touch.
3) The nerves do not contain pain receptors so scientists do not think sea turtles feel pain when touched on the shell, but these thin nerves could transmit information to
other parts of the sea turtle’s body.
4) In addition, researchers and scuba divers have observed sea turtles respond to the stimulation of being touched on the skin of their head and their flippers.
50. Brain Function

Correct Order:
1) The brain is our most treasured possession.
2) It coordinates our movements, our words, our relationships, and the ability to pass on our genes.
3) Our body therefore protects the organ fiercely: The central nervous system polices particles traveling through the bloodstream and invites only the safest into our
cognitive chamber.
4) This selective process occurs due to a proactive boundary known as the blood-brain barrier.
5) The barrier serves a vital role, but is also poses a tremendous challenge for scientists developing drugs to treat brain-based disorders.
51. DRM
Correct Order:
1) Due to its ability to solve all main problems associated with digital goods, Digital Rights Management is the favorite option used by companies to tackle piracy.
2) The aim of this article is to discuss the consequences of DRM for consumers, firms and society.
3) The rationales of DRM are discussed and the expected benefits for firms are presented.
4) In contrast, consumers are shown to be likely to see few benefits in DRM.
5) The article concludes with some public policy recommendations.
52. Mink
Correct Order:
1) The American mink has been present in Iceland since the 1930's and despite heavy hunting since 1939 the species has become well established.
2) The ecosystem in Iceland is simpler than in other areas where mink are found; the only other mammalian predator is the arctic fox.
3) Direct competition between these species appears to be minimal although the arctic fox will sometimes chase mink and disturb them while foraging.
4) Iceland is therefore an ideal place to study undisturbed feeding behaviour and ecology of mink.
53. Hand Language (Incomplete)
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Points: 要点：⼿语包括了body posture、肢体语⾔，等等，因其的complexity，⼿语很少有⼈教。不过AI的发展会解决这个问题。

54. Minister（⾸相） (Incomplete)

Points: Employees did not quite understand the policy of Minister. Hence, officials hosted some local sessions. In these sessions, the involved employees complained
about too long working hours, and the company admitted that they got profit from reducing cost of workers. They reached an agreement which conveyed that they did
not do well. （To be confirmed）
55. E-waste
Correct Order:
1) The global market for electrical and electronic equipment continues to expand, while the lifespan of many products becomes shorter.
2) The current global production of e-waste is estimated to be 20-25 million tonnes per year, with most e-waste being produced in Europe, the United States and
Australasia.
3) In Europe e-waste is increasing at three to five percent a year, almost three times faster than the total waste stream.
4) Developing countries are also expected to triple their e-waste production over the next five years.
56. Electronic Devices

Correct Order:
1) The invention of electronic devices is a huge step and advancement of humans.
2) Such as washing machine, video game players, etc.
3) But how to deal with e-waste has become a problem.
4) The amount of e-waste has been growing by 3% to 5% every year.
57. Soda Water（苏打⽔）

Correct Order:
1) Sherbet powder is a mix of baking soda and citric acid.
2) When it is mixed with water in your mouth, an endothermic reaction occurs, taking heat energy from your mouth and making it feel cooler.
3) This process is endothermic-taking heat energy from the surroundings and cooling the injured part of your body.
4) In this way, the cold pack acts as an ice pack.
58. Superpower (Incomplete)

Points: 1)The 'superpower' has international text, which means having control on resources and ... political power 2) It's including 3) In terms of "green superpower", .... 4)
In addition to the green energy superpower, companies should meet above global average ... emissions and .
59. Turkey（⼟⽿其）
Correct Order:
1) If you want to visit Mars, visit Turkey.
2) That's where you'll find lakes so salty that the only bugs able to live there are species that could probably survive on Mars as well.
3) For that reason, microbiologists in Turkey have surveyed the array of species that inhabit the Acigol, Salda and Yarisli lakes.
4) They're hopeful that studying some of them will yield useful insights into the kinds of biology that could help microbes exist on Mars or other potentially habitable
planets and moons.
60. Nightinggale
Correct Order:
1) The data to be reported here come from a longitudinal study of the untutored acquisition of English as a second language by a five-year-old Japanese girl whom we
shall call Uguisu, nightingale in Japanese.
2) Her family came to the United States for a period of two years while her father was a visiting scholar at Harvard, and they took residence in North Cambridge, a
working-class neighborhood.
3) The children in that neighborhood were her primary source of language input.
4) Uguisu also attended public kindergarten for two hours every day, and later elementary school, but with no tutoring in English syntax.
61. Food Label (Incomplete)

Points: 1. she said开头说⼤家要知道吃的nutrition 2. Hence nomadic hunter-gatherer societies have few or no such full-time specialists, who instead first appear in
sedentary societies. 3. 2010Lady Michelle Obama launched food labelling. 4. xx, for example,xxxx
62. Mars From Earth（地球到⽕星）

Correct Order:
1) To overcome the pull of gravity and reach another body in space you need to achieve a certain speed.
2) A journey to Mars from Earth's surface requires a minimum total speed of nearly 30,000mph.
3) This requires large rockets, tonnes of fuel, and complex orbital maneuvering.
4) Due to the moon's weaker gravitational field, the same journey from the lunar surface would "only" require a speed of 6,500mph (2.9km/s).
5) This is roughly one third of that necessary to reach the International Space Station from Earth.
63. Pidgin
Correct Order:
1) In some areas, the standard chosen may be a variety that originally had no native speakers in the country.
2) For example, in Papua New Guinea, a lot of official business is conducted in Tok Pisin.
3) This language is now used by over a million people, but it began many years earlier as a kind of 'contact' language called a pidgin.
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4) A pidgin is a variety of a language (e.g. English) that developed for some practical purpose, such as trading, among groups of people who had a lot of contact, but
who did not know each other' s languages.
64. Blue Halo

Correct Order:
1) Latest research has found that several common flower species have nanoscale ridges on the surface of their petals that meddle with light when viewed from certain
angles.
2) These nanostructures scatter light particles in the blue to ultraviolet colour spectrum, generating a subtle effect that scientists have christened the 'blue halo'.
3) By manufacturing artificial surfaces that replicated 'blue halos', scientists were able to test the effect on pollinators, in this case foraging bumblebees.
4) They found that bees can see the blue halo, and use it as a signal to locate flowers more efficiently.
65. Ants
Correct Order:
1) It's often said that ants can predict impending rain and respond by changing their behavior.
2) Some people say that if you see ants building their mounds higher, or building them from different materials, this might signal the coming of rain.
3) But is there any scientific evidence to support this piece of folk wisdom?
4) The short answer is "no", although it is a difficult question to answer partly because of the sheer diversity of ants - there are 13,000 named species on the planet!
66. Predators（捕⻝者）
Correct Order:
1) Australia's native plants and animals adapted to life on an isolated continent over millions of years.
2) Since European settlement they have had to compete with a range of introduced animals for habitat, food and shelter.
3) Some have also had to face new predators.
4) These new pressures have also caused a major impact on our country's soil and waterways and on its native plants and animals.
67. Art History

Correct Order:
1) Art history is the study of objects of art in their historical development and stylistic contexts.
2) The study includes painting, sculpture, architecture, ceramics, furniture, and other decorative objects.
3) Art history is the history of different groups of people and their culture represented throughout their artwork.
4) Art historians compare different time periods in art history.
5) As a term, art history (its product being history of art) encompasses several methods of studying the visual arts; in common usage referring to works of art and
architecture.
68. Children's Verbal Skills

Correct Order:
1) Many young children are inexperienced in dealing with emotional upheaval.
2) As a result, they lack the coping strategies that many adults have.
3) In particular, they lack the verbal skills to express their emotions and to effectively communicate their need for emotional support.
4) Frustration of not being able to effectively communicate may manifest itself in alternative behaviors.
5) Moreover, such behaviors may risk developing behavioral, social and emotional problems.
69. Unprecedented
Correct Order:
1) We live in an age of unprecedented opportunity: with ambition, drive, and talent, you can rise to the top of your chosen profession regardless of where you started out.
2) But with opportunity comes responsibility!
3) Companies today aren't managing their knowledge of workers' careers.
4) Instead, you must be your own chief executive officer.
5) That means it's up to you to carve out your place in the world and know when to change course.
70. Egyptian Temple

Correct Order:
1) We know infinitely more about the wealthy people of Egypt than we do about the ordinary people, as almost all the monuments were made for the rich and influential.
2) Houses in which ordinary Egyptians lived have not been preserved, and when most people died they were buried in simple graves with few funerary goods.
3) Most of our traditional sources of information about the Old Kingdom are those concerned with death and the rituals surrounding death: these include pyramids,
tombs and graves, but also statues, reliefs and paintings.
4) Even papyri come mainly from pyramid temples.
5) But this does not mean that death was the Egyptians' only preoccupation.
71. World Feeding

Correct Order:
1) We' ll likely have two billion more mouths to feed by mid-century --more than nine billion people.
2) But sheer population growth isn't the only reason we' ll need more food.
3) The spread of prosperity across the world, especially in China and India, is driving an increased demand for meat, eggs, and dairy, boosting pressure to grow more
corn and soybeans to feed more cattle, pigs, and chickens.
4) If these trends continue, the double whammy of population growth and richer diets will require us to roughly double the amount of crops we grow by 2050.
72. Two-and-a-half（2.5升空⽓）
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Correct Order:
1) To gauge optimism and pessimism, the researchers set up an experiment involving 22 calves.
2) Before they started the experiment, they trained the calves to understand which of their choices would lead to a reward.
3) In the training, each calf entered a small pen and found a wall with five holes arranged in a horizontal line, two-and-a-half feet apart.
4) The hole at one end contained milk from a bottle, while the hole at the opposite end contained only an empty bottle and delivered a puff of air in calves' faces.
5) The calves learned quickly which side of the pen held the milk reward.
73. EU Fishing
Correct Order:
1) The European Union has two big fish problems.
2) One is that, partly as a result of its failure to manage them properly, its own fisheries can no longer meet European demand.
3) The other is that its governments won't confront their fishing lobbies and decommission all the surplus boats.
4) The EU has tried to solve both problems by sending its fishermen to West Africa. Since 1979 it has struck agreements with the government of Senegal, granting our
fleets access to its waters.
5) As a result, Senegal's marine ecosystem has started to go the same way as ours.
74. Glow Worm

Correct Order:
1) The Newnes railroad was closed in 1932 after 25 years of shipping oil shale.
2) The rails were pulled out of the 600-meter tunnel, which had been bored through the sandstone in the Wollemi National Park, and the tunnel was left to its own
devices.
3) For Newnes, that meant becoming home to thousands and thousands of glow worms.
4) The glow worm is a catch-all name for the bioluminescent larvae of various species, in this case, the Arachnocampa richardsae, a type of fungus gnat.
5) Found in massive numbers in caves, the fungus gnat larvae cling to the rocky walls of the abandoned tunnel and hunt with long, glowing strings of sticky mucus.
75. Hip Pop

Correct Order:
1) Hip hop emerged as a reaction to the gang culture and violence of the South Bronx in the 1970s, and daily experiences of poverty, racism, exclusion, crime, violence,
and neglect.
2) It necessarily embodies and values resilience, understanding, community and social justice.
3) Without these, Hip Hop culture would never have been, and it is because these values remain at its core that Hip Hop is such a powerful agent of positive social
change around the world.
4) Yet, the hip hop project is not yet free from these difficult circumstances.
76. Montana Two Ways（两条路）

Correct Order:
1) In Montana as elsewhere, companies that have acquired older mines respond to demands to pay for cleanup in either of two ways.
2) Especially if the company is small, its owners may declare the company bankrupt, in some cases conceal its assets, and transfer their business efforts to other
companies or to new companies that do not bear responsibility for cleanup at the old mine.
3) If the company is so large that it cannot claim that it would be bankrupted by cleanup costs (as in the case of ARCO that I shall discuss below), the company instead
denies its responsibility or else seeks to minimize the costs.
4) In either case, either the mine site and areas downstream of it remain toxic, thereby endangering people, or else the U.S. federal government and the Montana state
government (hence ultimately all taxpayers) pay for the cleanup through the federal Superfund and a corresponding Montana state fund.
77. Protein（蛋⽩质）
Correct Order:
1) Fibers suitable for clothing have been made for the first time from the wheat protein gluten.
2) The fibers are as strong and soft as wool and silk.
3) But they are up to 30 times cheaper.
4) Narenda Reddy and Yiqi Yang, who produced the fibers at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln, say that because they are biodegradable they might be used in
biomedical applications such as surgical sutures.
78. Be Objective（保持客观）
Correct Order:
1) Experts especially journalists, inevitably find it difficult to be objective because of their culture background.
2) Journalists tried their best not to be biased.
3) However, including every aspect of an issue is as easy as calling for every candidate to participate in presidential debate.
4) Some aspects are not included in the reporting.
79. Carbon Pricing in Canada

Correct Order:
1) There is a growing consensus that, if serious action is to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Canada, a price must be applied to those emissions.
2) There are, however, challenges associated with the political acceptability of carbon pricing.
3) If Canada implements a carbon price on its own, there are worries that Canadian factories will relocate to other countries to avoid the regulation.
4) Even if other countries act in concert with Canada to price carbon, the effects will be uneven across sectors, and lobbying efforts by relatively more-affected sectors
might threaten the political viability of the policy.
80. Heart Attack

Correct Order:
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1) Heart attack is caused by the sudden blockage of a coronary artery by a blood clot.
2) When the clot is formed, it will stay in the blood vessels.
3) The clot in blood vessels will block blood flow.
4) Without the normal blood flow, it will cause muscle contraction.
81. Wagonways
Correct Order:
1) Roads of rails called Wagonways were being used in Germany as early as 1550.
2) These primitive railed roads consisted of wooden rails over which horse-drawn wagons or carts moved with greater ease than over dirt roads. Wagonways were the
beginnings of modern railroads.
3) By 1776, iron had replaced the wood in the rails and wheels on the carts.
4) In 1789, Englishman, William Jessup designed the first wagons with flanged wheels.
5) The flange was a groove that allowed the wheels to better grip the rail, this was an important design that carried over to later locomotives.
82. Amino Acid (Incomplete)

Points: Amino acid, which is also known as Leucine, is a fundamental element in the muscle’s formation… Animals’ protein has a x% of the Leucine, which is higher than
those in plants’ protein. Plants’ protein…. But, there are also some exceptions exist.
83. Financial Crisis (Incomplete)

Points: Many people face serious financial crisis when they are only 20-30 years old. This is because they do not really pay attention to their daily spending, and has
poured their spending on buying. This will lead to them paying piling credit card loan and monthly payments. Although they can have student loan, people should…(giving
suggestion)
84. TV Program（电视节⽬）
Correct Order:
1) Recycling electronic waste such as old computers, TVs, and monitors is a daunting challenge considering how much technology we all use today.
2) The challenge didn't deter IU students, who persuaded the IT Services department to launch its Electronic Waste Collection Days program.
3) On numerous dates throughout the year, students, faculty, and staff can drop off their old equipment to be completely recycled nothing ends up in a landfill.
4) Collection days netted more than 650,000 pounds of waste in 2010.
85. Voice above 5mhz

Correct Order:
1) Previous studies have shown that humans are unable to recognize melodies whose notes have a fundamental tone above 5 kilohertz.
2) It was thought that, at frequencies this high, the rapidly cycling sound wave was too fast for the auditory nerve to cope with.
3) To test this theory, Andrew Oxenham and his colleagues at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis asked a group of six students whether two four-note melodies
were identical or not.
4) As in previous studies, the volunteers could not recognize melodies with fundamental tones above 5 kHz.
86. Mayor
Correct Order:
1) Education scholars generally agree that mayors can help failing districts, but they are starting to utter warnings.
2) Last summer the editors of the Harvard educational review warned that mayoral control can reduce parents' influence on schools.
3) And they pointed to Mr. Bloomberg's aggressive style as an example of what not to do.
4) All this must be weighed up by the New York state legislature in 2009, when mayoral control is up for renewal-or scrapping.
87. New Ventures

Correct Order:
1) New Ventures is a program that helps entrepreneurs in some of the world's most dynamic, emerging economies - Brazil, China, Colombia, India, Indonesia and Mexico.
2) We have facilitated more than $203 million in investment, and worked with 250 innovative businesses whose goods and services produce clear, measurable
environmental benefits, such as clean energy, efficient water use, and sustainable agriculture.
3) Often they also address the challenges experienced by the world's poor.
4) For example, one of the companies we work with in China, called Ecostar, refurbishes copy machines from the United States and re-sells or leases them for 20
percent less than a branded photocopier.
88. Sun's Radiation

Correct Order:
1) About 70 percent of the Sun's energy passes through the atmosphere and strikes Earth's surface.
2) This radiation heats the surface of the land and ocean, and these surfaces then reradiate infrared radiation back into space.
3) This allows Earth to avoid heating up too much.
4) However, not all of the infrared radiation makes it into space; some is absorbed by gases in the atmosphere and is reradiated back to Earth's surface.
5) A greenhouse gas is one that absorbs infrared radiation and then reradiates some of this radiation back to Earth.
89. Advertisements
Correct Order:
1) Advertisements introduce us to new products or remind us of the existence of ones we already know about.
2) Supposing you wanted to buy a washing machine, it is more than likely you would obtain details regarding performance, price, etc., from an advertisement.
3) Lots of people pretend that they never read advertisements, but this claim may be seriously doubted.
4) It is hardly possible not to read advertisements these days.
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90. Financial Stability

Correct Order:
1) Despite the financial stability a high salary brings, research has shown that the majority of top earners are not happy in their jobs.
2) It seems that the lack of psychological reward is the reason for their dissatisfaction.
3) However, most of these workers would not consider career alternatives.
4) Interestingly, it is not the risk of a decrease in salary which prevents this move.
5) The fear of criticism from colleagues, friends and family is the main factor that obstructs a change in their employment situation.
91. Foreign Aid

Correct Order:
1) By the beginning in the 1990s, foreign aid had begun to slowly improve.
2) Scrutiny by the news media shamed many developed countries into curbing their bad practices.
3) Today, the projects of organizations like the World Bank are meticulously inspected by watchdog groups.
4) Although the system is far from perfect, it is certainly more transparent than it was when foreign aid routinely helped ruthless dictators stay in power.
92. Thought Processes

Correct Order:
1) Over the years, I have had the opportunities to observe and understand the thought process behind the ads that have been flooding both the print and the TV.
2) Although there is a huge shift in the quality of ads that we come across on daily basis-thanks essentially to improvement in technology, I somehow can’t help but feel
that the quality of communication of the message has become diluted.
3) There is an increasing attempt by most companies to be seen as cool and funky.
4) Another reason could be the burgeoning number of companies, which means an exponential increase in the number of ads that are being made.
5) Proportionally, the numbers of ads that lack in quality have gone up exponentially as well.
93. Pilot
Correct Order:
1) After finishing first in his pilot training class, Lindbergh took his first job as the chief pilot of an airmail route operated by Robertson Aircraft Co. of Lambert Field in St.
Louis, Missouri.
2) He flew the mail in a de Havilland DH-4 biplane to Springfield, Peoria and Chicago, Illinois.
3) During his tenure on the mail route, he was renowned for delivering the mail under any circumstances.
4) After a crash, he even salvaged stashes of mail from his burning aircraft and immediately phoned Alexander Varney, Peoria's airport manager, to advise him to send a
truck.
94. Local Logger（当地⽊⼯）

Correct Order:
1) Sephua, a ramshackle town on the edge of Peru's Amazon jungle, nestles in a pocket on the map where a river of the same name flows into the Urubamba.
2) That pocket denotes a tiny patch of legally loggable land sandwiched between four natural reserves, all rich in mahogany and accessible from the town. “Boundaries
are on maps,” says a local logger, “maps are only in Lima, the capital.
3) In 2001 the government, egged on by WWF, a green group, tried to regulate logging in the relatively small part of the Peruvian Amazon where this is allowed.
4) It abolished the previous system of annual contracts.
5) Instead, it auctioned 40-year concessions to areas ruled off on a map, with the right to log 4% of the area each year. The aim was to encourage strict management
plans and sustainable extraction.
95. Australia Role Models（澳洲榜样）

Correct Order:
1) A University of Canberra student has launched the nation’s first father-led literacy project, to encourage fathers to become more involved in their children’s literacy.
2) Julia Bocking's Literacy and Dads (LADS) project aims to increase the number of fathers participating as literacy helpers in K-1 school reading programs at
Queanbeyan Primary Schools.
3) Having worked as a literacy tutor with teenagers, she saw the need for good attitudes towards reading to be formed early on - with the help of more male role
models.
4) 'A male that values reading sets a powerful role model, particularly for young boys, who are statistically more likely to end up in remedial literacy program', she said.
96. A Big Challenge（⼤挑战）

Correct Order:
1) When Vijay Govindarajan and Christian Sarkar wrote a blog entry on Harvard Business Review in August 2010 mooting the idea of a "$300- house for the poor", they
were merely expressing a suggestion.
2) Of course, the idea we present here is an experiment," wrote Prof Govindarajan, a professor of international business at the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth
and Mr Sarkar, a marketing consultant who works on environmental issues - an almost apologetic disclaimer for having such a "far-out" idea.
3) Who could create a house for $300 and if it was possible, why hadn't it been done before?
4) Nonetheless, they closed their blog with a challenge: "We ask chief executives, governments, NGOs, foundations: Are there any takers?"
97. Chalk River（粉笔河）

Correct Order:
1) The Canadian Institute for Neutron Scattering will be holding the eleventh neutron summer school at Chalk River on May 8- 13, 2011.
2) The aim of the school is to cover a wide range of topics associated with thermal neutron scattering, including powder diffraction, stress analysis, texture,
reflectometry, and small-angle neutron scattering together with the underlying theory associated with neutron scattering.
3) The theory will be presented in a way that should be understood by people in any of these fields.
4) For more information, see the Canadian Institute for Neutron Scattering’s Neutron Summer School.
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98. Sojourner
Correct Order:
1) More recent missions to Mars include the hugely successful Mars Pathfinder, which landed a small ‘rover’ called Sojourner on the surface to explore a region where
there may once have been life.
2) Sojourner has now been effectively switched off, but lasted almost twelve times its expected lifetime.
3) Similarly the lander, which imaged several areas around the landing site (dubbed the Carl Sagan Memorial site) and took atmospheric measurements, lasted a good
deal longer than expected.
4) The only unfortunate thing to have arisen from the mission is the naming of the rocks at the landing site (including everything from Scooby Doo to Darth Vader).
99. Inuit
Correct Order:
1) Jean Briggs has worked with the Inuit of the Canadian Arctic and has described how, within these communities, growing up is largely seen as a process of acquiring
thought, reason and understanding (known in Inuit as ihuma).
2) Young children don't possess these qualities and are easily angered, cry frequently and are incapable of understanding the external difficulties facing the community,
such as shortages of food.
3) Because they can’t be reasoned with, and don’t understand, parents treat them with a great deal of tolerance and leniency.
4) It’s only when they are older and begin to acquire thought that parents attempt to teach them or discipline them.
100. Mission
Correct Order:
1) Early in 1938, Mario de Andrade, the municipal secretary of culture here, dispatched a four- member Folklore Research Mission to the northeastern hinterlands of
Brazil on a similar mission.
2) The intention was to record as much music as possible as quickly as possible, before encroaching influences like radio and cinema began transforming the region’s
distinctive culture.
3) They recorded whoever and whatever seemed to be interesting: piano carriers, cowboys, beggars, voodoo priests, quarry workers, fishermen, dance troupes and even
children at play.
4) But the Brazilian mission’s collection ended up languishing in vaults here.
101. Share Interest（分享兴趣爱好）

Correct Order:
1) Citizens commonly identify with their nation in the context of major sporting events: imagining the nation is easier when there is a national team playing another nation
(Hobsbawm, 1990).
2) Rugby in Wales is a particularly strong example of this phenomenon, being perhaps the main thing that unites people in Wales.
3) In many ways rugby in Wales defines what Wales is and what people in Wales share.
4) From outside Wales, too, it is the rugby that commonly defines the nation - with the sport providing both widespread interest and one of the few positive associations
of outsiders' perceptions of Wales.
102. 1906 San Francisco（1906年旧⾦⼭）

Correct Order:
1) At 5:12 a.m. on April 18, 1906, the people of San Francisco were awakened by an earthquake that would devastate the city.
2) The main temblor, having a 7.7-7.9 magnitude, lasted about one minute and was the result of the rupturing of the northernmost 296 miles of the 800-mile San
Andreas fault.
3) But when calculating destruction, the earthquake took second place to the great fire that followed.
4) The fire, lasting four days, most likely started with broken gas lines (and, in some cases, was helped along by people hoping to collect insurance for their property—
they were covered for fire, but not earthquake, damage).
103. Pilot
Correct Order:
1) After World War II, especially in North America, there was a boom in general aviation, both private and commercial, as thousands of pilots were released from military
service and much inexpensive war-surplus transport and training aircraft became available.
2) Manufacturers such as Cessna, Piper, and Beechcraft expanded production to provide light aircraft for the new middle-class market.
3) By the 1950s, the development of civil jets grew, beginning with the de Havilland Comet, though the first widely used passenger jet was the Boeing 707 because it
was much more economical than other aircraft at that time.
4) At the same time, turboprop propulsion began to appear for smaller commuter planes, making it possible to serve small-volume routes in a much wider range of
weather conditions.
104. Speaking English

Correct Order:
1) Anyone wanting to get to the top of international business, medicine or academia (but possibly not sport) needs to be able to speak English to a pretty high level.
2) Equally, any native English speaker wanting to deal with these new high achievers needs to know how to talk without baffling them.
3) Because so many English-speakers today are monoglots, they have little idea how difficult it is to master another language.
4) Many think the best way to make foreigners understand is to be chatty and informal.
5) This may seem friendly but, as it probably involves using colloquial expressions, it makes comprehension harder.
105. Some Type Soda（某些类型的苏打）

Correct Order:
1) A reaction that needs some type of energy to make it go is said to be endothermic. It takes in energy.
2) For example, the sherbet you used for the chapter problem on page 25 is a mixture of baking soda and citric acid.
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3) When it is mixed with water in your mouth, an endothermic reaction occurs, taking heat energy from your mouth and making it feel cooler.
4) Another example of an endothermic reaction is seen with the cold packs used by athletes to treat injuries. These packs usually consist of a plastic bag containing
ammonium nitrate dissolves in the water.
5) This process is endothermic-taking heat energy from the surroundings and cooling the injured part of your body. In this way, the cold pack acts as an ice pack.
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Fill in the Blanks (Reading)

1. Gold (Incomplete)
Points: Gold is a metal, which can appreciate in commodity trading, including in depression.
(APEUni Website / App FIBR #871)
2. Philosophy (Incomplete)
Points: Philosophy is a certain area of ( ) recognized by English-speaking philosophers.
3. Exercise (Incomplete)
Points: Exercise is easy. Exercise can relieve (stress) ... only needs just (walking / excitation) ...
4. Generation Evolution (Incomplete)

Points: ... generation evolution in this ( )，human in a ( ) area and ... Evolution is a process in the long term, from generation to generation. This is not the process in
which we build ourselves up by physical exercise.
5. David Lynch
David Lynch is professor and head of education at Charles Darwin University. And prior to this he was sub dean in the Faculty of Education and Creative Arts at Central
Queensland University and foundation head of the University’s Noosa campus . David’s career in education began as a primary school teacher in Queensland in the early
1980’s and progressed to four principal positions before entering higher education. David’s research interests predominate in teacher education with particular interest
in building teacher capability to meet a changed world.
Options:
enlisting, campus, department, entering, due, prior
6. Charity (Incomplete)
Points: About differences between charity and non-profit organizations. Different characteristics. Charity supports (causes) and people. While non-profit organizations:
hobby (clubs). Options: submissions, exception, effects, advocacy.
7. Ballet-pantomime
Most important of all is the fact that for each new ballet-pantomime created at the Paris Opera during the July Monarchy, a new score was produced. The reason for
this is simple: these ballet-pantomimes told stories — elaborate ones — and music was considered an indispensable tool in getting them across to the audience.
Well, therefore , music had to be newly created to fit each story. Music tailor-made for each new ballet-pantomime, however, was only one weapon in the Opera's
explanatory arsenal. And another was the ballet-pantomime libretto, a printed booklet of fifteen to forty pages in length, which was sold in the Operas lobby(like the
opera libretto), and which laid out the plot in painstaking detail, scene by scene. Critics also took it upon themselves to recount the plots (of both ballet-pantomimes and
operas) in their reviews of premieres. So did the publishers of souvenir albums, which also featured pictures of famous performers and of scenes from favorite ballet-
pantomimes and operas.
Options:
therefore, participants, revisions, thus, another, either, reviews, performers
8. Pidgins
Pidgins are languages that are born after contact between at least two languages. As many pidgins developed during the period of empire and international trade, one of
the language parents was frequently a European language such as French or English, and the other language parent was the language of the people with whom the
Europeans were trading or whom they were colonizing. Usually one of the languages provided the majority of vocabulary items and the other provided the grammatical
structure. When pidgins become learned as a mother tongue, they become known as creoles. I am not going to discuss pidgins and creoles and contact languages as
such in this book in any depth .
Options:
depth, bartering, trading, known, relation, fair, consonant, vocabulary
9. English Language
With about one and a half billion non-native speakers, English has become the world's own language. Such dominance has its downside, of course. There are now about
6,800 languages left in the world, compared with perhaps twice that number back at the dawn of agriculture. Thanks in part to the rise of über-languages, most
importantly English, the remaining languages are now dying at the rate of about one a fortnight. Want to learn Busuu, anyone? Then you'd better head to Cameroon fast,
before one of the language's last eight speakers kicks the bucket (as the Busuu-nese presumably doesn't say).
Options:
more, reign, relation, twice, part, rate, dominance, margin
10. Evolution (Explanation)

Options:
form, growth, rough, differ, evolutionary, evolution
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11. Female Employment (Incomplete)

Points: Female employment rate has (increased) mainly in online businesses. ( ) of research has also increased mainly in small occupational ( ) ... Options: increased,
volume, sectors, occupations, business, ...
12. Chemistry (Explanation)

Chemistry is a logical science. You can master the essential concepts in any order , but it's probably best to start from the top and work your way down, since many
concepts build on understanding units, conversion, and how atoms and molecules interact.
Options:
order, margin, top, essential, direction, roundabout, dwell, build
13. Black Hole (Incomplete)

Points: Black hole were ( created / invented) by… There might be two causes for the formation of black holes. One was … start ... The other was … stars in the final
stage of the lifespan ... light can escape ...
14. Mail (Incomplete)

Points: A mail or fax is received, hand-written and sent to others. ... grammar ...
15. Electrons
The electrons that orbit closest to the nucleus are strongly attracted . They are called bound electrons. The electrons that are farther away from the pull of nucleus can
be forced out of their orbits . These are called free electrons. Free electrons can move from one atom to another. This movement is known as electron flow. Electricity is
the movement or flow of electrons from one atom to another.
Options:
orbits, sustained, forced, attracted, disclosed, angles
16. Tooth (Incomplete)

Points: A short text with just three blanks. Teeth are used to (cut) food ... we (contain / grew / grow ) two sets of teeth in the lifetime ... in childhood we (gradually)
change teeth ...
17. Thunder (Incomplete)

Points: The ( ) of ... A sudden clap of ( ) makes us … Options: bells, sound, thunder, ...
18. Forest and Fish (Incomplete)

Points: ... account for … workforce. ... government ... 'forest' is mentioned, some kinds of tree are taken as examples. 'fishing' is also mentioned, with some kinds of fish
as examples, including salmon. Options: finance, economy.
19. Written Language (Incomplete)

Points: About the written language in business correspondence. Options: assistance, notes, Grammar, received, printed.
20. Carbohydrate (Incomplete)

Points: ... carbohydrate is produced in (bulks/plants) ... ... as (simple) as a sugar ... as complex as ... sugar, ... ... can (supply) ... energy.
21. Traffic Jams (Explanation)

For the first time Japanese researchers have conducted a real-life experiment that shows how some traffic jams appear for no apparent reason. They placed 22 vehicles
on a single track and asked the drivers to cruise around at a constant speed of 30 kilometers an hour. At first, traffic moved smoothly but soon the distance between
cars started to vary and vehicles clumped together at one point on the track. But the jams spread backwards around the track like a shock wave at a rate of about 20
kilometers an hour. Real-life jams move backwards at about the same speed.
Options:
dangle, tramp, abruptly, spread, smoothly, cruise, sustained, conducted
22. Maya (Explanation)

The Classic Era of Mayan civilization came to an end around 900 AD. Why this happened is unclear; the cities were probably over-farming the land, so that a period of
drought led to famine. Recent geological research supports this, as there appears to have been a 200-year drought around this time.
Options:
research, time, argument, civilization, period, urbanization
23. MBA (Explanation)

Deciding to go to business school is perhaps the simplest part of what can be a complicated process. With nearly 600 accredited MBA programs on offer around the
world, the choice of where to study can be overwhelming. Here we explain how to choose the right school and course for you and unravel the application and funding
process. "Probably the majority of people applying to business school are at a point in their careers where they know they want to shake things up, but they don't know
exactly what they want to do with their professional lives," says Stacy Blackman, an MBA admissions consultant based in Los Angeles. "If that's the case with you, look at
other criteria : culture, teaching method, location, and then pick a place that’s a good fit for you with a strong general management program. Super-defined career goals
don’t have to be a part of this process."
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Options:
standards, except, hold, offer, choose, deprive, minority, want, majority, criteria
24. Performance Appraisals (Explanation)

Performance appraisals have traditionally been considered the best way to evaluate an employee's performance, but increasingly organizations are finding them of
little value . Employees find them stressful and unhelpful. Importantly, they also take up a lot of time. When Deloitte analyzed their own process , they found managers
and employees spent around 2 million hours a year on performance reviews. A growing number of companies have decided to abolish performance reviews altogether,
instead introducing more regular catch-ups.
Options:
monopolize, rating, value, presence, evaluate, abolish, process
25. Higher Education Shift (Explanation)

After centuries of inequality in UK higher education benefiting men, there has been a reversal over the past three decades. A lower proportion of entrants to UK higher
education institutions are male than ever before and they make up less than one-half of the total. Other developed countries have undergone a similar shift.
Male underachievement is not seen only in the figures for entry but also in non-continuation (drop-out) rates and degree performance statistics.
Options:
underachievement, phased, reversal, make, undergone, coincidence, deceit, recovery, hitch
26. Accounting and Finance (Explanation)

While accounting focuses on the day-to-day management of financial reports and records across the business world, finance uses this same information
to project future growth and to analyze expenditure in order to strategize company finances. By studying this major you get to have a better insight on the market, with
the right knowledge and skills acquired you should be able then when you graduate to advise others in making strong investments. This major will help you gain
responsibility of predicting and analyzing the potential for profit and growth, assessing monetary resources, utilizing accounting statistics and reports, and also looking
externally for future funding options.
Options:
editorials, knowledge, analyzing, announce, project, using, content, reports
27. Bioenergy (Explanation)

A Graphic Introduction was put together by northern artists, who have interpreted discussions with scientists from the Supergen Bioenergy Hub in a series of striking
images which imagine alternative futures and explain some of the technology involved and how it might be put into practice.
Options:
involved, dreamed, discriminated, interpreted, forsook, system, series
28. Activity Tracker (Incomplete)

Points: Million of people keep ... with wristband activity tracker ...
29. Banana (Explanation)

Well, the banana is the first cultivated fruit. It's one of the food items that literally brought people out of the jungle, out of their hunter-gatherer lifestyles and was there
at the dawn of agriculture which is what helped force human beings into communities . It’s really one of the things that helped invent human culture. It's about 7000
years of history, and the banana, from its center of origin , which is believed to be Papua New Guinea, spread out with people who traveled in boats across the Pacific
into the mainland of Asia and all the way south to Australia across Indonesia and Micronesia and eventually they moved as far as Africa and even possibly to Ecuador all
in this time and all on paddle boats and wind driven boats.
Options:
origin, communities, phase, brought, complex, hefty, paddle, dawn, keep, connections
30. Dictionary (Explanation)

Samuel Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language is one of the most famous dictionaries in history . First published in 1755, the dictionary took just over eight years
to compile, required six helpers and listed 40,000 words. Each word was defined in detail , the definitions illustrated with quotations covering every branch of learning. It
was a huge scholarly achievement , a more extensive and complex dictionary than any of its predecessors – the comparable French Dictionnaire had taken 55 years to
compile and required the dedication of 40 scholars.
Options:
required, covering, achievement, sustainability, leading, repulsed, detail, history, declaration
31. Marshmallow Test (Explanation)

Mischel is the creator of the marshmallow test, one of the most famous experiments in the history of psychology, which is often cited as evidence of the importance of
self-control. In the original test, which was administered at the Bing Nursery School, at Stanford, in the nineteen-sixties, Mischel's team would present a child with a
treat (marshmallows were just one option) and tell her that she could either eat the one treat immediately or wait alone in the room for several minutes until the
researcher returned, at which point she could have two treats. The promised treats were always visible and the child knew that all she had to do to stop the agonizing
wait was ring a bell to call the experimenter back – although in that case , she wouldn't get the second treat. The longer a child delayed gratification, Mischel found –
that is, the longer she was able to wait – the better she would fare later in life at numerous measures of what we now call executive function. She would perform better
academically, earn more money, and be healthier and happier. She would also be more likely to avoid a number of negative outcomes, including jail time, obesity, and
drug use .
Options:
frequently, perform, immediately, achieve, case, topic
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32. Keith Haring

Keith Haring began as an underground artist, literally. His first famous projects were pieces of stylized graffiti drawn in New York subway stations. Haring travelled from
station to station, drawing with chalk and chatting with commuters about his work. These doodles helped him develop his classic style and he grew so prolific, doing up
to 40 drawings a day, that it was not long before fame and a measure of fortune followed.Soon, galleries and collectors from the art establishment wanted to buy full-
sized pieces by Haring. The paintings skyrocketed in price but this did not sit well with Haring’s philosophy. He believed that art, or at least his art, was for everyone.
Soon, Haring opened a store which he called the Pop Shop, which he hoped would attract a broad range of people. While somewhat controversial among street artists,
some of whom accused Haring of ‘selling out’, the Pop Shop changed the way people thought about the relationship between art and business.
Options:
skyrocketed, stylized, accused, framed, remained, grew, retrospected, recommended
33. Bias (Explanation)

One of the questions we need to ask ourselves is: How much of the news is biased? Can we recognize bias? The fact is, despite the journalistic ideal of ‘objectivity’,
every news story is influenced by the attitudes and background of its interviewers, writers, journalists, photographers and editors. That is not to say that all bias
is deliberate , but it does exist. So how can we, as readers or viewers, determine bias? Well, in the case of newspapers, it manifests itself in a number of ways, such as
what events are selected for inclusion or omission. The placement of the article, meaning its proximity to the front or back pages, is significant. The use of headlines,
photographs and language are further examples.
Options:
deliberate, random, bare, influenced, further, determine, hampered, measure
34. Pop Art (Incomplete)

Points: About pop art. ... turning to ( ) ... Americans use familiar subjects nearby, such as bottles, to ( ) ... But UK's (imager / archives / ... ) use magazines ...
35. Sound Speed (Explanation)

The speed of sound (otherwise known as Mach 1) varies with temperature. At sea level on a 'standard day', the temperature is 59°F, and Mach 1 is approximately 761
mph. As the altitude increases, the temperature and speed of sound both decrease until about 36,000 feet, after which the temperature remains steady until about
60,000 feet. Within that 36,000 – 60,000 foot range, Mach 1 is about 661 mph. Because of the variation , it is possible for an airplane flying supersonic at high altitude
to be slower than a subsonic flight at sea level. The transonic band (the 'sound barrier‘) extends from around Mach 0.8 — when the first supersonic shock waves form
on the wing — to Mach 1.2, when the entire wing has gone supersonic.
Options:
via, towards, both, from, variation, differences, either, remains, tends
36. Airborne Diseases (Explanation)

Airborne diseases are very easily transmitted, and can result in respiratory illness that can be life threatening. It’s therefore no wonder that outbreaks of airborne
infectious diseases are a major public health concern , and that researchers are working hard to come up with technologies to provide clean air. So far, however, such
technologies have had limited success .
Options:
concern, outbreaks, success, applications, production
37. Organic Culture

A charge often leveled against organic agriculture is that it is more philosophy than science. There's some truth to this indictment, if that is what it is, though why
organic farmers should feel defensive about it is itself a mystery, a relic, perhaps, of our fetishism of science as the only credible tool with which to approach nature. The
philosophy of mimicking natural processes precedes the science of understanding them.
Options:
mimicking, logic, supportive, defensive, credible, repeating
38. Lizard (Incomplete)

Points: About lizard. In the beginning ... tended to live with fish in ... environment, then gradually developed ... (organ?), and ... began to live ( alone / lonely ) ... Key
words: eight weeks, impair.
39. Management Accounting (Explanation)

Management accounting is concerned with providing information and analysis to managers to help them plan, evaluate and control activities, in order to achieve an
organization’s objectives . Whereas financial accounting is concerned with reporting on the past financial performance of an organization, management accounting is
essentially concerned with improving its future performance. In order to understand the concepts and principles of management accounting it is necessary first to have
some appreciation of what managers do! This, in turn, requires an understanding of the organizations in which managers work – and of the external environment in
which these organizations exist and operate.
Options:
fame, category, appreciation, analysis, comparison, concepts, objectives
40. Computational Thinking (Explanation)

Developing computational thinking helps students to better understand the world around them. Many of us happily drive a car without understanding what goes on under
the bonnet . So is it necessary for children to learn how to program computers? After all, some experts say coding is one of the human skills that will become obsolete as
artificial intelligence grows. Nevertheless, governments believe coding is an essential skill. Since 2014, the principles of computer programming have featured on
England’s curriculum for children from the age of five or six, when they start primary school. While not all children will become programmers, Mark Martin, a computing
teacher at Sydenham High School, London, argues that they should learn to understand what makes computers work and try to solve problems as a computer might .
Options:
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curriculum, sonnet, cycle, should, bonnet, program, might, ceiling

41. Studying Law (Explanation)

It is important to emphasize the need for hard work as an essential part of studying law, because far too many students are tempted to think that they can succeed by
relying on what they imagine to be their natural ability, without bothering to add the expenditure of effort. To take an analogy some people prefer the more or less
instant gratification which comes from watching television adaptation of a classic novel to the rather more laborious process of reading the novel itself. Those
who prefer watching television to reading the book are less likely to study law successfully, unless they rapidly acquire a taste for text-based materials .
Options:
level, gratification, emphasize, taste, prefer, expenditure, laborious, expensive, meet
42. Thinking Tools (Incomplete)

Points: ... (realize) thinking tools ...
43. Nature Conservation Amendment Act (Explanation)

The Nature Conservation Amendment Act of 1996 enables the Minister of Environment and Tourism to register a conservancy if it has a representative committee, a legal
constitution, which provides for the sustainable management and utilization of game in the conservancy, the ability to manage the funds, an approved method for
the equitable distribution of benefits to members of the community and defined boundaries .
Options:
manage, appropriate, exquisite, equitable, representative, legislative
44. Color Preference

Many tests have shown that, in a very broad way, peoples in most parts of the world have similar color preferences. Blue is the most preferred and popular hue, followed
in order by red, green, purple, yellow and orange. Overlying this basic order of color preference, however , are the responses of individuals, which of course
vary widely and may also be very powerful. Children are likely to have strong preferences for some colors and aversions to others, but sometimes will not admit to them,
since outside factors may be influential in determining both color preferences and the way that they are expressed or suppressed. Current fashions in clothes and
accessories, gender-stereotyping and peer-group pressure may all play a significant part. Boys in particular may be reluctant to admit to any strong preferences for
colors other than those of favorite football teams, because color awareness may be regarded by their peer-group as feminine.
Options:
widely, however, other than, therefore, factors, thoroughly, counters, rather than
45. Selfies (Explanation)

To better understand selfies and how people form their identities online, the researchers combed through 2.5 million selfie posts on Instagram to determine what kinds of
identity statements people make by taking and sharing the photos. Nearly 52 percent of all selfies fell into the appearance category: pictures of people showing off their
make-up, clothes, lips, etc. Pics about looks were two times more popular than the other 14 categories combined . After appearances, social selfies with friends, loved
ones, and pets were the most common (14 percent). Then came ethnicity pics (13 percent), travel (7 percent), and health and fitness (5 percent). The researchers noted
that the prevalence of ethnicity selfies (selfies about a person’s ethnicity, nationality or country of origin) is an indication that people are proud of their backgrounds.
They also found that most selfies are solo pictures, rather than taken with a group. Overall, an overwhelming 57 percent of selfies on Instagram were posted by the 18-
35-year-old crowd, something the researchers say isn’t too surprising considering the demographics of the social media platform. The under-18 age group posted about
30 percent of selfies. The older crowd (35+) shared them far less frequently (13 percent). Appearance was most popular among all age groups. Lead author Julia Deeb-
Swihart says selfies are an identity performance—meaning that users carefully craft the way they appear online and that selfies are an extension of that. This evokes
William Shakespeare’s famous line: “All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players.”
Options:
made up, resembling, considering, more, each, fell into, rather, combined
46. Egyptian Music (Explanation)

Music was as important to the ancient Egyptians as it is in our modern society. Although it is thought that music played a role throughout the history of Egypt, those that
study the Egyptian writings have discovered that music seemed to become more important in what is called the 'pharaonic' period of their history. This was the time
when the Egyptian dynasties of the pharaohs were established and music was found in many parts of every day Egyptian life.
Options:
need, period, showed, established, rank, seemed, history, space, role
47. Barred Owls

Barred owls can be found in dense forests right across North America. They feed on small mammals, fish, birds and small reptiles _ pretty much anything that comes their
way. The barred owl grows up to half a metre tall and has emerged as a very adaptable nocturnal predator. And, whereas they have been long-thought to live in old-
growth forests, they are now building up quite an urban population. In Charlotte, North Carolina, barred owls tend to nest in the cavities of the numerous willow oak trees
that line the city's streets. Far from being endangered, the owls have expanded their range; and now, in some places, conservationists are worried about the effects they
might have on other native species .
Options:
soared, concrete, distinguished, urban, whether, dense, whereas, emerged, native, overwhelming
48. Power Station

The ruins of the South Fremantle Power Station have stood empty since 1985, home only to urban explorers and street artists . Opened in 1951, the power station was
once a pillar of progress for the expanding energy demands of Perth. Here it stood proud and strong for 34 years, supplying energy to its surrounding metropolis until
1985 when it was deemed to no longer be worth the money .
Options:
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ratings, status, demands, collectors, artists, money

49. Green Spaces

Green spaces contribute significantly to a reduction of soil and aerial temperatures during spells of hot weather, so contributing to human wellbeing. In the
garden context , there is, however, little information as to what extent various types of plants differ in their cooling potential and how certain planting combinations may
maximize cooling under a scenario of low rainfall and minimal water inputs.
Options:
addition, focus, background, low, differ, context, massive, reduction, contribute
50. Atoms (Incomplete)

Points: About atoms. ... atoms free (float) ... nuclei and electrons are easily (attractive) to each other. New electrons enter the (orbit). ... (forced) to leave ... this
(phenomenon) Key words: inclined.
51. Marriage
Marriage is a big step in anyone's life and there is an argument to be made against getting married too early. As any newlywed couple knows, there is a huge amount of
financial pressure associated with marriage. Firstly, the wedding reception and honeymoon cost you an arm and a leg. Then there's the matter of home loans, rent and
energy bills. If you're looking to start a family, your child's education is another thing you need to save up for .Teenagers should probably find a proper job before
deciding to tie the knot .
Options:
tangle, for, cost, throughout, knot, with, in, against
52. Global Warming (Incomplete)

Points: About global warming: organization has (warned) of ... find (solution) before it is too late, we experience the (impact) on ...
53. Egg-eating Snakes

Egg-eating snakes are a small group of snakes whose diet consists only of eggs. Some eat only small eggs, which they have to swallow whole , as the snake has no
teeth. Instead, some other snakes eat bigger eggs, but it requires special treatment . These snakes have spines that stick out from the backbone. The spines crack the
egg open as it passes through the throat.
Options:
saliva, part, open, taste, diet, whole, treatment, out
54. Long-term Goal (Incomplete)

Points: The long term goal can be divided into short term (realistic/naturalistic) goal ... For example, (in order to) achieve a high grade you need to ... (along the way/
timely).
55. Gender Equality

With the popularity of the gender equality campaign and the cultural change, the traditional roles of men as the earner , and of women in which they stay at home,
are challenged today.
Options:
authority, traditional, earner, appreciated, protested, challenged
56. Agricultural Investment (Incomplete)

Points: About financial investment in agriculture. Options: development, insurance, comparison, efficient
57. Textile Industry

The environmental impact of the global textile industry is hard to overstate. One-third of the water used worldwide is spent fashioning fabrics. For every ton of
cloth produced , 200 tons of water is polluted with chemicals and heavy metals. An estimated 1 trillion kilowatt-hours of electricity powers the factories that card and
comb, spin and weave, and cut and stitch materials into everything from T-shirts to towels, leaving behind mountains of solid waste and a massive carbon footprint.
"Where the industry is today is not really sustainable for the long term," says Shreyaskar Chaudhary, chief executive of Pratibha Syntex, a textile manufacturer based
outside Indore, India. With something of an "if you build it, they will come" attitude, Mr.Chaudhary has steered Pratibha toward the leading edge of eco-friendly textile
production. Under his direction, Pratibha began making clothes with organic cotton in 1999. Initially, the company couldn't find enough organic farms growing cotton in
central India to supply its factories. To meet production demands, Chaudhary's team had to convince conventional cotton farmers to change their growing methods.
Pratibha provided seeds, cultivation instruction, and a guarantee of fairtrade prices for their crops. Today, Pratibha has a network of 28,000 organic cotton growers
across the central states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Orissa.
Options:
leaving, supply, toward, off, designed, produced, lagging, fund
58. Fossil Fuel (Explanation)

But look beyond fossil fuels for the most intriguing trends. One is that the energy intensity of the world economy -- the amount of energy it takes to produce one
dollar's worth of income -- keeps falling, at a rate of about 2 percent. What this means is that even without any change in the relative shares of fossil-based and fossil-
free sources in the world's energy mix, we could have 2 percent annual economic growth without increasing carbon emissions from energy use. Of course that is not
enough to address climate change and we need more economic growth than that. It is nonetheless a stunning number, which refutes the claim by some environmentalists
that permanent economic growth is fundamentally incompatible with finite physical resources.
Options:
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nonetheless, address, irrelevant, index, merge, worth, relative, however, with, by

59. Ponzi Scheme

Ponzi is infamous . His original scheme was based on the legitimate arbitrage of international reply coupons for postage stamps, but he soon began diverting new
investors' money to make payments to earlier investors as interest .
Options:
interest, practice, fiasco, rate, infamous, payments, postage, monthly
60. Electric Eels

Electric eels are born to shock. Thanks to cells called electrocytes which, stacked like batteries, make up 80% of their bodies, these cunning South American hunters can
deliver debilitating blows of up to 600 volts to their prey. But they’ve harnessed their electricity to pack even bigger punches. Last year, Vanderbilt University biologist
Kenneth Catania revealed electric eels bring their positively charged head and negatively charged tail closer together to generate a more powerful current .
Options:
objects, current, limb, hunters, tail, engine
61. Melting Ice (Explanation)

At the end of the last ice age, the melting ice disrupted the ocean currents in the North Atlantic and caused a drop in temperature of almost 5 degrees. Even though the
rest of the planet was warming up ,the North Atlantic region remained in a cold period for 1300 years. The same thing happened around 8000 years ago, when the
cooling lasted about a hundred years, and it could happen again today. Even a short period of cooling in the North Atlantic could have a dramatic effect on the wildlife,
and the human populations, living there.
Options:
forwent, up, never, caused, could, around
62. Rudman
Rudman looks at how a poor understanding of Maths has led historians to false conclusions about the Mathematical sophistication of early societies. Rudman's final
observation-that ancient Greece enjoyed unrivaled progress in the subject while failing to teach it at school-leads to a radical punchline: Mathematics could be better
learnt after we leave school.
Options:
rational, leave, radical, belittled, attend, enjoyed, failing, falling
63. Financial Markets

Financial markets swung wildly yesterday in the frenzied trading market by further selling of equities and fears about an unraveling of the global carry trade. At the same
time, trading in the US and European credit markets were exceptionally heavy for a third consecutive day. London trading was marked by particularly wild swings in the
prices of credit derivatives, used to ensure investors against corporate defaults.
Options:
flops, swings, corporate, equities, quotations, dull, heavy, corpus
64. Active Learning Classrooms

Active learning classrooms (ALCs) are student-centered, technology-rich classrooms. They are easily identified with their large circular tables and movable seating
designed to improve student engagement in class. Typically, each table is accompanied by a whiteboard and flat-screen monitor to display student work and larger
rooms frequently have miniature bulb and microphones at each table. In this way, students are able to signal if they have questions or want to speak to the entire room.
Options:
sign, circular, entire, engagement, partly, signal, arrangement, square
65. Sandra Lousada (Explanation)

London's National Portrait Gallery is currently celebrating the fifty-year career of photographer Sandra Lousada. The twenty-one portraits on display depict
key figures in literature, film and fashion from the early 1960s. Subsequent to the acquisition of forty portraits by Lousada, the display at The National Portrait Gallery
highlights shots taken between 1960 and 1964, many of which feature in Lousada's book Public Faces Private Places (2008). Formal commissioned portraits are shown
alongside behind-the-scenes photographs taken on film sets and unguarded portraits of sitters captured at home.
Options:
sets, elements, birthday, career, figures, cinemas
66. Father in Family

With the increase in women's participation in the labour force, many mothers have less time available to undertake domestic activities. At the same time, there has been
increasing recognition that the father's relationship with a child is important. A father can have many roles in the family, ranging from income provider to teacher, carer,
and playmate. Therefore, balancing paid work and family responsibilities can be an important issue for both fathers and mothers in families.
Options:
relationship, efficient, roles, separation, shares, participation, recognition, available
67. Conservancy
To qualify as a conservancy, a committee must define the conservancy's boundary, elect a representative conservancy committee, negotiate a legal constitution, prove
the committee's ability to manage funds, and produce an acceptable plan for equitable distribution of wildlife-related benefits. Once approved, registered conservancies
acquire the rights to a sustainable wildlife quota , set by the ministry.
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Options:
equitable, authoritative, representative, deposit, rights, quotation, infringements, quota, irresistible, manage
68. Inflation (Incomplete)

Points: 关于inflation的影响，提到building contract， International competition。选项全是动词
69. Pet (Incomplete)

Points: People send pet animals to veterinarians, preventing them from infection or illness，research (found) this structure and content of （approach）examine...by
(confuiling？)，but.... options include: context, found
70. Weather Predictions

All kinds of predictions may be about to get even more difficult thanks to climate change. Though no one is sure exactly what its effects will be, it seems that extreme
weather conditions, such as storms and hurricanes, are likely to become more common. Such events have far-reaching effects on distant weather systems, making
general forecasting much harder.
Options:
such as, according to, likely to, thanks to, exactly, rarely, probably
71. Giant Exoplanets

Giant exoplanets, like the so-called 'hot Jupiters' that are similar in characteristics to the solar system's biggest planet and orbit very close to their host stars, are
excellent targets for astronomers in their search for their extrasolar worlds. The size and proximity of these planets is easy to detect as they create a large decrease in
brightness when passing in front of their parent stars.
Options:
characteristics, imagine, astronomers, pilots, detect, weight, planet
72. Geography
Many famous geographers and non-geographers have attempted to define the discipline in a few short words. The concept has also changed throughout the ages,
making it difficult to create a concise , universal geography definition for such a dynamic and all-encompassing subject. After all, Earth is a big place with many facets to
study. It affects and is affected by the people who live there and use its resources . But basically, geography is the study of the surface of Earth and the people who live
there, and all that encompasses.
Options:
concise, facets, complex, resources, surface, options, methods
73. Study of Leadership

Based on collaborative research by Arizona's top business schools, this study of leadership and company performance uncovers the effects of leadership driven
by profits , cost control, and maintaining market share, versus leadership driven more by balancing employee relations and development, customer or client needs , and
the welfare of the greater community. Together, Mary Sully de Luque, assistant professor of Management and Research Fellow at Thunderbird School of Global
Management and David Waldman, director of the Center for Responsible Leadership at ASU's School of Global Management and Leadership, have found that maintaining
a specific focus on earnings in decision making can have negative effects on how a leader is viewed.
Options:
profits, leadership, needs, decision, market, pleas
74. Scientists' Work

Scientists make observations, have assumptions, and do experiments . After these have been done, they get their results . Then there is a lot of data from scientists. The
scientists around the world have a picture of the world.
Options:
experiments, picture, process, results, measure, experiences, data
75. Folklore
Folklore, a modern term for the body of traditional customs, superstitions, stories, dances, and songs that have been adopted and maintained within a
given community by processes of repetition is not reliant on the written word . Along with folk songs and folktales, this broad category of cultural forms embraces all
kinds of legends, riddles, jokes, proverbs, games, charms, omens, spells, and rituals, especially those of pre-literate societies or social classes. Those forms of verbal
expression that are handed on from one generation or locality to the next by word of mouth are said to constitute an oral tradition .
Options:
book, regime, body, tradition, community, art, category, word
76. Suez Canal

Britain became the largest shareholder in the canal in 1875, purchasing its interest from the Egyptian khedive. The Convention of Constantinople signed by the major
European powers in 1888 keeps it open for free passage to all nations in time of peace or war. Britain became the guarantor of the canal's neutrality and management
was left to the Paris-based Suez Canal Co.
Options:
guarantor, kingdom, tariff, shareholder, passage, owner
77. Eutrophication
Eutrophication is a process when bodies of water accumulate to a high nutrient level due to extensive fertilizer in the soil. The water becomes overly enriched with
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minerals and nutrients which induce excessive blooms of algae and other aquatic species which may deplete minerals in the water, thus endanger other species.
Options:
reach, deplete, accumulate, destroy, maximize, blooms, oust
78. Following Tips

Researchers suggest the following tips as you begin to network, seek common ground, engage with your network regularly, and consistently apply yourself to making
your network work or it will wither. It is a skill that you need to practice , not a talent.
Options:
direct, apply, engage, concentrate, practice
79. Alpine Newt

The Alpine Newt is native to much of central, continental Europe and occurs up the coasts of northeast France through to Holland. But it does not appear to have been
native to the British Isles. As its name suggests it can be found in montane habitats up to 2,500 metres in altitude but it can also be abundant in lowlands, and it will use
a variety of waterbodies including both shallow and deep ponds and slow flowing streams.
Options:
appear, builds, mess, variety, like, entails, suggests, occurs
80. Dance
Dance has played an important role in many musicals. In some cases , dance numbers are included as an excuse to add to the color and spectacle of the show, but
dance is more effective when it forms an integral part of the plot . An early example is Richard Rodgers On Your Toes(1936) in which the story about classical ballet
meeting the world of jazz enabled dance to be introduced in a way that enhances , rather than interrupts the drama.
Options:
punctuates, plot, itineraries, judgement, enhances, cases
81. Western Firms

What such a map would have failed to reveal, however, was the changing nature of the connections put in place by Western firms as they shifted work around the globe.
It is often assumed that when Western firms, or any firm for that matter, reach out across borders to establish a factory outlet here, an assembly plant there or a
subsidiary in some far-off location , they do so through directly investing and thereby wholly owning such facilities. In the 1970s and 1980s, among the low-cost
manufacturing overseas operations, this was indeed often the case, but increasingly Western firms started to conduct their business at-a-distance through a variety of
indirect means, of which subcontracting became the principal arrangement . Subcontracting is a way of putting out work to partner firms on a defined, contractual basis,
where the tasks involved are specified precisely, as are the turnaround times and the quality of the finished goods. As a business arrangement, it is more flexible than
owning factories overseas and more enforceable than a straightforward market exchange relationship.
Options:
arrangement, emergency, location, positions, borders, range, services, straightforward, connections, far-reaching
82. Coffee
Coffee is enjoyed by millions of people every day and the 'coffee experience' has become a staple of our modern life and culture . While the current body of research
related to the effects of coffee consumption on human health has been contradictory, a study in the June issue of Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food
Safety, which is published by the Institute of Food Technologists (IFT), found that the potential benefits of moderate coffee drinking outweigh the risks in adult
consumers for the majority of major health outcomes considered.
Options:
costs, cult, consumption, cares, outcomes, expenditure, benefits, culture
83. Class Participation

Because of the instructional methods, expected class participation and the nature of the courses vary, no fixed number of absences is applicable to all situations .
Each instructor is responsible for making clear to the class at the beginning of the semester his or her policies and procedures in regard to class attendance and the
reasons for them.
Options:
situations, member, assignments, attendance, roster, instructor, semester
84. Critical Thinking

Critical thinking involves looking at something you may have seen many times and examining it from many different angles and perspectives. It involves going beyond
the obvious or beyond 'easy' to seek new understanding and rare solutions . It involves looking at common issues with uncommon eyes, known problems with new
skepticism, everyday conflicts with probing curiosity and daily challenges with greater attention to detail.
Options:
curiosity, solutions, oblivious, caution, functions, angles, consequences, obvious
85. Financial Crisis

Since the beginning of the financial crisis, there have been two principal explanations for why so many banks made such disastrous decisions. The first is structural.
Regulators did not regulate. Institutions failed to function as they should. Rules and guidelines were either inadequate or ignored . The second explanation is that Wall
Street was incompetent , that the traders and investors didn't know enough, that they made extravagant bets without understanding the consequences.
Options:
incompetent, function, provision, understanding, predicting, mixed, ignored, explanations, prerequisites
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86. Accounting
While accounting focuses on the day-to-day management of financial reports and records across the business world, finance uses this same information to project
future growth and to analyze expenditure in order to strategize company finances. So finance degree students will likely be more interested in financial strategy and
control, while accounting degree students will be more focused on professional principles and processes, used in order to manage numbers rather than influence them.
Options:
analyze, credits, exceptions, allegation, reports, principles, strategy, influence
87. Concentration
Some students say that they need complete quiet to read and study. Others study best in a crowded, noisy room because the noise actually helps them concentrate.
Some students like quiet music playing; others do not. The point is, you should know the level of noise that is optimal for your own studying. However, one general rule
for all students is that the television seems to be more of a distraction than music or other background noise, so leave the TV off when you are reading or
studying. Also , don't let yourself become distracted by computer games, email, or Internet surfing.
Options:
leads, others, remain, leave, counterparts, Also, However, helps
88. Environmental Policy

Thus the environmental policy does not contribute to the profitability in any real sense at all. In practice it is companies that are well organized and efficient , or that are
already comfortably profitable, that have time to establish and police environmental policies. However, if someone says that profitable companies are the ones most likely
to consider environment, this is confusing cause with effect. It is not that environmental best practice causes profitability, but that being profitable allows for concern for
the environment.
Options:
establish, policy, demote, practice, concern, egregious, help, efficient
89. Physical Activity

Participating regularly in physical activity has been shown to benefit an individual's health and wellbeing . Regular physical activity is important in reducing the risk
of chronic diseases, such as heart disease and stroke, obesity, diabetes and some forms of cancer. The National Physical Activity Guidelines for Adults recommends at
least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity, preferably every day of the week, to obtain health benefits.
Options:
recruits, recommends, exploit, chronic, preferably, medicine, affordably, physical, obtain, wellbeing
90. Scrambled Memory

Memories can become scrambled, sometimes in the process of attempting to retrieve something. You might relate a story to a friend but unwittingly include some
mistaken details. Later, as you attempt to recall the episode , you might come across your memory of the scrambled recall attempt instead of your original memory.
Memory is malleable. It is not, as commonly thought, like a museum piece sitting in a display case.
Options:
unwittingly, commonly, retrieve, section, arduously, rehabilitate, episode, scientifically
91. Lithium
The lightest of any solid element, lithium has, until now, played a modest role in industry. Silvery in color, and softer than lead, it has been used mainly as an alloy of
aluminum, a base for automobile grease, and in the production of glass and ceramics. It is so unstable that it is never found in its pure form in nature. Lithium floats on
water -- or, rather ,it skitters wildly about, trailing a vapor cloud of hydrogen, until it dissolves.
Options:
rather, production, unstable, modest, unknown, even, intuition, until
92. Repetitive Syllables

Assessments of language learning in 18-month-olds suggest that children are better at grasping the names of objects with repeated syllables, over words with non-
identical syllables. Researchers say the study may help explain why some words or phrases, such as 'train' and 'good night', have given rise to versions with repeated
syllables, such as choo-choo and night-night. The researchers say such words are easier for infants to learn, and may provide them with a starter point for vocabulary
learning. A team from the University of Edinburgh assessed the infants' language learning behavior in a series of visual and attention tests using pictures on a computer
screen of two unfamiliar objects. The two objects were named with made-up words which were communicated to the infants by a recorded voice — one with two
identical syllables, for example neenee, and the other without repeated syllables, such as bolay. The infants were then tested for their recognition of each word.
Recordings of their eye movements showed they looked more reliably at the object labeled with repeated syllables, than the other object. Researchers validated their
results with a control test, in which the infants responded to pictures of familiar objects — such as a dog or an apple.
Options:
content, with, genuine, visual, explain, communicated, since, made-up, each
93. Citizenship Education

Civics and citizenship education builds student's knowledge and understanding of the ways in which citizens can actively participate in Australia' s diverse and inclusive
society. Students learn about the civic institutions and the processes through which decisions are made for the common good of the community and they also develop
the skills and understandings that relate to the organization of a harmonious democratic society.
Options:
processes, precision, skills, involve, humanity, participate, wills, community
94. Trees
Trees, as ever, are or should be at the heart of all discussions on climate change. The changes in carbon dioxide, in temperature, and in patterns of rainfall will each
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affect them in many ways, and each parameter interacts with all the others, so between them, these three main variables present a bewildering range of possibilities.
Options:
interacts, variables, discussions, chat, variations, notes
95. Australian Dwellings

The stock of Australia's dwellings is evolving with current homes having more bedrooms on average than homes ten years ago. At the same time, households are getting
smaller on average with decreasing proportions of couple families with children and increasing couple-only and lone-person households. This article examines the
changes in household size and number of bedrooms from 1994_95 to 2003_04. It also looks at the types of households with spare bedrooms and the size of recently
purchased new homes compared with existing stock.
Options:
proportions, stagnating, evolving, statistics, increasing, article, incidents, decreasing
96. Shakespeare's Work

Shakespeare produced most of his work between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were comedies and histories - genres he raised to the peak of sophistication and artistry
by the end of the 16th century. He then wrote tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, King Lear, Othello, and Macbeth, considered some of the finest examples in
the English language. In his last phase, he wrote tragicomedies, also known as romances, and collaborated with other playwrights.
Options:
work, collaborated, designed, genres, actors, examples
97. Changing English

English has been changing throughout its lifetime and it's still changing today. For most of us, these changes are fine as long as they're well and truly in the past.
Paradoxically, we can be curious about word origins and the stories behind the structure we find in our language, but we experience a queasy distaste for
any change that might be happening right under our noses. There is a certain lack of consistency. There are even language critics who are convinced that English is
dying, or if not dying at least being progressively crippled through long years of mistreatment.
Options:
curious, crippled, convinced, experience, structure, expect, lost, lack, change, kind, evidence
98. Pupil Charity

My school in the city of London held a charity competition. In the community, I was voted as the chairman. We raised 48,000 pounds and I won the first place in the end.
During this period, I learnt a lot and realised the importance of tenacity and how to rouse other pupils' awareness.
Options:
charity, tenacity, skill, rouse, raised, recognize, beg, money, earned
99. Air Moving

Wind is air moving around. Some winds can move as fast as a racing car, over 100 miles per hour . Winds can travel around the world. Wind can make you feel cold
because you lose heat from your body faster when it is windy. Weather forecasters need to know the speed and direction of the wind. The strength of wind is measured
using the Beaufort scale from wind force 0 when there is no wind, to wind force 12 which can damage houses and buildings and is called hurricane force.
Options:
hour, as, second, more, slower, with, to, faster
100. Investment
One city will start to attract the majority of public or private investment. This could be due to natural advantage or political decisions. This, in turn, will stimulate further
investment due to the multiplier effect and significant rural-to-urban migration. The investment in this city will be at the expense of other cities.
Options:
some, significant, fare, natural, stimulate, disguise, majority, expense, best, important
101. Paris
Paris is very old-- there has been a settlement there for at least 6,000 years and its shape has been determined in part by the River Seine, and in part by the edicts of
France' s rulers. But the great boulevards we admire today are relatively new, and were constructed to prevent any more barricades being created by the rebellious
population; that work was carried out in the middle 19th century. The earlier Paris had been in part a maze of narrow streets and alleyways. But you can imagine that the
work was not only highly expensive, but caused great distress among the half a million or so whose houses were simply razed, and whose neighborhoods disappeared.
What is done cannot usually be undone, especially when buildings are torn down .
Options:
only, part, at, random, down, up, creating, been, simply, created
102. Moth
Why are moths fatally attracted to the light? One solution is the old glib theory that the moths are trying to use the flame to navigate. This explanation does not tell
us, however , why it is that in many species only males are thus attracted, and in a few, only females. What's more , if moths need to navigate, they must be from a
migrating species. Yet most of the time such moths are not migrating. Indeed most species do not migrate at all and thus have no need of navigation.
Options:
What's more, One solution, less, This explanation, improvement, question, however, so, The behavior, Yet
103. Housing Agency
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Housing agencies pay the utility costs , generally because units in developments don't have individual meters. Some buildings have individual meters, and each family
pays its own to the utility company , so agencies will deduct the amount from your rent .
Options:
costs, units, company, allowance, spends, amount, debt, collect, rent
104. Revision
Timing is important for revision. Have you noticed that during the school day you get times when you just don't care any longer? I don't mean the lessons you don't like,
but the ones you find usually OK, but on some occasions you just can't be bothered with it. You may have other things on your mind, be tired, restless, or looking forward
to what comes next. Whatever the reason, that particular lesson doesn't get 100 percent effort from you. The same is true of revision. Your mental and
physical attitudes are important. If you try to revise when you are tired or totally occupied with something else, your revision will be inefficient and just about worthless. If
you approach it feeling fresh, alert and happy, it will be so much easier and you will learn more, faster. However, if you make no plans and just slip in a little bit of
revision when you feel like it, you probably won't do much revision! You need a revision timetable so you don't keep putting it off .
Options:
may, getting it wrong, attitudes, putting it off, down, can, effort, health
105. Japan and China

At times, a broad stream of knowledge flowed from China to Japan. At other times, this transfer was halted on one side or the other, and Japan developed on its own.
But whether in isolation or not, Japan was always itself. Everything that arrived from China was adapted to suit Japanese tastes and needs.
Options:
adapted, removed, arrived, halted, created, explored, developed
106. Trade-off
"It appears that in the process of evolving specialized face-recognition abilities to quickly and accurately extract important information, there has been a trade-off
where face-like images in unexpected orientations become especially difficult to process," he says. "The reason for this trade-off is unclear, but it probably relates to the
fact that you rarely see inverted faces", says Sheehan.
Options:
designing, expect, relates, extract, unexpected, indicates, reason, unprecedented, proposition, evolving
107. Lake Turkana

Lake Turkana is a large lake in Kenya, East Africa. This part of Africa was home to some of the first humans. Here, archaeologists have found piles of bones ( both
human and animal) and collections of stones that humans used as tools . By carefully uncovering and examining these remains, scientists have started to put together
the story of our earliest ancestors. In 2001, a 4 million year-old skeleton was uncovered in the area. Although a link between it and modern-day humans has not been
established, the skeleton shows the species was walking upright.
Options:
painting, bones, part, city, tools, examining, notches, weapons
108. Linguistic Effects

An important corollary of this focus on language as the window to legal epistemology is the central role of discourse to law and other sociocultural processes. In
particular, the ideas that people hold about how language works combine with linguistic structuring to create powerful, often unconscious effects. In recent
years, linguistic anthropologists have made much progress in developing more precisely analytic tools for tracking those effects.
Options:
implements, linguistic, disclosure, speech, facts, discourse, tools, ideas
109. Smarter Organisms

Some of the most basic organisms are smarter than we thought. Rather than moving about randomly, amoebas and plankton employ sophisticated strategies to look for
food and might travel in a way that optimizes their foraging. Immediately after an amoeba turned right, it was twice as likely to turn left as right again, and vice versa,
they told a meeting of the American Physical Society meeting in Denver, Colorado, last week. This suggests that the cells have a rudimentary memory , being able to
remember the last direction they had just turned in.
Options:
thoughts, experience, optimizes, memory, strategies, polishes
110. Fingerprint
Fingerprints can prove that a suspect was actually at the scene of a crime. As long as a human entered a crime scene, there will be traces of DNA. DNA can help the
police to identify an individual to crack a case. An institute in London can help preserve DNA and be used to match with the samples taken from the crime scenes.
Options:
retain, prove, preserve, determine, evidence, identify, samples
111. Recruitment
Finding challenging or rewarding employment may mean retraining and moving from a stale or boring job in order to find your passion and pursue it. The idea is to think
long range and anticipate an active lifestyle into later years --perhaps into one' s 80s or 90s. Being personally productive may now mean anticipating retiring in stages.
This might indicate going to an alternate plan should a current career end by choice or economic chance.
Options:
passion, plan, rewarding, willing, direction, emotion
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112. Donors
Americans approached a record level of generosity last year. Of the $260.28bn given to charity in 2005, 76.5% of it came from individual donors . These people gave
across the range of non-profit bodies, from museums to religious organizations , with a heavy emphasis on disaster relief after the Asian tsunami and US hurricanes. In
total, Americans gave away 2.2% of their household income in 2005, slightly above 40-year average of 2.1 percent.
Options:
emphasis, all, indebtedness, average, organizations, companies, donors
113. Internet Growth

The exponential growth of the Internet was heralded ,in the 1990s, as revolutionizing the production and dissemination of information. Some people saw the internet as a
means of democratizing access to knowledge. For people concerned with African development, it seemed to offer the possibility of leapfrogging over the technology gap
that separates Africa from advanced industrialized countries.
Options:
demonstrated, separates, signifies, concerned, connected, democratizing, heralded, leapfrogging, reformation, dissemination, jogging
114. Good Looks

It is tempting to try to prove that good looks win votes, and many academics have tried. The difficulty is that beauty is in the eye of the beholder, and you cannot behold
a politician's face without a veil of extraneous prejudice getting in the way. Does George Bush possess a disarming grin or a facetious smirk ? It's hard to find anyone
who can look at the president without assessing him politically as well as physically .
Options:
physically, difficulty, truth, prejudice, audience, smirk, wink, mentally
115. Non-indigenous Plants

The invasion of non-indigenous plants is considered a primary threat to integrity and function of ecosystems. However, there is little quantitative
or experimental evidence for ecosystem impacts of invasive species. Justifications for control are often based on potential, but not presently realized, recognized or
quantified, negative impacts. Should lack of scientific certainty about impacts of non-indigenous species result in postponing measures to prevent degradation?
Recently, management of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), has been criticized for lack of evidence demonstrating negative impacts of L. Salicaria, and management
using biocontrol for lack of evidence documenting the failure of conventional control methods. Although little quantitative evidence on negative impacts on native wetland
biota and wetland function was available at the onset of the control program in 1985, recent work has demonstrated that the invasion of purple loosestrife into North
American freshwater wetlands alters decomposition rates and nutrient cycling, leads to reductions in wetland plant diversity, reduces pollination and seed output of the
native Lythrum alatum, and reduces habitat suitability for specialized wetland bird species such as black terns, least bitterns, pied-billed grebes, and marsh wrens.
Conventional methods (physical, mechanical or chemical), have continuously failed to curb the spread of purple loosestrife or to provide satisfactory control. Although a
number of generalist insect and bird species utilize purple loosestrife, wetland habitat specialists are excluded by the encroachment of L. salicaria. We conclude that
negative ecosystem impacts of purple loosestrife in North America justify control of the species and that detrimental effects of purple loosestrife on wetland systems
and biota and the potential benefits of control outweigh potential risks associated with the introduction of biocontrol agents. Long-term experiments and monitoring
programs that are in place will evaluate the impact of these insects on purple loosestrife, on wetland plant succession and other wetland biotas.
Options:
encroachment, accomplishment, composition, detrimental, curb, stop, sustainability, decomposition, theoretical, suitability, devastating, experimental
116. Viper
The horned desert viper's ability to hunt at night always has puzzled biologists. Though it lies with its head buried in the sand, it can strike with great precision as soon
as prey appears. Now, Young and physicists Leo van Hemmen and Paul Friedel at the Technical University of Munich in Germany have developed a computer model of
the snake's auditory system to explain how the snake "hears" its prey without really having the ears for it. Although the vipers have internal ears that can hear
frequencies between 200 and 1000 hertz, it is not the sound of the mouse scurrying about that they are detecting. " The snakes don't have external eardrums ," says van
Hemmen. " So unless the mouse wears boots and starts stamping, the snake won't hear it."
Options:
head, hearing, system, eardrums, ability
117. Modern Healthcare

In the fast-changing world of modern healthcare, the job of a doctor is more like the job of chief executive. The people who run hospitals and physicians' practices don't
just need to know medicine . They must also be able to balance budgets, motivate a large and diverse staff and make difficult marketing and legal decisions .
Options:
stuff, decisions, staff, calculate, motivate, medicine, actions, pharmacy
118. Enigma
And if the voice of an animal is not heard as message but as art, interesting things start to happen: Nature is no longer an alien enigma but something immediately
beautiful, an exuberant opus with space for us to join in. Bird melodies have always been called songs for a reason .
Options:
opus, exuberant, enigma, bearing, season, reason, accuse
119. Walt Disney World

Walt Disney World has become a pilgrimage site partly because of the luminosity of its crosscultural and marketing and partly because its utopian aspects appeal
powerfully to real needs in the capitalist society . Disney' s marketing is unique because it captured the symbolic essence of childhood but the company has gained
access to all public shows, comic books, dolls, apparels, and educational film strips, which all point to the parks and each other.
Options:
sequential, utopian, population, comedy, society, unrealistic, childhood, educational
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120. American People

The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society examines U.S. history as revealed through the experiences of all Americans, both ordinary and extraordinary. With
a thought-provoking and rich presentation, the authors explore the complex lives of Americans of all national origins and cultural backgrounds, at all levels of society, and
in all regions of the country.
Options:
experiences, events, beliefs, origins, regions
121. Mini Helicopter

A mini helicopter modeled on flying tree seeds could soon be flying overhead. Evan Ulrich and colleagues at the University of Maryland in College Park turned to the
biological world for inspiration to build a scaled-down helicopter that could mimic the properties of full-size aircraft. The complex design of full-size helicopters gets
less efficient when shrunk, meaning that standard mini helicopters expend most of their power simply fighting to stay stable in the air. The researchers realized that a
simpler aircraft designed to stay stable passively would use much less power and reduce manufacturing costs to boot. It turns out that nature had beaten them to it. The
seeds of trees such as the maple have a single-blade structure that allows them to fly far away and drift safely to the ground. These seeds, known as samaras, need no
engine to spin through the air, thanks to a process called autorotation. By analyzing the behavior of the samara with high-speed cameras, Ulrich and his team were able
to copy its design. The samara copter is not the first single-winged helicopter– one was flown in 1952, and others have been attempted since – but it is the first to take
advantage of the samara's autorotation. This allows Ulrich's vehicle to perform some neat tricks, such as falling safely to the ground if its motor fails or using vertical
columns of air to stay aloft indefinitely. “We can turn off the motor and autorotate, which requires no power to sustain,” says Ulrich.
Options:
design, meaning, spin, beaten, tells, makes, caught, allows, conceive, flourish
122. Canada Gallery

An exhibit that brings together for the first time landscapes painted by French impressionist Pierre-Auguste Renoir comes to the National Gallery of Canada this June.
The gallery in Ottawa worked with the National Gallery of London and the Philadelphia Museum of Art to pull together the collection of 60 Renoir paintings from 45
public and private collections.
Options:
paintings, gets, masterpiece, muster, time, pull, comes, gallery
123. Cheating
Although not written about extensively, a few individuals have considered the concept and act of cheating in history as well as contemporary culture. Barton Bowyer
writes that cheating "is the advantageous distortion of perceived reality. The advantage falls to the cheater because the cheated person misperceives what is assumed
to be the real world". The cheater is taking advantage of a person, a situation, or both . Cheating also involves the "distortion of perceived reality" or what others call
"deception". Deception can involve hiding the "true" reality or "showing" reality in a way intended to deceive others.
Options:
both, history, later, life, perceives, misperceives
124. Music
What is music? In one sense, this is an easy question . Even the least musical among us can recognize pieces of music when we hear them and name a few
canonical examples . We know there are different kinds of music and, even if our knowledge of music is restricted, we know which kinds we like and which kinds we do
not.
Options:
volume, question, examples, knowledge, issue, classes
125. Roman People

The Roman people had at first been inclined to regard the French Revolution with either indifference or derision .But as the months went by and the emigres who
remained in the city were less and less hopeful of an early return home, the mood of the Romans became increasingly antagonistic towards the 'assassins of Paris'.
Options:
derision, dispatches, division, cheerful, hopeful, emigres
126. Fresh Water

Everybody needs fresh water. Without water people, animals & plants cannot live. Although a few plants and animals can make do with saltwater, all humans need a
constant supply of fresh water to stay fit & healthy. Of the total supply of water on the Earth, only about 3% of it is fresh, most of that is stored as ice snow at the poles,
or is so deep under the surface of the Earth that we cannot get to it. Despite so much of the water being out of reach, we still have a million cubic miles of it that
we can use. That's about 4, 300,000 cubic kilometers of freshwater to share out between most of the plants, animals & people on the planet.
Options:
With, Within, Without, fine, fit, far, deep, may, cannot, can
127. Anthropologists
It is commonly said by anthropologists that primitive man is less individual and more completely moulded by his society than civilized man. This contains an element of
truth. Simpler societies are more uniform , in the sense that they call for, and provide opportunities for, a far smaller diversity of individual skills and occupations than the
more complex and advanced societies. Increasing individualization in this sense is a necessary product of modern advanced society, and runs through all its activities
from top to bottom. But it would be a serious error to set up an antithesis between this process of individualization and the growing strength and cohesion of society.
Options:
less, larger, objective, society, element, uniform, advent, smaller, factor, individual, advanced, latest
128. Tokyo’s Skytree
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Team Lab's digital mural at the entrance to Tokyo’s Skytree, one of the world’s monster skyscrapers, is 40 metres long and immensely detailed. But however massive
this form of digital art becomes — and it's a form subject to rampant inflation — Inoko's theories about seeing are based on more modest and often pre-digital sources.
An early devotee of comic books and cartoons (no surprises there), then computer games, he recognised when he started to look at traditional Japanese art that all
those forms had something in common : something about the way they captured space. In his discipline of physics, Inoko had been taught that photographic
lenses, along with the conventions of western art, were the logical way of transforming three dimensions into two, conveying the real world on to a flat
surface. But Japanese traditions employed “a different spatial logic”,as he said in an interview last year with j-collabo.org, that is “uniquely Japanese”.
Options:
however, therefore, different, in common, similar, along with, But, So
129. Jupiter’s Moon Europa

Scientists preparing for NASA's proposed Jupiter icy Moons Orbiter believe that Jupiter's moons Europa may be a corrosive mixture of acid and peroxide. Thus, it may
not be the ideal place for life to exist as was thought possibly to be the case. Virtually , all the information we have about Europa comes from the spacecraft Galileo,
which completed its mission to study. Although the general perception of Europa is of a frozen crust of water ice harboring a salty subterranean ocean kilometer below,
researchers studying the most recent measurements say light reflected from the moons icy surface bears the spectral fingerprints of hydrogen peroxide and strong
acids. However , they accept that it could just be a thin surface dusting and might not come from the ocean below.
Options:
ideal, recent, ideally, Virtually, actually, Although, Whatsoever, However, thus
130. Climate
Climate is the word we use for weather over a long period of time. The desert has a dry climate, because there is very little rain. The UK has a temperate climate, which
means winters are, overall, mild and summers, generally, don't get too hot.
Options:
is, are, describe, use, dry, wet, forecast, has, or, and
131. Plagiarism
How is plagiarism detected? It is usually easy for lecturers to identify plagiarism within students' work. The University also actively investigates plagiarism in students’
assessed work through electronic detection software called Turnitin. This software compares students' work against text on the Internet, in journal articles and within
previously submitted work (from LSBU and other institutions) and highlights any matches it finds .
Options:
to, finds, realizes, based on, against, distinguish, compares, submitted, given
132. Crime Prevention

Crime prevention has a long history in Australia, and in other parts of the world. In all societies, people have tried to protect themselves and those close to them from
assaults and other abuses. Every time someone locks the door to their house or their car, they practise a form of prevention. Most parents want their children to learn to
be law abiding and not spend extended periods of their lives in prison. In this country, at least, most succeed. Only a small minority of young people
become recidivist offenders. In a functioning society, crime prevention is part of everyday life. While prevention can be all- pervasive at the grassroots, it is oddly
neglected in mass media and political discourses .When politicians, talkback radio hosts and newspaper editorialists pontificate about crime and possible remedies, it is
comparatively rare for them to mention prevention. Overwhelmingly, emphasis is on policing, sentencing and other 'law and order' responses.
Options:
crime, recidivist, possible, form, protect, pervasive, practice, maintain, unlimited
133. Milky Way System

Stars and the material between them are almost always found in gigantic stellar systems called galaxies. Our own galaxy, the Milky Way System, happens to be one of
the two largest systems in the Local Group of two dozen or so galaxies. The other is the Andromeda galaxy; it stretches more than one hundred thousand light-years
from one end to the other, and it is located about two million light-years distant from us.
Options:
huge, stretches, located, route, solar, sketches, concerning, largest, stellar
134. People’s Savings

Friedman showed that, while people do save more when they earn more, it is only to spend later. Those in work save against a time of sickness, unemployment or old age
- but because the sick, unemployed and elderly spend their savings, overall consumption does not fall as people get richer.
Options:
consumption, among, only, against, income, spend, merely, pay
135. Agrarian Parties

Agrarian parties are political parties chiefly representing the interests of peasants or, more broadly, the rural sector of society. The extent to which they are important,
or whether they even exist, depends mainly on two factors. One, obviously, is the size of an identifiable peasantry, or the size of the rural relative to the urban population.
The other is a matter of social integration: for agrarian parties to be important, the representation of countryside or peasantry must not be integrated with the other
major sections of society. Thus a country might possess a sizeable rural population, but have an economic system in which the interests of the voters were predominantly
related to their incomes, rather than their occupations or location; and in such a country the political system would be unlikely to include an important agrarian party.
Options:
with, rather than, to, for, whether, as, in, on
136. Australia
Australia is a dynamic multi-cultural society, viewed by many as the world's most desirable place to live. Here Frank Welsh traces Australia's intriguing and varied history
Page 220 of 263

to examine how this society emerged , from its ancient Aborigine tribes and earliest British convict settlements to today's modern nation - one that retains strong links
with its colonial past but is increasingly independent and diverse.
Options:
revive, emerged, increasingly, examine, appeared, retains, settlements, continues, sparsely, forceful, remains
137. Impressionist Painters

Early impressionist painters were considered radical in their time because they broke many of the rules of the picture-making that had been set by earlier generations .
They found many of their subjects in life around them rather than in history, which was then the accepted source of subject matter for paintings.
Options:
radical, outcome, subjects, conciliatory, generations, creatures, source
138. Higher Education Qualifications

Higher education qualifications provide a substantial advantage in the labour market. Higher education graduates are less likely to be unemployed and tend to have higher
incomes than those without such qualifications. Having a highly educated workforce can also lead to increased productivity and innovation and make Australia
more competitive in the global market.
Options:
aggressive, workforce, weakness, grudge, competitive, tend, graduates, advantage
139. Steven Pinker

Steven Pinker, a cognitive psychologist best known for his book "The Language Instinct", has called music "auditory cheesecake, an exquisite confection crafted to tickle
the sensitive spots of at least six of our mental faculties." If it vanished from our species, he said, "the rest of our lifestyle would be virtually unchanged." Others have
argued that, on the contrary , music, along with art and literature, is part of what makes people human; its absence would have a brutalising effect. Philip Ball, a British
science writer and an avid music enthusiast, comes down somewhere in the middle. He says that music is ingrained in our auditory, cognitive and motor functions. We
have a music instinct as much as a language instinct, and could not rid ourselves of it if we tried.
Options:
sense, virtually, vanished, contrast, remained, avid, avoidable, ingrained, instinct, contrary
140. Sun and Moon

In these distant times the sun was seen to make its daily journey across the sky. At night the moon appeared. Every new night the moon waxed or waned a little and on a
few nights it did not appear at all. At night the great dome of the heavens was dotted with tiny specks of light. They became known as the stars. It was thought that
every star in the heavens had its own purpose and that the secrets of the universe could be discovered by making a study of them. It was well known that there were
wandering stars, they appeared in different nightly positions against their neighbors and they became known as planets. It took centuries, in fact it took millennia, for
man to determine the true nature of these wandering stars and to evolve a model of the world to accommodate them and to predict their positions in the sky.
Options:
pivot, determine, assume, predict, secrets, seemed, became, journey
141. Australia and New Zealand

Australia and New Zealand have many common links. Both countries were recently settled by Europeans, are predominantly English speaking and in that sense, share a
common cultural heritage . Although in close proximity to one another, both countries are geographically isolated and have small populations by world standards . They
have similar histories and enjoy close relations on many fronts. In terms of population characteristics , Australia and New Zealand have much in common. Both countries
have minority indigenous populations, and during the latter half of the 20th century have seen a steady stream of migrants from a variety of regions throughout the
world. Both countries have experienced similar declines in fertility since the high levels recorded during the baby boom, and alongside this have enjoyed the benefits of
continually improving life expectancy. One consequence of these trends is that both countries are faced with an ageing population, and the associated challenge of
providing appropriate care and support for this growing group within the community.
Options:
heritage, associated, witness, limitation, characteristics, history, experienced, standards, tradition, shared
142. Retirement
For a start, we need to change our concept of 'retirement', and we need to change mindsets arising from earlier government policy which, in the face of high
unemployment levels, encouraged mature workers to take early retirement. Today, government encourages them to delay their retirement. We now need to think of
retirement as a phased process, where mature age workers gradually reduce their hours, and where they have considerable flexibility in how they combine their work and
non work time. We also need to recognise the broader change that is occurring in how people work, learn, and live. Increasingly we are moving away from a linear
relationship between education, training, work, and retirement, as people move in and out of jobs, careers, caregiving, study, and leisure. Employers of choice remove
the barriers between the different segments of people's lives, by creating flexible conditions of work and a range of leave entitlements. They take an individualised
approach to workforce planning and development so that the needs of employers and employees can be met simultaneously . This approach supports the different
transitions that occur across the life course - for example, school to work, becoming a parent, becoming responsible for the care of older relatives, and moving from
work to retirement.
Options:
mind, gradually, wait, barriers, concept, simultaneously, extend, suddenly, similarities, delay
143. Sex-biased Hiring

Discrimination against women has been alleged in hiring practices for many occupations, but it is extremely difficult to demonstrate sex-biased hiring. A change in the
way symphony orchestras recruit musicians provides an unusual way to test for sex-biased hiring. To overcome possible biases in hiring, most orchestras revised their
audition policies in the 1970s and 1980s. A major change involved the use of blind' auditions with a screen' to conceal the identity of the candidate from the jury. Female
musicians in the top five symphony orchestras in the United States were less than 5% of all players in 1970 but are 25% today. We ask whether women were more likely
to be advanced and/or hired with the use of blind' auditions. Using data from actual auditions in an individual fixed-effects framework, we find that the
Page 221 of 263

screen increases by 50% the probability a woman will be advanced out of certain preliminary rounds. The screen also enhances, by several fold, the likelihood a female
contestant will be the winner in the final round. Using data on orchestra personnel, the switch to blind' auditions can explain between 30% and 55% of the increase in
the proportion female among new hires and between 25% and 46% of the increase in the percentage female in the orchestras since 1970.
Options:
on, increases, employ, revised, conceal, decreases, recruit, exchanged, in, reveal, peaks, steal, stood, advanced
144. Cuteness
Cuteness in offspring is a potent protective mechanism that ensures survival for otherwise completely dependent infants. Previous research has linked cuteness to early
ethological ideas of a "kindchenschema" (infant schema) where infant facial features serve as "innate releasing mechanisms" for instinctual caregiving behaviors.
Options:
invalid, ensures, dependent, instinctual, proper, proves, deliberate, guaranteed, potent
145. Genius
Genius, in the popular conception, is inextricably tied up with precocity - doing something truly creative, we're inclined to think, requires the freshness and exuberance
and energy of youth. Orson Welles made his masterpiece, "Citizen Kane," at twenty-five. Herman Melville wrote a book a year through his late twenties, culminating, at
age thirty-two, with "Moby-Dick." Mozart wrote his breakthrough Piano Concerto No. 9 in E-Flat-Major at the age of twenty-one. In some creative forms, like lyric
poetry, the importance of precocity has hardened into an iron law. How old was T. S. Eliot when he wrote "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" ("I grow old ... I grow
old")? Twenty-three. "Poets peak young," the creativity researcher James Kaufman maintains. Mihály Csíkszentmihályi, the author of "Flow," agrees: "The most creative
lyric verse is believed to be that written by the young." According to the Harvard psychologist Howard Gardner, a leading authority on creativity, "Lyric poetry is
a domain where talent is discovered early, burns brightly, and then peters out at an early age."
Options:
talent, industry, key, intellectual, domain, originality, creativity, icon, across, time, age, through, importance, authority
146. Kathryn Mewes

Kathryn Mewes does not meet bohemian, hippy parents in her line of work. Typically one, or both, of the parents she sees work in the City of London. "Professionals
seek professionals," she says. Originally a nanny, Mewes is now a parenting consultant, advising couples privately on changing their child's behaviour, as well as doing
corporate seminars for working parents. Her clients find they are unprepared for the chaos and unpredictability that having a child can entail. "Parents are getting older,
they have been in control their whole lives and been successful. Suddenly a baby turns up and life turns on its head." Nicknamed the "Three-Day Nanny" because of her
pledge to fix behavioural problems in children under the age of 12 within three days, she is filming a new Channel 4 television series demonstrating her techniques.
The role of the parenting consultant - distinct from that of a nanny - has developed, she says, as people are used to buying in expertise, such as personal trainers or, in
her case, parenting advice.
Options:
at the meantime, because, role, play, because of, whole lives, identity, entire life, as well as
147. Planes
By 2025, government experts' say, America's skies will swarm with three times as many as planes, and not just the kind of traffic flying today. There will be thousands of
tiny jets, seating six or fewer, at airliner altitudes , competing for space with remotely operated drones that need help avoiding mid-air collisions , and with commercially
operated rockets carrying satellites and tourists into space.
Options:
thousands, satellites, collisions, much, altitudes, many, times, time, least, piles, traffic, passengers
148. Ikebana
More than simply putting flowers in a container , ikebana is a disciplined art form in which nature and humanity are brought together. Contrary to the idea of a
particolored or multicolored arrangement of blossoms, ikebana often emphasizes other areas of the plant , such as its stems and leaves, and puts emphasis on shape,
line, and form. Though ikebana is an expression of creativity, certain rules govern its form.
Options:
crevice, container, commitment, creature, arrangement, plant, expression, illusion
149. Kashmiri
choked waters of Dal Lake saw flotillas of vividly painted Shikaras carrying Indian families, boho westerners, young travelers and wide-eyed Japanese. Carpet-sellers
honed their skills, as did purveyors of anything remotely embroidered while the house boats initiated by the British Raj provided unusual accommodation. Then, in 1989,
separatist and Islamist militancy attacked and everything changed. Hindus and countless Kashmiri business people bolted, at least 35,000 people were killed in a decade,
the lake stagnated, and the houseboats rotted. Any foreigners venturing there risked their lives , proved in 1995 when five young Europeans were kidnapped and
murdered.
Options:
attacked, competed, festivals, tourists, vocations, waters, lives
150. Sportswomen
Sportswomen's records are important and need to be preserved. And if the paper records don't exist , we need to get out and start interviewing people, not to put too
fine a point on it, while we still have a chance . After all, if the records aren't kept in some form or another, then the stories are lost too.
Options:
appear, focus, admit, exist, opportunity, point, chance, lost, disappear
151. University Science
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The closures have been blamed on a fall in student applications, but money is a factor : chemistry degrees are expensive to provide - compared with English, for
example - and some scientists say that the way the government concentrates research funding on a small number of top departments, such as Bristol, increases
the risk .
Options:
profit, risk, motive, fall, rise, funding, factor
152. Recruitment Tool

The six programs represented here report that word of mouth is by far their most effective recruitment tool, particularly because it typically yields candidates who are
similar to previously successful candidates. Moreover, satisfied candidates and school systems are likely to spread the word without any special effort on the part of their
program. Other, less personal advertising approaches, such as radio and television spots and local newspaper advertisements, have also proven fruitful, especially for
newer programs. New York uses a print advertising campaign to inspire dissatisfied professionals to become teachers. Subway posters send provocative messages to
burned-out or disillusioned professionals. "Tired of diminishing returns? Invest in NYC kids" was just one of many Madison Avenue-inspired invitations. News coverage
has also proven to be a boon to alternative programs. When the New York Times, for example, ran a story about the district’s alternative route program, 2,100
applications flooded in over the next six weeks.
Options:
effective, strength, boom, various, across, ultimately, boon, effort, especially, spread
153. Chaucer’s Tales

Chaucer' s Tales quickly spread through England in the early fifteenth century. Scholars feel The Canterbury Tales reached their instant and continued success because
of their accurate and oftentimes vivid portrayal of human nature, unchanged through 600 years since Chaucer' s time George Macy, founder of The Limited Editions Club
wrote on The Canterbury Tales.
Options:
reached, arrived, spread, revealed, pictographic, vivid
154. (Incomplete)
Points: 考到有⼀个不是鸡精的题⽬讲⼤猩猩的之前看有同学回忆过这次我记得全部答案第⼀个 exhibited 讲⼤猩猩你有什么... 然后throughout 某某⼤陆然后说随意挑选两
个⼤猩猩就可以得到 much more "information" than any other two Radom human.... 得出了结论 We are a special《uniform》 species！总体不难⼲扰选项就是第三空但可
以看much来确认其他托词有 differences，through之类的阅读还没出分不过感觉是对的
155. Australian Business Etiquette (Incomplete)

Points: Key words: Business etiquette in Australia, America and European ones of openness, blunt and transparent, but (differs) from the manners taken in Asia, which
are less blunt, more (hierarchical) and less egalitarian, than it was, … (transparent). Options: contributes, unusable
156. Teenage Daughter

Your teenage daughter gets top marks in school, captains the debate team, and volunteers at a shelter for homeless people. But while driving the family car, she text-
messages her best friend and rear-ends another vehicle. How can teens be so clever, accomplished, and responsible-and reckless at the same time ? Easily, according
to two physicians at Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School (HMS) who have been exploring the unique structure and chemistry of the adolescent brain.
"The teenage brain is not just an adult brain with fewer miles on it," says Frances E. Jensen, a professor of neurology. "It's a paradoxical time of development . These are
people with very sharp brains, but they're not quite sure what to do with them." Research during the past 10 years, powered by technology such as functional magnetic
resonance imaging, has revealed that young brains have both fast-growing synapses and sections that remain unconnected.
Options:
explored, adult, respectively, sharp, exploring, unique, adolescent, at the same time, both, development
157. Allure of Book

The allure of the book has always been negative and positive , for the texts and pictures between the covers have helped many young readers to discover and grasp the
world around them in a pleasurable and meaningful way. But the allure has also enabled authors and publishers to prey upon young readers' dispositions and desires and
to sell them a menu that turns out to be junk food.
Options:
prey, beneficial, sell, invent, positive, show, present, read, find, pray, discover
158. Volcanoes
Volcanoes blast more than 100 million tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere every year but the gas is usually harmless . When a volcano erupts, carbon dioxide
spreads out into the atmosphere and isn't concentrated in one spot. But sometimes the gas gets trapped underground under enormous pressure. If it escapes to the
surface in a dense cloud , it can push out oxygen-rich air and become deadly.
Options:
cloud, concentrated, dangerous, harmless, underground, aimed, air, harmful, atmosphere, collection, over, fact
159. DJIA
The Daw Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) reports the average stock price of large, publicly traded US companies. It tends to reflect the state of the stock market as a
whole. Though its name would lead you to believe the DJIA is made up of only industrial companies, the DJIA in fact contains stocks across many "industries," not all of
which are industrial. The businesses represented include finance, food, technology, retail, heavy equipment, oil, chemical, pharmaceutical, consumer goods, and
entertainment.
Options:
lead, industrial, distort, reflect, average, expressed, represented
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160. Postmortem
The most common reason for carrying out a detailed medical examination of a dead person - a post-mortem or autopsy - is when it is necessary to establish the cause
of death. In some circumstances, a doctor may be allowed to perform a post-mortem in pursuit of medical knowledge . The examination is usually performed by a
pathologist, and involves dissection of the body, and tests done on blood, tissues and internal organs, but sometimes it is performed by a doctor.
Options:
defect, reason, means, establish, specimens, knowledge, involves
161. Progressive Enhancement

Progressive enhancement is a design practice based on the idea that instead of designing for the least capable browser, or mangling our code to make a site look the
same in every browser, we should provide a core set of functionality and information to all users, and then progressively enhance the appearance and behavior of the site
for users of more capable browsers. It's very productive development practice. Instead of spending hours working out how to add drop shadows to the borders of an
element in every browser, we simply use the standards-based approach for browsers that support it and don't even attempt to implement it in browsers that don't. After
all, the users of older and less capable browsers won't know what they are missing. The biggest challenge to progressive enhancement is the belief among developers
and clients that websites should look the same in every browser. As a developer, you can simplify your life and dedicate your time to more interesting challenges if you let
go of this outdated notion and embrace progressive enhancement.
Options:
challenge, designing, progressively, spending, subcontinent, lifetime, category
162. Dark Matter

A new interdisciplinary centre for the study of the frontiers of the universe, from the tiniest subatomic particle to the largest chain of galaxies, has been formed at the
University of Texas at Austin. The Texas Cosmology Center will be a way for the university's departments of Astronomy and Physics to collaborate on research that
concerns them both. "This centre will bring the two departments together in an area where they overlap in the physics of the very early universe," said Dr. Neal Evans,
Astronomy Department chair. Astronomical observations have revealed the presence of dark matter and dark energy, discoveries that challenge our knowledge of
fundamental physics. And today's leading theories in physics involve energies so high that no earthbound particle accelerator can test them. They need the universe as
their laboratory . Dr. Steven Weinberg, Nobel laureate and professor of physics at the university, called the advent of the centre "a very exciting development" for that
department.
Options:
laboratory, discoveries, collaborate, destination, overlap, polish, vicious, involve
163. Papal Reform

Since the last papal reform, several proposals have been offered to make the Western calendar more useful or regular . Very few reforms, such as the rather different
decimal French Republican and Soviet calendars, had gained official acceptance but each was put out of use shortly after its introduction.
Options:
uniform, impeachments, decisions, acceptance, regular, proposals
164. Microorganism
Although for centuries preparations derived from living matter were applied to wounds to destroy infection , the fact that a microorganism is capable of destroying one
of another species was not established until the latter half of the 19th century. When Pasteur noted the antagonistic effect of other bacteria on the anthrax organism and
pointed out that this action might be put to therapeutic use.
Options:
convinced, capable, infection, material, therapeutic, established, contamination, matter
165. Botswana
Although Botswana is rich in diamonds, it has high unemployment and stratified socioeconomic classes. In 1999, the nation suffered its first budget deficit in 16
years because of a slump in the international diamond market. Yet Botswana remains one of the wealthiest and most stable countries on the African continent .
Options:
suffered, endure, while, continent, remains, enjoyed, because
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Multiple Choice (Single)

1. Lighting (Incomplete)
Points: About lighting in films. Question: What is the article about? Options: About the different ways lighting is used in films; Emphasis on the functions of lighting in
films. (correct)
(APEUni Website / App RMCS #171)
2. Pyramid (Incomplete)
Points: Centuries of research … discovery of previously unknown chamber of the pyramid. Answer: Until recently, scientists did not expect to discover more about the
pyramid.
3. Iceberg
Original:
B-15 broke off from the Ross Ice Shelf in Antarctica. It was the largest iceberg ever documented, with a surface area of more than 4,200 square miles—more than twice
the size of the state of Delaware. After it started breaking up, the largest of its pieces, B-15a, drifted along the coast of Antarctica, lingered on a shallow seamount, and
collided with an ice tongue, before running aground and breaking again. Late in 2007, the largest remaining chunk floated out into the South Pacific where, in the warmer
water, it began to disintegrate. For the whole of the next year, the ocean was noisier than usual. All the way up past the equator, 4,350 miles or so away from where B-
15a broke apart, hydrophones that scientists from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) had suspended underwater were picking up strange
signals. Another set of hydrophones, this one in the Juan Fernández Islands, off the coast of Chile, picked up the noise, too, even louder. When the scientists used the
two sets of data to determine the source of the noise, they found the most likely culprits: B-15a and C-19a, another giant iceberg. Twenty years ago, not so long before
B-15 broke off from Antarctica, “we didn’t even know that icebergs made noise,” says Haru Matsumoto, an ocean engineer at NOAA who has studied these sounds. But
in the past few years, scientists have started to learn to distinguish the eerie, haunting sounds of iceberg life—ice cracking, icebergs grinding against each other, an
iceberg grounding on the seafloor—and measure the extent to which those sounds contribute to the noise of the ocean. While they’re just now learning to listen, the
sounds of ice could help them understand the behavior and breakup of icebergs and ice shelves as the poles warm up.
Question:
Where did the largest piece off from B-15 eventually go?
Options:
A) Seafloor
B) Antarctica
C) Chile
D) South Pacific
Answer:
B
4. Writing in College
Original:
One of the first things you’ll discover as a college students is that writing in college is different from writing in high school. Certainly a lot of what your high school
writing teachers taught you will be useful to you as you approach writing in college you will want to write clearly, to have an interesting and arguable thesis, to construct
paragraphs that are coherent and focused, and so on. Still, many students enter college relying on writing strategies that served them well in high school but that won’t
serve them well here. Old formulae, such as the five-paragraph theme, aren’t sophisticated or flexible enough to provide a sound structure for a college paper. And many
of the old tricks – such as using elevated language, or repeating yourself so that you might meet a ten-page requirement – will fail you now.
Question:
According to the writer, a student might repeat himself to _____ .
Options:
A) write a conclusion for the essay
B) remind the teacher of what he has written
C) increase the length of essay
D) emphasize the main argument of the essay
Answer:
C
5. Social Scientists
Original:
Social scientists use particular methods to gather qualitative evidence, from observation to interview, but they also use autobiographical accounts, journalism, and other
documentary material to flesh out and add meaning to statistics. As with reading numbers, reading textual evidence requires us to practice, to set time aside to learn
how to do it, and to understand the conventions of writing which operate in the different forms of writing we encounter. One of the main problems with reading textual
evidence, though, is that, unlike the relationship most of us have with numbers where we may use them at a pretty basic level, most of us are, if anything, over-familiar
with words. When we want to understand their value as social science evidence we need to forget how familiar we are with first person accounts and everyday speech -
for example, in newspapers, magazines, and books - and learn a different approach to them. Social scientists use observation, interviews and even print journalism as
evidence for the claims they make. They may collect evidence through questionnaires with pre-set questions and by open-ended interviews which allow respondents to
speak for themselves. They may observe social relations explicitly as social scientists or may participate themselves in a particular community to gain 'inside' information.
Social scientists also draw on print journalism on occasion and may use the same sources, for example official statistics, and the work of other social scientists to
support their claims. We need to remember, though, that journalists do not need to present the same rigorous referencing and support for their claims as social
scientists are required to do. Most importantly, newspaper and magazine articles are written under commercial pressures; for example they must help to sell the
newspaper by being deliberately provocative, or by reflecting the dominant views of its readers.
Question:
According to this passage, what do social scientists use written sources to do?
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Options:
A) Formulating questionnaires and interview questions.
B) Advising them on how to collect qualitative evidence.
C) Adding information to other data they have collected.
D) Change their understanding of numbers.
Answer:
C
6. John Robertson
Original:
When he was awarded an Honorary Degree by the University of Newcastle, even John Robertson himself must surely have looked back in wonder at his astonishing rise
to success. The year was 1910, and those assembled were to hear not only of his generosity to the University, which enabled it to contribute to the pioneering research
into tropical diseases being carried out at that time, but also of his humanitarian work in southern Africa, where he was ahead of his time in improving the working
conditions of local mine workers. To those who knew John in his youth, it will have come as no surprise to hear of his success. He was now enjoying the rewards of the
fierce determination, desire to succeed and extraordinary ability to acquire knowledge, which they had noticed in the young man.
Question:
What does the reader of this text learn about John Robertson?
Options:
A) He was born in Africa.
B) His abilities were evident at a young age.
C) He studied medicine.
D) He completed his degree in 1910.
Answer:
B
7. Lighthouse (Incomplete)
Points: 要点：欧洲国家有⼀航空公司收购⼀个灯塔改造成旅馆，很多国际旅客想体验，旅游⼈数增加。选项：航空公司拥有这个⼩旅馆。（答案）
8. Language (Incomplete)
Points: If our language acts as a pair of glasses with tinted lenses, can we go one step further? Are these lenses actually distorting? Does our language predispose us to
a particular line of thinking and warp our view of reality? Do the differences that exist between languages in their grammatical structure or in their vocabulary actually
control our patterns of thought? As some linguists have asked: How different would Aristotle's logic have been if he had spoken Mandarin or Hopi? What is the main
issue which is concerning the writer? the reasons behind Aristotle's philosophy the way in which writers distort reality the extent to which language influences thought the
causes of differences between languages.
9. Euripides (Incomplete)
Points: 要点：介绍古希腊剧作家欧⾥庇得斯 Euripides 问该作家的作品有什么特点？不再关注英雄式的主题，更加注重平⺠的普通⽣活
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D. Listening
Summarize Spoken Text
1. Women Contribution (Incomplete)

Points: Woman have untapped potentials, but have not contributed enough to economy, society and other fields. Keywords: career, UK or US.
(APEUni Website / App SST #645)
2. Origin of Species (Audio Available)

Original:
3. Cosmology (Incomplete)
Points: About cosmology, with 'maths and mathematics' mentioned.
4. City and Civilization (Incomplete)

Points: About city and civilization. When 'city' was defined is mentioned. A city began with communal culture, and then architecture, and trades developed. A city is the
mother of civilization. A city improved transportation and architecture, and helped people become architects. Then it mentions how within a city they built up distribution
center to transport resources. Key word: warfare, position, collection of resources, map of world, agriculture, engineering, contacts with civilization, heading line.
5. Music Record (Incomplete)

Points: About recording of music. ... in the past, we need to be in the room ... we can listen to the dead people ...
6. Journalism and Internet (Audio Available)

Original:
David Olivia Garcia is a co-host of New Mexico in Focus and is also the managing editor for the New Mexico Independent, which is an online news site, he says that the
Internet has some great benefits for journalism. The Internet is this new, amazing medium. Not so new: it's been around quite some time now. But it's maturing as,
among other things, a place for journalism. In a sense, the Internet allows you to tell stories better than in a newspaper or on television. For this reason, you can do it all
online: you can have the written word, you can have still photographs, you can have video. You can link and kind of connect to the other journalism that has been done
on a given topic. So it's not like you're in a vacuum. The Internet has had a negative impact on these papers. However, John Fleck, who is a columnist for the Albuquerque
Journal and also has his own blog, says that he doesn't think that's entirely the case. It really makes me more efficient as a journalist in terms of information gathering,
confirmation, helping me get the background necessary to write a story. So it's really good for that.
7. Singapore (Incomplete)
Points: About Singapore population and multiculturalism. .... a professor from the University of Chicago ... a professor from university of Durham ... A lot of other
professors are mentioned, too. A young man's voice, very fast with a British accent. 'city future' is mentioned a few times. The final sentence is full of 'professor's. Key
words: Glasgow, globalization, protect growth, the cities to survive.
8. Music Recorder (Incomplete)

Points: The invention of the music recorder helps preserve music, as painting preserves images. People record music on a disk and can play it in phonographs again and
again. This changed the state of music and people can hardly imagine the way music education was conducted in the past. Nowadays people can learn music. Music
record is a form of existence of memory. The first two sentences have three or four numbers, in which the last one is 1890 or 1819. 'music' is repeatedly mentioned. Key
words: of memory, death.
9. Social Diversity (Incomplete)

Points: About social diversity. ... what makes social diversity ... ... how we can maintain social diversity ... ... how social diversity can make us different from others. Some
examples of social diversity are given. Key words: multiculturalism, no single factor.
10. Accent and Dialect (Incomplete)

Points: About accent and dialogue. ... learning from other languages ... ... accent has nothing to do with others but pronunciation.
11. Women Contribution (Incomplete)

Points: The contribution made by women is increasingly great in society. Women can be entrepreneurs, can be professors, and so on. Immigration has been increased ...
... illegal ... legally ... The immigrants who become entrepreneurs can offer jobs. The introduction of the course ... more content in the paper or something ... Currently the
debate on the topic is one side, not comprehensive. The course will focus on the immigration policy. Key words: the United Kingdom, panel, bring advantage forward.
12. Dialect (Incomplete)

Points: By a male lecturer with a high speech rate. The differences between 'dialect' and 'accent' are mentioned. And 'accent' is the way you speak. Dialects are
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influenced by parents, geology, schools, and employment(not sure). People borrowed words from other sources. Key words: standard English, store in your mind, basic,
pronunciation, sound, grammar, situation, relationship.
13. Trade System (Incomplete)

Points: In our own country, international trading system ... is a good thing. 'WTO' is mentioned in the beginning part. Cars are assembled ... imported. The final sentence:
It is clear that national trading system is a good thing Key words: trade, consumers.
14. Black Fly (Incomplete)

Points: Black fly bites cause blindness. Black flies use blade-like mouthparts to slash the skin and feed on blood. Bites are concentrated on exposed areas of skin,
especially along the hairline, feet, ankles and arms. In the West Africa, one person may get ten thousand bites each year. Bites can produce reactions from small red
spots with little or no irritation to a lot of irritation and swelling. Volvulus following repeated bites by infected black flies can lead to blindness. Persons with heavy
infections will usually have one or more of the three conditions: skin rash (usually itchy), eye disease, and nodules under the skin.
15. African American Rights (Audio Available)

Original:
During this period of time, there was a huge surge of activism taking place to reverse this discrimination and injustice. Activists worked together and used non-violent
protest and specific acts of targeted civil disobedience, such as the Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Greensboro Woolworth Sit-Ins, in order to bring about change.
Much of this organizing and activism took place in the Southern part of the United States; however, people from all over the country—of all races and religions—joined
activists to proclaim their support and commitment to freedom and equality. For example, on August 28, 1963, 250,000 Americans came to Washington, D.C. for the
March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. They came to have their voices heard and listen to speeches by many civil rights leaders, especially Martin Luther King, Jr.,
who delivered what would become one of the most influential speeches in history. In the aftermath of World War II, African American civil rights efforts were hampered by
ideological splits. The Southern system of white supremacy was accompanied by the expansion of European and American imperial control over nonwhite people in
Africa and Asia as well as in island countries of the Pacific and Caribbean regions. Like African Americans, most nonwhite people throughout the world were colonized or
economically exploited and denied basic rights, such as the right to vote.
16. Fish (Audio Available)

Original:
Fish are important because they help maintain the health of marine ecosystems and provide support to other marine life. They are an important part of the food web
because they are predators to smaller organisms and prey to marine mammals and seabirds globally. They also support humans. About 80 million tons of fish are
harvested annually. This volume is enough to feed all Filipinos with their annual fish consumption for 20 years. And they're currently about 60 million people working in
the fishing industry globally. But on a global scale, 33 percent of fisheries are overfished, meaning too many fish are being harvested. This may cause fish populations to
become depleted and not able to recover. 67 percent are fully exploited, meaning additional fishing effort could lead to the fisheries collapse. Only 10 percent have room
to grow, with just 10 percent of the fisheries having a room to grow. We might experience a global fishing crisis.
17. Air Pollution (Audio Available)

Original:
In today's lecture I'm going to talk about changes in air pollution since the middle of the last century and what has created these changes. So, um — by the 1950s, air
pollution was very visible with frequent thick black fogs known as 'smogs' in many large cities around the world. The main source of this pollution was from factories and
it caused severe health problems. For example, a particularly severe smog in London in 1952 caused over four thousand deaths. Obviously something had to be done and
in 1956 a Clean Air Act was introduced in Britain. This addressed the pollution from factories and the smogs soon disappeared. However, as you know, these days air
pollution is still a big issue. The main difference between now and the 1950s is that you can't see it — it's invisible. Also, the main source of pollution now is from cars
and lorries, and although these don't produce visible signs, this air pollution is still a significant risk to health. And one of the key factors in the rise of this type of
pollution is that we have all become much more vehicle-dependent. There are far more cars and lorries, trains and planes than in the 1950s and this is now the main
source of air pollution around the world.
18. Transportation Technology (Incomplete)

Points: About some technology related with transportation. For example, a lucky American has three cars ... can go wherever he wants to go.
19. Biggish City (Audio Available)

Original:
We have briefly looked at some of the problems involved in running a biggish city like, say, Melbourne, keeping the road and rail systems running, policing, providing food
and housing, and so on. In another lecture, I'm going to deal with what is this now called, megalopolis - cities with populations of ten million or more. However, first I
want to go back in history to when the population of cities could be numbered in the thousands rather than millions. One of the earliest theorists of the city was, of
course, Plato, who created an ideal city in his text, The Republic. The population of this city would be around twenty-five to thirty thousand at most. Oddly enough, the
same figures were chosen by Leonardo da Vinci for his ideal cities. Now, of these twenty five to thirty thousand inhabitants only about five thousand would be citizens. A
reason for this might be that it is the largest number that could be addressed publicly at one time and by one person, and makes a voting system much easier to manage.
Also, perhaps the numbers are kept deliberately low because a large population would be harder to control, or because, in practical terms, fewer inhabitants are easier to
feed from local supplies without having to depend on outside sources.
20. Apology Question (Audio Available)

Original:
Here you're making an apology, there are three questions that you want to be able to answer. The first is, do we tell the truth? People want the company to tell the truth
for two reasons. One is it gives them confidence that they know what went wrong. And so that means that they will presumably know what to fix. The other is that they
want the company to be a truth-telling company so it can uncover the truth. The second is, on whose behalf are we acting? Is it clear that people understand that we
understand that. And the third is, how do our actions benefit those people who trust us? So what is it that we're going to do in the future that's actually going to make
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people believe that we're going to fix the problem we created? And this is where all those facts matter, because if you've laid that out pretty clearly, then there is in fact
a path to describe what it is that you’re going to do. And so that action planning part is part of the apology, too, because that gives you confidence that the company
actually knows how to get from the current state to the future state, where this kind of thing is not going to happen.
Answer:
The lecture mainly talks about three questions to answer in an apology for a company. The first one is whether the companies tell the truth, which can give their
customers confidence. The second one is whose behalf the companies are acting on, and the third one is how the companies’ actions benefit those people who trust
them because the action planning part is also part of the apology.
21. Human Rights (Incomplete)

Points: What exactly are the basic human rights? Who gets to pick them? Who enforces them, and how? The history behind the concept of human rights is a long one.
Throughout the centuries and across societies, religions, and cultures we have struggled with defining notions of rightfulness, justice, and rights. But one of the most
modern affirmations of universal human rights emerged from the ruins of World War II with the creation of the United Nations. The treaty that established the UN gives
us one of its purposes to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights. And with the same spirit, in 1948, the UN General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights. This document, written by an international committee chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt, lays the basis for modern international human rights law. The
declaration is based on the principle that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. It lists 30 articles recognizing, among other things, the principle
of non-discrimination and the right to life and liberty. It refers to negative freedoms, like the freedom from torture or slavery, as well as positive freedoms, such as the
freedom of movement and residence. It encompasses basic civil and political rights, such as freedom of expression, religion, or peaceful assembly, as well as social,
economic, and cultural rights, such as the right to education and the right to freely choose one’s occupation.
22. Power (Incomplete)

Points: About power. ... separate clearly ... construction ... during one hundred years... In the end two 'what ... does'es are mentioned. Key words: law, president.
23. Community Service (Audio Available)

Original:
Community service is an important component of education here at our university. We encourage all students to volunteer for at least one community activity before they
graduate. A new community program called "One On One" helps elementary students who've fallen behind. Your education majors might be especially interested in it
because it offers the opportunity to do some teaching, that is, tutoring in math and English. You'd have to volunteer two hours a week for one semester. You can choose
to help a child with math, English, or both. Half-hour lessons are fine, so you could do a half hour of each subject two days a week. Professor Dodge will act as a mentor
to the tutors. He'll be available to help you with lesson plans or to offer suggestions for activities. He has office hours every Tuesday and Thursday afternoon. You can
sign up for the program with him and begin the tutoring next week. I'm sure you'll enjoy this community service and you'll gain valuable experience at the same time. It
looks good on your resume, too, showing that you've had experience with children and that you care about your community. If you'd like to sign up, or if you have any
questions, stop by Professor Dodge's office this week.
24. Aristotle (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
OK. Another ancient Greek philosopher we need to discuss is Aristotle — Aristotle's ethical theory. What Aristotle's ethical theory is all about is this: he's trying to show
you how to be happy — what true happiness is. Now, why is he interested in human happiness? It's not just because it's something that all people want to aim for. It's
more than that. But to get there we need to first make a very important distinction. Let me introduce a couple of technical terms: extrinsic value and intrinsic value. To
understand Aristotle's interest in happiness, you need to understand this distinction. Some things we aim for and value, not for themselves but for what they bring about
in addition to themselves. If I value something as means to something else, then it has what we will call "extrinsic value", other things we desire and hold to be valuable
for themselves alone. If we value something not as means to something else, but for its own sake, let us say that it has "intrinsic value", exercise. There may be some
people who value exercise for itself, but I don't. I value exercise because if I exercise, I tend to stay healthier than I would if I didn't. So I desire to engage in exercise and
I value exercise extrinsically ... not for its own sake, but as a means to something beyond it. It brings me good health.
25. Decision Making (Incomplete)

Points: About decision making. There should be decision making in some occasions, like when starting a company, doing research or studying abroad, but people don't
know if their decisions are right or wrong. ’long decisions’ is stressed by the lecturer. ‘making decision’ is repeatedly mentioned in the middle of the lecture, along with
some words of little meaning. Usually the decisions that are thought to be right initially turn out to be wrong. It takes a great team, whose members are great people who
are powerful or have power, to make right decisions, and discussing issues with successful minds and information also helps. Finally, making a rigorous decision is
mentioned.
26. Human Behaviors (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
If you look at the recent research conducted on human behavior, you will be surprised about the findings. It is said that there is a correlation between human behavior
and our physical feature. It was believed that genes are the only factor that determine the physical appearance. This includes height and hair color. However, the recent
study showed that behavior is also another factor that can change height and hair color. The findings in the study further state that a person’s habits can change the
physical features of human. These findings have a tremendous impact on scientific fields such as biology, psychology, sociology and neuroscience.
27. Time Travel (Incomplete)

Points: A long lecture about the theory of time travel with a lot of meaningless words. The main problem of time traveling is that people need to understand what time is,
but nobody can explain it clearly and briefly, although people know what time means when they talk about it. Talking about what is time has been a popular topic in
modern society. However, time is not a new subject because it actually started around 600 years ago. ‘nobody specifically knows what time is' is mentioned many times.
'obsession' and 'modern' are in the same sentence. Key word: time machines.
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28. Australian Culture (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Australia is a vibrant, multicultural country. It is home to the world’s oldest continuous cultures, as well as Australians who identify with more than 270 ancestries. It
mentions that Australia has the oldest culture of residents and a quarter of the people in Australia were born overseas. Migrants make an enormous contribution to
Australia’s economy and provide an estimated fiscal benefit of over 10 billion dollars in their first ten years of settlement. Despite legal protection, too many people in
Australia continue to experience prejudice and unfair treatment because of how they look or where they come from. Most new migrants say they feel a strong sense of
belonging to Australia and that this feeling deepens over time. This rich, cultural diversity is one of the Australian greatest strengths, although it has a negative effect,
which we do not emphasize in detail.
29. Internet and Journalism (Audio Available)

Original:
In recent decades journalism has been faced with challenges. So, what has happened to journalism? The rise of the Internet has a great impact on journalism, specifically
the ways it is produced and consumed. Because the Internet democratizes people, ordinary people can get involved in journalism. It takes steps for people to feel
enthusiastic about the changes in journalism. The Internet not only speeds up spread of news, but also helps people gain information in various ways. Thus, journalism
now becomes a collaborative process in an imaginary way, which is unexpected. For example, even small pieces of ordinary video can be of a new type of journalism.
30. Climate Prediction (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
As long as industrialized nations consume energy and developing countries increase their fossil fuel consumption the concentration of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere will continue to rise. Researchers predict that temperatures will increase about 2 to10 degrees Fahrenheit by the end of the century. What's less certain is
what rising temperatures mean for the planet. Some climate models predict subtle changes. Others forecast rising sea levels which could flood coastal areas around the
world. Weather patterns could change, making hurricanes more frequent. Severe droughts could become more common in warm areas and species unable to adapt to
the changing conditions would face extinction. Although much remains to be learned about global warming, many organizations advocate cutting greenhouse gas
emissions to reduce the impact of global warming. Consumers can help. By saving energy around the house, switching to compact fluorescent light bulbs and driving
fewer miles in the car each week. These simple changes may help keep the Earth cooler in the future.
31. Hook Sentence (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
An essay is a chance to identify your read and learned. As a writer, you first need to collect many materials, then write an essay in four or five paragraphs, structures and
quotes. If someone is searching for a book or article to read, he or she will decide from the very beginning whether this work is worth attention. If you want to wow your
teacher, polish the introduction, especially the first couple of sentences. Add an essay hook–something interesting, funny, shocking, or intriguing to win the reader’s
attention. Build an emotional connection with your reader right from the start. A hook in the essay is a catchy sentence or paragraph in the impressive introduction which
serves as an attention element and an important part. An excellent hook sentence is engaging and interesting; it is a perfect method to start an argumentative or
persuasive essay. The hook for your essay often appears in the first sentence. The opening paragraph includes a thesis sentence. Some popular hook choices can
include using an interesting quote, a little-known fact, famous last words, or a statistic.
32. Energy of Internet (Audio Available)

Original:
The internet, the most powerful tool in terms of engineering made by humans, has the most complicated structure. What we call the Internet is made up of a lot of
things, wires traversing the ocean, satellites and cell phone towers, massive data centers sending packets of information all over and devices. The internet can be
connected via a modem, or an ADSL switch center, to a local landline telephone exchange network. It can connect us from Sydney to Melbourne and then to the U.S..
However, it takes energy for the transmission system to transmit information. For example, the longer email you write, the more energy is consumed. Meanwhile, there
are more than 30 billion things connected to the Internet, like cell phones, laptops, credit card readers, smart TV, and so on, and each of them requires electricity. In
total, Internet-connected devices probably use around five percent of the world's electricity. And most of the electricity comes from burning fossil fuels, which release
greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
33. Approach and Avoidance (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Approach and avoidance motivation is composed of three conceptually distinct components. Approach indicates a propensity to move toward (or maintain contact with) a
desired stimulus, such as vocational plans. Avoidance indicates a propensity to move away from (or maintain distance from) an undesired stimulus in order to reduce
anxiety. Motivation is defined as the energization and direction of behavior. The valence of stimuli is at the core of the distinction between approach and avoidance, with
positively valenced stimuli typically leading to approach and negatively valenced stimuli typically leading to avoidance. Stimuli can be external or internal, implicit or
explicit, conscious or non-conscious.
34. Credit Card (Incomplete)

Points: About a study by a banker on using credit cards, about how messages influence decisions. A bank issued credit cards to consumers but many of them did not
use the cards. Then the bank asked the inactive consumers why, and found they feared possible loss. There are two groups of inactive credit card users. One group
receives messages saying they will be offered benefits if they continue to use the credit cards. The other group receives messages saying they will be applied a penalty if
they don't use the credit cards any more. 'potential loss of not using the cards' is mentioned a few times. The conclusion is that customers are more motivated by a
threat to lose something than by potential gains or persuasive messages. Key words: being beneficial.
35. DNA Pieces (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
My lab works on the applications of synthetic biology, so we're very interested in doing useful things with biological systems. Up to now, life has evolved, and now we
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actually have the ability and the power to engineer it, to design it. And so I'm curious about what the natural world is going to look like in the future. So synthetic biology
is sort of the next level of genetic engineering. So about 40 years ago, we being scientists and engineers, developed techniques to basically move pieces of DNA from
one organism to another. And this was sort of done by physically cutting and pasting. Now we're moving beyond that where we can write DNA so we're no longer limited
to the pieces. We can cut from one and put in another. We can chemically synthesize this DNA on a machine and put that into an organism. And now we can even
create new organisms completely from scratch. So if you imagine a cell that's programed to make a useful compound, say, material or drug, then what you have is
basically a micro-scale manufacturing unit. It's basically a cellular factory. And the cool thing about cellular factory is that when you want more factories, you love that
cell grow and divide. So in in the lab, if we have one bacteria, we put it in a flask. The next day we come in. We have millions, if not billions of bacteria.
36. Chimpanzees (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
We are from an organization called Nonhuman Rights Project, and we fight for legal rights of non-human animals. Drawing a line in order to enslave an autonomous and
self-determining being is a violation of equality. We then searched through 80 jurisdictions. We chose the state of New York. Then we decided upon who our plaintiffs
are going to be. We decided upon chimpanzees. We know the extraordinary cognitive capabilities that they have, and they also resemble the kind that human beings
have. And so we chose chimpanzees, and we began to then canvass the world to find the experts in chimpanzee cognition. So now we needed to find our chimpanzee.
Our chimpanzee, first we found two of them in the state of New York. Both of them would die before we could even get our suits filed. Then we found Tommy. Tommy is
a chimpanzee. Tommy was a chimpanzee. We found him in that cage. We found him in a small room that was filled with cages in a larger warehouse structure on a used
trailer lot in central New York. And so on the last week of December 2013, the Nonhuman Rights Project filed three suits all across the state of New York using the same
common law argument. The court didn't approve our appeal because they think chimpanzees are not humans even though they have cognitive skills. We proved to the
court that chimpanzees also have cognitive capabilities, and they were not hearing us.
37. Internet Growth (Incomplete)

Points: The internet has changed our lives in terms of both quality and quantity with its rapid growth. As for the advantages of online research, it is quick, less expensive,
and can help us access hard-to-reach groups. However, online research has some drawbacks, as there are no face-to-face communications or body languages, and the
other downside is that subjects are not 'real people', so we don't know who they are.
38. Competition and Performance (Audio Available)

Original:
Most companies believe that competition drives employees to improve performance and motivate them. Ranking among employees is widely used in large corporations,
like Cisco, General Electric, because they believe this can help improve productivity. Employees in those companies are ranked into levels by their supervisors in every
department, in which, employees in top ten percent are rewarded or promoted, those in bottom ten percent are threw out, and thirty to fifty percent of them in the
middle will have a feeling of both fear and hope. But this is a common mistake. Competition makes employees, who are under the threats of being laid off, losing
incomes, or being publicly humiliated, full of fears even when they are faced with simple tasks, and makes it impossible for inspiration and creation to happen.
39. Group Students (Incomplete)

Points: About group students doing experiments, which involve males, females( girls?) and elders and are about attention and concentration.
40. Newspaper Industry (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Because of the economic model, the newspaper industry has been shrinking drastically from the last 50 years of the 20th century in some states of America. Also as the
economic model changed, newspapers increased the cash flow. However, there are still some newspaper industries losing money because of a decrease in advertising
and buyers. They can't find buyers. Only a few newspapers have positive cash flow. Over 100 newspapers with cash flow in red had no money to publish the newspaper
everyday. Some of them published three days per week. Small-sized newspapers only published once a week and had to go online. Some newspapers even disappeared.
The staff working in newspaper industry decreased by 30-60% or more.
41. Automatic Driving (Similar) (Audio Available)

Original:
Transportation officials, advocates, companies and users around the world are talking about how automated vehicles will change transportation as we know it,
autonomous vehicles are split into six levels of automation as defined by the Society of Automotive Engineers. Zero, no automation. One, driver assistance. Two, partial
automation. Three, conditional automation. Four, high automation. And five, full automation. Humans are responsible for monitoring the vehicle and performing most
functions in levels one and two, while an automated driving system performs all functions and levels three, four and five. Vehicles and levels three and up are considered
highly automated vehicles. As vehicles progress to higher levels of automation, less responsibility is put on the driver for monitoring the vehicle. Here's how an automated
vehicle works. Several systems work in conjunction with each other to control an automated vehicle. Radar sensors dotted around the car monitor the position of vehicles
nearby. Video cameras detect traffic lights, read road signs and keep track of other vehicles while also looking out for pedestrians and other obstacles.
42. Sugar (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
There’s sugar in a lot of foods where you don’t expect it. Of course there’s lots of sugar in donuts or ice cream, or pastries, or other things that are sweet; candy of
course, but there are other places where you see it and you don’t necessarily expect it. As an example: peanut butter. Here’s a list of ingredients from skippy peanut
butter and you see that sugar is the second most common ingredient. You may know from reading food labels that these ingredients in any food label are listed in order
of how much there is in the food itself, so sugar comes right after peanuts. Here’s another example, beef stew, you wouldn’t necessarily expect to find sugar in beef
stew but it’s there. Now it’s down the list of ingredients, it’s actually toward the end, but if you look at the marketing of this and look at the can it says, there’s fresh
potatoes and carrots, but actually there’s more sugar in this than there is carrot.
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43. Fish Activities (Incomplete)

Points: To understand fish activities, we have to consider the environment. The speaker examined some noticeable changes over an interesting period of time, including
being exposed in radiation, claimed instruments. The speaker also explored dynamic skills based on different regions and colonies, which is unachievable.
44. Stone Balls (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
I suppose you wouldn't expect perhaps to find a mathematician in a museum of historical objects, but actually, the objects that I've been drawn to in this museum have
quite a lot of mathematical significance. These Neolithic stones, discovered in Scotland, dating back 5,000 years, are probably the first examples of humans exploring the
concept of symmetry. And that's what I do as a practicing mathematician. I spend my life trying to understand what symmetries are possible, in nature and in
mathematics and abstractly. And here I've got a connection, going back 5,000 years, to people who are already trying to understand –how can I arrange patches on the
side of these stone balls in a symmetrical manner? One of the intriguing things about these stones is that we don't actually know what they're for. They might have been
for divination –trying to predict the future. They might have been part of a game. They look very much like dice, but we don't really think there is any game associated
with them. Maybe they were just for chucking around, they're very nice in the hand when you hold them. Or maybe they were symbols of power in the clan. I suppose
that's why I like them because we don't really know what they are. If I had a theory about why they were doing this it would be that actually, they were starting to be
mathematicians, and that here we see the first example of abstract thought at work. That these weren't for a purpose. Mathematics is a great subject, created a lot of
the technology around us, but mathematicians we create our mathematical objects for the joy and the beauty, so it will be lovely to think that these didn't actually have a
use, that they were just really a celebration of what's possible.
Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about Neolithic stones. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes the objects discovered in Scotland, dating back 5,000 years, are probably the first
examples of humans exploring the concept of symmetry. Also, he mentions we do not actually know what they are for. Lastly, the speaker believes that mathematicians
create our mathematical objects for the joy and the beauty. In conclusion, this lecture is very informative.
45. Machines (Incomplete)

Points: The development of machines is a sign of the development of the country. Machines are getting better with technological improvements, such as face
recognition or language processing techniques. People make money from machines with our life being dependent on them. However, the use of machines will lead to rise
of unemployment. We have to create more jobs for people, otherwise we would have nowhere else to go.
46. Bees and Darwin (Incomplete)

Points: About the genes of the bee and its evolution. In order to protect the next generation in the hive, worker bees attack intruders and then sacrifice their lives. And
worker bees also help improve the queen's reproductivity but they give up their own reproductivities. Darwin realized that improving the reproductivity of the queen bees
could help save the bees' genes.
47. National Wealth (Incomplete)

Points: Before the Industrial Revolution, British economists believed a nation's wealth lay in how much money people could pile up, but Adam Smith, who was a
landowner and capitalist, in 1776 claimed that a nation’s wealth came from not only agriculture but also manufacture, and the nation’s wealth was of the ability to achieve
high outputs. Overall, national wealth was equal to the nation’s income since national income measured national output. In the first two sentences of the audio,
'industrialization' is mentioned: industrialization means … more output … fill the world with goods ... the good you dress, you eat… Then manual manufacturing played
the major role. Agricultural outputs count but ….
48. Sleep (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
This is a new memory-learning memory. It is a good thing for you to get enough sleep, and a bad thing for you if not. People need to sleep before learning, and people
also need to sleep after learning. When you are asleep, the memory can consolidate all the information into your brain. From this point, it may only get worse. Not only
will I tell you about the wonderfully good things that happen when you get sleep, but the alarmingly bad things that happen when you don't get enough both for your brain
and your body. Let me start with the brain and the functions of learning and memory, because what we've discovered over the past 10 or so years is that you need sleep
after learning to essentially hit the save button on those new memories so that you don't forget. But recently, we discovered that you also need sleep before learning and
now to actually prepare your brain almost like a dry sponge, ready to initially soak up new information. And without sleep, the memory circuits of the brain essentially
become waterlogged, as it were. And you can't absorb new memories.
49. Dancing Bees (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Honeybees do a waggle dance to direct other bees to sources of nectar, but dancing bees like this one can be halted by a headbutt from another bee. Now, researchers
have found that this headbutt is actually a warning signal. A feeding station was set up in the lab to mimic a source of nectar. Then foraging bees were introduced to
dangers at the station, such as competition from rival colonies. When foragers returned to the hive, they stopped bees dancing. Scientists think the behavior warns
dancers of a dangerous source of nectar.
50. Children Directors (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Social skills are vital in enabling an individual to have and maintain positive interactions with others. Many of these skills are crucial in making and sustaining friendships.
Social interactions do not always run smoothly and an individual needs to be able to implement appropriate strategies, such as conflict resolution when difficulties in
interactions arise. It is also important for individuals to have 'empathy' as it allows them to respond in an understanding and caring way to how others are feeling.
Children are facing social difficulties with particular risks. Young people who do not have strong relationships with the adults in their family are even more at risk. In an
experiment in a high school, which lasted for 8 to 12 weeks, the students were told to be a movie director and to choose their own story structure. The students worked
with each other, which involved lots of different skills, and social interactivity. The movies they had made were actually cool. Then, the researchers tested the intervention
effect, finding this can improve their self-regulation, and they found this can improve their self-regulation and critical thinking skills.
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51. Literature in Poem (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Today, poems remain an important part of art and culture. We often talk about the knowledge about the literature in poem. Poetry is probably the oldest form of
literature, and probably predates the origin of writing itself. The oldest written manuscripts we have are poems, mostly epic poems telling the stories of ancient
mythology. The English language in poems and poetries is difficult to understand, often giving readers a feeling of frustration and making it hard for readers to enjoy
poetry. This is because poems use literary expressions. Poetry was once written according to fairly strict rules of meter and rhyme, and each culture had its own rules.
Some poems incorporate rhyme schemes, with two or more lines that end in like-sounding words. We should learn to simply enjoy it, and to know more about literature
knowledge.
52. Food Waste (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
The United States is considered the biggest food-wasting country in the world. Consumers collectively throw away more than all the retailers together in the US. In total,
private US households waste around 43% of all food. According to "Save the Food", a national public service campaign, this could translate into an annual financial loss
of $1,500 for a family of four. In fact, over 40 million tons (36 million tonnes) of food ends up in landfills every year, worth more than $161 billion. 60% of food waste
comes from general consumption. There are two main sources of food waste. The majority of food waste comes from supermarkets, especially in the used-by section.
The other factor is what people purchase and how they eat, so purchasing all items is not a good idea. Avoiding food waste efficiently along the supply chain and in all
our households can result in a win-win scenario. Halving food waste could help meet the demand for nutrition of our growing population, and equally minimize the
negative environmental effects of agriculture.
53. Moods (Incomplete)

Points: A male lecturer with a high speech rate and unclear voice. The stability of emotion differs with different persons. Somebody usually has a nervous mood like a
roller coaster, while others, relaxed and peaceful. Research finds that the secret of happiness is of a mild containment. You should find a point of balance and the ideal
mood is moderate strain and containment. Key words: tense, loose, fluctuation of emotions, mild mood, stable mood.
54. Leadership (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
A leader can define or clarify goals by issuing a memo or an executive order, an edict or a fatwa or a tweet, by passing a law, barking a command, or presenting an
interesting idea in a meeting of colleagues. Leaders can mobilize people’s energies in ways that range from subtle, quiet persuasion to the coercive threat or the use of
deadly force. Sometimes a charismatic leader such as Martin Luther King Jr. can define goals and mobilize energies through rhetoric and the power of example. We can
think of leadership as a spectrum, in terms of both visibility and the power the leader wields. On one end of the spectrum, we have the most visible: authoritative leaders
like the president of the United States or the prime minister of the United Kingdom, or a dictator such as Hitler or Qaddafi. At the opposite end of the spectrum is
casual, low-key leadership found in countless situations every day around the world, leadership that can make a significant difference to the individuals whose lives are
touched by it. Over the centuries, the first kind–the out-in-front, authoritative leadership–has generally been exhibited by men. Some men in positions of great
authority, including Nelson Mandela, have chosen a strategy of “leading from behind”; more often, however, top leaders have been quite visible in their exercise of power.
Women (as well as some men) have provided casual, low-key leadership behind the scenes. But this pattern has been changing, as more women have taken up
opportunities for visible, authoritative leadership.
55. MPA Campaign (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
The ocean provides habitats for 98% of fish, the source of protein feeding 4.8 billion of people. But human activities and climate change have left corals bleached in
some oceans. There are many species of fish that are endangered. The government set up a network, called MPA marine campaign, in which countries and organizations
have been collaborating with each other to protect the environment for 32 years. A marine protected area (MPA) is a zone designated and managed to protect marine
habitats and species for the good of the ocean, society, economy and culture. Within MPAs, human activities such as fishing, vessel traffic and tourism are regulated.
MPAs can come in the form of a fully protected marine reserve, a moderately protected marine park, or a no-take zone among others. But MPA is faced with lots of
challenges, as some developing countries lack management and resources, and feel excluded.
56. Engineer and Engineering (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Today, this course you are going to take is about what is engineering and how to work with a complicated system. You guys should know the answers, because all of you
guys are from the engineering course. Especially, when you design, build, debug and develop something new, during these process, you are working with the complicated
system. How to program complicated systems and how would you know it actually works before producing it. Sometimes, the inspirations are from your daily life, you
probably need to consider your personal life experience. And from the common everyday life to the tiny things that you cannot see virtually, and the inspirations normally
exist in the tiny levels. A complicated system such as your laptops running Microsoft systems. That means the system is not able to see, which means you guys have to
virtualize it. Engineering is here to help virtualize by using systems. Nowadays, the complicated systems are relatively reliable, and you guys work upon these and need to
deliver the new outcomes which are reliable as well. This is what we do now and we are good at. Engineering is to help virtualize by using systems. In order to develop
and produce a reliable system, you need consider more on the risks, potentials, predictability and accuracy.
57. Stock Market and Business (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
The stock market is where investors connect to buy and sell investments — most commonly, stocks, which are shares of ownership in a public company. When you need
groceries, you go to the supermarket. When you're ready to buy stocks or mutual funds, you'll usually buy them online through the stock market, which anyone can
access with a brokerage account or employee retirement plan. The term 'stock market' often refers to one of the major stock market indexes. However, there are some
different uses of the stock market before and after. In the 18th century, manufacturing companies came into the market. Traditional companies used stocks to raise
money, and input money into companies, while modern companies used stocks to output money. From 19th to 20th century, however, modern companies, such as Apple,
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Google and Microsoft are big enough to earn money, and use stocks differently. The stock market also inclined to put money into big companies.
58. Luxury Brand (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
The question today of what makes a luxury brand, a luxury brand and how do we distinguish it, is very hard to answer. The standard business response is to say they are
more exclusive. And we get exclusivity by having high price and relatively small amounts of the product available. The reality, however, of luxury brands is that they are
sold in their millions, and in some cases, are not priced that much higher than the standard output. The only way I can really answer your question is to say, it is all
relative. As you said in your introduction, it wasn't that long ago in Australia that we would have considered two televisions to be a luxury, or even further back, one
colour television. And you can make a strong argument, for example, that Starbucks in China, right now, is a luxury purchase because of its cost, because of how
frequently it is purchased by many people. So, I think the long answer is a complicated one, but the answer is, it depends who you talk to. I think in the business
community what we would say, is that there is a small cluster of more expensive brands which have a distinct strategy that we would identify as being luxury brands. And
they start with the Rolls Royce and the Tiffanys and the Louis Vuittons of the world. And, I think that tends to be how we see them.
59. Paper Rejection (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Rejection happens to all of us, and it can be a disappointing experience. I will now give some advice for young researchers. Many things have changed today, which can
be a troubling issue. The chance of getting paper published is becoming smaller and smaller. Although it never is easy to take, rejection is particularly hard at the
beginning of your career. But rejections will lead to a better result and will be good for the career path. Use this feedback to improve your paper for submission to
another journal as well as your next, more robust study of the topic. Usually several individuals with expertise in the topic have donated substantial time to provide
detailed advice to advance your paper and future work. Also remember that publication does not mean funding. Investors will learn how to attract and engage young
researchers at the same time.
60. Global Economy (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Today, more and more people realize that the global economic and financial crisis also concerns common ethical values and standards. I am pretty concerned that the
global economy has become unethical and unfair. Recent experiences have proved that the sustainability of the market economy is by no means guaranteed. Indeed, one
cannot escape the fact that the emergence of global capitalism has brought with it an entirely new set of risks. The global economic and financial crisis concerns
common ethical standards. For example, the trade between Europe and the United States has been unfair, which needs to be further negotiated. These problems of the
global economy should be on the agenda for the following years. Obviously, all ethical values and standards are culture-bound, but there are core values and standards
that are universal. I strongly believe that in the long run, the global market economy will only be accepted in the different regions and nations if it is socially acceptable.
61. Inhabitants in Australia (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
The first inhabitants in Australia were the ancestors of the present indigenous people. Whether these first migrations involved one or several successive waves and
distinct peoples is still subject to academic debate, as is its timing. The minimum widely accepted time frame places presence of humans in Australia at 40,000 to
43,000 years Before Present, while the upper range supported by others is 60,000 to 70,000 years BP. In any event, this migration was achieved during the closing
stages of the Pleistocene epoch, when sea levels were typically much lower than they are today. Repeated episodes of extended glaciation resulted in decreases of sea
levels by some 100150 m. The continental coastline therefore extended much further out into the Timor Sea than it does today, and Australia and New Guinea formed a
single landmass (known as Sahul), connected by an extensive land bridge across the Arafura Sea, Gulf of Carpentaria and Torres Strait The ancestral Australian
Aboriginal peoples were thus long established and continued to develop, diversify and settle through much of the continent. As the sea levels again rose at the terminus
of the most recent glacial period some 10,000 years ago the Australian continent once more became a separated landmass. However, the newly formed 150 km wide
Torres Strait with its chain of islands still provided the means for cultural contact and trade between New Guinea and the northern Cape York Peninsula. During the 1970s
and 1980s around 120,000 southern Asian refugees migrated to Australia. During that twenty years, Australia first began to adopt a policy of what Minister of Immigration
Al Grassby termed "multiculturalism". In 2004-05, Australia accepted 123,000 new settlers, a 40% increase over the past 10 years. The largest number of immigrants
(40,000 in 200405) moved to Sydney. The majority of immigrants came from Asia, led by China and India.
Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about the first inhabitants in Australia. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes the first inhabitants in Australia were the ancestors of the present
indigenous people. Also, he mentions that this migration was achieved during the closing stages of the Pleistocene epoch. Lastly, the speaker believes that the majority
of immigrants came from Asia, led by China and India. In conclusion, this lecture is very informative.
62. Mars (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Mars is the fourth planet from the sun and the second smallest planet in the solar system after Mercury, named after the Roman god of the war. It is often referred to as
a red planet because the iron oxide prevalent on its surface gives it a reddish appearance. Mars is a terrestrial planet with a thin atmosphere, having surface features
reminiscence both of the impact crater of the moon, and the volcanoes, valleys, deserts, and polar ice caps of the earth. The rotational period and the season cycles of
the Mars are likewise similar of those of earth, as it was the tilt that produce the seasons. Mars is the site of the Olympus Mons, the largest volcano and the second
largest known mountain in the solar system, and the Valles Marineris, one of the largest canyon in the solar system. Until the first successful Mars flyby in 1965 by
Mariner 4, many speculated about the presence of the liquid water on the planet surface. This was based on observed periodic variation in the light and the dark
patches, particularly in the polar latitude, which appeared to be seas and continents. Geological evidence gathered by the unmanned mission suggested that Mars once
had large scale of water coverage on the surface on some earlier stages existence.
Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about Mars. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes that it is often referred to as a red planet because of the iron oxide prevalent on its surface. Also,
he mentions that the rotational period and the season cycles of the Mars are similar of those of earth. Lastly, the speaker believes that Mars once had a large scale of
water coverage. In conclusion, this lecture is very informative.
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63. Survey on Happiness (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
So happiness economics can help us get to these questions, and I'll try to give you some examples of this. Now, even though there's a lot of skepticism, originally about
using this survey - surveys what people say make them happy. The number of reason that we are getting increasingly confident in doing so. One is that their consistent
pattern - remarkable consistent pattern, determines well-being across large samples of people, across countries, across the world, and over time. Some of the basic
things that make people happy, and I will show you some of these income, health, marital status, employment status. Some of these very basic things are remarkably
consistent across countries across world. So that gives us some sense that these surveys are picking up consistent patterns. And when we know what consistent patterns
are, we can look how other things that very much more, affect people's well-being. The environment and equality, the nature's institution raging on living, and all kinds of
other things that very much more.
Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about happiness economics. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes that their consistent pattern determines well-being across large samples of people.
Also, she mentions that some of these very basic things are remarkably consistent across the world. Lastly, the speaker believes that the environment and equality, the
nature's institution raging on living, and all kinds of other things affect people's well-being. In conclusion, this lecture is very informative.
64. History of English (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
English, as you have already read, is not a pure language. I don't think there really are any pure languages in the world. But English is definitely not a pure language.
English, in fact, has borrowed from over 350 languages in its history. So it's a variety of many languages. Some people say it’s like a dog, a mongrel dog, a dog that has
been made up of many different dogs. The English language is like that. By looking at the history of the English language we learn about the history of the English
people. The two things are closely connected. So, in fact, today we are not only learning about language but we are learning about history. The fact that English has
borrowed words from over 350 languages has been viewed differently throughout history. So for example in Shakespeare's time people were very angry about words
which were not, they thought, original English words – words which came from other languages, they didn’t like them.
Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about the English language's history. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes English is definitely not a pure language, which has borrowed from many
languages. Also, she mentions we are not only learning about language but we are learning about history, which are closely connected. Lastly, the speaker believes
borrowed words have been viewed differently throughout history. In conclusion, this lecture is very informative.
65. Genetic Impact (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Since the discovery of DNA structure, people have believed that genes have an impact only on people's physical structure. However, the study of mapping of genes in
2001 found that there is a genetic responsibility to human's physical and psychological behaviors, which has changed the way we understand our behaviors. Findings
from behavioral genetic research have broadly impacted modern understanding of the role of genetic and environmental influences on behavior. The research on genes
has provided integrating information, and the findings can benefit biologists, psychologists and neuroscientists. Qualitative research has fostered arguments that
behavioral genetics is an ungovernable field without scientific norms or consensus, which fosters controversy.
66. Sign Language (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
So the topic for today is abstraction. And this is a very important layer of computer because you can't do anything with a computer unless you have a symbolic system in
place. Right. So we're talking about the origin of symbolic systems. Language is a classic symbolic system. Apparently one theory for why language evolved is that people
communicated with sign language and with movement quite well for a long time. And it turned out that they wanted to communicate even while they were doing things.
So, while they were trying to strangle the dinosaur, not the dinosaurs, the rhinoceros, they wanted to say "Come help me" and they use sign language to do it. They had
to let go of the rhinoceros and the rhinoceros ran away. So you can see that it's a good idea to be able to do something with your hands and be able to communicate at
the same time. Hence there come words and languages.
67. Decline of Bees (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
So various conclusions. Yes, bees are in decline. These declines are well-documented. They are real and supported by good, strong scientific evidence, which is the only
of these counts. The drivers of decline on many varied depending on species. The effects of pollinator loss could be absolutely huge. So is it a catastrophe? Not yet. But
it could be. On the positive side, we are aware of the problem. Awareness is being raised all the time and people are taking actions. Before fixing is missing, you can
recognize the problem. At least it's been done.
Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about bees in decline. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes that these declines are well-documented, supported by good, strong scientific evidence.
Also, he mentions that the effects of pollinator loss could be absolutely huge. Lastly, the speaker believes that awareness is being raised all the time and people are
taking actions. In conclusion, this lecture is very informative.
68. Change of Body Fat (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
I would like to look at a recent survey conducted by Canadian researchers on diet. Total thirty-one women volunteered in the survey. They've been told to participate in
the exercise program without changing their diet. After careful observation, the researchers actually found that some volunteers experienced a body fat change after six
months from the day they've started the experiment. The finding further stated that some actually lost a significant amount of fat, which led to a decrease in body mass.
On the other hand, there were others who did not lose fat at all. So, I guess, the study concludes that there must be two explanations. Those who did not lose weight
must have eaten more. And another factor is that it is because there are psychological reasons—not to believe in losing fat.
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69. Brand Image (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
It turns out consumers are incredibly smart. They combine a lifetime of experience with that brand, combined with whatever its designed appeal is, how it makes them
feel, performance and price. And they do all that in a few seconds. So brands are essential to our business to allow us to deliver the increased consumer value
associated with our products. We're not into the generic business of toilet paper. We're into probably about the softest product you're going to want to buy. We're not
into a generic soap. We're into the best, you know, stain removing laundry detergent you're going to buy. But we're going to want you to remember that as the tide
brand. Now, that means there's a second moment of truth. If they do select you and they pay 50% more than they would have paid for Walmart's brand, when they get
home, it'd better perform when it's used. And here's where the science starts, folks. There's an amazing number of fundamental engineering contradictions, right?
Airplanes deal with, you know, weight and strength. I want something that's light but strong. That's an engineering contradiction. Once I deal with our things, got to be
strong but soft. They have to be strong even when they're wet. Bright but not tear, liquids, mixtures, not common things, but they need... they can't separate. You don't
want to shake before use, before you pour down in your washing machine.
70. Facial Recognition (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Last week we talked about how people recognize objects and really how well people recognize objects, given how difficult the problem is, given how objects can be seen
in all different sorts of illumination, in different positions, in different angles. And yet we are able to extract that information, we are able to take the visual stuff out there,
interpret it in a way that allows us to recognize all the different things that we can see in our environment. Today we're gonna kind of carry on looking at that, but we
gonna look at what's really a special class of objects. That's the human face. So we gonna look at how we recognize human faces and how we do it quite as well as we
do. We're really expert at recognizing faces. So again we can think about how do we take that visual information and how do we transform it into a form which allows us
to put a name to a face, and to do all the other clever things that we can do with faces. So I'm gonna start off again by just pointing out that it's a hard problem. Face
recognition is a hard problem, and it's a clever thing we do. If you think about all the different types of faces you can recognize, and all the different types of information
you can get from the face, you kind of start to appreciate how well we can do face recognition.
Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about how people recognize human faces. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes how we take visual information and transform it to allow us to
recognize a face. Also, he mentions that face recognition is a hard problem, and it is a clever thing we do. Lastly, the speaker believes that people start to appreciate
how well we can do face recognition. In conclusion, this lecture is very informative.
71. Laundry History (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
The evolution of the washing machine, as demonstrated in this barn, is a representative example of this changing domestic life. For many centuries, sailors used to place
their clothing in a cloth bag, tie the bag to a rope and throw it overboard, letting the ship drag it for hours. The principle was simple: force water through the clothes to
remove the dirt. But in the household before running water and electricity, washing clothes took a staggering amount of labor. To wash, boil and rinse a single load of
clothes could take 50 gallons of water, which had to be hand carried from a pump or well. Hand-wringing, rubbing and lifting the clothes could expose women to caustic
substances in the soaps. The whole process for a household's laundry could take an entire day or more of backbreaking labor. In 1846, a patented washing machine
imitated the human hand moving cloth over a washboard, by using a lever to rub the clothes between two rib surfaces. This machine was sold in the U.S. as late as 1927.
The first electric clothes washers, in which a motor rotated the tub, were introduced into America about 1900.
Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about the history of household laundry. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes the evolution of the washing machine represents the changing domestic
life. Also, he mentions washing clothes took a staggering amount of labor and expose women to caustic substances. Lastly, the speaker believes the first electric clothes
washers were introduced into America in about 1900. In conclusion, this lecture is very informative.
72. Description (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Today, we'll discuss about abstraction, commonly known as description. There are two methods of description. These are symbolic language and body language. The
abstraction is an important part for developing a computer. This is originated from the symbolic system in the computer system. The origin of symbolic system was
developed when people try to communicate with each other. The symbolic language took communication to wider people and popularity group. The other part of
abstraction is the body language. People accepted body language as well. The physical movement facilitates the development of sign language, which popularly became
hand words.
Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about abstraction, commonly known as description. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes that these are symbolic language and body language. Also,
she mentions that the origin of symbolic system was developed when people try to communicate with each other. Lastly, the speaker believes that the physical
movement facilitates the development of sign language, which popularly became hand words. In conclusion, this lecture is very informative.
73. Wildlife as Food (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
In my view, it's impossible not to talk about wildlife, and not think about its role in livelihood. And I guess part of that is my own view, part of the research that I do in
Africa. In most Eastern West Africa, I look at the role. All the humans rely on wildlife as the source of food, and also the source of income. And we talk about our wildlife,
if we talking about fish, we are talking about what is probably the single most important source of protein for human that across the globe. And, so, billions of, or more
than a billion of people rely on fish as their primary source of animal protein, and most of these people living in poverty. So the management of wild fish resource in that
sense causing incredibly important to livelihoods and health. And also, wildlife tourism is the multi-billion-dollar industry, and in many places, such as Africa, South
America, it can be the No.1 source of income. It can be the No.1 source of foreign income for economies.
Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about wildlife as food. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes that in most of Africa, all the humans rely on wildlife as the source of food. Also, he
mentions that more than a billion of people rely on fish as their primary source of animal protein. Lastly, the speaker believes that wildlife tourism is the multiple billion
dollars' industry. In conclusion, this lecture is very informative.
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74. Ugly Building (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
It seems to me that architecture is very much something that causes us both pleasure and trouble. I live in the part of western London where I think many of the streets
are, where I live are really really ugly, and this distresses me every time I walk to a supermarket or walk to a tube. I think why did they built that and with terribly without
architecture. It last so long, and if you write a bad book or do a bad play, you know, I will be shocked when it be showed and then no one would suffer. A bad building
has a serious impact for, could be hundreds of years on the people around it. And suppose the book arose a little bit from the frustration, almost anger than there is so
much bad architecture around. And then I realize if you talk about architecture, you will say why building are not more beautiful. Then you will say I can use such word as
"beauty", that's a really arrogant word. And no one knows what beautiful is. It's all in the eye of beholder. I couldn't help but think that actually. Well, you know that we all
attempt to agree that Rome is nice than Milkykings, and San Francisco has the edge of Frankfurt, so we can make that sort of generalization, surely they are something
we can say about why a building work or why it doesn't. So the book's really attempt to suggest why architecture works when it does and what might be going to be
wrong when it doesn't work.
Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about architecture's emotional impacts. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes that a bad building has a serious impact for hundreds of years on the
people around it. Also, he mentions that no one knows what 'beautiful' is. Lastly, the speaker believes that the architecture works when it does and might be going to be
wrong when it doesn't work. In conclusion, this lecture is very informative.
75. Orgnization Study (Incomplete)

Points: The two male speakers are talking quickly about organization study and how they appreciate it. Organization study is about a whole family of disciplines, such as
social science, psychology, sociology, history, and cultural studies. The speaker enjoys studying organization study because of its broad range and its breadth. What
organization study has taught him is liberating ideas without disciplinary boundaries.
76. Internet (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Internet was invented by people who were good at programming, and people keep optimizing it for different purposes. So Internet has been growing organically. Internet
can achieve many things but has advantages and disadvantages. The email system was designed by graduate students and researchers who know and trust each other.
Using email needs trust between the senders and the receivers as the authentication process was not originally built in this system. Email authentication is a technical
solution to proving that an email is not forged. In other words, it provides a way to verify that an email comes from who it claims to be from. Email authentication is most
often used to block harmful or fraudulent uses of email such as phishing and spam. In practice, we use the term “email authentication” to refer to technical standards
that make this verification possible. Initially, the email system didn't consider security because there was no suspicion between them at that time, and there was no
authentication process built into this system.
77. Architecture Design (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Design of buildings is important according to architectural textbooks. At its roots, architecture exists to create the physical environment in which people live, but
architecture is more than just the built environment, it’s also a part of our culture. It stands as a representation of how we see ourselves, as well as how we see the
world. There are poorly designed buildings, but also some great building works. In the Victoria Era, architects designed buildings based on bricks and other materials. The
design of flaws was based on lighting as it would not only affect appearance but also health conditions. The materials that buildings are made of also matter. For
example, the design of ground floors must ensure that the building is able to withstand the weight of the higher levels. In the 20th century, many old buildings with design
flaws were demolished or modified through a natural selection process, which means they are an altered state rather than an original state. This is an application of
Darwin's theory of natural selection to modification of old buildings, which means buildings should adapt to the new world to survive, or be pulled down. So, it's argued to
be unfair to criticize the demolition, although some people believe that whether to be remained should be decided based on their nature and functions. As the world
became more and more connected, the styles evolved, but even in modern construction, there is still an importance in honoring the cultural nuances in the built
environment.
78. Children's Life Quality (Incomplete)

Points: A male professor is giving his lecture. Well educated families have well-educated children who have sufficient education resources and support since they were
born. According to studies, the life chance of a child has been set by 5 years old, which is a very disturbing fact. There is no obvious way to address the deep root of
inequality in any society.
Answer:
According to the professor’s sociology research, the capacity of well-educated parents will remain in their prosperous children because these children have sufficient
educational capacity and support since they were born. According to studies, the life chance of a child has been set by five years old, which is a compelling and
disturbing fact. The professor cannot find obvious ways to address this deep root of inequality in any society.
79. British Colonies (Incomplete)

Points: 关于英国殖⺠者逼迫当地⼉童学语⾔，提及亚裔，white Australia policy，等。
80. Globalization (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Globalization is an overused and often misunderstood concept. We hear it all the time on news broadcasts and in any type of public discussion. But the starting point for
understanding globalization is that it is industries and markets that globalize, not countries. That's why it's helpful to think of globalization as 'the integration of economic
activities across borders'. But why does globalization matter? I would argue globalization matters because it means the rise of interconnectedness between countries and
markets across the world. For example, one of the reasons why the financial crash of 2007/2008 was so serious was because the financial and banking systems of
countries around the world have become so closely interconnected with the globalization of markets.
Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about globalization. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes that we hear it all the time on news broadcasts and in any type of public discussion. Also, he
mentions that it is industries and markets that globalize, not countries. Lastly, the speaker believes that it means the rise of interconnectedness between countries and
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markets across the world. In conclusion, this lecture is very informative.

81. Good Ideas (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
To be a successful entrepreneur, you should have good ideas, but the definition of a good idea varies depending on whom you ask. A great idea should have several
features. Firstly, the great idea should be various and novel. Secondly, the great idea should be unique, which means no one has thought about it. Thirdly, it is essential
for great ideas to be transformative and productive. All ideas are essentially a combination of other smaller ideas, but this doesn’t mean they can’t be unique. Merely
copying doesn’t make anything idiosyncratic, it’s the individuality that one puts in which makes a concept stand out. Constant innovation leaves no room for stagnation
and thus, adds on to the basic idea, effectively making it unique. Unique ideas are inspired by basic things, they are simply extensions of pre-existing notions. And, an
idea or a concept is unique only when it transcends its predecessor and serves its purpose in a better and more precise way.
82. Mapping of Genes (Incomplete)

Points: Mapping of genes was completed in 1920. Recent research has shown that genes can determine not only humans' physical features, such as height, eye color
and hair color, but also psychological features, such as our behavior. Our research on genes can contribute to biology, psychology, sociology and neuroscience, and
provides some integrating information.
83. Big Bang (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
One of the most amazing things that have happened even in my lifetime is the prediction of cosmology. When I started out forty-odd years ago, we thought we knew
that the universe began a big bang, some people doubted even then. We thought the universe was about ten or twenty billion years old. But now for really very sound
scientific reasons, we can say that the universe did start in a Big bang and it’s 13.8 billion years old. So it’s not 14, it's not 13 because a decimal point in there and that’s
a stunning achievement to know that. And we also know that the laws of physics that apply to tiny particles inside atoms also explains what happened in the big bang,
you can’t have one without the other. A very neat example of this is that when you apply nuclear physics, that kind of physics to understand how stars work, you find out
that the oldest star in the universe is about 13 billion years old. So their universe is just a little bit older than the stars. Fantastic, if we done it and counted in the other
way around and said that the stars were older than the universe, we would say science was in deep trouble. But it’s not, everything fits together and we know how the
universe began, we got to know how the way it is. The future that it ‘ll suspects we don’t know quite well what’s going, but we got some ideas, which are as good as
those ideas we had 40 years ago about how big bang happened.
Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about the prediction of cosmology. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes that the universe did start in a big bang. Also, he mentions that the laws of
physics that apply to tiny particles also explain the big bang. Lastly, the speaker believes we got some ideas as good as those ideas we had 40 years ago about how big
bang happened. In conclusion, this lecture is very informative.
84. Mars and Earth (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
We are going to look at an very interesting and important place today. It is called the Mars which is not far away from the earth. Mars is an interesting neighboring planet
to Earth with a similar geological surface and landscape, such as the desert, covered with rocks. Although there has not been evidence for the existence of water yet, the
trace of heavy gases has existed on Mars for billions of years. Traces of a great amount of water in icy form just like mountains have been found. There is not much
atmosphere, but rare gases are still found. It is possibly because heavy gasses do not evaporate within a low gravity. The low gravity on Mars indicates that there may be
a thin layer of the atmosphere on Mars. Therefore, Mars might be the most ideal destination other than Earth.
85. Dropping from School (Audio Available)

Original:
Low achievers are more likely to drop out of school. Some boys leave school early. And the main reason is push and pull factors. The main reason of pull is that economy
and market provide many job opportunities for boys with mainly two destinations, shipping and traineeship. So dropping from school is not absolutely bad for boys. But
girls don’t have the same opportunities. Girls are less likely to leave school because fewer jobs are available for them. The transmission is hard. So, for girls dropping
from school is completely bad, and if they do so, they can either get part-time jobs or just stay unemployed.
86. Language Levels (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Well a historical linguist compares languages at several levels. You start out looking for basic vocabulary. All languages of the world, natural languages at least, have
words for eye and head and nose and ear and for sky and earth and for water, sand and for sibling, mother and father. They may not have words for uncle and aunt. It
becomes much vaguer because in one culture an aunt is different when it comes from your father's side than from your mother's side. You don't include snow. Most
people know what snow is but in the tropics you don't have it. So you look for notions that are totally comparable and that occur everywhere in the world. You take the
hundred or two hundred most universal notions in a human life, those which you call the basic vocabulary. So you take basic vocabularies and languages that you think
are related. You look for words that sound the same ...
Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about basic vocabulary. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes you look for notions that are totally comparable and that occur everywhere in the world.
Also, he mentions there are one hundred or two hundred most universal notions in a human life, those that you call the basic vocabulary. Lastly, the speaker believes you
take related basic vocabularies and languages. In conclusion, this lecture is very informative.
87. Separation of Power (Incomplete)

Points: About the separation of power of the United States. In the three systems, the first one is legislation, the second, the execution, and the third, judicial power.
Legislative power means to make laws, and executive power is to carry out laws by officers appointed by presidents, while judicial power is to interpret laws and is
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crucial to the constitution. Nowadays, they clarify what they should do, but in the past, there was a blurry line between any two of them. Key words: constitution, article.
88. Time Machine (Incomplete)

Points: A young male's voice with a normal speech rate. Seemly about telescope, but not heard in the lecture. Some device can measure speed and see things from far
away. But there are some bad things regarding universe (like, too far to see it clearly) . But we don't have time machine to check history. You will see the universe
unfolding. Key words: finite speed, look back, universe history, look for fossil, can observe fossil evidence, 8-dimensions, long distance objects, fast speed, get away
from the past, look into(?) universe, in folding.
89. Negative Emotions (Incomplete)

Points: Positive emotions, such as contentment and pleasure, are more frequently and more lightly experienced, and cannot be easily recalled. Negative emotions, like
fears, are less frequently experienced, strong and intense, and can stay in our minds for long. They can help us evaluate the environment, avoid life-threatening issues,
and survive. 'pay attention to' repeats many times in the lecture. 'meditation' is mentioned a few times. 'Saving for a holiday' and 'get away from negative things' are
possibly mentioned.
90. Roman Building (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
But you can see from the relatively crooked and narrow streets of the city of Rome as they look from above today. You can see that again, the city grew in a fairly ad
hoc way, as I mentioned. It wasn’t planned all at once. It just grew up over time, beginning in the eighth century B.C.. Now this is interesting because what we know
about the Romans is when they were left to own devices and they could build the city from scratch, they didn't let it grow in an ad hoc way. They structure it in a, in a
very care, very methodical way. That was basically based on military strategy, military planning. The Romans they couldn’t have conquered the world without obviously
having a masterful military enterprise and everywhere they went on their various campaigns, their various military campaigns. They would build, build camps and those
camps were always laid out in a very geometric plan along a grid, usually square or rectangular. So, when we begin to see the Romans building their ideal Roman city,
then turn to that so call castrum or military camp design.
Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about Rome. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes that the streets of the city of Rome were not planned all at once. Also, she mentions that the
Romans structured it in a methodical way, based on military strategy. Lastly, the speaker believes that they would build camps, always laid out in a very geometric plan
along a grid square or rectangular. In conclusion, this lecture is very informative.
91. Globalization and Detraditionalization (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
So, I think you all know what I mean by globalization, don’t you? This is the idea that we all live in a global village. With instant communications, we can share ideas, and
consume cultural artifacts from countries all over the world, just by going into the Internet and all dream up, basically. The world is shrinking. In terms of speeds, it is
accelerating, but in terms of distance, it’s shrinking. What do I mean by detraditionalization? I mean the disappearance or the erosion, for the better word to use, the
erosion of traditional values, of conventional ways of doing things, of conventional moralities. More and more young people around the world are rejecting the culture
they grow up in, and it’s probably a little bit cruel. But some imitating a Hollywood model of society, rather than the one which they inherit from their local tradition
background. OK?
Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about globalization. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes that we all live in a global village with instant communications, by which we can share ideas.
Also, he mentions that the world is shrinking in terms of distance. Lastly, the speaker believes that detraditionalization means the erosion of traditional values,
conventional ways of doing things, and conventional moralities. In conclusion, this lecture is very informative.
92. Canned Food (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
One of the things that was going on during the Great Depression was the beginning of this sort of modern food technology that rules, you know, the way Americans eat
today. That is there are a lot of canned foods were being - coming onto the market at the time. And also, refrigerators were really becoming very, very popular during
the Great Depression, both in cities and in rural parts of the country. Thanks to electrification, the Rural Electrification Administration, people could buy appliances. You
know, farmers could buy appliances. And that meant frozen foods were becoming big. And, you know, at that time, few people could afford to buy them during the early
years of the Great Depression. But, you know, gradually, these things picked up. And so this was, like, the sort of beginning of the era when people were starting to think
about supermarkets with rows and rows of freezer cases and rows and rows of canned foods.
Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about canned food. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes one of the things going on during the Great Depression was the beginning of this sort of
modern food technology ruling the way Americans eat today. Also, he mentions refrigerators were becoming popular. Lastly, the speaker believes few people could afford
to buy them during the early years of the Great Depression. In conclusion, this lecture is very informative.
93. Indian Peasant Debt（2） (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
The debt today is so high, it’s two hundred thousand rupees, three hundred thousand rupees of peasant who have no capital. They who know within a year or two, when
they accumulate that kind of debt. Where is the debt coming from? It's coming from a seed that is costing a hundred thousand to two hundred thousand rupees per
kilogram, depending on what you got. Seeds that used to be free, used to be theirs. Pesticides each time, the more they use, the more they have to use, 12 sprays, 15
sprays, 20 sprays. Pesticides used in just the last five years in the land areas of India has shown up by 2000 percent. That’s why the free market and globalization have
brought and since we are talking about peasants, who have no money, who have no capital, they can only buy expensive seeds and expensive pesticides by borrowing.
And who lend that money? The seed companies that sell the pesticides, which are the same companies that sell the seeds, as you know, are now also the major
creditors.
Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about Indian peasant debt. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes that it is three hundred thousand rupees of peasants who have no capital. Also, she
mentions that it is coming from a seed that is costing a hundred thousand to two hundred thousand rupees per kilogram. Lastly, the speaker believes the seed companies
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that sell the pesticides are the major creditors. In conclusion, this lecture is very informative.
94. Flower Colour (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Why the bumble bees pick some flowers over others? Researchers have known for a while that flower’s color can be a signal. Color in short hand that says to a bee: hey,
I get some good quality nectar here, want to stop by for a visit. But new findings show that bees also use color to get clues about a flower’s temperature. And according
to a study from a British research team published in the journal Nature, some like it hot. Bees use up a lot of energy just stay in warm on some days. In fact, they can’t
even fly if they are too cold. So if one flower is warmer than another, a bee can save some of its fuel by basking on that flower while it’s doing its pollinating business.
And it turns out that bumble bees consistently do choose warmer flowers over cooler ones, even when the two flowers offer up the same quantity and quality of nectar.
Some plants seem to be evolutionarily adapted to be slightly warmer because the warmer ones get visited more by the chilly bees. When it comes to getting pollinated,
apparently the heat is on, and that is the buzz.
Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about bumble bees. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes that flower’s color can be a signal of good quality nectar. Also, he mentions that bees also
use color to get clues about a flower’s temperature. Lastly, the speaker believes that some plants seem to be evolutionarily adapted to be slightly warmer to attract
bees. In conclusion, this lecture is very informative.
95. Smile of Mother (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Ever try to get a baby to smile? It can seem close to impossible—and then suddenly there it is: that elusive, seemingly joyous grin. Well it turns out those smiles aren’t
spontaneous—they’re strategic. Researchers have found that when babies smile, it's for a reason. They want whoever they’re interacting with—typically a parent—to
smile back. And they time it just so, a smile here and a smile there. The researchers call it sophisticated timing. The study is in the journal PLoS ONE. The researchers
enlisted real mothers and infants and quantified their interactions, which fell into four categories. One: babies wanted to maximize the amount of time smiling at their
mothers. Two: they wanted to maximize the time the mothers smiled at them. Three: they wanted to experience simultaneous smiling, and four: no smiling at all. By
studying when smiles happened and what the subsequent effect was, the investigators were able to figure out that for mothers the goal 70 percent of the time was to be
smiling simultaneously—while for babies 80 percent of the time they just wanted their mother smiling at them. So, mothers want the interaction, while babies just want to
be smiled at. So your baby may not be able to feed itself, talk or even turn over yet. But when it comes to smiles, babies seem to know exactly what they're up to.
Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about babies' smiles. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes those smiles aren’t spontaneous but strategic. Also, he mentions that when babies smile,
they hope whoever they’re interacting with to smile back, called sophisticated timing. Lastly, the speaker believes babies just want their mother smiling at them. In
conclusion, this lecture is very informative.
96. Global Warming (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
There can now be no reasonable, science-based, doubt about the reality of global climate change effects brought on by the cumulative and rapidly growing emission of
so-called "greenhouse gases" - primarily carbon dioxide - into the atmosphere. As these effects become increasingly more obvious worldwide, so commercial interests,
groups of concerned individuals and national governments have been gripped by amounts of mass panic and what to do about it. To many, Paul Ehrlich’s Malthusian
"Population Bomb" of 1968 appears about to explode in the world’s face in an indirect version of his millenarian vision of population growth which outpaces agricultural
production capacity - with predictably catastrophic results for humanity. And his three-part crisis scenario does indeed seem now to be present: a rapid rate of change,
a limit of some sort, and delays in perceiving that limit. Ehrlich’s work was roundly criticized at the time, and later, from many quarters, and much of what he predicted
did not come about. Nevertheless, can the world afford to take the risk that the climate scientists have got it wrong? Is it not in everyone’s interest to apply the
Precautionary Principle in attempting to avoid the worst of their predictions - now, rather than at some future time? As the Chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change, Mr. Rajendra Pachauri, has recently pointed out, eleven of the warmest years since instrumental records began have occurred in the past twelve years,
while major precipitation changes are taking place on a global scale.
Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about global climate change effects. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes that population growth outpaces agricultural production capacity, with
predictably catastrophic results for humanity. Also, she mentions that the three-part crisis scenario seems to be present. Lastly, the speaker believes that eleven of the
warmest years since instrumental records began have occurred in the past twelve years. In conclusion, this lecture is very informative.
97. Market Economy (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Within most developed countries, notions of pragmatism, notions of the fact that we have democracies, have succeeded in tempering the market economy. In the 19th
century, 18th century, the Industrial Revolution had a very negative effect on people, particularly working classes all over the world. We see data where life expectancy
was reduced, heights were reduced. We were looking at the medical record. We can see that actually, living standards, much among large fractions of population, actually
went down. But eventually, we pass the legislation about working conditions. And eventually, we circumscribe some of the worst kinds of behavior. We eventually, in the
20th century, we put regulations that composed better environmental conditions. And so some of the damage was reversed, and that we have made the market economy
work in ways that the benefits of the all is far more what we shared in the world a hundred years ago.
Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about the market economy. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes within most developed countries, notions of pragmatism have succeeded in
tempering the market economy. Also, he mentions that the industrial revolution had a negative effect on people, particularly working classes. Lastly, the speaker believes
in the 20th century, we put regulations that composed better environmental conditions. In conclusion, this lecture is very informative.
98. Economic Globalization (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Globalization, what is globalization? I think that it takes on a few different definitions in one sense of the word. Globalization means proliferation of transactions across
country. So, one way of thinking about globalization is a way to describe, increase international communications, more trade happening between countries and be less
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self-sufficient in providing goods and services to their people and more companies that have offices in multiple countries, which we call multinationals. So, the source of
growth in travel and communication and corporate trade across borders. And this way of thinking about globalization is the continuation of thinking that has been around
for a long time, such as when the Europeans went to the Orient, to find spices, which was also an example of global trade and communication. Another way to think of
globalization though, is an economic system. It is a system in which countries become integrated in a way that never had been before. In this system, we see a global
split in the process between consuming and producing goods. Some countries produce goods, some countries consume goods, and then these countries in different
areas of the globe depend on each other in a kind of organic solidarity rather than having an economic system being just inside your country. The system is the way
economy in your country functions depends on economy of another country. And in fact this way of thinking about globalizations represents a new area of economic
progress. The past industrialist economy has been a global issue.
Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about what globalization is. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes that globalization means proliferation of transactions across the country. Also, he
mentions that another way to think of globalization though, is an economic system. Lastly, the speaker believes that the past industrialist economy has been a global
issue. In conclusion, this lecture is very informative.
99. DNA&RNA (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Now, the study of biology is responsible for some of the most profound insights that humans have, about the world around them. So, take a look at these four
panoramas. In the upper left, you see some bacteria this happen to be equal line, you obviously see a butterfly, a flower, a dolphin. If you see that at the outer space, just
looks these different forms and structures. You have no idea that they were all related to one another. So one of the most profound thing that biology told us is that all
life on earth is exceptionally related similar to one another. So, for example, all of these life forms rely on DNA and RNA for storing and transmitting in using their genetic
and inherited information. They are all based on cell. Cell is the fundamental building blocks of all life. All of these organisms consist of cells, and the cells essentially
have the same chemicals inside of them - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen, and the whole bunch of other stuff and much smaller amount. All these organisms
conducted metabolism, in other words, chemical reactions that using convert energy from one form to another. And the basic chemistry is all very similar to one another.
The type of molecule is used very similar to one another.
Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about DNA and RNA. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes the study of biology is responsible for some of the most profound insights that humans
have. Also, he mentions that all life on earth is related similar to one to another, all based on cell. Lastly, the speaker believes the type of molecule is used very similar to
one and another. In conclusion, this lecture is very informative.
100. Laughter (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Laughter is one of the greatest therapies in combating adversity; and whole communities and nations have frequently relied on humour to get them through their bleakest
times. On august 13,1961, the barbed wire was rolled out of Berlin to create the Berlin wall. For nearly 30 years, until it was dismantled, wall jokes proliferated -especially
among those living in the east. Laughing was all that was left. Jokes about those who rule you - and sometimes those who tyrannise you - are a form of folklore that
has existed in societies as seemingly different as communist eastern Europe, Czarist Russia, modern Egypt, 12-century Persia, and modern day Iran. Humour can also be
wonderfully subversive. It can protect self-respect and identity.
Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about the functions of laughter. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes that laughter is one of the greatest therapies to combat adversity. Also, he
mentions that jokes about those who rule people and sometimes those who tyrannize people are a form of folklore. Lastly, the speaker believes that humor can be
subversive and can protect self-respect and identity. In conclusion, this lecture is very informative.
101. Recognize Faces (Audio Available)

Original:
How people can recognize human faces? this is a hard but brilliant question. People should appreciate something. People can get visual information from faces and put a
name on it. We can tell one’s identity, age, work, health condition, politics, and friends. Recognizing faces is amazing, difficult and a clever thing. In conclusion, people
can get a lot out of faces.
102. Spectacles (Audio Available)

Original:
Normally, however, spectacles are a part of an assemblage of items giving us an overall look. In fashion terms, they are classes of accessories, along with shoes, jewelry,
handbags or watches. But in healthcare terms, they are called a medical device and, in many languages, other than English, they are often described as a prosthesis, an
artificial part of the body, part of you, making you who you are and choosing your spectacles is therefore your major decision. Increasingly, people own two or more pairs
for different occasions or times of the day and there is a phrase for this in the industry, it is called lifestyle dispensing. And it dates back to the 1950s. The idea is that
you wear one type of spectacles in the workplace and quite other at leisure or on the beach.
103. Student Loan (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
I'm 43 years old and I owe tens of thousands of dollars in student loans. Oh sure, I knew the loans were piling up as I went through school. But with one loan coming
from here, another from there, I had no idea of the rockslide that was building. Fifteen years later, I still experience moments of sheer horror regarding my family's
financial situation. My monthly student loan payment is more than triple my car payment. OK, so without my college degree, I would not have been able to get my current
job. For that I'm grateful; but at what cost? My loans have been accruing at a rate of 10 percent, and now they have burgeoned to—well, I'm an English major, you do the
math. I don't think they'll ever get paid off. We're in debt way past our eyeballs, and there's no hope in sight. I'm being kept in class—a financial class of graduates whose
only hope for attending college meant borrowing money from the government. Because of our mounting credit card debt and monthly payments that far exceed our
family's income; my kids will also join the class of citizens who can't rely on their parents for college support. Do I wish I'd chosen another educational route? You bet.
Perhaps trade school — I've thought that being a plumber might not be such a bad gig. But if your job aspirations require a four-year degree, take my advice and choose
a college you can afford, both during and after graduation. Take a realistic look at your anticipated income, and factor in priorities that don't carry a price — like the
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spouse and children you might want to have some day. I was overconfident that my student-loan debt would pale in comparison to the lucrative writing career I'd enjoy
after graduation. Now I'm paying for that decision — in more ways than I'd ever imagined.
Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about student loan. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes she owes tens of thousands of dollars in student loans which were piling up as she went
through school. Also, she mentions she still experience moments of sheer horror regarding my family's financial situation. Lastly, the speaker believes if your job
aspirations require a four-year degree, you should choose a college you can afford. In conclusion, this lecture is very informative.
104. Sound Receptor (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
You’ve got sound receptors in your ear, and they are beautiful. We’re not going to talk about them at any length, but there's little flappy, these little spiky things going
along in your ear and they can translate vibrational energy coming from your ear, hurting your eardrum, being translated into a vibration into the fluid in your ear into a
physical motion of these little receptors there into an electrical motion, into an electrical signal that goes into your ear. So, all of that, all of that's pretty impressive stuff.
We are not going to talk about the details of it, but I invite some of you who want to learn more about this, particularly MIT students I think to find receptors really quite
remarkable kinds of devices.
Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about sound receptors. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes that these spiky things can translate vibrational energy coming from your ear. Also, he
mentions that an electrical signal goes into your ear. Lastly, the speaker believes he invites some people wanting to learn more to find receptors quite remarkable kinds
of devices. In conclusion, this lecture is very informative.
105. Are We Animals (Explanation) (Audio Available)

Original:
Far too many people often say things like animals do this but we don't. Or this animal does this and that animal does this, but the humans don't do things like that. Those
statements have some assumptions like we are not animals. When we say animals do this, animals do that, we often assume they are not animals. If we are not animals,
what are we? Are we plants or trees or flowers? No, we are not. Then okay we are not plants? And are we microorganisms, really tiny microscopic things? No, we are
not. Then the natural conclusion must be we are not living things. That's not true. Yes, we are animals and I see animals in us and I see humans in animals. So I'm going
to talk about the animal behavior and human nature. In order to understand human nature, we can look into animals eyes and animal behaviors and find something about
what made us, who we are.
Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about animal behaviors and human nature. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes that there are some statements with assumptions that we are not
animals. Also, he mentions the natural conclusion must be we are not living things. Lastly, the speaker believes we can look into animals' eyes and animal behaviors and
find what made us. In conclusion, this lecture is very informative.
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Multiple Choice (Multiple)

1. Mayan Monument (Incomplete)

Points: A video about a monument built by Mayans. It was to impress, compete and ... to build monuments. Question: What didi they use mathematics for?
(APEUni Website / App LMCM #132)
2. Chimpanzee (Incomplete)
Points: Among chimpanzees, females take care of children and males do not help search for food. Other females sometimes help but not often. Options: Other females
will regularly help; Females spend little time with children and males; Males are responsible for finding food.
3. Insects and Architecture (Incomplete)

Points: Architects can save energy and heat buildings based on structure made by insects.
4. University Facilities (Incomplete)

Points: A video in which a girl talks about her residential facilities in her university in UK. The food system ... What the reception was like and how to get food from the
mess, etc.
5. Chameleons (Incomplete)
Points: About chameleons with hot and cold effect. A video is played.
6. Complaints (Incomplete)
Points: Two students complain about their classes. A boy asks a girl how about her classes. She says she does not major in science but she also suffer pressures with a
lot of reading and essays to do. Options: Two students in science complain about too much school work; A student says she has many options but still has a lot of school
work to do.
7. Nano-gold (Incomplete)
Points: About nano-gold and micron-gold. Question: What is the difference... Options: If the practical size changes, the matter's property changes.
8. Sharks (Incomplete)
Points: 要点：视频题，⼀个⻘年（奥克兰的鲨⻥博⼠）介绍⾃⼰为什么要研究鲨⻥和学习相关知识。鲨⻥的种类实在是太多了，你看这⽚⽔域就有XXX，那⽚⽔域有XXX，这些
都对⽣物链有重要的影响。 sharks at risk。提到fierce。问题：这⼈刚开始研究鲨⻥时，觉得鲨⻥如何？选项：amazing； at risk。
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Fill in the Blanks

1. Space Exploration (Incomplete)

Points: ... space (exploration) ... Armstrong ...
(APEUni Website / App FIBL #262)
2. Dinosaurs (Incomplete)
Points: Blanks: ... ( ) ...（undergoing) ... ( ) ... (Fossils) ... (similar/seminar) ...
3. Stars (Incomplete)
Points: A thousand million stars ( ) shaped ( ) addition ...
4. LSE (Incomplete)
Points: About LSE. Blanks: (deployments), (existing), ( ... ), (objective), (slightly).
5. Success (Incomplete)
Points: A conversation between two persons about what can be considered 'successful'. The answers include 'achievements', 'compiling(not sure, sounding alike) ...
6. UCLA (Incomplete)
Points: When I was graduated from UCLA ... peer ... weaken ... challenge ... satisfied ...
7. Kashmiri (Audio Available)

choked waters of Dal Lake saw flotillas of vividly painted Shikaras carrying Indian families, boho westerners, young travelers and wide-eyed Japanese. Carpet-
sellers honed their skills, as did purveyors of anything remotely embroidered while the house boats initiated by the British Raj provided unusual accommodation. Then, in
1989, separatist and Islamist militancy attacked and everything changed. Hindus and countless Kashmiri business people bolted, at least 35,000 people were killed in a
decade, the lake stagnated, and the houseboats rotted. Any foreigners venturing there risked their lives , proved in 1995 when five young Europeans were kidnapped and
murdered.
8. (Incomplete)
Points: Blanks: intentional, individual, ... , instant(or instinct?).
9. Shouxing (Incomplete)
Points: About Shouxing, which is referred to those who live long in Chinese. ... child star of ( ) ...
10. Culture (Incomplete)

Points: 'blue' and 'green' are mentioned. ... ( ) red .... ... ( culture ) ...
11. Artist Competition (Incomplete)

Points: The artist competition has no age limitation, but requires the level of graduate and experiences of sculpture exhibitions. In recent years it has focused on 'real
state'. ... (v+ing) ...
12. Advertisement (Incomplete)

Points: A female's voice sounds like an advertisement for a tourism spot, with a background music. Blanks: bare, magical, unique, ...
13. Burial (Audio Available)

So between 4,000 and 3,000 BC the Mesopotamian Samarian cultures do not practice any kind of burial. And then, about 3,000, in the early Dynastic Period, these
burials start to reappear, and they reappear with a certain amount of conspicuous consumption, and this is the context for the royal burials at Ur. OK, so, the
royal cemetery consists of quite a number of pits, so these are the excavation workers who are coming down into the pits. So you get some sense of how really deep and
how really difficult it was to construct these chambers .
14. Degree (Incomplete)

Points: ... (doctoral) degree ...
15. Green Chemistry (Audio Available)

Green chemistry is a concept designed to develop technologies which allow chemistry to be practiced with minimal damage to the environment or in an
environmentally compatible way. And it's meant to cover both chemical processes and chemical products . The center, if you would, set up about seven or eight years
ago, and the idea was to provide a hub of activities that covered fundamental research work, industrial collaboration, but also educational developments. So we work
with schools and on public projects as well, and also networking. So we network out to well over 1000 people around the globe.
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16. Life on Mars (Audio Available)

The thing that makes it difficult is because even if life had evolved on Mars, the chances of being preserved are very small. If we use Earth as a reference and our planet
is teeming with life, yet it rarely preserves evidence of life of the fossil record. And the focus now is on exploring for habitable environments. If you're looking for water,
a source of energy, either solar energy or thermal energy or chemical energy, and then organic carbon, assuming life as we know it on Earth based on carbon. So those
are sort of the three things that we're looking for in the course of our mission.
17. Library Catalog (Audio Available)

In this tutorial, we will show you how to find specific journal articles using the library catalog. The university subscribes over 18,000 journals across a variety of subjects,
most of which are available electronically to find a specific journal article using a library catalog. We need to search by the journal name as individual article titles are
not listed in the catalog.
18. Belief (Audio Available)

Belief is the human capacity to imagine, to be creative, to hope and dream, to infuse the world with meanings, and to cast our aspirations far and wide. Limited neither
by personal experience nor material reality. Believing is a commitment , an investment, a devotion to possibilities. Beliefs permeate neurobiologies, bodies and ecologies
acting as dynamic agents in evolutionary processes. The human capacity for belief, the specifics of belief, and I, and our diverse belief systems shape, structure and alter
our daily lives, our societies, and the world around us.
19. Malaria (Audio Available)

Also, malaria is something that is a very complex disease with this complex life cycle. That means that if you're going to eliminate it, you have to be able to target cute
parasites and humans. You have to be able to target parasites in the mosquitoes, that mosquito population . And so that requires a lot of resources. It requires really
good planning and a health system across all these different levels . And so I think the political capital that you need for that, the educational infrastructure you need for
that, the economic resources you need for that are quite a challenge .
20. Corporate Culture (Audio Available)

For a long time now, it's been a widely accepted and rarely questioned belief that a strong corporate culture goes hand in hand with success. However, a recent study
has cast some doubt on this principle. After all, the authors of the report argue for culture. A company's build-up may be strong, but wrong. There is little point in
every employee marching to the same tune if they are all marching in the wrong direction.
21. Harry Potter (Incomplete)

Points: About the book of Harry Potter. Blanks: interesting, assumed, pseudo, specially.
22. Locomotion (Audio Available)

We are trying to understand the locomotion of one of our closest living relatives , which is the orangutan, and also the locomotion of all of the apes and the common
ancestor of humans and the other apes. And in that area, we have had a big problem traditionally , and that we know a lot about how they move around the forest. I've
been out to the forest and spent a year recording the different types of locomotion they use, but we have no idea about the energetic cost of how they move around the
forest and the solutions that they find to problems of moving around the canopy. And what we're doing here is using the park or athletes as an analogy for a large bodied
ape moving around a complex environment and getting them to move around in the course that we've made that they've never seen before. And we're going to record
their energetic expenditure while they're doing it.
23. Industrial Productivity (Audio Available)

I'm going to argue that the tremendous increases in productivity that we associate with the industrial revolution originate not so much from changes in science
or technology or new inventions, where England was far from unique as from changes in attitudes, attitudes towards morality, towards what constituted the good.
Attitudes towards property, which became in England individuals long before it did on the continent . Attitudes toward the proper role of government. And together ,
these attitudes constitute much of what the Luddites were protesting against.
24. Banana (Audio Available)

Well, the banana is the first cultivated fruit. It's one of the food items that literally brought people out of the jungle, out of their hunter-gatherer lifestyles and was there
at the dawn of agriculture which is what helped force human beings into communities. It’s really one of the things that helped invent human culture. It's about 7000 years
of history, and the banana, from its center of origin , which is believed to be Papua New Guinea, spread out with people who traveled in boats across the Pacific into
the mainland of Asia and all the way south to Australia across Indonesia and Micronesia and eventually they moved as far as Africa and even possibly to Ecuador all in
this time and all on paddle boats and wind driven boats.
25. Feasting Food (Audio Available)

One of the things that people have said about agriculture is that on the whole it's more labor intensive than hunting and gathering, and that's one of the reasons why
people have looked to explanations which, you might say, are kind of coercive factors — that people have been forced into agriculture because they had no alternative.
That is ultimately what may happen. But at the very beginning it could be that agriculture was developed because people wanted special status foods for feasting; that it
was actually a social need. I mean, how much of what we do in our lives is generated by competition with others? And a lot of that is powered by desire for new things,
new statuses, new whatever it might be. Respect, recognition also are important. And in small-scale societies a lot of those sorts of factors are generated by the ability
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to, for instance, throw feasts. One possibility is that some of these foods that were being grown were actually intended especially as feasting foods.
26. Dire Predictions (Audio Available)

Perhaps you remember the dire predictions from the analysts. The fall off in housing threatened to drag down the entire economy. High energy prices put the kibosh on
consumer spending. Runaway inflation was poised to take off. David Wyss is an economist at Standard and Poor's. He says in the end none of those things happended
in the final three months of last year.
27. Viking (Audio Available)

For four centuries the Viking declined , the people of the Shetland Islands off the north coast of Scotland continued to sell their goods through the North European
Hanseatic League. The Hansas merchants bought shiploads of salted fish and in return the islanders got cash, grain, cloth and other goods. This lasted until the Act of
Union between Scotland and England in 1707. This Act prohibited the Hansa merchants from trading with Scotland. Consequently Shetland went into an
economic depression . The independent farmers of Shetland had to sell their land and were then obligated to pay rent, eventually becoming serfs.
28. Curie (Audio Available)

My hero is Marie Curie. She was a Polish physicist and chemist working in France, and she did conduct pioneering research on radioactivity. She was also the first
woman who won a Nobel prize. Marie Curie is my hero because she showed a lot of determination in following her career path and her passions . She also showed a lot
of patience in working for years to receive results from her experiments. And Marie Curie, she designed and built the first mobile X-Ray machines. She worked on the
front lines of the first World War along with her daughter saving soldiers.
29. Memory (Audio Available)

So in a very important tense, um, memory is the cognitive function that stores knowledge that we've acquired through learning and perception , but also memory is
important because memory frees our behavior from being controlled by the present stimulus environment. If you didn't have memory, all you'd be able to do was react to
whatever is currently in the environment now, whatever it is that you're experiencing . But memory allows us to respond to past events as well as events in the current
stimulus environment. And memory also gives us the means to reflect on our experiences so that we plan for, for future encounters.
30. Banana (Audio Available)

One day the banana is perfect. Bright yellow, firm, flavorful. But even within that same day brown spots appear on your perfectly ripe banana, its flesh turns mushy, and
it’s destined for the compost or at best, banana bread. But scientists are developing a way to extend the life of ripe bananas. It’s a spray-on coating made from
chitosan—a substance found in crab and shrimp shells. The new gel can be sprayed on bananas to slow the ripening process by up to 12 days. Like other fruits bananas
remain alive after being picked and it actually continues to respire. This means that they take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide. The more the banana breathes the
faster it ripens and then rots. Bananas ripen more quickly than most fruit because they don’t naturally slow the respiration after being picked, in fact it speeds up,
causing bananas to become mushy. Chitosan not only kills the bacteria on banana’s skin that then leads to rot, it also significantly slows down the respiration in the first
place. So bananas won’t drive you bananas.
31. Adidas (Audio Available)

Adidas teamed up with an organization called Parley for the Oceans. Parley goes out and collects plastic waste from the ocean. Adidas uses the plastic waste to make
shoes. Shoes made with plastic from the ocean: good for the environment and good for business. Because if you know that rapidly growing consumer segment known as
hipsters — and I know you know hipsters — then you know that a hipster faced with the choice between a no-name shoe and an Adidas made with plastic from the
ocean will pick the Adidas every day of the week and twice on Sunday, and then walk around like it's no big deal but look for every opportunity to talk about them.
32. Medical Care (Audio Available)

So two decades later, what's changed? It's now widely recognized that just 20 percent of health outcomes are tied to medical care, whereas up to 70 percent are tied to
healthy behaviors and what's called the social determinants of health — basically, everything that happens to us for that vast majority of time when we're not in the
doctor's office or the hospital. Health care executives now routinely remind us that our zip code matters more than our genetic code. And one health care publication
even recently had the audacity to describe the social determinants of health as "the feel-good buzzword of the year".
33. Technology and Business (Audio Available)

Good evening ladies and gentlemen. My theme for this session is convergence Technology Change and Business Practice. This is somewhat dear to my heart, in that I
have spent much of the last fifteen years involved in various aspects of technology and their impact on business, across a broad spectrum , from applications of signal
processing in manufacture right through to the use of utilization data and diary applications, to improve the time utilization of the sales force.
34. Age (Audio Available)

What was interesting and revealing about younger and middle-aged views on old age was how relative these were to the individual’s own age. Those in their teens
regarded 40 as old whereas those in their 40s thought 70 or 80 was old. For many, health was seen as a determining factor in deciding who is old, and many young
participants commented on how fit and active their grandparents are, while others thought ill-health and dependence were an inevitable part of aging. The majority of
participants, however, regarded old age as something negative, and many expressed fear of growing old.
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35. Lead-in Time (Audio Available)

Lead-in time is the amount of time that elapses between a business placing an order with a supplier for more stock or raw materials and the delivery of the goods to the
business. Businesses want the lead-time to be as short as possible, so that they can meet their customer orders and minimize the time between paying for the stock and
receiving the feedback from the customer. However, this may not happen due to a number of factors , such as delays in the supplier receiving the order, or the
breakdown of the suppliers' lorries delivering the stock to the business.
36. Early Chocolate (Audio Available)

The earlier chocolate was quite unpalatable. They used to add things to it to make it more palatable, so for the early chocolate, they didn't know how to extract all
the cocoa fat from it, so it was, or could be quite greasy and if you made it as a drink you'd have this sort of scum on the top. So they used to try and add things to it,
like starch and things, to make it a more palatable product. So there were a lot of scandals around the kind of things they were adding to chocolate in the nineteenth
century. So by the sort of 1870s, 1880s, there are people like Cadbury's saying, 'Our chocolate is absolutely pure'. We have this new process, the Van Houten process
which now extracts all this horrible fat that we can use to make eating chocolate. Now we have a pure product.
37. Palm Oil (Audio Available)

So, palm oil is the most widely produced oil crop currently. It's used in a wide range of industries , including food for bio-fuels and in soaps and shampoo. However,
though sector's growing fast, and unfortunately palm oil grows in exactly the same environment as tropical rain forest. So, the use and the development of palm oil, the
growth in the sector, is leading to wide-scale deforestation. What we are hoping to do is if we can come up an alternative we can slow the growth of the sector and
therefore stop the wide-scale deforestation in south Asia.
38. Superiority (Audio Available)

As with all human behavior, there are numerous reasons for it. But often it’s caused by someone who feels the need to show their superiority over someone else, in order
to feel that they aren’t at the lowest level in hierarchy or a group of people. In some cases one person simply dislikes the other, on the basis that the personality of one is
in some way incompatible with that of the other person.
39. Seminal Difference (Audio Available)

One seminal difference in policy remains; the coalition has not matched what is Labor's most important innovation promise. That is to bring together responsibilities for
innovation, industry, science and research under one single federal minister. Innovation responsibilities currently lie within the powerful Department of Education and
Science, and while there is a separate industry department, it has little influence within Cabinet. This has hampered policy development and given Australia's innovation
policies a distinct science and research bias . It is the scientists rather than the engineers who call the tune in innovation policy in Canberra, so it's no surprise our
policies are all about boosting government funded research and later commercializing their results.
40. Well-being (Audio Available)

Life in the UK 2012 provides a unique overview of well-being in the UK today. The report is the first snapshot of life in the UK to be delivered by the Measuring National
Well-being program and will be updated and published annually. Well-being is discussed in terms of the economy, people and the environment. Information such as
the unemployment rate or number of crimes against the person are presented alongside data on people’s thoughts and feelings, for example, satisfaction with our jobs or
leisure time and fear of crime. Together, a richer picture on 'how society is doing' is provided.
41. Cultural Heritage (Audio Available)

All around the world, significant parts of our cultural heritage are threatened by pollution, neglect, carelessness and greed. In learning the importance of our history, we
come to understand the need to protect significant remains from the past so that future generations can come to understand their heritage.
42. Cavemen (Audio Available)

You might picture Neanderthals as cavemen gnawing on bones around a campfire. Which wouldn’t be inaccurate But Neanderthals may have also dined on roasted
vegetables and known a bit about medicinal plants too. So says a study in the journal Naturwissenschaften (The Science of Nature). Researchers analyzed hardened
dental plaque from five Neanderthals found in El Sidrón cave, in northern Spain. Yes, 50,000-year-old dental plaque. And they found a lot lurking between the teeth. Like
evidence of nuts, grasses and green veggies, chemical traces of wood smoke, and tiny, intact starch granules, proof Neanderthals ate their carbs. And in one individual,
they detected compounds found in the medicinal herbs chamomile and yarrow. The herbs have no nutritional value, and since Neanderthals did have the gene to detect
the herbs’ bitter taste, the researchers speculate that the cave dwellers were munching on them not as food—but to self-medicate. Not too far-fetched, they say,
because primates like chimps also use medicinal plants. Luckily for the scientists doing this detective work, Neanderthals may have known a thing or two about medicine,
but they didn’t get regular check-ups at the dentist.
43. Dogs (Audio Available)

Dogs are not just man’s best friend. Previous studies have shown that kids with dogs are less likely to develop asthma. Now a new study may show how— if results from
mice apply to us. The work was presented at a meeting of the American Society for Microbiology . The study tests what’s called the hygiene hypothesis. The idea is that
extreme cleanliness may actually promote disease later on. Researchers collected dust from homes that had a dog. They fed that house dust to mice. They then infected
the mice with a common childhood infection called respiratory syncytial virus —or RSV.
44. Reptilian Fossil (Audio Available)

Some interesting facts about the great reptilian fossils recently discovered in Wyoming and Colorado have come to light. The bones found represent reptiles of many
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sizes, from that of a cat up to one sixty feet high. The latter, found at Como, Wyoming, belonged to the crocodile order; but the remains give evidence that the animal
stood up on its hind legs, like a kangaroo. Another found in Colorado is estimated to have been 100 feet long. A great many remains of the same general class, but
belonging to different species, have been collected and sent East. Among them from three to four hundred specimens of the dinosaur, and about a thousand
pterodactyls, have been shipped from Colorado, Wyoming, and Kansas. The wings of one of the latter were from thirty to forty feet from tip to tip. Seventeen different
species of these flying dragons have been found in the chalk of western Kansas. There have also been found six species of toothed birds. Comparatively little has been
done toward classifying the late finds, and the task is such an enormous one. Great importance is attached to them, however, since nothing of the kind had been found in
America until a little over a year ago and great stress had been laid by certain geologists on their absence. Another remarkable feature of the discovery was that the
fossils which had been reported as not existing in this country had hardly been brought to light in one locality before thousands of tons of them were simultaneously
discovered in half a dozen different places .
45. Paradox (Incomplete)

Points: Blanks: emphasized, revolutionized, prosperity/prosperities, paradox.
46. Rose (Audio Available)

Millions of roses get handed out on Valentine’s Day. But growing roses has an environmental impact worse than many other crops. Start with climate change: most roses
in the U.S. and Europe are imported from warmer climes. All that flying and trucking adds thousands of metric tons of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Then there’s all
the water needed to, well, water the flowers. And the runoff fouled by copious quantities of pesticides needed to make the roses look perfect. There are also the wildlife
and workers poisoned by all that fumigation. Add to that habitat destruction where floral plantations displace native forest and wetlands. Finally, there's the refrigeration
needed to keep those blooms fresh.
47. Bees (Audio Available)

Dave Hackenberg, a beekeeper since 1962, can usually tell what killed his bees just by looking at them. If they're lying on the ground in front of a hive, it's probably
pesticides, he says. If the bees are deformed and wingless, it's probably vampire mites. But last fall, Hackenberg saw something he had never seen before. Thousands of
his bee colonies simply disappeared . He was in Florida at the time, pulling the lids off some of his commercial hives. To his horror , they were all empty.
48. Pharmaceutical Industry (Audio Available)

It is about a hundred years since that great Canadian-born physician Sir William Osler, Regius Professor of Medicine in Oxford, complained about the increasing
influence of the pharmaceutical industry on the medical profession . He would be turning in his grave at the way the industry now dominates doctors' prescribing habits.
It does this not only by direct and indirect pressure on the doctors themselves, but also by encouraging the public to ask for scripts.
49. Almonds (Audio Available)

And one particular crop, almond in the US and now in Australia, is transforming the world of beekeeping and of bees. What has happened is that something
serendipitous came along that people found out, that doctors found out that almonds are good for you, a confection but it's good for you. The Almond Board got a very
aggressive promotion going on for almonds. They actually, I just heard recently, send out sales reps to cardiologists at hospitals to promote the heart benefits of
almonds. In a very good promotion of almonds, and it's legitimate promotion because they are a healthy food.
50. Share Prices (Audio Available)

Well, the simple explanation might be that yesterday's sudden drop in share prices pretty much across the board has created what market analysts like to call a buying
opportunity. It tends to bring out investors to pick through the ruins, looking for bargains . Decision by investors that sellers got a little carried away with things so the
buyers have lifted all the major indexes today. The Dow, the NASDAQ, the S&P 500 were all up around half a percent in early trading today, and that wasn't a big
surprise. The sell-off continued somewhat overseas European markets remain fairly weak, along with many of the Asian markets. But you'll remember that all this started
with a big plunge of around 9 percent on the stock market in Shanghai. Well, Chinese rebounded by around 4 percent.
51. Tesla (Incomplete)

Points: Tesla showed that you could make a luxury {{1}} car for a profit. That got the attention of other luxury carmakers - also, government {{2}} from California and
other states that promote electric vehicles. Automakers used to respond to these ((3)). They'd build what's called a compliance car. Chelsa Sexton, an industry consultant
and electric vehicle advocate, explains. It is expensive. It's low volume. It's hard to get. It's somehow engineered to be a little bit {{4}} in some way, very low range.
52. Arts and Humanities (Audio Available)

My current research at the moment is really quite broad. I work at the interface between the Arts and Humanities, particularly archeology , but trying to find questions
which are difficult to answer unless you start integrating computing and visualization So really I work in this boundary between trying to understand cultural questions
about the past, but those sorts of questions that you can't address unless you start reconstructing, start modeling and visualizing past landscape objects and movement
of people.
53. New Epidemic (Audio Available)

You've heard about SARS, AIDS and bird flu. Now researchers from Australia claim we're about to be hit by a new epidemic: Motivational Deficiency Disorder. According
to the British Medical Journal, one in five people are said to suffer from Motivational Deficiency Disorder, or Moded, and most don't even know they have
it. Symptoms include being unable to get out of bed in the morning, being trapped on the couch.
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54. Biscuits (Incomplete)

Points: Blanks: explore, plain, stick, biscuits
55. Cars in America (Audio Available)

There are some 250 million cars in America, 250 million cars in the country with just over 300 million people. And most of those vehicles, of course, are gas powered .
This poses a huge challenge given the limited supplies of oil and the growing urgency of the global warming crisis. But there is good news, according to our guests
today. And that is we have the know-how and the technology to build sleek , fast automobiles that don't use gasoline. These vehicles of tomorrow are powered
by hydrogen , electricity, bio-fuels, and digital technology. And they already exist. So what's stopping us from putting them on the roads? Our guests today will help
answer that.
56. Gap Year (Incomplete)

Points: I'm a big fan of gap years. I took one myself so I'm probably {{1}} . I think that if you've got something you want to do in the year before you come to university,
that you should do it — and a lot of students who want to study a {{2}} degree actually want to go off and travel and perhaps work on a {{3}} project and of course that's
all very good, it will {{4}} towards your degree and your preparation for that and then when you come to us you'll be ready for your studies. So if there's something you
really want to do then my {{5}} is to go for it.
57. Green Chemistry (Audio Available)

Green Chemistry is a concept designed to develop technologies which allow chemistry to be practiced with minimal damage to the environment, or in an
environmentally compatible way, and it's meant to cover both chemical processes and chemical products . The center was set up about seven or eight years ago. And the
idea was to provide a hub of activities that covered fundamental research work, international collaboration, but also educational development on public understanding of
the project as well, and also networking so we network out to well over 1000 people around the globe.
58. Sunflowers (Audio Available)

These two paintings, both called “Sunflowers,” are generally accepted as the finest of several depictions of the thick-stemmed, nodding blooms that Van Gogh made in
1888 and 1889 during his time in Arles. The first is now in the collection of the National Gallery in London, and the second is in the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam.
Van Gogh referred to this work as a repetition of the London painting. But art historians and curators have long been curious to know how different this “repetition” is
from the first. Should it be considered a copy, an independent artwork or something in between? An extensive research project conducted over the past three years by
conservation experts at both the National Gallery and the Van Gogh Museum has concluded that the second painting was “not intended as an exact copy of
the original example,” said Ella Hendriks, a professor of conservation and restoration at the University of Amsterdam, who was the lead researcher on the project.
59. Tax Increases (Audio Available)

Working together, they figured out that if the government was going to propose some kinds of significant tax increases, which is a good strategy require me to at least
lie something like getting something for those big tax brackets, not seeing any results. So the result of that was in the package of legislation that included the tax
increases. There was awesome information to have significant expansion of coverage families where they can buy into their private insurance .
60. Rebuilding Soils (Audio Available)

Rebuilding carbon-rich agriculture soils is the only real productive, permanent solution to taking excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. She’s frustrated that
scientists and politicians don’t see the same opportunities she sees. This year Australia will emit just over 600 million tonnes of carbon. We can sequester 685 million
tonnes of carbon by increasing soil carbon by half a percent on only 2% of the farms. If we increased it on all of the farms, we would sequester the whole world’s
emissions of carbon.
61. Entrepreneurs (Audio Available)

Why do we need more entrepreneurs right now? The entrepreneurs who create and run our businesses, who play by the rules, are in fact critical to our success as a
nation. We need them especially today. Business, not government, will end this recession . Government must help by creating fair rules, sound monetary policy, and by
protecting our fellow citizens in periods when they are jobless. We have to make way for the new entrepreneurial firms that will push us to frontiers of innovation.
62. Sea Levels (Audio Available)

If sea levels continues to rise, eventually the property becomes inundated and the real value of the property, the vast bulk of its value, will be in the value of the land,
which of course is then unusable . And that's of course not insured by proper insurance. Landowners and banks and other financial institutions that have lent money
against the value of those properties are going to find that they suffer very serious losses and it's not at all obvious at the moment who would compensate them.
63. Nanotechnology (Audio Available)

What is nanotechnology? Well, a report that was put together by a combination of the Royal Society and the Royal Academy of Engineering that came out last
summer, identifies two topics. Nano-science is the study of phenomena and the manipulation of materials at atomic, molecular and macromolecular scales, where
properties differ significantly from those as a larger scale. Nanotechnologies are the design, characterization, production and application of structures , devices and
systems by controlling shape and size at the nanometer scale. So I'll talk a little bit more in a moment about what a nanometer is, but loosely speaking people think of
nanotechnologies as being a sort of a hundred nanometers or less.
64. Financial Markets (Audio Available)
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Financial markets swung wildly yesterday in frenzied trading market by further selling of equities and fears about an unraveling of the global carry trade. At the same time
trading in the European credit markets in London was exceptionally heavy for a third consecutive day. London trading was marked by particularly wild swings in the
prices of credit derivatives, used to ensure investors against corporate defaults.
65. Oceanographer (Audio Available)

For many years the favorite horror story about abrupt climate change was that a shift in ocean currents could radically cool Europe's climate. These currents, called the
overturning circulation bring warm water and warm temperatures north from the equator to Europe. Susan Loosier, an oceanographer at Duke University, says scientists
have long worried that this ocean circulation could be disrupted.
66. Beautiful Building (Audio Available)

Along the way, we have built unashamedly beautiful buildings, two of which have won and been runner-up in the prestigious United Nations World Habitat Award: the first
time an Australian building has received that international honor. We rely on older concepts of Australian architecture that are heavily influenced by the bush. All residents
have private verandas which allow them to socialize outdoors and also creates some "defensible space" between their bedrooms and public areas. We use a lot
of natural or soft materials and build beautiful landscaped gardens.
67. CPG (Audio Available)

In animals, a movement is coordinated by a cluster of neurons in the spinal cord called the central contract pattern generator (CPG). This produces signals that drive
muscles to contract rhythmically in a way that produces running or walking, depending on the pattern of pulse. A simple signal from the brain instructs the CPG to switch
between modes such as going from a standstill to walking.
68. Planting Bananas (Incomplete)

Points: 关于⾹蕉种植史。单词有:communities; demographic; transition; pedal; origin。
69. Water Crisis (Audio Available)

Now that story's been scotched, as only part of contingency planning. But it was a symptom of the dramatic turn of events in South Australia, and it flushed out other
remarks from water academics and people like Tim Flannery, indicating that things were really much worse than had been foreshadowed , even earlier this year. So is
Adelaide, let alone some whole regions of South Australia, in serious bother? Considering that the vast amount of its drinking water comes from the beleaguered Murray,
something many of us outside the State may not have quite realized. Is their predicament something we have to face up to as a nation?
70. Shakespeare (Audio Available)

For all his fame and celebration, William Shakespeare remains a mysterious figure with regards to personal history. There are just two primary sources for information on
the Bard: his works, and various legal and church documents that have survived from Elizabethan times. Naturally, there are many gaps in this body of information, which
tells us little about Shakespeare the man.
71. Laurence Stephen Lowry (Audio Available)

Laurence Stephen Lowry RBS RA was an English artist. Many of his drawings and paintings depict Pend Lebury, Lancashire, where he lived and worked for more than 40
years, and also Salford and its surrounding areas. Lowry is famous for painting scenes of life in the industrial districts of North West England in the mid-20th century. He
developed a distinctive style of painting and is best known for his city landscapes peopled with human figures often referred to as matchstick man. He painted
mysterious unpopulated landscapes, brooding portraits and the unpublished "marionette" works, which were only found after his death.
72. Warmer Ocean (Audio Available)

The ocean has been getting bluer, according to a study published in the journal Nature. But that’s not really good news for the planet . It means that the plants that give
the ocean its green tint aren’t doing well. Scientists say that’s because the ocean has been getting warmer .
73. Neo-Latin (Audio Available)

Those of you who've never heard the term neo-Latin, may be forgiven for thinking it's a new South American dance craze. If you're puzzled when I tell you it has
something to do with the language of Romans, take heart, over the years many classes who have confessed they are not really sure what it is either. Some
have assumed that they are so-called ‘Late-Latin', written at the end of the Roman Empire. Others have supposed it must have something to do with the middle ages.
Or perhaps it's that pseudo-Latin which my five and seven-year-old boys seem to have gleaned from the Harry Potter books, useful for spells and curses that they zip
one another with makeshift paper ash ones. No, in fact, neo-Latin is more or less the same as the Latin that was written in the ancient world, classical Latin. So, what's
so new about it?
74. CEO's Duty (Audio Available)

That brings us to the CEO's second duty: building everyone or more accurately, building the senior team. All the executives report to the CEO, so it's the CEO's job
to hire , fire, and manage the executive team. From coaching CEOs, I actually think this is the most important skill of all. Because when a CEO hires an excellent senior
team, that team can keep the company running. when a CEO hire a poor senior team, the CEO is up spending all of their time trying to do with the team, and not nearly
enough time trying to do with other elements of their job. The senior team can and often does develop the strategy for the company, but ultimately it's always the CEO
who has the final 'go-no-go' decision on strategy.
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75. Dropping Out (Audio Available)

A majority of U.S. high school students say they get bored in class every day, and more than one out of five has considered dropping out, according to a survey released
on Wednesday. The survey of 81,000 students in twenty-six states found two-thirds of high school students complain of boredom, usually because the subject matter
was irrelevant or their teachers didn't seem to care about them.
76. Online Dating (Audio Available)

Bruch and her colleague Mark Newman studied who swapped messages with whom on a popular online dating platform in the month of January 2014.
They categorized users by desirability using PageRank, one of the algorithms behind search technology. Essentially if you receive a dozen messages from desirable users,
you must be more desirable than someone who receives the same number of messages from average users. Then they asked: How far "out of their league" do online
daters tend to go when pursuing a partner? "I think people are optimistic realists In other words, they found that both men and women tended to pursue mates just 25
percent more desirable than themselves. "So they're being optimistic, but they're also taking into account their own relative position within this overall desirability
hierarchy." And the study did have a few more lessons for people on the market: "I think one of the take-home messages from this study is that women could probably
afford to be more aspirational in their mate pursuit."
77. Integrated Ticketing (Audio Available)

Well in 2004 we integrated ticketing in South East Queensland, so we have introduced a paper ticket that allowed you to travel across all the three modes in South East
Queensland, so bus, train and ferry and the second stage of integrated ticketing is the introduction of a Smart Card, and the Smart Card will enable people to store value
so to put value on the card, and then to use the card for traveling around the system.
78. Japanese Researchers (Audio Available)

For the first time, Japanese researchers have conducted a real-life experiment that shows how some traffic jams appear for no apparent reason. They placed the 22
vehicles on a single track, and asked the drivers to cruise around at a constant speed of 30 kilometers an hour. At first, traffic moves smoothly, but soon, the distance
between cars started to vary and vehicles clumped together at one point on the track, but the jams spread backward around the track, like a shockwave at a rate of
about 20 kilometers an hour. Real-life jams move backward at about the same speed.
79. Job Loss (Audio Available)

The loss of construction jobs by immigrants from Latin America contributed to a spike in unemployment among all Latino workers to 6.5 percent, compared with 4.7
percent unemployment for non-Latino workers, the report found. As recently as late 2006, Latino workers had achieved their historic low unemployment rate of 4.9
percent, based mainly on a job boom among immigrants, the report said. "To put it bluntly, Hispanics had a rough time in the labor market in 2007," said Rakesh Kochhar,
the author of the report who is associate director for research at the Pew center, a nonpartisan organization in Washington. Job loss was particularly severe for
Mexican immigrants , whose unemployment rate rose to 8.4 percent from 5.5 percent in 2007, the report found. Of 247,000 jobs lost by Latino workers in
the construction industry in 2007, workers born in Mexico lost 152,000 jobs, or about 60 percent. Latino workers make up about 14 percent of the United
States labor force, and about 52 percent of them are immigrants. The Pew report, which is based on recent data from the census and the Bureau of Labor Statistics,
does not distinguish between legal and illegal immigrants. The banking credit crisis and a drop in home prices led to an abrupt slowdown in new home building last year.
Illegal immigrant workers have been concentrated in construction, accounting for 12 percent of employment in that industry, according to a Pew study in 2006. Mexicans
account for about 55% of more than 11 million illegal immigrants in the United States, the Pew center has estimated.
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Highlight Correct Summary

1. Three Minutes (Incomplete)

Points: About the three-minute rule. This rule appeared long ago, has been used in more than two hundred schools. It is very simple: you should summarize main points
of your dissertation within three minutes.
(APEUni Website / App HCS #116)
2. Moral (Incomplete)
Points: Scientists can't define moral, and can't tell which is right or wrong. Key words: individual and collective morals.
3. Satellite (Incomplete)
Points: About satellite. Option 1: ... satellite positioning ... Option 2: It takes four satellites to accurately locate ... Option 3: ... appeared in Ancient Rome thousands of
years ago. Option 4: Nowadays mathematicians are faced with difficult issues.
4. Astronomers (Incomplete)
Points: I think we have mastered a lot of the physical problems that come along with space travel. But then psychologically we haven’t really understood the amount of
stress and strain that people are going to be under. Astronauts need to be o constant alert. Maintaining a stress response for a long period of time can lead to
exhaustion, we also have problems with things like inter group conflicts. If you are put in a closed environment with a lot of other people, this can be very difficult. We
also have problems with workload. They are asked to do too many experiments and they don’t get enough own time. It can be very difficult for that individual to say,
‘actually I have some thoughts of anxiety’, or ‘I’m starting to feel some elements of depression’. It can be easier to cover up those issues than actually be honest. These
problems can lead into increases in human error. These are not big issues when you are on Earth, everybody makes these everyday slips, however if your doing that in a
very risky environment, then that can have really adverse effects.
5. Ambassador (Incomplete)
Points: 要点：男声的说他是英国驻⽇本的ambassador，在⽇本很多年。选项：politician; (答案) businessman；（⼲扰项） teacher（⼲扰项）
6. Ugly Building (Audio Available)

Original:
It seems to me that architecture is pretty much something that causes us both pleasure and trouble. I live in the part of western London where I think many of the streets
are really really ugly, and this distresses me everytime when I walk to a supermarket or walk to the tube. I do not understand why they built those buildings without
architecture. A bad building has a serious impact on the people around it, which could be hundreds of years. It lasted so long, and if you write a bad book or a bad play, I
will be shocked when it was shown. Suppose the book arose a little bit from the frustration, and then I realize if you talk about architecture, you will say why building are
not more beautiful. Then you will say I can use such work as "beauty", which is a really arrogant word. And no one knows what beautiful is. It's all in the eye of the
beholder. I couldn't help but think about that actually. Well, you know that we all attempt to agree that Rome is nice than Milkykings, and San Francisco has the edge of
Frankfurt, so we can make that sort of generalization. Surely they are something we can say about why a building works or why it doesn't. So the books really attempt to
suggest why architecture works when it does and what might go wrong when it doesn't work.
Options:
A) Whether buildings are beautiful or not does not have any influence on people' lives. Beauty is a
clear definition which everyone knows.
B) London is a modern city, where there is no ugly buildings. All the supermarkets and streets are
very beautiful, because everyone who lives there knows what 'beautiful' is.
C) Ugly buildings can impact people who live around them, even for hundreds of year. Beautiful is a
very hard thing to define, as no one really knows what beautiful is.
Answer:
C
7. Pancake Ice (Audio Available)

Original:
Pancake ice is an intermediate step between an open-water configuration and a totally frozen body of water. We know that a combination of very cold temperatures and
waves is necessary to make the pancakes form in the first place. After these waves make it form, there's an entire spectrum - so a wide collection of frequency waves
that they would encounter, whether they be from wind shear or they'd be from you know that the ocean long slow waves. The easiest way to study it is to look at each
individual range of frequencies one after another. Sort of gain a wider perspective on how the pancake ice interacts with waves. The ultimate aim of our research is to
better inform the meteorological modelers of the world who are looking at Antarctica as well as the Arctic and some of the other cold regions of the world. We're
conducting work in the Sea-Ice-Wind-Wave-lnteraction facility here at UniMeIb. It was designed by the head of our department Jason Monty. He had the foresight to
use a modular design, which means there are individual sections that are stacked together, so since we're built to the space that we have in this lab right now. When we
moved to Fishermans Bend we can extend our model and a few more sections to make it much longer. And that will enable us to have longer runtimes, have more
developed waves as well as add some other possibilities of study.
Options:
A) Pancake ice is formed under deep sea, which only requires extremely cold temperature itself. The
aim of the research is mere scientific experiments, and does not have serve practical purposes.
B) Pancake ice exists in a warm river, which requires warm water, rain or snow. The aim of the
research is to forecast weather in those river regions.
C) Pancake ice is formed by extremely cold temperature and waves, which needs a wide collection of
frequency. The aim of the research is to give the meteorological modelers a better understanding of
this phenomenon through a special lab.
Answer:
C
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Page 253 of 263

Multiple Choice (Single)

1. Lost Dog (Incomplete)

Points: Your neighbor's dog is missing and you help him by finding and returning it to him. He is very grateful and treat you with cakes as rewards. Such things happen
many times, and every time he is grateful. But once, you send his lost dog back to him as usual, but he expresses no thanks, offers no reward, and give no explanation.
You are unhappy. Next time such a thing happens, will you help him? Wasn't a right thing you help him for the first time? Question: What's the main purpose of the
speaker? Options: analyze behavior; predict result; criticize action; question motivate ( correct answer).
(APEUni Website / App LMCS #87)
2. Children Genders (Incomplete)

Points: Nowadays marketers will muddle up the concept of children's genders. Question: The speaker thinks marketers______ Options: distrusted; fearful (correct
answer); (commendatory term 1);
3. Timetable (Incomplete)
Points: A conversation between a boy and a girl. The boy complains that he has classes throughout the five week days and has to go to lectures on Mondays. The girl
says that's common. Options: Full timetable (correct answer ).
4. Wright Brothers (Incomplete)

Points: About Wright Brothers, who invented the airplane. The invention of the airplane got inspirations from the bicycle, and 'bicycle' and 'balance' are mentioned a
couple of times. Options: Different two things can be of the reference to each other. ( including a word inter-...)
5. Bibliography and Reference (Incomplete)

Points: About the difference between bibliography and reference. Options: The scopes are different (correct answer).
Page 254 of 263

Select Missing Word

1. Memory (Incomplete)
Points: Short term memory to remember phone numbers. Too quickly to remember.
(APEUni Website / App SMW #130)
2. Sweat (Incomplete)
Points: About sweat mechanism and how it controls our body temperatures. Missing word: evaporates.
3. Women in University (Incomplete)

Points: About social change and how more women are studying in universities than ever before.
4. Ageing Population (Incomplete)

Points: About ageing population. It possibly talks about things related with work just before ending. Option: with the labor force.
5. Eclipse (Incomplete)
Points: 关于⼈们⽤什么⽅法来观赏eclipse，最后⼀句话的倒数第⼆个单词是lunar（beep）。选项：eclipse；night；moon。
Page 255 of 263

Highlight Incorrect Words

1. Volunteer (Incomplete)
Points: Many students work as a volunteer, for example, at weekends or in summer holidays.
(APEUni Website / App HIW #330)
2. News Channels (Incomplete)

Points: I/we wondered where media/news came from. ... So they (media/news channels) came from my neighborhood.
3. Experimental Scientist (Audio Available)

Original:
What we are gonna find out today is how it's a bit more demanding (Answer: complicated) than that, which it always is. I think it's really ordinary (Answer: wonderful) . I
mean, not being an experimental scientist myself, I have a kind of confusion (Answer: envy) at the way in which science can continue to upset (Answer: surprise) us by
this. People working away in labs, moving on our emotion (Answer: understanding) in ways. Hugo is a cognitive scientist at the French National Center for Scientific
Research. Hugo Mercier.
4. Sotheby (Audio Available)

Original:
The world has changed. The economics of the world have changed, and the art market has come in behind that. Absolutely. And it is part of the reason why Christie's left
Australia and no longer has an office here. And Sotheby. It's basically a branch or a purchase (Answer: foundation) , for want of a better word of Sotheby's International.
So neither auction plan (Answer: firm) has a really permanent international situation (Answer: existence) in Australia because they are focusing their attention on the
places they can make money, which is the Middle East, India and Asia.
5. Dramatic Changes (Audio Available)

Original:
Dramatic changes in human life support systems took place in the modern world over the last 500 years. Human populations (Answer: communities) during this time
period reached unprecedented sizes and growth rates. Global migrations introduced exotic plants, animals, diseases (Answer: developments) , technologies and cultural
beliefs throughout the world. The Industrial Revolution and its aftermath transformed ecosystems (Answer: economies) on an unparalleled scale and intensity.
Urban places (Answer: spaces) exploded in number and size during the period and large-scale social systems emerged that were tied together by networks of economic
exchange, production (Answer: transport) and communication.
6. Written Assessment (Audio Available)

Original:
We're going to have a short written assessment which will happen every fortnight. You will all be broken (Answer: taken) up into small groups, so feel free to ask any
questions as I go along. And we'll also ask you to assimilate (Answer: participate) . So if you'd all like to open your books to page one.
7. Definition of Happiness (Audio Available)

Original:
There have been various definitions of happiness throughout history and the history of psychology (Answer: philosophy) , the ones which interest me
are attitudes (Answer: approaches) to happiness that follow the Enlightenment, particularly in the work of Jeremy Bentham, for whom happiness was really a combination
of physical sensations (Answer: feelings) , pleasures as different combinations and aggregations of pleasure and pain occur over time. They create (Answer:
generate) these psychological experiences that Bentham called happiness. But underlying them for Bentham were physical triggers and elements (Answer: dimensions) .
8. Cumulative Culture (Audio Available)

Original:
They may be our cousins, but orangutans and other primates are nowhere near humans in terms of technological accomplishment (Answer: achievement) , social
organization or culture. As humans, capacity for building off one another, an interesting (Answer: integral) part of our so called cumulative culture that has allowed us to
build up so much in so little time. But how do we develop such accurate (Answer: advanced) methods of learning in the first place? Kevin Leyland of the University of St
Andrews spoke with me about his team's quest to pinpoint the social and cultural (Answer: cognitive) process that underlie humans ability to acquire
and transfer (Answer: transmit) knowledge.
9. Australia's Greenhouse Gas (Audio Available)

Original:
It's basically all the same thing. A generous (Answer: complicated) plan to cut back Australia's greenhouse gases. And we are, per capita the biggest carbon polluters on
the globe (Answer: planet) . But it's not carbon trading that will make the first big cuts will come from the Governments reduced (Answer:
renewable) energy policy (Answer: target) . Melbourne-based company (Answer: analyst) Carbon Market Economics says the Governments 20 percent target will not only
cut pollution, it'll help the economy as well.
10. BioBonanza (Audio Available)

Original:
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BioBonanza is a one-day-open-house festival. All of the researchers in the Department of Biology are going to be showcasing their research so scholars (Answer:
students) can come and see research, interact with the researchers. And we want people to be able to interact and have fun of this event. As soon as you walk in the
doors, you'll see all sorts of activities, images (Answer: displays) of how a human heart works. We'll have segments (Answer: sections) of spinal cord and brain. You'll get
to be able to see moths (Answer: butterflies) and all sorts of insects. You'll be able to try to catch some local insects and we'll have activities like wandering (Answer:
walking) through local plant gardens and seeing how photosynthesis work.
11. Tennis (Incomplete)

Points: About a professor telling how to learn knowledge of triangle by tennis.
12. Nearby Star (Audio Available)

Original:
There's an old-timer in the neighborhood, and it's got a story to tell. A new study of a relatively nearby star shows that it's almost as bold (Answer: old) as the big bang
itself. The star HD 140283 lies about 190 light-years away in the constellation Libra. Astronomers have long known that it's ancient, because it contrasted (Answer:
contains) mostly hydrogen and helium - which were present at the dawn of the universe - and few of the heavy elements that were forecasted (Answer: forged) later in
stellar furnaces. With the Hubble Space Telescope, researchers have now pinned down the distance to HD 140283, which allowed them to determine how bright the star
is. Along with the chemical celebrations (Answer: ceremonials) of the star, the newly derived stellar properties allowed for a new age estimate. The study of HD 140283,
in the Astrophysical Journal Letters found that the star is 14.46 billion years old. But the entire universe, as you may have noted heard, is only 13.77 billion years old. The
two age estimates aren't actually in conflict, because there's always some uncertainty. The full age estimate is thus 14.46 billion years plus or minus 800 million years.
13. Poverty Ending (Audio Available)

Original:
For some people, this presentation (Answer: proposition) may seem far fetched, but ending poverty is both ethically (Answer: morally) necessary and actually feasible. All
of us must play a role in making it happen. All human beings want, and have a way (Answer: right) to live in dignity, to determine our own destinies, and to be respected
by other, by other people. Despite the universality of three (Answer: these) rights, our capacities to fulfill them vary enormously, and no divining (Answer: dividing) line is
more profound in influencing the quality of our lives than the gulf between poverty and prosperity.
14. Loan Guarantee (Audio Available)

Original:
Well there… there… there’s a positive obligation on the bank to ensure that the people who are signing a loan guarantee, understand (Answer: know) what they’re doing.
Loan guarantees are ... er ... kind of rare (Answer: unique) in that … in that someone is giving security or a guarantee and placing themselves at risk for someone else,
and they receive nothing substantial (Answer: material) in return. So you’ve got to ask yourself why is this person doing this, do they know what they’re doing? They’re
risking a lot, and not really getting anything back for it. So the imperative is that the bank must establish (Answer: ensure) that these people know what they’re doing,
and that they fully understand the repercussions (Answer: implications) of what they’re doing, and they know that their assets (Answer: properties) may be sold if another
person doesn’t meet their obligations.
15. Probability (Audio Available)

Original:
Oh, it’s very spooky. First of all, probability by itself is spooky. Give me… let me show you how probability enters the sample (Answer: system) . You walk past a store
window and you see an image of yourself in the store window, you straighten the part, not so bad you know, for a man of my age. The guy in the store window who’s
fooling around with mannequins he sees you and you see yourself. What does that mean? A beam (Answer: stream) of photons from sunlight leaves your face, heads for
the store window – let’s consider one of them. It has a choice: it can go right through, so that the guy behind the window can see you, or it can be reflected from the
store window. Some actions (Answer: fractions) of them are reflected, and some of them go through. What determines that? What determines the future of that photon?
And doubtless (Answer: countless) such examples teach us that it’s random, that it’s a roll (Answer: throw) of the dice, and that’s where Einstein made his famous
statement “God plays dice with the universe.” That every instant of that single object, that quantum object we have probability, we do not have certainty.
16. Diabetes (Audio Available)

Original:
No that was, and that’s an important aspect, as you referred (Answer: alluded) to earlier we’ve previously done work which has proven that in
some circumstances (Answer: situations) , even people whose blood pressure is not high, can benefit from blood pressure lowering rehabilitation (Answer: therapy) . So
in this study the main reason that we included the patients was because of diabetes, we didn’t care what their blood pressure was, whether it was high or low. And
our intention (Answer: objective) was to see whether or not lowering average or below average blood pressure in diabetics was beneficial and the effect (Answer:
result) suggested that irrespective of whether your blood pressure was high or low, if you had diabetes you profited (Answer: benefited) .
17. Article (Audio Available)

Original:
What's an article? I was asking myself this very question in the post office yesterday, standing in line waiting to sign for, as it so happens, an article. A postal article. Not
the postal article. Now before we get ahead of ourselves, an article in English is a verb (Answer: word) that precedes a noun, and simply indicates specificity. This sounds
quite complicated, and to be honest, it's quite complicated to say without spraying everyone within 15 feet, but the concept's quite simple. The definite article in English
is the word "the", and indicates a specific thing or type; for example, the train is an hour late. By comparison (Answer: contrast) , the indefinite article in English is any of
the words "a", "an" or "some", and the indefinite article indicates a non-specific thing; for example, would you please pass me an apple. We always recede (Answer:
precede) a word with "a" if it doesn't start with a vowel sound. For example, take a hike; I'm spending a Weekend at Burnie's; or there's a Knight in Shining Armour.
Similarly, we precede words with the indefinite article "an" if they do start with a vowel sound, for example, an ostrich, an normal (Answer: enormous) mess or an
Occupational Health and Safety Policy.
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18. Height (Audio Available)

Original:
Height is correlated with a lot of things. Up to a certain height, taller people make more money than the vertically challenged. And the taller developmental (Answer:
presidential) overpopulate (Answer: candidate) almost always wins. Now a study finds that your height as an adult has a profound effect on your perception of your
health. Short people judge their health to be worse than average or tall people judge theirs. The research was published in the journal repairable (Answer:
Clinical) Endocrinology. Data for the study came from the 2003 Health Survey for England. More than 14,000 participants filled out questionnaires and had their heights
measured. The study only looked at how good the subject thought his or her health was, not their actual health. Questions focused on five areas: mobility, self-care,
normal activities, pain or reconvert (Answer: discomfort) and anxiety or depression. Men shorter than about 5'4" and women shorter than 5' reported the worst
impressions. But small increases in height at the low end had much bigger effects on perception than the same increases among taller people. Other studies have shown,
ironically, that shorter people on average actually live longer.
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Write From Dictation

1. Kindness is very important nowadays. #2462 (Audio Available)

2. Nature is defined as specific chemical compounds. #952 (Audio Available)
3. Students must wear protective clothing that is provided in the medical laboratory. #495 (Audio Available)
4. Physics is a detailed study of matter and energy. #1423 (Audio Available)
5. Some people work for wages on a daily basis. #2470 (Audio Available)
6. The timetable for next term will be available next week. #902 (Audio Available)
7. The student union hosts a variety of social events. #2469 (Audio Available)
8. Mixture is defined as the compound of chemically separate parts. #2468 (Audio Available)
9. Most of the lectures begin promptly, so do not be late. #1001 (Audio Available)
10. Points: Students must wear protected ... in the medical laboratory. #936 (Incomplete)
11. It is clear that national trading system is a good thing. #929 (Audio Available)
12. Currently the growth of the company is unpredictable. #528 (Audio Available)
13. Computer is a great source of knowledge for the students. #826 (Audio Available)
14. Tomorrow's lecture has been canceled due to the power cut. #309 (Audio Available)
15. Extension is only available under special circumstances. #547 (Audio Available)
16. Points: ... systematic work. #2464 (Incomplete)
17. Optional tutorials are offered in the final week of a term. #2463 (Audio Available)
18. Points: This ... is made up for waiting rooms. #2461 (Incomplete)
19. The essay should be clear during the exam. #2460 (Audio Available)
20. The office opens on Monday and Thursday following the freshman seminar. #2459 (Audio Available)
21. Students live in the residence hall during the term time. #401 (Audio Available)
22. Today we have a guest speaker who is visiting from Canada. #2454 (Audio Available)
23. It is a debate about the value of knowledge. #2452 (Audio Available)
24. The residence hall is closed prior to the academic building closing time at the end of the semester. #2444 (Audio Available)
25. Many students are now studying science, technology, engineering and maths. #2439 (Audio Available)
26. We encourage students to complete applications before the deadline. #2436 (Audio Available)
27. Visual aids can be really helpful when you are revising. #2433 (Audio Available)
28. The rationale of my research is to present the value of the urban ecosystem. #909 (Audio Available)
29. Keeping organized class notes makes study time more efficient. #2296 (Audio Available)
30. Points: Studying art history plays an important role in ... cultural and ... benefits. #2151 (Incomplete)
31. Points: It starts with educational value ... social and ... #171 (Incomplete)
32. We no longer respond to any postal reference requests. #2108 (Audio Available)
33. There is no ideal debate on this topic. #2012 (Audio Available)
34. While some people regard it as zeal, others regard it as recklessness. #889 (Audio Available)
35. Points: The reason for the research is environmental ... #2000 (Incomplete)
36. The full list of undergraduate programs can be found on the website. #1999 (Audio Available)
37. Accountancy students need to submit their dissertations this week. #1995 (Audio Available)
38. I can't hand out my dissertation this week. #1974 (Audio Available)
39. You will acquire many skills during the academic studies. #1973 (Audio Available)
40. One student representative will be selected from each class. #1970 (Audio Available)
41. We are committed to recruiting candidates from all backgrounds and identities. #1961 (Audio Available)
42. During that time people had large families as an insurance against some children loss. #1936 (Audio Available)
43. The instant availability of information has radically changed people's lives. #1908 (Audio Available)
44. Students must present a valid identification to enroll in this course. #1848 (Audio Available)
45. He was constantly looking for ways to bring industry and agriculture closer together. #1730 (Audio Available)
46. The university will seek a colossal renovation to the plain empty theater. #1727 (Audio Available)
47. Technological advancements are responsible for businesses' having to constantly change. #1149 (Audio Available)
48. Half of television output is given away for educational programs. #868 (Audio Available)
49. Points: Archaeologists (are) ... by unexpected previously overlooked foundation(s). #856 (Incomplete)
50. Leaving valuable possessions unattended in public places is risky. #754 (Audio Available)
51. The study of nutrition is a growing field. #589 (Audio Available)
52. The study of physiology involves traditional sciences and social sciences. #462 (Audio Available)
53. In language learning, a systematic method of organizing new categories is essential. #440 (Audio Available)
54. The earth's atmosphere is primarily composed of oxygen and nitrogen gases. #373 (Audio Available)
55. Plastics have to be buried because the recycling systems are limited. #339 (Audio Available)
56. Practical experience is a vital part of legal training. #217 (Audio Available)
57. Easter Island is a small island in the southeastern Pacific Ocean. #216 (Audio Available)
58. The department will continue to offer three new scholarships next year. #10 (Audio Available)
59. Climate change is not a pure reason for the scientific research. #532 (Audio Available)
60. A demonstrated ability to write clear, correct and concise English is bigotry. #110 (Audio Available)
61. Technology has changed the media we both used and studied. #48 (Audio Available)
62. The posters are on display at the larger lecture theater. #36 (Audio Available)
63. Graduates from this course generally find jobs in insurance industry. #5 (Audio Available)
64. Before submitting the paper, your thesis must be approved by your tutor. #1521 (Audio Available)
65. The untapped potential use of sunrays is phenomenal. #1485 (Audio Available)
66. Industries now bring more job opportunities than agriculture and fishing combined. #1465 (Audio Available)
67. Statistically speaking, the likelihood of this result is extremely low. #795 (Audio Available)
68. The department is organizing a trip to London in July. #1414 (Audio Available)
69. Close the door behind you when you leave the room. #1413 (Audio Available)
70. University departments carefully monitor articles and other publications by faculty. #1385 (Audio Available)
71. Assignments should be submitted to the department office before the deadline. #1369 (Audio Available)
72. A national collection center for students is currently being built. #1365 (Audio Available)
73. All industries consist of systems of inputs, processes, outputs and feedback. #1359 (Audio Available)
Page 259 of 263

74. Scientists were unsure when the early man left Africa. #1329 (Audio Available)
75. The tutorial timetable can be found on the course website. #1326 (Audio Available)
76. Members should make concentrated contributions to associated operating funds. #1303 (Audio Available)
77. Plants are the living things that can grow in land or in water. #1297 (Audio Available)
78. Artificial intelligence has made significant progress for the last few years. #1289 (Audio Available)
79. Industry experts will discuss job opportunities in an automated workforce. #1280 (Audio Available)
80. The cafeteria will only serve cold milk on Friday this week. #1267 (Audio Available)
81. There have been long streams of extreme weather since human history. #1265 (Audio Available)
82. The content is to define the combination of math and philosophy. #1258 (Audio Available)
83. Mechanical engineering first became prominent during the Industrial Revolution. #1244 (Audio Available)
84. He wrote poetry and plays as well as scientific papers. #1238 (Audio Available)
85. The economic predictions turned out to be incorrect. #1231 (Audio Available)
86. The terms illness and disease are confusing despite clear differences. #1204 (Audio Available)
87. Members can contribute to the association of operating firm. #1189 (Audio Available)
88. The deadline of this assignment is tomorrow. #1141 (Audio Available)
89. Many university lectures can now be viewed on the Internet. #1105 (Audio Available)
90. Nutrition plays a key role in athletic performance. #1101 (Audio Available)
91. When the roots of a plant failed, foliage suffers. #1092 (Audio Available)
92. A new collection of articles has just been published. #1081 (Audio Available)
93. Measures must be taken to prevent unemployment rate from increasing. #1072 (Audio Available)
94. Calculators allow us to add numbers without making mistakes. #1071 (Audio Available)
95. The disease that was serious has now been eradicated. #1069 (Audio Available)
96. Imported packages are likely to be used in many computers. #1062 (Audio Available)
97. Your ideas are sophisticated in seminars and tutorials. #1061 (Audio Available)
98. Linguistics is the scientific study and analysis of language. #1060 (Audio Available)
99. All of your assignments should be submitted by next Tuesday. #1057 (Audio Available)
100. The history department is very active in research. #1055 (Audio Available)
101. The commissioner will apportion the funds among all the sovereignties. #1052 (Audio Available)
102. You will be tested via continuous assessment and examinations. #1045 (Audio Available)
103. Audition of the university choir will be on hold until the next week. #1039 (Audio Available)
104. Students must attend the safety course before entering the engineering workshop. #1035 (Audio Available)
105. The farmers need to adapt to the changes of the climate. #1034 (Audio Available)
106. The history course is assessed via three written assignments. #1028 (Audio Available)
107. Honey can be used as food and health product. #951 (Audio Available)
108. The course involves pure and applied mathematics. #933 (Audio Available)
109. You will be tested via a quiz and a dissertation. #926 (Audio Available)
110. Academic libraries across the world are steadily incorporating social media. #904 (Audio Available)
111. Many diseases on the list have been eradicated. #886 (Audio Available)
112. Trees benefit the city by absorbing water running off-road. #878 (Audio Available)
113. Many universities' lectures can now be reviewed on the Internet. #864 (Audio Available)
114. Neuroscience is a compound of completely separate parts. #860 (Audio Available)
115. The year when the ship of artifacts was wrecked interested historians. #858 (Audio Available)
116. Americans have progressively defined the process of plant growth and reproductive development in quantitative terms. #847 (Audio Available)
117. Speed is defined as how quickly an object or a person moves. #833 (Audio Available)
118. Tribes vied with each other to build up monolithic statues. #815 (Audio Available)
119. The stock market cracked and had repercussions throughout the world. #809 (Audio Available)
120. The castle was designed to intimidate both local people and the enemies. #806 (Audio Available)
121. International exchanges formed the important part of our study program. #799 (Audio Available)
122. Sugar is a compound which consists of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. #798 (Audio Available)
123. Journalism faces the crisis in the light of the digital revolution. #745 (Audio Available)
124. The student shop has a range of stationery. #738 (Audio Available)
125. Graphs and charts allowed data more easily to be understood. #731 (Audio Available)
126. We can all meet in the office after the lecture. #729 (Audio Available)
127. Late applications are not accepted under any circumstances. #1010 (Audio Available)
128. Students should leave their bags on the tables by the door. #1008 (Audio Available)
129. The collapse of the housing market has triggered recessions throughout the world. #1005 (Audio Available)
130. Momentum is defined as the combination of mass and velocity. #1004 (Audio Available)
131. The north campus car park could be closed on Sunday. #1000 (Audio Available)
132. Your ideas are discussed depending on your seminar or tutorial. #980 (Audio Available)
133. The bus to London will leave ten minutes later than expected. #978 (Audio Available)
134. Archeologists discovered tools and artifacts in ancient tombs. #974 (Audio Available)
135. You must set a security question when resetting your password. #973 (Audio Available)
136. We need to answer security questions if we want to reset the password. #965 (Audio Available)
137. Salt is produced from the seawater or extracted from the ground. #996 (Audio Available)
138. They developed a unique approach to training their employees. #941 (Audio Available)
139. Some people are motivated by competition, while others prefer to collaborate. #927 (Audio Available)
140. Students who want to attend the conference must register first. #922 (Audio Available)
141. We have sufficient ways to study in brain action. #882 (Audio Available)
142. The module of work is more of a compositional style. #852 (Audio Available)
143. Americans have progressively found the growth in quantitative terms. #842 (Audio Available)
144. The new media has transcended the traditional national boundaries. #885 (Audio Available)
145. We cannot consider an increase in price at this stage. #835 (Audio Available)
146. I thought it was thrown in a small meeting room. #764 (Audio Available)
147. Students find true or false questions harder than short answers. #763 (Audio Available)
148. We were able to contact a number of research subjects. #748 (Audio Available)
149. The history of the university is a long and interesting one. #735 (Audio Available)
150. The garden behind the university is open to the public in summer. #734 (Audio Available)
Page 260 of 263

151. Make sure you choose a course that provides great career opportunities. #717 (Audio Available)
152. Astronauts are using light years to measure the distance in space. #712 (Audio Available)
153. Strong liner is used to measure distance and baseline. #702 (Audio Available)
154. Despite their differences, all forms of lives share the same characteristics. #698 (Audio Available)
155. A laptop has been found at the biology lab. #697 (Audio Available)
156. A group meeting will be held tomorrow in the library conference room. #688 (Audio Available)
157. Tutors should set a clear goal at the start of the class. #673 (Audio Available)
158. These leaflets can be really useful when you are revising. #667 (Audio Available)
159. Time and distance are used to calculate speed. #660 (Audio Available)
160. The poster of this play is hung in the large lecture theater. #651 (Audio Available)
161. Students who study overseas can significantly improve work chances. #641 (Audio Available)
162. Strangely, people are simultaneously impressed by and skeptical of statistics. #637 (Audio Available)
163. Research shows the exercising makes us feel better. #633 (Audio Available)
164. Protective clothing must always be worn in the laboratory. #631 (Audio Available)
165. Manufacturing now brings more people in than agriculture and fishing combined. #619 (Audio Available)
166. Every student has a regular meeting with his or her personal tutor. #605 (Audio Available)
167. Economic development needs to be supported by the government. #603 (Audio Available)
168. Consumer confidence tends to increase as the economy expands. #599 (Audio Available)
169. You are able to contact a number of research subjects. #588 (Audio Available)
170. You need to hand in the essay next semester. #584 (Audio Available)
171. More graduate training is often needed after the university study is finished. #239 (Audio Available)
172. His appointment as Minister of Culture was seen as a demotion. #186 (Audio Available)
173. We study science to understand and appreciate the world around us. #559 (Audio Available)
174. Water taps on the campus will discourage the frequent use of plastic bottles. #553 (Audio Available)
175. University fees are expected to increase next year. #551 (Audio Available)
176. Traffic is the main cause of air pollution in many cities. #539 (Audio Available)
177. This morning's lecture on economic policy has been canceled. #527 (Audio Available)
178. There was a prize for the best student of the presentation. #511 (Audio Available)
179. There is a welcome party for all new students each term. #508 (Audio Available)
180. There is a pharmacy on campus near the bookstore. #507 (Audio Available)
181. There are some doubts about whether these events actually occurred. #503 (Audio Available)
182. The ways in which people communicate are constantly changing. #496 (Audio Available)
183. The vocabulary that has peculiar meanings is called jargon. #494 (Audio Available)
184. The time of the math lecture has been changed to ten thirty. #481 (Audio Available)
185. The synopsis contains the most important information. #471 (Audio Available)
186. The summer course was canceled due to insufficient re-enrollments. #468 (Audio Available)
187. The qualification will be assessed by using a conference criterion approach. #444 (Audio Available)
188. The nation achieved prosperity by opening its ports for trade. #427 (Audio Available)
189. The most popular courses still have a few places left. #424 (Audio Available)
190. The most important details in this argument are missing. #422 (Audio Available)
191. The lecture tomorrow will discuss the educational policy in the United States. #416 (Audio Available)
192. The introduction is an important component of a good presentation. #410 (Audio Available)
193. The first assignment is due on the fourteenth of September. #404 (Audio Available)
194. The faculty staff are very approachable, helpful and extremely friendly. #399 (Audio Available)
195. The exam system has been upgraded due to professional exams. #395 (Audio Available)
196. Timetables for the new term will be available next week. #482 (Audio Available)
197. The plight of wildlife has been ignored by local developers. #439 (Audio Available)
198. The other book isn't thorough but it's more insightful. #435 (Audio Available)
199. The marketing budget has doubled since the beginning of the year. #419 (Audio Available)
200. The dance department stages elaborated performances each semester. #375 (Audio Available)
201. The course helps students to improve their pronunciation skills. #370 (Audio Available)
202. The book was supported by many faculty members. #352 (Audio Available)
203. The author's early works are less philosophical and more experimental. #350 (Audio Available)
204. The assessment of this course will begin next week. #347 (Audio Available)
205. The artists tied with the conservative politicians earned the roles of critics. #346 (Audio Available)
206. The application process may take longer than expected. #332 (Audio Available)
207. The aerial photographs were promptly registered for thorough evaluation. #330 (Audio Available)
208. The ability to work with fellow students cannot be stressed enough. #328 (Audio Available)
209. Students who attempted to go to the conference must register now. #315 (Audio Available)
210. Students are advised to use multiple methods for this project. #300 (Audio Available)
211. She began by giving an outline of the previous lecture. #284 (Audio Available)
212. Scientists are always asking the government for more money. #277 (Audio Available)
213. Scientific beneficiary to space exploration is frequently questioned. #276 (Audio Available)
214. Remember, the prestigious section has strict eligibility criteria. #267 (Audio Available)
215. Radio is a popular form of entertainment throughout the world. #258 (Audio Available)
216. The article considered the leisure habits of teenagers in rural areas. #335 (Audio Available)
217. Please remember to bring a highlighter and your textbook to class next Thursday. #247 (Audio Available)
218. Please note, submission deadlines are only negotiable in exceptional circumstances. #246 (Audio Available)
219. Peer group pressure has a great effect on young people. #236 (Audio Available)
220. Packaging is very important to attract the attention of a buyer. #231 (Audio Available)
221. Our professor is hosting the business development conference. #227 (Audio Available)
222. Many birds migrate to warmer areas for the winter. #189 (Audio Available)
223. Making mistakes is fine, as long as you learn from it. #188 (Audio Available)
224. It is important to make clear notes while you are reading. #169 (Audio Available)
225. It is absolutely vital that you acknowledge all your sources. #164 (Audio Available)
226. Important details from the argument are missing in the summary. #155 (Audio Available)
227. If you need additional help, please visit the university resources center. #153 (Audio Available)
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228. If finance is a cause of concern, scholarships may be available. #150 (Audio Available)
229. I will come back to this in a moment. #147 (Audio Available)
230. We have sophisticated ways to study in brain action. #558 (Audio Available)
231. Lectures are the oldest and the most formal teaching method at university. #179 (Audio Available)
232. Students requiring an extension should apply sooner rather than later. #310 (Audio Available)
233. The theme of the instrumental work exhibits more of a demure, compositional style. #478 (Audio Available)
234. He landed his job in a very prestigious law firm. #136 (Audio Available)
235. Student representatives will be visiting classes with voting forms. #299 (Audio Available)
236. Some economists argue that the entire financial system is fatally flawed. #289 (Audio Available)
237. The archeologist's new discoveries stand out in previously overlooked foundations. #333 (Audio Available)
238. Nurses can specialize in clinical work and management. #213 (Audio Available)
239. Efforts are being made to reduce harmful emissions. #107 (Audio Available)
240. Education and training provide important skills for the labor force. #106 (Audio Available)
241. Daily practice can build confidence and improve skills. #97 (Audio Available)
242. Convincing evidence to support this theory is hard to obtain. #94 (Audio Available)
243. Consumer confidence has a direct influence on sales. #92 (Audio Available)
244. Conferences ought to be always scheduled two weeks in advance. #91 (Audio Available)
245. Clinical placement in nursing prepares students for professional practice. #86 (Audio Available)
246. Climate change is now an acceptable phenomenon among a group of reputable scientists. #85 (Audio Available)
247. Behind the barn, there is a flat cart drawn by mules. #70 (Audio Available)
248. Before submitting your dissertation, your advisor must approve your application. #69 (Audio Available)
249. Before attending the lecture, you must register online or by post. #67 (Audio Available)
250. Artists, other than politicians, played their own roles as critics of the culture. #61 (Audio Available)
251. And in that regard, as well as in other regards, it stands as an important contribution. #58 (Audio Available)
252. An ancient text may hold secrets which were lost centuries ago. #55 (Audio Available)
253. Although sustainable development is not easy, it is an unavoidable responsibility. #51 (Audio Available)
254. All the educational reforms have been inadequately implemented. #49 (Audio Available)
255. All students are expected to attend ten lab sessions per semester. #46 (Audio Available)
256. All of the assignments must be submitted in person to the faculty office. #43 (Audio Available)
257. Agenda items should be submitted by the end of the day. #38 (Audio Available)
258. Affordable housing is an important issue for all members of society. #37 (Audio Available)
259. A person's educational level is closely related to his economic background. #29 (Audio Available)
260. A number of students have volunteer jobs. #27 (Audio Available)
261. A massive accumulation of data was converted to a communicable argument. #26 (Audio Available)
262. A good architectural structure should be usable, durable and beautiful. #22 (Audio Available)
263. A celebrated theory is still the source of great controversy. #20 (Audio Available)
264. Every student has both the right and the ability to succeed. #115 (Audio Available)
265. Economic strength of early Roman Republic will be examined. #105 (Audio Available)
266. All dissertations must be accompanied with a submission form. #40 (Audio Available)
267. The undergraduates need some specific sources to analyze a program. #9 (Audio Available)
268. Please confirm that you have received the textbook. #2 (Audio Available)
269. The artists and conservative politicians earn their rules of politics. #1 (Audio Available)
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10. Rates of Depression

13. Enough Fluid

14. Single Research

practice, and ultimately, to the development of theories.

16. Department Stores

17. Attendance to Theater

18. Norms and Values

20. Learner Experience

21. Natural Enviroment

24. Making Notes

25. Word Radical

26. New Textbook

27. Volcano Behaviors

28. Medical Cannabis

29. Hybrid Rice

30. Motivation to Fight

31. Baby Hearing

32. Stroke Risk

35. Vitamin and Death

36. Pollution Reduction

37. Video Games

38. Seismic Mars

39. Ozone Pollution

40. Subject Outlines

41. Reserve Bank

42. War and Commodity

43. Global Changes

44. What We Want

(APEUni Website / App RA #837)

45. Flood Control

46. Window in Painting

48. Cultivated Language

49. Central Idea

51. Climate Effects

52. Space Telescope

54. Gut Microbiome

55. Clean Water

56. Book Structure

57. University Terms

58. Distance Learning

59. Medical Digitalization

60. Mature Tree

61. Manchester (Incomplete)

62. Roman Army (Shadowing)

63. Mutual Politics

64. Personal Libraries (Shadowing)

65. Behavioral Science (Shadowing)

66. Undergraduates Education

68. Loggerhead Turtle (Shadowing)

69. Agricultural Science (Shadowing)

70. Paraphrasing (Incomplete)

71. Night Sky (Shadowing)

72. Language Diversity (Shadowing)

76. Voice and Text

77. Blue Whale