Prevention and Control of Disease Transmissions

·CHAPTER SEVEN
MODULE CODE MLT04106:

PREVENTION AND CONTROL
OF DISEASE TRANSMISSIONS
Session 1: Common Bacteria causing
Diseases (Mycobacterium and Escherichia
Species)
NTA Level 4, Semester I, Module Code: MLT04206 Prevention and Control of Diseases
Transmission
Total Session Time: 120 minutes
Prerequisites
 None
Learning Objectives
By the end of this session students should be able to:
 Classify Mycobacterium and Escherichia species
 Describe morphological features of Mycobacterium and Escherichia species
 List common pathogenic mycobacterium and Escherichia species
 Describe the mode of transmission of mycobacterium and Escherichia species
 Mention common diseases caused by mycobacterium and Escherichia species (Tuberculosis,
Leprosy and urinary tract infection (UTI) respectively)
Resources Needed
 Flip charts, marker pens and masking tape
 Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers
 Coloured atlas, diagrams, pictures and stained smears
SESSION OVERVIEW
Step Time Activity/Method Content
1 10 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Objectives
Presentation
2 15 minutes Classification
Buzzing
Morphological features of mycobacterium
3 25 minutes Presentation
and Escherichia species
Modes of transmission of mycobacterium
and Escherichia species
Presentation Diseases caused by Mycobacterium and
5 15 minutes
Group Discussion Escherichia species
6 15 minutes Presentation Key Points
7 (a) 30 minutes Presentation Evaluation
Step 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Objectives (10 minutes)

 READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify.
 ASK students if they have any questions before continuing.
Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes)
ASK the students to buzz in pairs and allow them to answer the following questions
Classify the following :
 Mycobacterium
 Escherichia
 WRITE THEIR answers on flip chart
 SUMMARIZE their responses using notes below
Step 2: Classification of bacteria

Bacteria are classified according to:
 Biological classification- Observable characters like physiological, immunological and
Ecological
 Morphological classification:
o Higher bacteria which are sub-classified into two major groups:
 Vegetative mycelium fragments which include: Anaerobic, acid fast, Anaerobic non-
acid fast
 Vegetative mycelium which does not fragment into bacillary or coccoid form
o Lower or true bacteria
 Are unicellular and never form mycelium.
 They are grouped on the basis of their shape:
- Cocci – spherical
- Bacilli – rod shaped
- Vibrio – comma shaped
- Spirilla – spiral twisted non-flexuous rods
- Spirochaetes- thin spirally twisted, flexuous rods
Mycobacteria
Bacteria which are acid fast bacilli on the basis of staining reaction to Ziehl – Neelsen stain
They are also weak Gram positive bacilli
Escherichia
Are Gram negative rods usually motile
Step 3: Morphological features of Mycobacterium species and Escherichia coli

 Mycobacterium tuberculosis
o Mycobacterium is slender, rod shaped, non spore forming, non motile and non capsulated
straight or slightly curved measuring 1 – 4 by 0.2 – 0.5 µm containing waxy material
(mycolic acid) in its wall
 Mycobacterium leprae
o Is a non motile, non-sporing, straight or slightly curved rod measuring 0.2 – 0.5 x 5 – 8
µm
o The organisms can be found singly and in groups called globi
Fig. 1: shows Mycobacterium species in a ZN- Stained smear
 Escherichia coli
o A gram negative , non-capsulated, short, bacillus (rod) 2-4 µ x 0.4 to 0.7 µm in
diameter, appear singly or clustered
o Motile, non spore forming bacterium
Step 4: Common species of medical importance

(a) Mycobacterium Species
 Mycobacterium tuberculosis
 Mycobacterium leprae
(b) Escherichia species
 Escherichia coli
Step 5: Modes of transmission of mycobacterium species and Escherichia coli

(a) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
 Transmitted through inhalation of air droplets from infected individual by coughing,
sneezing or talking
 A cough or 5 minutes of talking can produce 3000 droplets
(b) Mycobacterium leprae
 Leprae bacilli are obligate parasites of man
 Portal of entry is most probably skin and nasal mucosa
 It needs close and prolonged contact with infective patients for contact
(c) Escherichia coli
 Contaminated water
 Contamination of body sites(urinary, wound, blood)
Step 6: Diseases caused by Mycobacterium species and Escherichia coli

(a) Mycobacterium species
 Tuberculosis (Pulmonary and extra-pulmonary)
 Leprosy
(b) Escherichia coli
 Urinary Tract Infections (UTI)
 Wound infections
 Bacteraemia & Meningitis especially of the newborn
 Diarrhoeal disease especially in infants, but also adults
Step 10: Key Points (Mycobacterium species and Escherichia coli)

 Classification of Mycobacterium species and Escherichia coli
 Common Species of Mycobacterium of medical importance
 Modes of transmission of Mycobacterium species
Step 11: Evaluation

 Mention diseases caused by Mycobacterium species and Escherichia coli
 List modes of transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae
References:
 Baker J., R.E. Silverton (2001): Introduction to Medical Laboratory Technology, 7 th Edition
Oxford University Press
 Cook, G. (2000), Manson’s Tropical Diseases, 22nd Ed, W.B. Saunders Company Ltd,
London;
 Gupter S. (1989) Medical Microbiology 4th Ed .Jaypee brothers Medical Publisher.
 Gupter S(2010) Medical Microbiology,(Including Parasitology)10th Ed. Jaypee brothers
Medical Publisher.
 Monica Cheesbrough (1998) District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries Part II -
Tropical Health Technology;
 Monica Cheesbrough (1984) Medical Laboratory Manual for Tropical Countries Volume II:
Microbiology - Tropical Health Technology/ Butterworths
Session 2: Common Bacteria causing
Diseases (Staphylococci, Streptococci, and
Treponema species.)
Transmission
Prerequisites
 None
Learning Objectives
By the end of this session, the student will be able to:
 Classify Staphylococci , Streptococci and Treponema species
 Describe morphological features of Staphylococci, Streptococci and Treponema species
 List the common Staphylococci, Streptococci and Treponema species of medical importance
 Describe the mode of transmission of Staphylococci, Streptococci and Treponema
 Mention common diseases caused by Staphylococci, Streptococci and Treponema species
Resources Needed
SESSION OVERVIEW
Presentation
2 10 minutes Classification
Buzzing
Morphological features of
3 20 minutes Presentation Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and
Treponema species
Modes of transmission of
4 10 minutes Presentation Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and
Treponema species
Diseases caused by Staphylococcus
Presentation
5 10 minutes aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes,
Buzzing
S.pneumoniae and Treponema species
Diseases caused by Staphylococcus
Presentation
6 10 minutes aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes,
Buzzing
S.pneumoniae and Treponema species


 ASK the students to buzz in pairs and allow them to answer the following questions
 Classify the following :
 Staphyloccoci and Streptococci
 Treponema
Step 2: Classification of Staphylococci, Streptococci and Treponema

 Staphylococci are in the group of cocci (spherical) appear in groups called clusters
 Streptococci are also the group of cocci (spherical) arranged in chains
 Treponema species are spirochaetes group that appear thin spirally twisted, flaxous rods
Step 3: Morphological features of staphyloccoccus, streptococcus and Treponema Species

(a) Staphylococci
 a spherical organism which is non motile, non encapsulated, gram positive coccus, about
1µm in diameter.
 Staphylococci appear in groups called clusters.
Fig. 2 and 3: show staphylococcus species in a Grams’s -stained smear
(b) Streptococci
 Streptococci are spherical 0.5 – 1.0 µm and divided by fission, but they remain attached and
so grow in beadlike chains.
 Streptococci are gram positive, non motile and non sporing.
Fig. 4: Shows Streptococcus species Fig. 5: Shows Staphylococci Vs Streptococci
(c) Treponema
 Small, delicate, tightly coiled spirochaetes, measuring 6 x 15 x 0.2µ
 Cannot be observed by transmitted light (ordinary)
 Can be observed by dark-field microscope, or fluorescence microscope only
Step 4: Common Pathogenic Species of Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and Treponema

species
 Staphylococcus aureus
 Streptoccoccus pyogenes, and Streptoccocus pneumoniae
 Treponema pallidum
Step 5: Modes of Transmission of Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Treponema species

(a) Staphylococcus aureus
 Direct or Indirect contact with an infected person
 Ingestion of contaminated food (poisoning from Staphylococci toxins )
 Carried on the hands of healthcare personnel
 Contaminated surfaces and medical equipment
(b) Streptococcus pygenes and streptococcus pneumoniae

 Inhalation of droplets
 Inhalation of organisms as neonate passes down birth canal
(C) Treponema pallidum

 Sexual
 Congenital
Step 6: Diseases caused by Staphylococci species

(a)Staphylococci
 Abscesses
 Skin disorders- impetigo, boils, Styes
 Conjunctivitis, especially in newborns
 Systemic, cross-infections in hospitals, septicaemia, endocarditis, pneumonia,empyema,
osteomyelitis, mastitis
 Food poisoning
 Scalded skin syndrome in young children
(b) Streptococcus species

(i) In newborn
 Pneumonia
 Meningitis
 Respiratory diseases
 Skin infection
(ii) In adult
 Endocarditic
 Septicemia
 Meningitis
 Arthritis
 Wound sepsis
(c)Treponema-
 The causative agents of syphilis and yaws
Step 7: Key Points

 Common Species of Staphylococci, Streptococci, and Treponema of medical importance
 Morphological features of Staphylococcus, Streptococcus a and Treponema species
 Common modes of transmission of Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and Treponema species
Step 8: Evaluation
 Describe morphological features of Staphyloccocus, Streptococccus and Treponema species
 Mention one Staphyloccocus, Streptococccus and Treponema species of medical importance
References:
 Baker, F.J, R.E. Silverton (2001): Introduction to Medical Laboratory Technology, 7 th
Edition Oxford University Press.
London;
 Gupte S. (1989) Medical Microbiology 4th Ed .Jaypee brothers Medical Publisher.
 Gupte S (2010) Medical Microbiology,(Including Parasitology)10th Ed. Jaypee brothers
Medical Publisher.
Session 3: Common Viruses causing Diseases
(HIV and Hepatitis)
Transmission
Prerequisites
 None
Learning objectives
By the end of this session student should be able to:
 Define virus, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), AIDS ,hepatitis, Hepatitis B Virus
(HBV) and Hepatitis C Virus ( HCV)
 List two common types of HIV
 Explain the geographical distribution of HIV, Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C
Virus ( HCV)
 Describe morphological features of HIV
 Describe the modes of transmission of HIV, Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C
Virus ( HCV)
 List common opportunistic infections associated with HIV infection ( Pneumocystis,
carinii pneumonia, Toxoplasmosis ,Tuberculosis, Salmonellosis, Histoplasmosis, and
Herpes zoster)
 Mention diseases caused by HBV and HCV
Resources Needed
SESSION OVERVIEW

2 10 minutes Presentation Definitions
3 10 minutes Presentation Two types of HIV, Hepatitis virus
4 10 minutes Presentation Geographical distribution of HIV
Presentation Morphological features and modes of
5 15 minutes
Buzzing transmission of HIV, HBV, and HCV
Modes of transmission of both HIV,
15 minutes Presentation
HBV, and HCV
6 10 minutes Presentation Infections associated with HIV infection (
opportunistic infections)
7 10 minutes Presentation Diseases caused by HBV, and HCV


 Define Virus, HIV, and AIDS
 Classify Hepatitis viruses
WRITE THEIR answers on flip chart
SUMMARIZE their responses using notes below
Step 2: Definitions of Terms

Virus
A small infectious agent that can replicate only inside the living cell of organisms, too small to
be seen directly with a light microscope.
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)

A virus that attacks the immune system, the body’s natural defense system and cause AIDS
AIDS ( Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)

A disease of the immune system caused by infection with HIV, which destroys some types of
white blood cells
Hepatitis
An inflammation of the liver characterized by the presence of inflammatory cells in the tissue of
the organ
Step 3: Types of HIV and hepatitis virus
(a)Types of HIV
(i) HIV 1
Transmitted by sexual contact, through blood, and mother to child and they appear to
cause clinically indistinguishable AIDS from that caused by HIV 2
(ii) HIV 2
IT is a second type of HIV discovered in 1986. It is transmitted in the same way as
HIV 1
(b) Types of Hepatitis virus

 HBV (Hepatitis B Virus)
 HCV (Hepatitis C Virus)
Step 4: Geographical distribution of HIV-1 and HIV-2
(a) HIV-1
 Common in United States and Western Europe
 Spread primarily by homosexual behavior and intravenous drug abuse
(b) HIV-2
 Common in Africa and in the Caribbean and parts of Latin America
 Spread by heterosexual behavior
 Homosexuality and drug abuse are rare.
Step 5: Morphological features of HIV

 The unique morphologic feature of HIV is its cylindrical nucleoid in the mature virion.
 The diagnostic bar-shaped nucleoid may be seen in electron micrographs.
Fig. 6: HIV molecule showing basic structures
Step 6: Modes of transmission of HIV, HBV and HCV

(a) HIV
 This virus is passed from one person to another :
 Through blood-to-blood and sexual contact
 Infected pregnant women can pass HIV to their baby during pregnancy or delivery
 Through breast-feeding.
(b) HAV (Hepatitis B Virus)

 Blood and body fluids (saliva, menstrual and milk)
 Needle stick injury
 From carrier mothers to their babies
 Sexual intercourse
(c) Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)

 Needle stick injury or cuts with sharps,
 Use of contaminated blood
 During delivery and breast milking
 Saliva and tears
Step 7: Opportunistic Infections associated with HIV infection

 Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
 Toxoplasmosis
 Tuberculosis
 Salmonellosis
 Histoplasmosis
 Herpes zoster
Step 8: Diseases caused by HBV and HCV

(a) Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
 Liver diseases :
o liver cirrhosis
o liver cancer
(b) Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)

 Liver diseases :
o liver cirrhosis
o liver cancer
Step 9: Key points

 Medical importance of HIV
 Differences between viruses and bacteria
 Modes of transmission of both HIV and hepatitis
Step 10: Evaluation

 Mention two viral infections
 List four modes of transmission of HIV and Hepatitis
References:
 Baker, F.J., R.E. Silverton (2001): Introduction to Medical Laboratory Technology, 7 th
London;
 Gupte S(2010) Medical Microbiology,(Including Parasitology)10th Ed. Jaypee brothers
Medical Publisher.
Session 4: Entamoeba, Giardia and
Trichomonas species
Transmission
Prerequisites
 None
Learning objectives
 Classify Entamoeba , Giardia and Trichomonas species
 List two common Entamoeba , Giardia and Trichomonas species of medical importance
 Describe morphological features of Entamoeba , Giardia and Trichomonas species
 Describe modes of transmission of Entamoeba , Giardia and Trichomonas species
 Describe diseases caused by Entamoeba , Giardia and Trichomonas species
 Prevention and control measures against diseases caused by Entamoeba histolytica , Giardia
lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis
Resources Needed
SESSION OVERVIEW
2 10 minutes Presentation Classification
Common Entamoeba, Giardia and
3 10 minutes Presentation Trichomonas species of medical
importance
Morphological features of Entamoeba
Presentation
4 20 minutes histolytica, Giardia lamblia and
Buzzing
Trichomonas vaginalis
Modes of transmission of Entamoeba
5 10 minutes Presentation histolytica, Giardia lamblia and
Diseases caused by Taenia Entamoeba
6 10 minutes Presentation histolytica, Giardia lamblia and
7 15 minutes Presentation Prevention and control measures
Entamoeba histolytica , Giardia lamblia
and Trichomonas vaginalis
9(a) 20 minutes Presentation Evaluation

READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify.
ASK students if they have any questions before continuing.

 Classify the following:
 Amoeba
 Giardia
 Trichomonas
Step 2: Classification of Enatmoeba, Giardia and Trichomonas species

(a) Entamoeba
Genus parasitic protozoa of the class Rhizopoda and phylum protozoa
(b) Giardia
 Genus parasitic protozoa, the class Mastigophora of the phylum Protozoa
 Flagellates of the elementary tract
(c)Trichomonas
 Genus parasitic protozoa, the class Mastigophora of the phylum Protozoa
 Flagellates of the genital tract
Step 3: Common species of Entamoeba, Giardia and Trichomonas

(a) Enatmoeba
 Entamoeba histolytica ( pathogenic)
 Enatmoeba coli ( nonpathogenic)
 Entamopeba gingivalis ( non pathogenic)
(b) Giardia
 Giardia lamblia
(c) Trichomonas
 Trichomonas vaginalis ( pathogenic) - of the vagina
 Trichomonas hominis ( nonpathogenic) - of the intestine
 Trichomonas temax ( non pathogenic)– of the mouth,
Step 4: Morphological features or characteristics of of Entamoeba histolytica , Giardia

lamblia and Trichomonas
(a) Enatmoeba histolytica
(i)Trophozoite
 10 – 60 µ diameter
 Cytoplasm encloses RBCs
 Possesses pseudopodia
 With active motility
Fig.7: unstained trophozoite Fig.8: stained trophozoite
(ii) Cyst
 5 - 20 µ diameter
 The cytoplasm contains 4 nuclei
 Chromatoid bodies often present, large bar or thick rodlike masses
Fig.9:showing cyst of E.histolytica
(b)Giardia lamblia
(i)Trophozoite
 Bilateally symmetrical, pear-shaped flagellate
 12 -15 µ
 With a broad, rounded anterior and a tapering posterior extremity
 Dorsal surface is convex
 Two nuclei with large central karyosomes, two axonemes
 Five (5) flagella for motility
(ii) Cyst
 Oval in shape
 9 – 12 µ
 Smooth well defined wall
 contains four(4) nuclei usually lying at one end or lie in pairs at opposite pores
 Remnant flagella and margins of sucking disk lie inside cytoplasm
Fig.10: Giardia lamblia trophozoite ( left) and cyst ( right)
(c)Trichomonas vaginalis
 Pear-shaped flagellate measuring 10 – 30 µ by 5 – 10 µ
 Has short undulating membrane which comes up t o middle of the body
 Contains 3 – 5 anterior flagella , an axostyle and cytostome
 No cyst have been found
Fig. 11: Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoites
Step 5: Modes of transmission of Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas

vaginalis
(a) Entamoeba histolytica
 Ingestion of water and food contaminated by infective cysts
 Anal and oral intercourse
(b) Giardia lamblia

 Through food and water contaminated by sewage , flies, or food handlers and by hand- to
– mouth
 Cyst is the infective stage
 Infection is more common in children than in adults
 Oral - anal intercourse
(c) Trichomonas vaginalis
 Direct contact with infected females, contaminated toilet, and toilet seats
 Infections acquired while passing through the birth canal
Step 6: Diseases caused by by Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas
vaginalis
(a) Entamoeba histolytica

 Amoebiasis associated with several conditions:
o Amoebic dysentery
o Amoebic liver abscess
o Intestinal ulcer ( flask-shaped ulcer)
o
(b) Giardia lamblia
 Giardiasis associated with several conditions:
o Impaired absorption of Vit B 12 “ Malabsorption syndrome”
o Weight loss
o Passage of foul-smelling and bulky stools
o Abdominal distension
o Nausea
(c)Trichomonas vaginalis
 Trichomonad vaginitis
 Urethritis
 Prostatovesiculitis
Step 7: Prevention and control measures against diseases caused by Entamoeba histolytica,
Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis
(a) Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia

 Proper disposal of waste
 Drinking boiled water
 Proper cleansing of food
 Cooking vegetables thoroughly
 Personal hygiene
 Treatment of infected individuals
(b) Trichomonas vaginalis

 Personal hygiene
 Detection and treatment of infected males and females
Step 8: Key Points

 Common species of Entamoeba, Giardia, Trichomonas
 Modes of transmission of Entamoeba histolytica Giardia lamblia, and Trichomonas
vaginalis
Step 9: Evaluation
 List modes of transmission for Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia
 Mention Prevention and control measures against diseases caused Entamoeba histoloyttica,
Giardia lamblia , Trichomonas hominis and Trichomonas vaginalis
References:
 Baker ,F.J., R.E. Silverton (2001): Introduction to Medical Laboratory Technology, 7 th
Edition Oxford University Press
London;
Medical Publisher.
 Neva, Franklin A (1994) Basic Clinical Parasitology, 16th Edition, Prentice-Hall, Inc
Session 5: Plasmodium, Trypanasoma and
Borrelia species
Transmission
Prerequisites
 None
Learning objectives
 Classify Plasmodium, Trypanasoma and Borrelia species
 List four common species of Plasmodium,Trypansomes and Borrelia
 Describe the morphological features of Plasmodium falciparum,Trypanasoma
rhodesiense,Trypanasomagambiense and Borrelia duttoni and Borrelia recurrentis)
 Explain common modes of transmission of plasmodium, Trypansomes and Borrelia species
 Describe the disease caused by plasmodium, Trypansomes and Borrelia species
 Describe prevention and control measures for Plasmodium, Trypanasoma and Borrelia
species
Resources Needed
 Lap top, LCD projector
SESSION OVERVIEW
Commone species Plasmodium,
Trypanasoma, and Borrelia species
Morphological features Plasmodium
Presentation
5 15 minutes falciparum, Trypanasoma rhodesiense
Buzzing
and gambiense and Borrelia species
Modes of transmission of Plasmodium,
Trypanasoma and Treponema species
Diseases caused by Plasmodium,
Trypasoma and Borrelia species
9 15 minutes Presentation Prevention and control measures for
Plasmodium, Trypasoma and Borrelia
species

Classify the following :
 Plasmodium
 Trypamsomes
 Borrelia
SUMMARIZE their responses using notes below
Step 2: Classification
(a) Plasmodium
 Genus of the class protozoan in which the asexual cycle ( schizogony) takes place in red cells
of vertebrates and sexual cycle (sporogony) in mosquitoes
(b) Trypanasoma
 Genus of the family Trypanasomtidae of the class Protozoan with flagella whose species are
pathogenic for humans and other mammals through the vectors Tsetseflies and Triatomine
bugs
(c) Borrelia
 Genus of Spirochaetes that belong to the order Spirochaetales
Step 3: Common species of Plasmodium, Trypanasoma and Treponema

(a) Plasmodium species affecting humans
 Plasmodium vivax
 Plasmodium falciparum ( the most common in Tanzania )
 Plasmodium ovale
 Plasmodium malariae
(b) Trypansoma species
 Trypanasoma rhodesiense and Trypanasoma gambiense (African species)
 Trypanasoma cruzi ( American species)
(c) Borrelia species
 Borrelia duttoni
 Borrelia recurrentis
Step 4: Morphological features Plasmodium falciparum, Trypanasoma rhodesiense and

Trypanasoma gambiense and Borrelia species
(a) Plasmodium falciparum
 The diagnostic morphological features of the human plasmodia are seen in blood smears
stained by Giemsa or Field stains.
 The earliest form after invasion of the red cell is ring of bluish cytoplasm with dot like
nucleus of red chromatin.
 The infected red blood cells are of normal size
 The presence of more than one ring form in a cell is relatively common.
 Presence of double chromatin dots in an infected red cell
 The gametocyte is banana-shaped
Gametocyte Stage
 The Gametocyte
stage is the sexual
erythrocytic stage
Fig. 12: Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte which is banana-shaped
Fig.13: Plasmodium falciparum trophozoite two parasites infected one RBC
(b) Trypanasoma rhodesiense and Trypanasoma gambiense

 These parasites occur in trypomastigote form in the vertebrate host as a spindle-shaped
elongated organism with pointed anterior and blunted posterior ends.
 The size may vary from 10µ x 3 to 20µ x 3µ
 The morphology of Trypanasoma cruzi is same as Trypanasoma rhodesiense and
gambiense except that is C or U shaped in stained films of blood and measures 3 µ x 3 µ
Fig.14 and 15: Left and right respectively
(a) Borrelia species

 Irregular, spiral with open or both pointed
 It is 8 – 20 µ x 0.2 – 0.4 µ in size
 Possesses 5 to 8 spiral coils
 Stains best with Giemsa and Leishman’s stain
Fig. 16: shows Borrelia species in darkfield microscopy
Step 5: Modes of transmission of Plasmodium, Trypanasoma and Borrelia Species

(a)Plasmodium species
 Mosquito bite (Female Anopheles mosquito)
 Blood transfusion
 Congenital
 Use of contaminated syringe as in drug addicts
(b) Trypanasoma rhodesiense and Trypanasoma gambiense
 By the bite of infected vector ( Glossina species/ Tsetse flies)
 Mechanical transmission during epidemics
 Ocassionary the disease may be transmitted by coitus and rarely congenitally
(c) Trypanasoma cruzi
 By the infected vector ( Triatomine bugs) through fecal contamination
 Ingestion of uncooked or insufficiently cooked meat of infected vertebrate host
(d) Borrelia species
(i)Borrelia duttoni
 By the bite of infected tick ( Ornithodoros moubata)
 Contamination of bite wound by body fluids of the infected tick
(i) Borrelia recurrentis
 Through louse bite Pediculus humanus var corporis and Pediculus humanus var
capitis ( by contaminative method , the crushed body of a louse coming in contact
with the bite wound or abraded skin )
 Congenital
Step 7: Diseases caused by Plasmodium falciparum, Trypanasoma rhodesiense and

Trypanasoma gambiense and Borrelia duttoni and Borreloia recurrentis
(a)Plasmodium falciparum
 Plasmodium falciparum is a causative agent of malaria in humans a disease associated
with the conditions:
o Anaemia
o Black -water fever
o cerebral malaria and others.
(b)Trypanasoma species
 African Trypanaspmiasis ( Sleeping sicknes) casues by Trypanasoma rhodesiense and
Trypanasoma gambiense
 American Trypanasomiasis ( Chaga’s disease ) caused by Trypanasoma cruzi.
 Tick borne relapsing fever caused by Borrelia duttoni
 Louse borne relapsing fever caused by Borrelia recurrentis
Step 8: Prevention and control measures against diseases causes by Plasmodium,

Trypanasoma and Borrerlia species
(a) Plasmodium species
 Measures against vectors harboring the parasites:
o Drying of breeding sites
o Application of insecticides and larvicides
o Use of Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNS)
o Application of repellents
 Treatment of infected persons
 Health education
(b) Trypanasoma brucei species
 Measures against vectors harboring the parasites
o Applictaion of insecticides both air and ground methods
o Use of traps
o Use of sterilized males
o Clearing of trees

(i)Measures against vectors harboring the parasites (Borrelia duttoni):
 Living in houses which have no cracks on wall as well as floors
 Smoking in the areas infected by ticks
 Application of insecticides
 Use of Insecticide treated nets (ITNs)
 Pulling of tick from the infested host
(ii) Measures against vectors harboring the parasites (Borrelia recurrentis):
o Changing and washing the clothing in hotter water than 60°c
o Ironing clothes
o Application of insecticides
o Regular washing of hair with soap and warm water which has effects on nymph
o Regular combing which has effects on eggs glued on the hair
o Shaving the head
o Avoid sharing combs
 Health education to the community
Step 9: Key points

 Describe modes of transmission of Plasmodium, Trypanasoma and Borrerlia species
 Describe the morphological features of Plasmodium, Trypanasoma and Borrerlia species
 List two diseases caused by Plasmodium, Trypanasoma and Borrerlia species
Step 10: Evaluation

 Mention four Plasmodium species affecting humans
 List common modes of transmission of Plasmodium, Trypanasoma and Borrelia species
 Describe the morphological features of Plasmodium falciparum
References:
London;
Medical Publisher.
Session 6: Taenia and Schistosoma species
Transmission
Prerequisites
 None
Learning objectives
 Classify Taenia and Schistosoma species
 List two common Taenia and Schistosoma species of medical importance
 Describe morphological features of Taenia and Schistosoma species
 Describe modes of transmission of Taenia saginata ,Taenia solium, Schistosoma
haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni
 Describe diseases caused by Taenia saginata, Taenia solium , Schistosoma haematobium and
Schistosoma mansoni
 Prevention and control measures against diseases caused by Taenia saginata, Taenia solium ,
Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni
Resources Needed
 Laptop and LCD projector
SESSION OVERVIEW
Common Taenia and Schistosoma
species
Presentation Morphological features of Taenia and
4 20 minutes
Buzzing Schistosoma species
Modes of transmission of Taenia and
Schistosoma species
Diseases caused by Taenia and
Schistosoma species
Prevention and control measures for
Taenia and Schistosome species


 Classify the following
 Taenia
 Schistosoma
(a)Taenia
 A genus of Cyclophillidean tapeworms of the family of the phylum Plathelminth, family
Taenidae and the class Cestoda.
(b) Schistosoma
Flukes parasitic worms of the class Trematoda of the phylum Plathelminthes.
Step 3: Common of Taenia and Schistosoma species

(a) Taenia species
 Taenia solium (Pork tapeworm)
 Taenia saginata (Beef tapeworm)
(b) Schistosoma
 Scistosoma haematobium
 Schistosoma mansoni
Step 4: Morphological features or characteristics of Taenia and Schistosoma Species

(a) Taenia species
(i) Taenia saginata
1. The adult worm is 4-6 meters in length and is sometimes longer
2. It is 1000 to 2000 segments.
3. The scolex is 1 to 2 mm in diameter, with four prominent hemispherical suckers but no
well-developed rostellum or hooks.
4. The mature segments have irregularly alternate lateral genital pores
5. The gravid segments bears 15 to 30 lateral branches of the uterus on each side
(j) Taenia Solium

 The adult worm is s 2-4 in length and when fully developed contains 800 to
1000 segments
 Has globular scolex about 1mm in diameter, equipped with four cup-shaped
suckers and a low, cushioned rostellum with a double crown of 25 to 30
hooks.
 The mature segment is roughly square, with unilateral or irregularly alternate
genital pores on consecutive segments.
 The gravid segment is 7-12 thick lateral uterine branches on each side of the
main uterine stem
A B
Fig.17 and 18: (a)showing the scolex of T.solium and (b) showing scolex of T.saginata
Taenia eggs
 The yellow-brown eggs cannot be distinguished between the two species and are 30 to 40 µ
in diameter
 The egg has a thin outer transparent shell surrounding an oncosphore that bears 3 pairs of
hooklets
Fig. 19 – 21: Eggs of Taenia species
(b) Schistosoma species

(a) Schistosoma haematobium
 The male is 10 to 15 mm long and 1 mm thick
 It is covered by finely tuberculated cuticle
 There are two muscular suckers: the oral sucker is small while the ventral sucker is large and
prominent
 The adult female is 20mm by 0.25 mm with cuticle tubercles confined to the two ends
 The eggs are ovoid 150µ by 50µ with a brownish transparent shell having a terminal spine
one pole.
(b) Schistosoma mansoni
 The male is 6 to 13 mm long and 1 mm thick
 It is covered by coarsely tuberculated cuticle
 There are two muscular suckers: the oral sucker is small while the ventral sucker is large and
prominent
 The adult female is10 – 20 mm by 0.25 mm with cuticle tubercles confined to the two ends
 The eggs are ovoid 140µ by 60µ with a brownish transparent shell having a lateral spine one
pole
Fig.22: Adult male and female Fig. 23: of Schistosoma Fig. 24: Egg of Schistosoma in
couple haematobium mansoni
Source: ASCP
Step 5: Modes of transmission of Taenia

(a)Taenia species
(i) Taenia saginata
I. Ingestion of uncooked or insufficiently cooked beef
(ii) Taenia solium

1) Ingestion of uncooked or insufficiently cooked pork
2) Ingestion of infective egg (in autoinfection)

(i) Schistosoma haematobium
 Transmission involves the snail intermediate host Bulinus species in which the
infective stage (cercaria) develops
 Human is infected through penetration of unbroken skin by cercaria when that
individual has contact with water containing the cercaria
 Transmission is associated by a number of activities: bathing, walking, fishing, rice
cultivation
(ii) Schistosoma mansoni

 Transmission involves the snail intermediate host Biomphalaria species in which the
infective stage (cercaria) develops
 Human is infected through penetration of unbroken skin by cercaria when that
individual has contact with water containing the cercaria
 Transmission is associated by a number of activities: bathing, walking, fishing, rice
cultivation
Step 6: Diseases caused by: Taenia and Schistosoma species

(a) Taenia species
 Taeniasis saginata caused by T. saginata
 Taeniasis solium caused by T. solium
 Cysticercosis (epilepsy)

(a) Schistosoma haematobium
 Schistosomiasis haematobium ( Bilharzia) associated with several conditions:
o malignancy of bladder
o ulceration of the urinary bladder
o haematuria
 swimmer’s itch,
(b) Schistosoma mansoni

 Schistosomiasis haematobium ( Bilharzia) associated with several conditions:
o malignancy of intestine
o ulceration of the intestinal wall invaded
 swimmer’s itch
Step 7: Prevention and control measures against diseases caused by:

(a)Taenia species
 Thorough cooking and processing of beef and pork
 Personal hygiene particularly for cysticercosis
 Proper waste disposal
 Freezing beef and pork at up – 10 0 c for 4 days or more
 Inspection of beef and pork

 Building and use of toilets
 Avoiding contamination of water bodies by urine and feaces
 Control of the snail intermediated host (by physical, chemical and biological methods)
Step 8: Key points

 Mention two common species of Taenia and Schistosome of medical importance
 List the intermediate hosts for Schistosoma haematobium and S.mansoni
 How Taenias saginata and solium can be prevented
Step 9: Evaluation
 Mention the intermediate hosts of Schistosoma haematobium and S.mansoni
 Differentiate between Taenia saginata and Taenia solium
References:
London;
Medical Publisher.
 Neva, Franklin A (1994) Basic Clinical Parasitology, 16th Edition, Prentice-Hall, Inc
Session 7: Ascaris, Trichuris and Enterobius
species
Transmission
Prerequisites
 None
Learning objectives
 Classify Ascaris, Trichuris and Enterobius species
 List common species of Ascaris, Trichuris and Enterobius
 Describe morphological features of Ascaris, Trichuris and Enterobius species
 Describe modes of transmission of Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and Enterobius
vermicularis
 Describe diseases caused by Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and Enterobius
vermicularis
 Prevention and control measures against diseases caused by Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris
trichiura and Enterobius vermicularis
Resources Needed
SESSION OVERVIEW
Common Ascaris, Trichuris and
Enterobius species
Morphological features of Ascaris
Presentation
4 20 minutes lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and
Buzzing
Enterobius vermicularis
Modes of transmission of Ascaris
5 10 minutes Presentation lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and
7 10 minutes Presentation Diseases caused by Ascaris lumbricoides,
Trichuris trichiura and Enterobius
vermicularis
Prevention and control measures against
diseases caused by Ascaris lumbricoides,
Trichuris trichiura and Enterobius
vermicularis


Classify the following
 Ascaris
 Trichuris
 Enterobius
(a) Ascaris
 A genus of parasitic nematoide worms known as the “ the giant intestinal round worm”
 A genus found under the class nematoda of the phylum Nematohelminthes
(b) Trichuris
 A genus round worm family Trichuridae of the class Nematoda and the phylum
Nematohelminthes
(c) Enterobius
 A genus of intestinal nematodes of the class nematoda and the phylum
Nematohelminthes
Step 3: common species of Ascaris, Trichuris and Enterobius

(a)Ascaris
Ascaris lumbricoides
(b) Trichuris
Trichuris Trichiura
(c) Enterobius
Step 4 : Morphological features of Ascaris, Trichuris and Enterobius

(a)Ascaris lumbricoides
Adult:
 White or pink worm
 Elongated cylindrical measuring 10 – 30 cm male and 22 – 35 female by 2 – 6 mm
 Postwerior end of male is curved ventrally
 Male worm is smaller than female worm
Fig. 25: Adult Ascaris lumbricoides
Egg
 45 – 75 by 35 – 50 µ
 There is an outer, coarsely mammilated , albuminoius covering that serves as an axilliary
barrier to permeability but may be absent
Fig. 26: Egg of Ascaris lumbricoides
(b)Trichuris trichiura
(i) Adult
 A whip-like anterior, a more robust posterior, two fifth containing the intestine and
single set of reproductive organs
 30 – 35 mm male and 35 – 50 mm female
 Bluntly rounded posterior end of the female and the coiled posterior extremity of the
male with single spicule and retractile sheath
(ii) Egg
 Size ranges as 50 – 54 by 23 µ
 Barrel-shaped with plug-like translucent polar prominences
 yellowish outer and transparent inner shell
Fig. 27: Egg of Trichuris Trichiura showing the polar plugs on both sides
(d) Enterobius vermicularis

Adult
 Female measures 8.0 – 13 mm by 0.4 mm
 Has a cuticular expansion at the anterior end , prominent esophageal and a long pointed
tail
 The male is 2 – 5 mm in length with a curved tail and a single spicule
Fig. 28: Anterior extremity of the adult worm (E. vermicularis) showing a bulbed
oesophogus
Egg
 Colourless ,plannoconvex ( flattened at one side)
Measure 50 – 60 by 30 µ surrounded by transparent shell and contains coiled tadpole like
larva
Fig. 29 - 31: Show eggs of Enterobium vermicularis
Step 5: Modes of transmission of Ascasris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and Enterobius

Vermicularis
(a) Ascasris lumbricoides

 Ingestion of infective ( hand –to- mouth ):
o Drinking water
o Ingestion of contaminated vegetables
(b) Trichuris trichiura

 Ingestion of infective ( hand –to- mouth ):
o Drinking water
o Ingestion of contaminated vegetables
(c) Enterobius Vermicularis

 Ingestion of the infective eggs in:
o Hand to mouth from scratching the perianal areas
o Inhalation of air borne eggs in dust
 Retro-infection through the anus
Step 6: Diseases caused by Ascasris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and Enterobius

Vermicularis
(a) Ascasris lumbricoides,

 Ascasriasis, Ascaris infection associated with conditions:
o Abdominal pain
o Pneumonia –like condition
o Hemorrhagic pneumonia
o Intestinal obstruction
(b) Trichuris trichiura

 Trichuriasis and Whipworm infection associated with conditions:
o Appendicitis
o In heavy infections there is rectal prolapsed
o Frequent small blood-streaked diarrhoeal stools
o Abdominal pains and tenderness
o Nausea and vomiting
o Anaemia
o Weight loss
(c) Enterobius Vermicularis

 Enterobiasis, Oxyuriasis, pin worm seat worm infections associated with conditions:
o Perianal, perineal, and vaginal irritation caused by migration of the gravid female
worm
o Local pruritis that can be annoying
o Poor appetite
o Loss of sleep
o Weight loss
o Hyperactivity
o Nausea , vomiting and abdominal pain
Step 7: Key points
 Classification of Ascasris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and Enterobius Vermicularis
 Morphology of Ascasris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and Enterobius Vermicularis
(eggs and adults)
 Transmission of Ascasris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and Enterobius Vermicularis
Step 8: Prevention and control of Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichura and Enterobius
vermicularis
(a) Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichura
 Avoid eating uncooked vegetables
 Use of latrine
(b) Enterobius vermicularis

 Proper washing of bedding
 Ironing of clothing
Step 8: Evaluation:
 Question: student must be able to differentiate between Ascaris lumbricoides, and Trichuris
trichiura
 student must be able to demonstrate identification of Enterobius vermicularis
References:
London;
Medical Publisher.
Session 8: Hookworms and Strongyloides
Transmission
Prerequisites
 None
Learning objectives
 Classify Hookworms and Strongyloides species
 List common species of Hookworms and Strongyloides of medical importance
 Describe morphological features of Hookworms and Strongyloides species
 Describe modes of transmission of Hookworms and Strongyloides species
 Describe diseases caused by Hookworms and Strongyloides species
 Prevention and control measures against diseases caused by Hookworms and Strongyloides
species
Resources Needed
SESSION OVERVIEW
Common Hookworms and Strongyloides
species
Presentation Morphological features Hookworms and
4 20 minutes
Buzzing Strongyloides species
Modes of transmission of Hookworms
and Strongyloides species
Diseases caused by Hookworms and
Strongyloides species
Prevention and control measures against
9 20 minutes Presentation diseases caused by Hookworms and
Strongyloides species

 Classify the following
 Hookworms
 Stronyloide
Step 2: Classification of Hookworms and Strongyloides species

(a) Hookworms
Parasitic round worms of the class Nematoda and Phylum Nematohelminthes that inhabit
the intestines of vertebrate host (dog, cat or human).
(b) Strongyloides
Genus parasitic nematode of the class nematoda, and Phylum Nematohelminthes that inhabit the
intestine mammals
Step 3: Common species of Hookworms and Strongyloides of medical importa

(a) Hookworms
 Ancylostoma duodenale
 Necator americanus
(b) Stronyloides species

 Strongyloides stercolaris
Step 4: Morphological features of Hookworms and Strongyloides species
(a) Hookworms
Adult
 Are small, cylindrical, fusiform, gtreyish white
 Females are 9 – 13 mm by 0.4 – 0.6 mm and are larger than male
 Males are 5 – 11m by 0.3 – 0.4 mm
 The chief morphologic differences in the species are in the shape , buccal capsule, and
male bursa
 In the buccal capsule N.americanus has a dorsal pair of semilunar cutting plates
 Ancylostoma duodenale has two ventral pairs of teeth which help for attachment to the
intrestinal mucosa
Egg
 The egg has blunt rounded ends and a single thin transparent hyaline shell
 It is unsegmented at oviposition and in 2 – 8 cell stages of division in fresh feces.
 The eggs of the several species are almost indistinguishable differing only slightly in
size:
o Necator americanus : 64 – 76 by 36 – 40 µ
o Ancylostoma duodenale : 56 – 60 by 36 – 40 µ
Fig. 32 – 33: show eggs of Hookworms in different developmental stages
(b) Strongyloides stercolaris

Adult
 Females are 2.5 mm x 40 – 50 µ ( hardly visible to the naked eye)
 Males are shorter and broader than female
Eggs
 Measure 30 x 5.5 µ
 Thin shelled, transparent and oval, containing larvae ready to hatch
Larvae
 Larvae are detected inn man’s stool.
 Larvae are of two types: Rhabditform andn filariform larvae
Step 5: Modes of transmission Hookworms and Strongyloides stercolaris

(a)Hookworms
 Penetration of unbroken skin by filariform larva
 Ancylostoma may also be acquired by the noral route by direct ingestion of infective
larvae viaa contaminated fruits and vegetables

 Penetration of unbroken skin by filariform larva
Step 6: Diseases caused by Hookworms and Strongyloides stercolaris

(a) Hookworms
 The diseases are called : Ancylostomiasis, necatoriasis, and hookworm infections
associated with several conditions:
o Microcytic, hypochromic anaemia of the iron-deficiency type
o Ground itch ( dermatitis) due to penetrating larvae through the skin
o Bronchopneumonia due to migrating larvae in lungs
o Haemorrhage in the intestinal mucosae
 The diseases are called : Stroingyloidiasis associated with several conditions:
o Ulticarial rash at the site of entry
o Bronchopneumonia due to migrating larvae in lungs
Step 7: Prevention and control measures against diseases caused by Hookworms and
Strongyloides stercolaris
(a) Hookworms
 Wearing protective footwear
 Sanitary disposal of feacal wastes

 Wearing protective footwear
 Sanitary disposal of feacal wastes
Step 8: Key points

 Modes of transmission of Hookworms
 Prevention and control measures of Strongyloides stercolaris
Step 9: Evaluation
 Mentions the pathological effects due to infection with hookworms
 List two species of hookworms
References:
London;
Medical Publisher.
Session 9: General Disease Transmission,
Modes of Transmission, and Diseases
Transmitted
Transmission
Prerequisites
 None
Learning objectives
 Define disease, infection and re-infection
 Define disease transmission
 Describe parasite, vector, carrier, host, intermediate host and definitive host
 Describe mode of diseases transmission and organisms transmitted
 List vectors involved in transmission of Plasmodium, Trypanosoma, and Borrellia species),
 Describe water-borne, vector-borne, air-borne, contact, food-borne, milk-borne, blood-borne
and Sexually transmitted diseases
Resources Needed
SESSION OVERVIEW
Parasite, vector, carrier, host,
intermediate host and definitive host
Presentation Modes of disease transmission and
4 25 minutes
Buzzing organisms transmitted
vectors involved in transmission of
5 5minutes Presentation Plasmodium, Trypanosoma, and
Borrellia species
water-borne, vector-borne, air-borne,
6 20 minutes Presentation contact, food borne, milk-borne, blood-
borne and Sexually transmitted diseases


 Define the following terms
 Disease, infection and re-infection
 Disease transmission
Step 2: Definitions
Disease
Pathological condition of a part, organ, or system of an organism resulting from various causes,
such as infection, genetic defect, or environmental stress and characterized by an identifiable
group of signs and symptoms
Infection
Invasion of the host body (tissue of a host) by pathogenic organism whereby they grow, multiply
and cause harmful effect
Re-infection
Subsequent infection with the same pathogenic organism in the same host
Disease transmission
The way that pathogens are passed or communicated from one individual to another in a
population of humans or in groups of other animals
Step 3: Vector, carrier, intermediate host and definitive host

(a) Parasite
 Defined as a weaker organism that obtains food and shelter from another organism and
derives all the benefit from the association
 Ticks acts as parasites on a number of mammals, e.g man, cattle etc.
(b) Vectors:
 Insects transmitting pathogens from one individual to another or from source of infection to
the susceptible individual
 Blood sucking insects such as mosquitoes, ticks, mites, flies, and lice act as vectors of a
number of human infections
(c) Carrier
 A person who harbours the pathogenic organisms but has never suffered from the disease it
causes
 A carrier does not show signs and symptoms of the disease.
(d) Host
 The organism that harbours the parasite
(e) Definitive host

 The host that harbours the adult/mature or sexual stage of the parasite
 For example female Anopheles mosquito for Plasmodium species and man for beef
tapeworm
(f) Intermediate host

 The host that harbours the immature or asexual stage of the parasite
 Human for Plasmodium species and cattle for beef tapeworm
Step 4: Modes of disease transmission and organisms transmitted

(a) Inhalation
Inhaling aerosols (airborne droplets) containing pathogen secreted by infected person coughing,
spitting, sneezing, nose blowing, or laughing
 For example Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, Measles virus,
(b) Ingestion
(i) Ingesting pathogens in water or food contaminated with faeces from infected
person or disease carriers
 For example Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ,intestinal protozoa, worms, Vibrio cholera,
Salmonella and Shigella.
(ii) Ingesting pathogens in unpasteurized milk and dairy products
- For example Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, Brucella species
(c) Sexual contact

Direct transfer of pathogens from one person to another by sexual intercourse
o For example HIV, Neisseria gonorrhoea , Treponema pallidum, Hepatitis B virus,
Candida albicans
(d) Skin contact

Transfer of pathogens from the skin of one person to the skin another
For example : Sarcoptes scabiei , Tinea species,
(e) Contamination of cuts

Pathogens entering wounds, cuts or burns by way of contaminated hands or unsterile instruments
For example: Clostridium tetanii, HIV, Hepatitis B and C virus, Staphylococci,
(f) Insect bite

Pathogens entering the blood and tissues through the bite of an arthropod vector
For example: Plasmodium species, Trypanasoma species, Borrelia, Wunchereria, Brugia, Loa,
Onchocerca
(g) Congenital
The transfer of pathogens from mother to foetus during pregnancy
For example: HIV, Treponema pallidum, Toxoplasma gondi, Plasmodium species
(h) Blood transfusion

Transfer of pathogens in blood or blood products
For example: HIV, Treponema pallidum, Toxoplasma gondi, Plasmodium species
(i) Waterborne
Transfer of pathogens associated with water bodies (river, stream, pond etc.)
For example: (i)Bacterial

 Vibrio cholera
 Salmonella
 Shigella
(ii) Viral
 Hepatitis – A virus
 Polio-virus
(iii) Protozoa
 Entamoeba histolytica
 Giardia lamblia
 Balantidium coli
(iv) Helminths
 Ascaris lumbricoides
 Trichuris trichiura
 Enterobius vermicularis
 Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis
(v) Aquatic host

 Dracunculus medinensis, Diphyllobothrium latums,
 Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni
Step 5: Vectors involved in transmission of Plasmodium, Trypanosoma, and Borrellia

Species
(a) Vectors of Plasmodium species
 Female Anopheles mosquito
(b) Vector of Trypanasoma species

 Glossina species(Tsetseflies) transmit Trypanasoma rhodesiense and Trypansoma
gambiense
 Triatomine bugs transmit Trypanasoma cruzi and Trypanasoma rangeli
(c) Vectors of Borrelia species
 Ticks ( Ornithodoros species) transmit Borrelia duttoni
 Lice ( Pediculus humanus corporis and Pediculus humanus capitis) transmit Borrelia
recurrentis
Step 6: Water-borne, vector-borne, air-borne, milk-borne, blood-borne and sexually

transmitted Diseases
(a) Water-borne
(i)Bacterial
 Cholera
 Typhoid
 Diarrhoea
 Bacillary dysentery
(ii) Viral
 Hepatitis - A
 Poliomyelitis
(iii) Protozoa
 Amoebiasis
 Giardiasis
 Balantidium coli diarrhoea
(iv) Helminths
 Round worm
 Whipworm
 Thread worm
 Hydatid disease
(v) Aquatic host
 Cyclope ( Guinea, and fish tape worm infections)
 Snail ( Schistosomiasis)
(b) Vector-borne diseases
(i) Protozoal
 Plasmodiasis ( Malaria)
 Trypasomiasis ( Sleeping sickness)
 Trypansomiasis ( Chaga’s ) disease
(ii) Bacterial
 Plague
 Relapsing fever (tick and louse - borne)
(iii) Helminths
 Filariasis (Elephantiasis, Onchocerciasis)
(c) Air-borne
 Tuberculosis
 Whooping cough,
 Measles
 Meningitis
 Pneumonia
(d) Milk-borne
 Tuberculosis
 Brucellosis
(e) Food-borne
 Typhoid
 Helminthic infections
 Diarrhoea
 Amoebic dysentery
(f) Skin contact- borne
 Scabies
 Fungal ( Tinea species)
(g) Blood-borne
 HIV infection
 Syphilis
 Trypanasomiasis
 Malaria
 Hepatitis – B, C and D
(h) Sexually transmitted
 HIV infection
 Hepatitis – B and C
 Gonorrhoea
 Syphilis
 Candidiasis
 Trichomoniasis vaginalis
Step 7: Key points

 List modes of disease transmission
 Mentions four vector-bone diseases
 Blood-borne diseases
Step 8: Evaluation
 List modes of disease transmission
 Mentions four vector-bone diseases
 Define parasite, host and vector
References:
London;
Medical Publisher.
Session 10: General Prevention and
Control Measures of Diseases – Part I
Transmission
Prerequisites
 None
Learning objectives
 Define health education, prevention, control, hygiene, sterility, biological method,
 Describe the importance of hygiene and health education in prevention and control of
diseases
 List four Ways by which health education can be communicated
 Explain the importance of sterility in prevention and control of diseases
 List methods for sterilization
 List three biological methods in preventing and controlling diseases
 Describe the importance of biological methods in preventing and controlling diseases
Resources Needed
SESSION OVERVIEW
Importance of hygiene and health
3 15 minutes Presentation education in prevention and control of
diseases
Presentation
4 10 minutes Ways of health education
Buzzing
Importance of sterility in prevention and
5 10minutes Presentation
control of diseases
6 10 minutes Presentation Methods for sterilization
Biological methods in preventing and
controlling diseases
Importance of biological methods in
preventing and controlling diseases

 Prevention and control of diseases
 Hygiene
 Sterility
 Biological method in control of disease transmission
Step 2: Definitions
Health education
 That which increases the awareness and favourable influences the attitudes and knowledge
relating to the improvement of health on a personal or community basis
Prevention of diseases
 Prevention covers measures not only to prevent the occurrence of disease, such as risk factor
reduction but also to arrest its progress and reduce the consequences once established
 Used sometimes as a complementary term alongside health promotion
Control of diseases
 Restraining or reducing the prevalence of individual disease.
 Includes the range of strategies from limitation of occurrence to eradication.
 Implies legislative control of notifiable disease
Hygiene
 The science that deals with the promotion and preservation of health
 Conditions and practices that serve to promote or preserve health.
 Clean or healthy practices or thinking personal hygiene
Sterility
 A condition by which an article, a surface or a medium has been freed of all micro-organisms
including viruses, bacteria, their spores and fungi, both pathogenic and nonpathogenic:
o Physical methods
o Chemical methods
o Gaseous methods
Biological method (in control of disease transmission)

 A method of reducing or eliminating pests by introducing predators or microorganisms that
attack the targeted pests but spare other species in the area
 The use of natural enemies to reduce the damage caused by a pest population
Step 3: Importance of hygiene and health education in prevention and control of

diseases
(a)Importance of hygiene in prevention and control of diseases
 The aims of applying hygienic measures are:
o Reduction of diseases among humans
o Prevention of human diseases
 Personal hygiene may be described as the principle of maintaining cleanliness and grooming
of the external body. Personal hygiene can be controlled by sustaining high standards of
personal care and humans have been aware of the importance of hygiene for thousands of
years.
 Maintaining a high level of personal hygiene will help to increase self-esteem and confidence
whilst minimizing the chances of developing imperfections
 Failure to keep up a standard of hygiene can have many implications. Not only is there an
increased risk of getting an infection or illness, but there are many social and psychological
aspects
 Poor personal hygiene, in relation to preventing the spread of disease is paramount in
preventing epidemic or even pandemic outbreaks. To engage in some very basic measures
could help prevent many diseases from being passed from person to person
(b)Importance of health education in prevention and control of diseases

 Health education is to impact basic knowledge to people aware of all the aspect of keeping
good health by avoiding diseases.
 Health education is necessary for ensuring a good personal health as well as community
everyone wants to remain healthy but should know how to remain healthy.
This know-how for keeping good health is provided by health education. The concepts in health
education include people told about:
 Various common diseases
 Ways the diseases spread
 Methods to prevent the diseases from spreading
 Various vaccinations that are to be administered to children from time to time in order to
immunize them from preventable diseases
 Methods to ensure that the food and water they intake are clean and free from
microorganisms
 Methods of keeping their surrounding neat and tidy
Step 4: Ways by which health education can be communicated
Role plays
 Posters
 Group discussion
 Counseling
 Handouts
 Newspapers
 Radio
 Television
 Meetings
Step 5: Importance of sterility in prevention and control of diseases

 Aseptic technique is of an utmost importance for maintaining a sterile field. Aseptic
technique is a controlled set of conditions that reduce the amount of microorganisms in a
field, the goal of which is to protect individuals from infection and to control the spread of
pathogens.
How sterility can be established:

 Cleaning working benches using disinfectants
 Use of antiseptics
 Use of Personal Protective Equipments (PPE) such as gloves, gowns, masks and others)
 Use of safety cabinet
 Use of aseptic procedures ( hot air oven, autoclaving)
Aseptic technique
 Is a set of specific practices and procedures performed under carefully controlled conditions
with the goal of minimizing contamination by pathogens.
Step 6: Methods for sterilization

Various agents used in sterilization and disinfection may be divided into:
(a) Physical agents
 Heat ( Moist and dry heat sterilization)
 Filtration
 Radiation
 Sunlight
 Drying
(b) Chemical agents
 Phenols and cresols
 Halogens
 Metallic salts
 Aldehydes
 Alcohols
 Dyes
 Vapour-phase disinfectants
 Surface active disinfectants
The mostly used methods in hospitals are moist and dry heat sterilization.
Due to the very high temperature and moisture associated with steam sterilization it may only be
used with heat and moisture stable medical devices, instruments, and compatible materials.
Step 7: Biological methods in preventing and controlling diseases

 These methods are used in reducing or eliminating pests by introducing predators or
microorganisms that attack the targeted pests but spare other species in the area.
 Biological method is one of the methods which is safe to the environment and is a non-
chemical means of reducing human –vector- contact.
 Common bio-control agents include:
o Parasitoids
o predators
o pathogens
 Bacteria used in biological control infect insects via their digestive tract.
 Bacillus thuringesis is the most widely applied species of bacteria used for biological control.
 Fungi acts in biological control by causing diseases in insects
Use of predator: Fish have been put into ponds where mosquitoes breed, to eat the larva.
Step 8: Importance of biological methods in preventing and controlling Diseases

 Reduces the use of many pesticides and herbicides
 Biodiversity increases too, because of the reduction of chemical application that often do
affect not only the single species they are intended to kill, but other species as well.
 The advantages of using biological control methods also include:
o Does not create resistance power on pests
o Does not create resurgence power
o Does not poison the plant products ( food chains, fodders like straw ) that make ill effect
on human’s and livestock’s health
o Does not pollute the air, water , soil
 Example might be the use of DDT; This was a very effective pesticide and was used for
years , but it was realized many years later, that there were many unintended consequences.
(environmental)
Step 9: Key points

 Definitions : prevention, control and health education
 Ways of communicating health education
 Methods of sterilization
Step 10: Evaluation

 List three biological methods used in prevention and control of diseases
 Describe the importance of biological methods in preventing and controlling diseases
References
 Arora, D.R (2008) Text Book of Microbilogy, 3rd Editio. CBS Publisshers & Distributors.
 http://hubpages.com/hub/INFECTIOUS -DISEASES-TRANSMISSSION -PREVENTION
 Internet search (google): http://www.casemed.com/caseacademy/downloads/CASDF003.pdf
Session 11: General Prevention and
Control Measures of Diseases –Part II
Transmission
Prerequisites
 None
Learning objectives
 Define physical contact, protective gears
 List common methods of avoiding physical contact in preventing and controlling diseases
 Describe the importance of avoiding physical contact in preventing and controlling diseases
 Describe the uses of personal protective gear
Resources Needed
SESSION OVERVIEW
Common methods of avoiding physical
Presentation
4 30 minutes contact in preventing and controlling
Buzzing
diseases
Importance of avoiding physical contact
in preventing and controlling diseases
6 15 minutes Presentation use of personal protective gear
8(a) 25 minutes Presentation Evaluation


 Physical contact
 Protective gears
Step 2: Definitions
Physical contact
 Act of contacting something with the hand/fingers
Protective gears
 These Are the same as Personal Protective Equipment that refer to protective clothing,
helmets, goggles, or other garment designed to protect the wearer’s body from injury by
blunt impacts.
 The terms “protective gears” and “protective clothing” are in many cases interchangeable;
protective clothing is applied to traditional categories of clothing and “gear” is a more
general term and preferably means uniquely protective categories, such as pads, guards,
shields, masks, etc.
Step 3: Common methods of avoiding physical contact in preventing and controlling

diseases
 Gloves
 Masks
 Gowns or Coats
 Goggles
 Shields
 Gumboot
 Helmet
 Safety cabinet
Essentials in personal protection:

 Use of appropriate barriers precautions to prevent skin and mucous membrane exposure ,
including wearing gloves, at all times and masks, goggles, gowns, or aprons if there is a risk
of splashes or droplets formations
 Thorough washing of hands and other skin surfaces after gloves are removed And
immediately after any contamination
 Taking special care to avoid injuries with sharp objects such as needles and scalpels
 Refraining from handling patient care equipment or patients if health- care workers have
exudative lesions or weeping dermatitis
Step 4: Importance of avoiding physical contact in preventing and Controlling diseases

 Personal protection from acquiring infection from infective objects
 Prevention from spreading pathogens to other people
 Preventing contamination of wounds/ cuts, specimens
 Protection against injurious objects like needles, scalpels, splashes etc.
Step 5: use of personal protective gear

Gloves- Surgical gloves are personal protection equipment (PPE) designed to protect health care
workers and prevent possible transmission of diseases or pathogens during procedures.
Fig. 34 : Glove
Types of gloves
 Examination gloves ( non-sterile or sterile)
 Surgical gloves that have specific characteristics of thickness, elasticity and sstrength and are
sterile
 Chemotherapy gloves
Rationale for using medical gloves

 To reduce the risk of contamination of health-care workers hands with blood and other body
fluids
 To reduce the risk of germ dissemination to the environment and of transmission from the
health-care worker to the patient and vice versa, as well as from one Patient to another
 Gloves should therefore be used during all patient care activities that may involve exposure
to blood and all other body fluids (including contact with mucous membrane and non-intact
skin) during contact precautions and outbreak situations.
Inappropriate use of gloves

 The use of gloves when not indicated represents a waste of resources and does not contribute
to a reduction of cross transmission
 It may also result in missed opportunity for hand hygiene
 The use of contaminated gloves caused by inappropriate storage, inappropriate moments, and
techniques for donning and removing may also result in germ transmission.
Gowns or Coats - apparel to be worn over clothes to protect the health care worker from spills,
pathogens, or contamination.
Masks – protective gear, designed to protect the mucous membranes from splashes
Goggles – eye wear designed to protect the eyes from aerosols or splashes
Fig. 35: Goggle
Face Shields - protective face wear that covers the entire face including eyes, and mucous
membranes
Gumboot - water proof footwear designed to protect the feet and ankles from aqueous
substances
Helmet - head gear that protects the head from impact
Safety cabinet- All biological safety cabinets use HEPA filters to treat exhaust air. Some
cabinets filter both exhausts and intake air to protect the worker and the environment from
contamination as well as to protect product in the cabinet
Fig. 36: A person protected by surgical cap, mask and gown
Step 7: Key points

 Importance of personal protection
 Knowledge of using personal protective equipments
Step 8: Evaluation
 Mention three types of gloves
 List six personal protective equipment
References
 Baron,E.J (1990) Bailey & Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology , 18 th Ed, the C.V. Mosby
Company
 http://www.who.int/gpsc/5may/Glove_Use_Information_Leaflet.pdf
Session 12: Common causes of Non
Communicable Diseases and Common
Conditions
Transmission
Prerequisites
 None
Learning objectives
 Define communicable and non communicable diseases, investigation, Hypertention, cancer,
diabetes, nephrotic syndrome, sickle cell anaemia, asthma
 Describe causes of non communicable diseases
 List common non communicable diseases and their conditions ( Hypertention, cancer,
diabetes, nephrotic syndrome, sickle cell anaemia, asthma )
 Describe causes of each of the above mentioned non communicable diseases
 List investigations of common non communicable diseases (Hypertension ,Cancer Diabetes,
Nephrotic syndrome and Sickle cell anaemia )
Resources Needed
SESSION OVERVIEW
3 10 minutes Presentation Causes of non communicable diseases
Common non communicable diseases
Presentation and their conditions (Hypertention,
4 25 minutes
Buzzing cancer, diabetes, nephrotic syndrome,
sickle cell anaemia, asthma )
Causes of each of the above mentioned
non communicable diseases
6 20 minutes Presentation Investigations of common non
communicable diseases
(Hypertension ,Cancer, Diabetes,
Nephrotic syndrome and Sickle cell
anaemia


 Define the following terms:
 Communicable and non communicable diseases
 Investigation
 Hypertention
 Cancer
 Diabetes
 Nephrotic syndrome
 sickle cell anaemia
 Asthma
Step 2: Definitions
Communicable Disease
 A disease that is carried by microorganisms and transmitted through people, animals,
surfaces, foods, or air
 Illness caused by microorganisms and transmitted fro an infected person or animal to another
person or animal
 The disease might need a blood exchange via an injection, float along a sneeze in a movie
theatre, through childbirth or insect bite.
Non communicable diseases

An illness that is caused by something other than a pathogen; it might result from hereditary
factors, improper diet, smoking or other factors
Investigation
 A detailed inquiry or systematic examination
 An examination or inquiry into something , especially detailed one
Hypertension (High blood pressure)

 Blood pressure exceeding 140/90 mmHg
 A chronic medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is elevated
 It is the opposite of hypotension.
Cancer
 A malignant tumor or growth caused when cells multiply uncontrollably, destroying health
tissues
 Illness or condition that is caused by the presence of a malignant tumor
Diabetes
 Condition or disease inn which the body does not use or produce insulin properly. Insulin is
an important hormone necessary for the absorption of food sugar, also known as glucose
Nephritic syndrome
 A collection of signs (known as syndrome) associated with disorders affecting the kidneys,
more specifically glomerular disorders.
 A condition when a large amounts of protein leak out into the urine. Normal urine should
contain almost no protein.
Sickle cell anaemia

 A serious disease in which the body makes sickle-shaped red blood cells” sickle shaped”
means that the red blood cells are shaped like “C”
 Sickle cells contain abnormal haemoglobin that causes the cells to have a sickle shape
Asthma
A disease of respiratory system sometimes caused by allergies, with symptoms including
coughing, sudden difficulty in breathing, and tight feeling in the chest
Step 3: Causes of non communicable diseases

 Hereditary factors
 Improper diet
 Smoking
 Environmental factors
 Chemicals
 Inactivity
 Chronic untreated diseases
 Irrational use of drugs
 Side effects of drugs
Step 4: Common non communicable diseases and their conditions

NO NON COMMUNICBLE CONDITION(S)
DISEASE
1 Hypertension Stroke, heart failure , rapid irregular heartbeat,
weakness, perspiration
2 Cancer, Dis figure, tumor, wasting, loss of organ function
3 Diabetes, Frequent urination, tiredness, dehydration, thirsty,
chronic ulcers, gangrene
4 Nephritic syndrome Protein in urine, edema, albumin in urine ,
Glomerulonephritis
5 Sickle cell anaemia Weakness, recurrent anaemia, bone pains
6 Asthma Difficulty in breathing, tight feeling in the chest
Step 5: Causes of each of the above mentioned non communicable diseases

(a)Hypertension
 Dietary changes with obesity
 Increased salt and diminished potassium intake
 Physical inactivity
 Excess alcohol intake
(b) Diabetes
 Poor production of insulin in the pancrease
 Increased obesity
 Physical inactivity
 Viral infection
 Diety
 Age
 Emotional stress
 Smoking
(c) Cancer
 Exposure to certain chemicals/Environment
 Food
 Genetics
 Hormones
 Infectious agent
 Radiation Tobacco
d) Nephritic syndrome
 Infectious agents ( parasitic, viral, bacterial)
 Heart failure
 Systemic lupus erythromatus
 Blood clot in kidney
 Diabetic kidney disease
(e) Sickle cell anaemia
 Inheritance
(f) Asthma
 Seasonal allergies
 Dusts/pollen
 Perfumes
 Drugs
 Cigarette smoking
 Animals (fur)
Step 6: Investigations of common non communicable diseases

 Hypertension – Urea, createnine, electrolyte
 Cancer- Fine needle aspiration, biopsy examination
 Diabetes – Sugar in urine, blood sugar
 Nephrotic syndrome – protein in urine, Blood protein
 Sickle cell anaemia – Sickling test, Hb Electrophoresis
 Asthma – Lung function test (spirometry, exhaled nitric oxide test), allergy
 Test
Step 7: Key points

 Common non communicable diseases
 Causes of non-communicable diseases
 Investigation of non-communicable diseases
Step 8: Evaluation
 Define non communicable diseases,
 Mention investigations tests for four non-communicable diseases
 Causes of non-communicable diseases
References
London;
 Nicholson, N.W ( 1988) MEDICINE NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASESIN ADULTS,
AMREF-Kenya
 Internet Search: http//www.bing.com/search?q,
Session 1: Demonstration of Mycobacterium
Tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae
Transmission
Prerequisites
 None
Learning Objectives
 Identify Mycobacterium species
 Describe the colour and morphology of Mycobacterium species
Resources Needed
 Coloured atlas, diagrams, pictures
 stained smears, Microscopes
SESSION OVERVIEW
2 20 minutes Demonstration Positive Mycobacterium species
3 90 minutes Observation Positive Mycobacterium species

Activity: (90minutes)
ASK the students to work in pairs and allow them to answer the following questions
Observe r teaching slides:
 Positive slides
 Negative slides
 Submit results
SUMMARIZE their responses
Session 2: Demonstration of Staphylococcus
and Streptococcus and Species
Transmission
Prerequisites
 None
Learning Objectives
 Identify Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species
 Describe the colour and morphology of Staphylococcus species
 Describe the colour and morphology of Streptococcus species
Resources Needed
SESSION OVERVIEW
2 10 minutes Demonstration Positive Staphylococcus species
2 10 minutes Demonstration Positive Streptococcus species
Positive Staphylococcus and Streptococcus
3 90 minutes Observation
species

Activity: (90 minutes)
 ASK the students to work in pairs and allow them to answer the following questions
 Observe teaching slides:
 Positive slides
 Negative slides
 Submit results
 SUMMARIZE their responses
Session 4: Part I - Demonstration of
Entamoeba histolytica
Transmission
Prerequisites
 None
Learning Objectives
 Identify Entamoeba histolytica,
 Describe the morphology of Entamoeba histolytica,
Resources Needed
 stained smears, stool specimen , Microscopes
SESSION OVERVIEW
2 20 minutes Demonstration Positive Entamoeba histolytica
3 90 minutes Observation Positive Entamoeba histolytica

 Positive stool
 Negative stool
 Submit results
Session 4: Part II- Demonstration of Giardia
lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis
Transmission
Prerequisites
 None
Learning Objectives
 Identify Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis
 Describe the morphology of Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis
Resources Needed
 stained smears, stool specimen, Microscopes
SESSION OVERVIEW
Positive Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas
2 20 minutes Demonstration
vaginalis
Positive Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas
vaginalis

 Positive stool
 Negative stool
 Submit results
Session 5: Demonstration of Plasmodium,
Trypanasoma and Borrelia species
Transmission
Prerequisites
 None
Learning Objectives
 Identify Plasmodium, Trypanasoma and Borrelia species
 Describe the morphology of Plasmodium, Trypanasoma and Borrelia species
Resources Needed
SESSION OVERVIEW
Positive Plasmodium falciparum, Trypanasoma
rhodesiense and T. gambiense, Borrelia species
Positive Plasmodium falciparum, Trypanasoma
rhodesiense and T. gambiense, Borrelia species

 Positive slides
 Negative slides
 Submit results
Session 6: Part I- Demonstration of Taenia
species
Transmission
Prerequisites
 None
Learning Objectives
 Identify Taenia species
 Describe the morphology of Taenia species
Resources Needed
 stained smears, Microscopes, fixed worms
SESSION OVERVIEW
2 20 minutes Demonstration Positive Taenia species
3 90 minutes Observation Positive Taenia species

 Positive stool for Taenia species
 Negative stool for Taenia species
 Submit results
Session 6: Part II- Demonstration of
Schistosoma species
Transmission
Prerequisites
 None
Learning Objectives
 Identify Schistosoma species
 Describe the morphology of Schistosoma species
Resources Needed
 stained smears, stool specimen Microscopes
SESSION OVERVIEW
2 20 minutes Demonstration Positive Schistosoma species
3 90 minutes Observation Positive Schistosoma species

 Positive stool for Schistosoma species
 Negative stool for Schistosoma species
 Submit results
Session 7: Demonstration of Ascaris
lumbricoide, Trichuris trichiura and
Transmission
Prerequisites
 None
Learning Objectives
 Identify Ascaris lumbricoide, Trichuris trichiura and Enterobius vermicularis
 Describe the morphology of Ascaris lumbricoide, Trichuris trichiura and Enterobius
vermicularis
 Resources Needed
SESSION OVERVIEW
Positive Ascaris lumbricoide, Trichuris
 Positive stool for Ascaris lumbricoide, Trichuris trichiura and Enterobius vermicularis
 Negative stool for the species
 Submit results
Session 8: Demonstration of Hookworms and
Strongyloides stercolaris
Transmission
Prerequisites
 None
Learning Objectives
 Identify Hookworms and Strongyloides stercolaris
 Describe the morphology of Hookworms and Strongyloides stercolaris
Resources Needed
SESSION OVERVIEW

 Observe teaching specimen:
 Positive stool for Hookworms and Strongyloides stercolaris
 Negative stool for the species
 Submit results
Session 10: Demonstration of Sterilizing
Equipment
Transmission
Prerequisites
 None
Learning Objectives
 List the instruments demonstrated
 Describe the uses of each
Resources Needed
 pictures , manuals
 Autoclave, hot air oven
SESSION OVERVIEW
2 20 minutes Demonstration Operation of autoclave and hot air oven
3 90 minutes Discuss Uses of autoclave and hot air oven

 Discuss :
 Discuss use of each
 Submit report
Session 11: Part I -Demonstration use of
Personal Protective Gears (gloves, masks)
Transmission
Prerequisites
 None
Learning Objectives
 Identify Personal protective gears (gloves and masks)
Resources Needed
 Pictures, Gloves
 Masks
SESSION OVERVIEW
Personal protective gears (Gloves and
masks)
Observe and Uses of Personal protective gears (Gloves
3 90 minutes
demonstrate and masks)

 Discuss :
 Demonstrate correct use of Personal protective gears (Gloves and masks)
Session 11: Part II: Demonstration use of
Personal Protective Gears (gowns, coats,
goggles)
Transmission
Prerequisites
 None
Learning Objectives
 Identify Personal protective gears (Gowns, coats, goggles)
Resources Needed
 Pictures, goggles
 Gowns, coats
SESSION OVERVIEW
Personal protective gears (Gowns, coats,
goggles)
Observe and Uses of Personal protective gears (Gowns,
3 90 minutes
demonstrate coats, goggles)

 Discuss :
 Demonstrate correct use of Personal protective gears (Gown, coats, goggles)
Assgment 02
(1) Briefly write on the ways of communicating heath education in a community
(2) Explain the importance of biological methoud in preventing and control of diseases
(3) Discribe briefly the importance of avoiding physical contact in preventing and control of disease.

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·CHAPTER SEVEN

MODULE CODE MLT04106:

Total Session Time: 120 minutes

Step 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Objectives (10 minutes)

Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes)

Step 2: Classification of bacteria

Step 3: Morphological features of Mycobacterium species and Escherichia coli

Step 4: Common species of medical importance

Step 5: Modes of transmission of mycobacterium species and Escherichia coli

Step 6: Diseases caused by Mycobacterium species and Escherichia coli

Step 10: Key Points (Mycobacterium species and Escherichia coli)

Step 11: Evaluation

Total Session Time: 120 minutes

Step 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Objectives (15 minutes)

Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes)

Step 2: Classification of Staphylococci, Streptococci and Treponema

Step 3: Morphological features of staphyloccoccus, streptococcus and Treponema Species

Fig. 2 and 3: show staphylococcus species in a Grams’s -stained smear

Step 4: Common Pathogenic Species of Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and Treponema

Step 5: Modes of Transmission of Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Treponema species

(b) Streptococcus pygenes and streptococcus pneumoniae

(C) Treponema pallidum

Step 6: Diseases caused by Staphylococci species

(b) Streptococcus species

Step 7: Key Points

Total Session Time: 120 minutes

Step Time Activity/Method Content

Step 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Objectives (10 minutes)

Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes)

Step 2: Definitions of Terms

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)

AIDS ( Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)

Step 3: Types of HIV and hepatitis virus

(b) Types of Hepatitis virus

Step 5: Morphological features of HIV

Fig. 6: HIV molecule showing basic structures

Step 6: Modes of transmission of HIV, HBV and HCV

(b) HAV (Hepatitis B Virus)

(c) Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)

Step 7: Opportunistic Infections associated with HIV infection

Step 8: Diseases caused by HBV and HCV

(b) Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)

Step 9: Key points

Step 10: Evaluation

Total Session Time: 120 minutes

Step 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Objectives (10 minutes)

Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes)

Step 2: Classification of Enatmoeba, Giardia and Trichomonas species

Step 3: Common species of Entamoeba, Giardia and Trichomonas

Step 4: Morphological features or characteristics of of Entamoeba histolytica , Giardia

Fig.7: unstained trophozoite Fig.8: stained trophozoite

Fig.9:showing cyst of E.histolytica

Fig.10: Giardia lamblia trophozoite ( left) and cyst ( right)

Fig. 11: Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoites

Step 5: Modes of transmission of Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas

(b) Giardia lamblia

(a) Entamoeba histolytica

(a) Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia

(b) Trichomonas vaginalis

Step 8: Key Points