Content

 Introduction
 Chapter 1 : general physics
 Length – Area – Volume – Mass - Density
 Scalar and vector
 Motion
 Force
 Moment
 Center of mass
 Momentum
 Energy – work – power
 Pressure
Measurements
Measurement
Measurement
It is the process of Comparing unknown physical quantity to known one
(the unit measurement ) To know how many times the first includes the second .
 Measurement process

Physical quantities Measuring tools Measuring units

1-Physical Quantities
➢ Fundamental (Basic) physical quantities:
they are physical quantities which can’t be derived from other physical
quantities.
such as :[ length - mass - time - temperature - electric charge]

➢ Derivable physical quantities:

they are physical quantities that can be derived from other physical
quantities
such as : [speed – volume – work – power – force - area]
 1-Physical Quantities
Basic physical quantities Unit

Length [L] Meter [M]…cm,inch,feet

Mass [M] Kilogram[kg]…gram,lbs., ton

Time [t] Second[S]

Electric current intensity [I] Ampere [A]

Absolute temperature [T] Kelvin [k] …Celsius

Amount of matter [N] Mole [N]

Luminosity [Iv] Candela [cd]

2-Measuring Tools
 Length

 Ruler

 Meter tape

 Vernier caliper

 Micrometer
2-Measuring Tools
 Mass

 Beam balance

 Analog scale

 Digital balance
2-Measuring Tools
 Time

 Stop watch

 Digital watch
Question
 Choose the suitable tool for measuring the radius of a small metallic sphere

 Ruler

 Vernier caliper

 Meter tape

 Sensitive balance
Scientific notation
 This means to express numbers without using many zeros to avoid errors

 Example For large numbers :

distance from earth to sun is 150000000000 meter

(it is better to write it as : 15 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎 meter)

 Example For small numbers :

diameter of atom is 0.000000000001 meter

(it is better to write it as : 1 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟏 meter)

 Conversion Prefixes
× 103 × 103 × 103 × 103 × 102 × 101
Tera Giga Mega Kilo unit Centi Milli
× 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−2 × 10−1

× 103 × 103 × 101 × 102

× 103
Milli Micro Nano Angstrom Pico Femto
× 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−1 × 10−2 × 10−3
Examples
 Find the length 5km in units of meter ,nano meter, centimeter , millimeter

 5 km = 5 (km) = 5(1000m) = 5 × 1000 𝑚 = 5000 𝑚

 5 km = 5000 m = 5000 (m) = 5000 (109 nm) = 5 × 1012 nm

 5 km = 5000 m = 5000 (m) = 5000 (102 m) = 5 × 105 m

 Find the length of 20,000 millimeter into meter , centimeter , kilometer

 20,000 mm = 2× 104 (mm) = 2× 104 (10−3 m ) = 2× 101 𝑚 = 20 𝑚
Example
 Find the area of 7 𝑚2 in units of 𝑐𝑚2 , 𝑚𝑚2
 7 𝑚2 = 7 (m) 2 = 7 (102 cm) 2 = 7 × 104 c𝑚2

 7 𝑚2 = 7 (m) 2 = 7 (103 mm) 2 = 7 × 106 m𝑚2

 Find the volume of 3 𝑚3 in units of 𝑐𝑚3 , 𝑚𝑚3

 By yourself
Accurate measurement to avoid error :
1- Keep the object and the instrument horizontal on bench at the same level.

2- Make the instrument clean and dry specially while measuring mass .
Accurate measurement to avoid error :
3- Check the zero scale .

4- Check the marking of the scale (in mm or cm or m).

 Accurate measurement to avoid error :
5- look perpendicular to the scale to avoid parallax error.

6- make the object straight without bends while measuring length

Accurate measurement to avoid error :
7- use digital or electronic instruments for more accuracy .

8- repeat the measurement several times and take average

𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒅 𝟏+𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒅 𝟐+ ……….

Average value =
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔

𝒚𝟐 −𝒚𝟏
Use Gradient (slope) =
𝒙𝟐 −𝒙𝟏
Accurate measurement to avoid error :
1- Keep the object and the instrument horizontal on bench at the same level.

2- Make the instrument clean and dry specially while measuring mass .

3- Check the zero scale .

4- Check the marking of the scale (in mm or cm or m).

5- look perpendicular to the scale to avoid parallax error.

6- make the object straight without bends while measuring length

7- use digital or electronic instruments for more accuracy .

8- repeat the measurement several times and take average

Graphical relations
Topic (1) Length
 It is the distance between two points
 Measured by: meter – ruler – meter tape – micrometer – vernier caliper
 units: meter – centi meter – milli meter
 Precautions :
 Make the object straight without bends .
 Check marking of rule (1 mm or 1 cm).
 Keep ruler very close to the object .
 Check zero to avoid zero scale error.
 Look perpendicular to avoid parallax error .
 vernier (0.1mm) and micrometer (0.01mm) sensitivity
Notes
 For measuring thickness :
 Measure large number of paper sheets and divided
the value by the number of sheets.
 For round object circumference
 Surround the object with string then measure the
string length by ruler
 surround the object with tab meter
 Roll the object on ruler and record the distance
moved by certain point on object
 For multiple objects
 Divide the difference by there number
Topic (2) Area
 It is the distance between two points
 Measured by: meter – ruler then apply rule
according to shape
 units: 𝒎𝟐 - 𝒄𝒎𝟐 - 𝒎𝒎𝟐

 Conversions
× 106
𝑚2 × 10 −6
𝑚𝑚2

× 104
𝑚2 × 10 −4
𝑐𝑚2
Topic (3) volume
 The amount of space an object takes up (occupies)
 units: 𝒎𝟑 - 𝒄𝒎𝟑 - 𝒎𝒎𝟑

 Conversions

× 109
𝑚3 × 10 −9
𝑚𝑚3

× 106
𝑚3 × 10 −6
𝑐𝑚3
 Volume of liquid
 It measured by Measuring cylinder
 Precautions :
 Get scale by formula (difference / number of spaces)
 keep cylinder horizontal .
 Look perpendicular to avoid parallax error
 Take reading from the flat surface
 Narrower cylinder better than wider cylinder

 1 𝑚3 = 1000 liter
 1litre = 1000 milli liter = 1000 𝑐𝑚3
 Volume of irregular solids
 Small irregular object :
 Measure cylinder filled with liquid v1
 Put the object inside the cylinder and
measure v2
 Volume of object is v2 – v1
 Volume of irregular solids
 Floating irregular object :

 You need sinker to put object into liquid

 Volume of ball =
V(water+sinker+ball) – V(water+sinker)
 Topic (4) Mass
 The amount of the matter in the object .
 Measured by : analogue balance or digital balance
 Units : ton – kg –gram –milligram
 The greater mass :
 Strong gravitational force
 Greater resistance (inertia)
 More force needed to carry it
 Precautions :
 Balance should be horizontal - clean and dry - should read zero before measuring
 Digital balance more accurate
 Beam balance compare masses and need standard masses to use it .
 Measuring mass of liquid :
 Measure empty cylinder m1
 Measure mass of cylinder and liquid together m2
 Mass of liquid = m2 – m1
Topic (6) Density
 It is the mass per unit volume
 Unit :
 Kg/ 𝑚3 or gm/ 𝑐𝑚3

 Measurement density of regular solids

 Measurement density of irregular solids
 Measurement density of liquid
 Volume of irregular solids
 Small irregular object :
 Measure cylinder filled with liquid v1
 Put the object inside the cylinder and
measure v2
 Volume of object is v2 – v1
Notes on density
 As mass increase density increase
 As volume decrease density increase
 If density is constant that means mass and volume are directly
proportional
 More dense sink and less dense float
 As temp increase density decrease since volume increase
 Density is a specific property which is constant for each substance
 Density used to test materials
 Topic (5) time
 The period from the beginning to the end of an event .
 Measured by : analogue stop watch or digital stop watch
 Units : second – minuets - hour
 Hr = 60 minuets
 Minuet = 60 seconds
 Pendulum experiment to measure periodic time :
 Measure length of pendulum
 Mark rest position (start position)
 Move pendulum horizontally
 Start stopwatch to find time for 10 oscillations
 Periodic time = total time / no. of oscillations
 Repeat the experiment and take the average (accurate and reliable )
 Repeat for different lengths of pendulum (as length increase time increase and speed decrease)

Examples
 If you know that year is about 365 days. Calculate how many minuets per day
and per year .

 365 day = 365(24h)=365× 24 ℎ = 365 × 24 × (60 𝑚𝑖𝑛)= 365× 24 × 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛

 1 year = 365 day = 525600 minuet

Math
 Pythagoras theorem
𝜽
 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2
 a = 𝑐 2 − 𝑏2
 b = 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2
 Trigonometric function
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑎  a = c × 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
 sin 𝜃 = =
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑐

 cos 𝜃 =
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
=
𝑏  b = c × 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑐
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑎
 tan 𝜃 = = −1 𝑎
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏 𝜃 = tan
𝑏
Which of them has magnitude and which has
magnitude and direction
 Scalar and vector quantities
Scalar Quantities Vector Quantities

They are the physical quantities that can be fully defined They are the physical quantities that can be fully defined by
by its magnitude only . magnitude and direction .

They have no direction . They cannot be fully defined by magnitude only .

They have direction represented by (arrows) .

Examples Examples
- weight - force - velocity
- mass - temperature - time
- energy - distance - pressure - acceleration - displacement – moment
- speed - - momentum
 Difference between Distance and Displacement

Distance (d) Displacement(s)

It is the length of the path that actually moved by an It is the change of the position of object.
object from one position to another .

It could be given by the straight line between the start

Distance is a scalar quantity as it defines only by point and end point regardless the path.
a magnitude.

Displacement is a vector quantity as it defines by

Distance is always positive. magnitude and direction.

Displacement could be positive , negative or zero

 Y

E B
C

A
X
F
D
 Examples
Distance

Distance Distance
Distance
A A B A B A B
B Displacement c
Distance Displacement Distance
The magnitude of displacement Displacement is always shorter
equals to the covered distance
Magnitude of Displacement = 0 than any distance. Distance(d) = AB+BC
but distance is doubled Displacement(s) = AB-BC
Y
B
A Ø
X
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
Velocity and speed
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ∆𝑠 𝑠2 −𝑠1
 Velocity = = =
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 ∆𝑡 𝑡2 −𝑡1
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑
 speed = =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡
Vectors algebra
 Addition of vectors

 Resolution of vector
1-Vector addition
1-Vector addition
 When two forces or more acting on a certain body ,the body will move in a
certain direction determined by the resultant of forces acting on the object
which is called resultant force
 1-Vector addition
Triangle addition Parallelogram addition
• Ending point of the first vector is the • The two vectors have same starting point
start point for the second vector • Draw remaining two sides to complete the
• Draw line connecting between start parallelogram shape and the diagonal is
of the first vector and ending of the the resultant force
second vector.
1-Vector addition
 You can apply Pythagoras theorem to get magnitude and direction of resultant
vector [graphically - theoretically]
Example 4
2-Vector resolution
Example 5
Example 6
 Velocity and speed
speed Velocity
• The distance covered by the object per unit time. • The displacement of the object per unit time.
Or Or
the rate of change of distance. The rate of change of displacement .

• It is a scalar quantity [ defined by magnitude only] • It is a vector quantity [defined by magnitude and
direction]
• It is always positive
• May be positive or negative
Types of velocity[Uniform – Non Uniform]
Uniform velocity Non-uniform velocity
it is the object velocity when it is displaced through equal it is the object velocity when it is displaced through unequal
displacements in equal times. displacements in equal times.
The velocity may change in magnitude or direction or both
Both magnitude and direction are constant(straight line). of them.

-
Uniform velocity
 it is the object velocity when it is displaced equal displacements in equal
interval of times.
 Both magnitude and direction are constant (straight line).
Time (t) 0 1 2 3 4 5
Displacement (d) 0 10 20 30 40 50

∆𝒅𝟏 𝟏𝟎−𝟎 𝒎
• V1 = = = 𝟏𝟎
∆𝒕𝟏 𝟏−𝟎 𝒔
∆𝒅𝟐 𝟐𝟎−𝟏𝟎 𝒎
• V2 = = = 𝟏𝟎 𝒔
∆𝒕𝟐 𝟐−𝟏
∆𝒅𝟑 𝟑𝟎−𝟐𝟎 𝒎
• V3 = = 𝟑−𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒔
∆𝒕𝟑
∆𝒅𝟒 𝟒𝟎−𝟐𝟎 𝒎
• V4 = = = 𝟏𝟎 𝒔
∆𝒕𝟒 𝟒−𝟐
∆𝒅𝟓 𝟓𝟎−𝟒𝟎 𝒎
• V5 = = 𝟓−𝟒 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒔
∆𝒕𝟓
Non-Uniform velocity
 it is the object velocity when it is displaced through unequal displacements in
equal times.
 The velocity may change in magnitude or direction or both of them.
Time (t) 0 1 2 3 4 5

Displacement (d) 0 5 15 30 50 75

∆𝒅𝟏 𝟓−𝟎 𝒎
• V1 = ∆𝒕𝟏
= 𝟏−𝟎
= 𝟓 𝒔
∆𝒅𝟐 𝟏𝟓−𝟓 𝒎
• V2 = = = 𝟏𝟎
∆𝒕𝟐 𝟐−𝟏 𝒔
∆𝒅𝟑 𝟑𝟎−𝟏𝟓 𝒎
• V3 = ∆𝒕𝟑
= 𝟑−𝟐
= 𝟏𝟓 𝒔
∆𝒅𝟒 𝟓𝟎−𝟑𝟎 𝒎
• V4 = ∆𝒕𝟒
= 𝟒−𝟑 = 𝟐𝟎 𝒔
∆𝒅𝟓 𝟕𝟓−𝟓𝟎 𝒎
• V5 = = = 𝟐𝟓
∆𝒕𝟓 𝟓−𝟒 𝒔
Instantaneous velocity (v)
 it is the velocity of the object at a given instant .
as (speedometer pointer).

 It can be determined graphically by the slope of

the tangent drawn to the velocity curve at that
instant.
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ∆𝑑
 inst.Velocity = =
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 ∆𝑡
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 250−75
 inst.Velocity = =
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 5−4
 Average velocity (v)
 It is given by dividing the total displacement of the object
from the starting point to the end point by the total time of
motion

 It can be determined graphically by the slope of the starting

line joining the starting point to the end point

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑
 Avg.Velocity = =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 300−20

 Avg.Velocity from (1-4 ) = =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 4−1

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 300−0

 Avg.Velocity from (0-4 ) = =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 4−0
 Average velocity (v)
 Average velocity differ from average speed
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
 Avg.Velocity = Avg.speed =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

 Average velocity is a vector average speed is a scalar

 Instantaneous velocity = average velocity when body moves with uniform

velocity
 A body at rest can be defined by this graph which has
a slope = 0 so velocity = 0 (line parallel to x axis )

 Displacement can be determined by using (velocity-time) graph

displacement = area under (velocity-time) curve which is called integration
Example 1
Example 1
Acceleration(a)
 The change of velocity per unit time
 The rate of change of velocity
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 ∆𝑣 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 −𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑣2−𝑣1
 acceleration= = = =
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 ∆𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒−𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡2−𝑡1

 It unit m/𝑠 2 or km/ ℎ𝑟 2 and its dimension is L 𝑇 −2

 There are two types of acceleration
 Uniform acceleration
 Non-uniform acceleration
Uniform acceleration
 It is the acceleration in which the object changes its velocity with equal
amounts in equal interval times

 Acceleration has a constant value which is the slope of the straight line
between (v and time)
∆𝒗𝟏 𝟏𝟎−𝟎
• a1 = = = 𝟏𝟎 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
∆𝒕𝟏 𝟏−𝟎
∆𝒗𝟐 𝟐𝟎−𝟏𝟎
• a2 = = 𝟐−𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
∆𝒕𝟐
∆𝒗𝟑 𝟑𝟎−𝟐𝟎
• a3 = = = 𝟏𝟎 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
∆𝒕𝟑 𝟑−𝟐
∆𝒗𝟒 𝟒𝟎−𝟐𝟎
• a4 = = 𝟒−𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
∆𝒕𝟒
∆𝒗𝟓 𝟓𝟎−𝟒𝟎
• a5 = = = 𝟏𝟎 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
∆𝒕𝟓 𝟓−𝟒
 Non-Uniform acceleration
 It is the acceleration in which the object changes its velocity with unequal
amounts in equal interval times
Velocity (v) 0 10 18 30 50
Time (t) 0 4 6 8 10
60 Acceleration • a1 =
∆𝒗𝟏
=
𝟏𝟎−𝟎
= 𝟐. 𝟓 𝒎
∆𝒕𝟏 𝟒−𝟎
50
/𝒔𝟐
∆𝒗 𝟏𝟖−𝟏𝟎
40 • a2 = ∆𝒕 𝟐 = = 𝟒 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
𝟐 𝟔−𝟒
∆𝒗𝟑 𝟑𝟎−𝟏𝟖
30
• a3 = = = 𝟔 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
∆𝒕𝟑 𝟖−𝟔
VELOCITY

20 ∆𝒗𝟒 𝟓𝟎−𝟑𝟎
• a4 = = = 𝟏𝟎 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
∆𝒕𝟒 𝟏𝟎−𝟖
10
Note : slope is not constant and the
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 slope at any point give the
-10 TIME instantaneous acceleration
Match (v-t) graph with (a-t) graph
Acceleration
 Accel. May be positive (increasing the velocity)
 Accel. May be zero ( constant speed or uniform speed or static body)
 accel. May be negative (deceleration) decreases the velocity
Find 1- slope 2-which accelerate and which decelerate
Notes
 If body moves with uniform velocity it means acceleration = 0
 If body start motion from rest it mean initial velocity = 0 ,
if body comes to rest it means final velocity = 0
vi+vf
 If body moves with uniform acceleration ,the average velocity =
2
 If a driver apply brake till stop , (deceleration and final speed = 0)
 If the acceleration in direction of motion is accelerating motion
 If the acceleration in direction opposite to motion is decelerating motion
Example 1
Example 1
Free fall