Chapter 1.

- Heat Transfer
Dy
HEAT TRANSFER 0s the movement of heat from one body to another
means of conduction, convection, or radiation.
MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER:
heat is transferred
1. Conduction is a mode of heat transfer in which
by molecular interaction through bodies in contact.
transferred
2. Convection is a mode of heat transfer in which heat is
due to the mixing and motion of particles of a substance.
because of the
a Free Convection - the substance moves
decrease in its density which is caused by increase in
temperature.
b. Forced Convection - the substance moves because of the
fan.
application of mechanical power such as that of atransferred
in which heat is
3. Radiation is a mode of heat transfer electromagnetiC waves.
between bodies by energy propagating
CONDUCTION
CONDUGTION THROUGHAPLANE WALL:
For steady state, unidirectional flow of heat through a
heat by
wall, Fourier's equation gives the
homogerneous plane
Conduction as :

KA(G -t,)
) = t2
X

where: X
heat transmitted, W
A heat transfer area, m?
°C or K
t surface temperature on hot side,
surface temperature on cold side, °C or K
t2
m
X= thickness of the wall, W
W
or
thermal conductivity m-°c m-K
 Chapter 01 - Meat Transter *

CONDUCTION THROUGH COMPOSITE PLANE WALLS:

For a composite wall shown in the figure, if the heat flows in series
first through one slab and then another, Fourier's equation can be
applied as :
2 3
k,A(t -t2)

k
kzA(y-t)
t1

ksA(t, -ta)
X3
X1 X2 X33
AAt A(t-t)
X3
k

where : RT = 0verall resistance

Q = Q = Q2 = Q3 ’ for steady state heat transfer
CONDUCTION FROM FLUID TO FLUID

Q hA(t-ti) 3

Qo =ho A(tto)
k,A(t-t) k2
t3 to
k,A(, -t)

kzA(t3-t4) X> X3
X3
A At A(tto)
Ry 1 X1 2 1
h ho
Industrial Mant Reviewer by Capote &Mandawe -3

W
where : h, = surface film conductance on hot side m²°c
W
h, = surface film conductanceon cold side m²°c

OVERALL CONDUCTANCE or OVERALL COEFFICIENT OF HEAT TRANSFER, U:

Rr
HEAT TRANFER IN TERMS OF OVERALL RESISTANCE R :
A AT
Rr
CONDUCTANCE U:
HEAT TRANFER IN TERMS OF OVERALL
QUA At

CONDUCTION THROUGH PIPE:

that heat flows in the radial
In conduction through pipe assume Fouriers equation gives the
direction from inside to outside surface.
heat loSS as :

r2

At
Ry Ind,/d,)
2ckL 2rkL
where :
flow
R= resistance to heat
R=
In(rz/r1)
2rLk
 Chapter 01 - Meat Transfer

cONDUCTION THROUGHCOMPOSITE PIPE:

r3

T2

-r

tt
2nk L
2nkL

At tt:
In(r/hi)In(s/r)
2r1ki 2rkzL
Note: For steady state heat transfer:

where :
Q1 = heat passes through layer D
Q2 = heat passes through layer
Q = total amount of heat that passes through the layers.

CONDUCTION FROM FLUIDS THRoUGH PIPES:

Q hA (tt)
Qo h A(t to)
t
InF)

R nt,/t,)
Zrk,l
e Industrial Plant Revlewer by Capote & Mandewe

At
R 1 In(r) n(r)
Ah 2nk L 2rck,L Agho
Note: For steady state heat transfer:

where :
Aj = 2r L
A2 = 2nr2 L
hi =surface conductance on inside surface
ho = surface conductance on outside surface
HEAT TRANSFERRED IN TERMS OF THE
oVERALL CONDUCTANCE
QUA At or Q U A At
where:
Uj= overall conductance based on inside area
U, = overall
conductance based on the outside area
HEAT ECHANGER
Heat Exchanger is any device which
heat from one substance to affects the transfer of
another.
EXAMPLES of HEAT EXCHANGERS:
Steam Boiler
Steam Condenser evaporators
© economizer
Water heater
Oil heaters fluid heaters and coolers
tube banks
Industrlal Plant Reviewer by Capote & Mandawe

3. Parallel flow heat exchangers wherein the fluids flow in the

same direction and both of them change their temperature. An
examples of this type are water heater, oil heater and coolers.
temperature

ta'
to'

Ata Atb

tb

ta

Length

4. Counterflow heat exchangers wherein the fluids flow in

directions opposite to one another. This possibly the most
favorable kind of fluid heaters and coolers.
temperature

ta'

tb'
Ata
| Ate

ta

Length

5. Cross-flow heat exchangers in which one fluid flows at an angle

to the secondone as inthe case in tube banks.
LOGARITHMIC MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE, LMTD

EMTD At)max(At) min

max
(AL) nin