CHAPTER #

PLANNING GUIDELINES

1. STRUCTURAL MODEL WIDTH (M) NOTES

SMALL SHOPS 5.3 – 6.0 MOSTLY 5.4 M DEPENDING ON BEAM DEPTH.

2. CLEAR CEILING WIDTH (M) NOTES

SMALL SHOPS 5.3 – 6.0 MOSTLY 5.4 M DEPENDING ON BEAM DEPTH.

Notes: Staff facilities (general guide only)

1.
2. TYPICAL FLOOR LOADING
CAR PARKING kN/m2
CAR SPACES/100M2 GROSS RETAIL AREA
SHOP
3. SALES
GOODS AREA
SUPERMARKETS,SUPERSTORES
AND SERVICE DOCKS 510-12 M NOTES
SHOP STORAGE
TYPICAL 10 TWO 15M A
PROVISION FOR LARGE-SPACE USER 10.7 ALLOWING 1.5 M EACH S
SHOPPING CENTERS 4-5
RTICULATED
DESIGN LOADLORRIES: WIDTH
FOR SERVICE YARD 20 IDE

MINIMUM CLEARANCE HEIGHT 4.7 APPROACH ROAD 5.00 M

A. Staff numbers: net sales areas, 1: 50 m2 to 1: 80 m2

CIRCULATION: Minimum area per person in various types of buildings:

Area per person to be allowed in various circulation areas:

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Flow capacities of corridors and staircases:

A. CORRIDORS AND PASSAGEWAYS

 Where stairways discharge through corridors and passageways, the height of

corridors and passageways shall be not less than 2.4 m.

 All means of exit including staircases lifts lobbies and corridors shall be

adequately ventilated.

 Internal staircase minimum width shall be 2.0m in all group F building.

B. PRESSURIZATION OF STAIRCASES (PROTECTED ESCAPE ROUTES)

Pressurization is a method adopted for protected escape routes against ingress of

smoke, especially in high-rise buildings. In pressurization, air is injected into the

staircases, lobbies or corridors, to raise their pressure slightly above the pressure in

adjacent parts of the building. As a result, ingress of smoke or toxic gases into the escape

routes will be prevented. The pressurization of staircases shall be adopted for high rise

buildings and building having mixed occupancy/multiplexes having covered area more

than 500 m2.

C. ARRANGEMENT OF EXITS

Exits shall be so located that the travel, distance on the floor shall not exceed the

distance of 30m. In case of all mercantile building.

NOTE: For fully sprinklered building, the travel distance may be increased by 50 percent

of the values specified

D. EXTERNAL STAIRS

External stairs, when provided shall comply the following:

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 External stairs shall always be kept in sound operable conditions.

 Ail external stairs shall be directly connected to the ground.

 The external stairs shall be constructed of noncombustible materials,

 No external staircase, used as a fire escape, shall be inclined at an angle greater

than 45° from the horizontal.

 External stairs shall have straight flight not less than 1250 mm wide with 250 mm

treads and risers not more than 190 mm.

 The number of risers shall be limited to 15 per flight.

 Handrails shall be of a height not less than 1000 mm and not exceeding 1200 mm.

There shall be provisions of balusters with maximum gap of 150 mm.

 The use of spiral staircase shall be limited to low occupant load and to a building

not exceeding 9 m in height.

 A spiral stair case shall be not less than 1500 mm in diameter and shall be designed

to give adequate headroom.

E. HORIZONTAL EXITS

For buildings more than 24 m in height, refuge area of 15 m2 or an area equivalent to 0.3

m2 per person to accommodate the occupants of two consecutive floors,

The refuge area shall be provided on the periphery of the floor or preferably on a

cantilever projection and open to air at least on one side protected with suitable railings.

a) For floors above 24 m and Up to 39 m — One refuge area on the floor

immediately above 24 m.

b) For floors above 39 m — One refuge area on the

floor immediately above 39 m and so on after every 15 m. Refuge

area provided in excess of the requirements shall be counted

towards FAR. Where there is a difference in level between

connected areas for horizontal exits, ramps, not more than 1 in 10

m slope shall be provided; steps shall not be used. Doors in

horizontal exits shall be operable at all times from both sides.

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F. ESCALATORS AND PASSENGER CONVEYORS

G. TURNING SPACE

Most wheelchairs require a space 1.4 m square to turn around. This determines

the minimum size of lift cars and circulation spaces in rooms.

H. LIFT

Quality Service or Acceptable Interval

20 to 25 seconds Excellent

30 to 35 seconds Good

34 to 40 seconds Fair

45 seconds Poor

Over 45 seconds Unsatisfactory

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NOTE— For residential buildings longer intervals should be permissible.

TYPES OF LIFT LAYOUT

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I. LIFE SAFETY

General Exit Requirements:

 An exit may be a doorway; corridor passageway(s) to an internal staircase, or

external staircase or horizontal landing.

 Lifts and escalators shall not be considered as exits.

 Every exit, exit access or exit discharge shall be continuously maintained free of all

obstructions.

 Exits shall be clearly visible and the route to reach the exits shall be clearly marked

and signs posted to guide the occupants of the floor concerned.

 Fire doors with 2 h fire resistance shall be provided at appropriate places along the

escape route.

 Fire doors with 2 h fire resistance shall be provided at appropriate places along the

escape route.

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Group F Mercantile Buildings

These shall include any building or part of a building, which is used as shops,

stores, market, for display and sale of merchandise, either wholesale or retail. Mercantile

buildings shall be further sub-divided as follows:

 Sub-division F-1 Shops, stores, departmental stores markets with area up to 500 sq

mt.

 Sub-division F-2 Shops, stores, departmental stores markets with area more than 500

sq mt.

 Sub-division F-3 Underground shopping centres.

Fire Zone No. 1 — This shall comprise areas having residential (Group A), educational

(Group B), institutional (Group C), and assembly (Group D), small business

(Subdivisions E-1 ) and retail mercantile (Group F) buildings, or mess which are under

development for such occupancies.

Restrictions on the Type of Construction for New Buildings.

Buildings erected in Fire Zone No. 1 shall conform to construction of Type 1, 2, 3

or 4.

For buildings 15 m in height or above non-combustible materials should be used

for construction and other material of construction with minimum of 2 hr rating.

A high rise building during construction shall be provided with the following fire

protection measures, which shall be maintained in good working condition at all the

times:

a. Dry riser of minimum 100 mm diameter pipe with hydrant outlets on the floors

constructed with a fire service inlet to boost the water in the dry riser and maintenance

should be as per the requirements laid down in good practice.

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 b. Drums tilled with water of 2000 liters capacity with two fire buckets on each

floor; and

c. A water storage tank of minimum 20000 liters capacity, which may be used for

other construction purposes also.

J. SANITARY INSTALLATIONS

Sanitary facilities for customers in shops and commercial centers having a net

sales area more than 1000 m2 and assuming equal numbers of male and female

customers.

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 The ratio of fittings in male and female toilets shall be 3:5, for example, 1 WC

and 2 Urinals for male: 5 WC.s for female which is in accordance to the NEA’s COPEH.

Urinals

Individually wall-hung urinal units shall be at least 300mm wide and the lip of the

collection area shall project from the wall by at least 300mm. A urinal should not be set

closer than 450mm from its centre to any side wall, partition, vanity or other obstruction,

or closer than 900mm centre-to-centre between adjacent fixtures. There should be at least

a 900mm clearance in front of the urinal to any wall, fixture or door. Urinals should be

separated by modesty boards of not less than 300mm x 1800mm (Height) to act as a

visual barrier between urinals.

Wash Basins

Wash basins should be substantial in size. The basins should have a minimum size

of 500mm in length and 400mm in width.

Water Closets (WCs)

A WC should not be set closer than 450mm from its centre to any side wall,

partition, vanity or other obstruction. There should be at least a 900mm clearance in front

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of the WC to any wall, fixture or door. Supply a predetermined quantity of not more than

4.5 litres of water per flush after each use.

(a) Mechanical Ventilation - Where mechanical means are used for ventilation,

there should be cross ventilation and the air exchange rate should have a minimum of 15

air changes per hour. The exhaust air should be discharged to the exterior of the building

at a position at least 2 m above the pavement level and at least 5 m from any window or

fresh air intake.

(b) Natural Ventilation - For natural ventilation, suitable fresh air inlet grilles

shall be provided to ensure an air exchange rate of 5 air changes per hour.

Examples of good materials for toilets:

(a) Floor - Non-slip ceramic tiles, natural stone, homogeneous tiles,

terrazzo.

(b) Wall - Ceramic tiles, natural stone, homogeneous tiles, stainless steel, enamelled steel

panels, glass block, aluminium panels, phenolic cladding.

(c) Ceiling - Mineral fibre board, fibrous plaster board, Aluminium panels or strips

Provision of Facilities

(a) Soap Dispensers

(b) Litterbins

(c) Electronic Hand-Dryers/Paper Towel Dispensers

(d) Toilet Paper Dispensers

(e) Toilet Seat Sanitizers/Covers

(f) Water Tap Points within Cubicles

(g) Air Fresheners

(h) WC / Urinal Sanitizers

(i) Coat Hooks

(j) Cleaning Attendant’s Sink & Equipment Storage Space

For toilets, the provision of the following user-friendly features is strongly

recommended.

(a) Accessible Toilet

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 (b) Toilet for the Ostomates.

(c) Baby Seats

(d) Diaper Changing Stations

(e) Urinals and WC’s for Children

(g) Signage's for cubicle doors

(h) Full-Length Mirrors

(i) Waiting Areas

Looscaping

The ambience of public toilets can be enhanced further by:

(a) Introducing plants which can be easily maintained inside the toilets as well as

surrounding the public toilets.

(b) Placing of wall pictures and illuminated with delicate lighting. The pictures or

wallpapers should be waterproof (e.g. made of impervious material).

(c) Placing of ornaments or sculptures at the ‘dead’ corners of the toilets.

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K. AIR CONDITIONING, HEATING AND MECHANICAL VENTILATION

PLANNING DESIGN CRITERIA (Fundamental Requirements)

The object of installing ventilation and air conditioning facilities in buildings shall

be to provide conditions under which people can live in comfort, work safely and

efficiently. Ventilation and air conditioning installation shall aim at controlling and

optimizing following factors in the building:

a) Air purity and filtration,

b) Air movement,

c) Dry-bulb temperature,

d) Relative humidity,

e) Noise and vibration,

f) Energy efficiency, and

g) Fire safety.

DUCT SYSTEMS

Classification :

Low pressure systems: Velocity ≤ 10 m/s, static pressure ≤ 5 cm HO (g) .

Medium pressure systems: Velocity ≤ 10 m/s, static pressure ≤ 15 cm HO (g).

High pressure systems: Velocity > 10 m/s, static pressure 15<p ≤ 25 cm HO (g).

Recommended air velocities depend mainly on the application and the noise

criteria.

Residences: 3 m/s to 5 m/s

Theatres: 4 to 6.5 m/s

Restaurants: 7.5 m/s to 10 m/s

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Chilled Beam

Chilled beams are predominantly used for cooling and ventilating spaces, where a good

indoor environment and individual space control is valued. Chilled beams use water to

remove heat from a room and are located in the room space. Chilled beams are

primarily used in locations where the humidity can be controlled. Chilled beam also

supplement the flexible use of available space, at the same time as the high temperature

cooling and low temperature heating maximizing the opportunity for free cooling and

heating. Operation of the chilled beams is used where the internal humidity loads are

moderate, the primary air is dehumidified and any infiltration through the building is

limited and controlled.

 To be installed in entire building.

 To be installed in all floors at appropriate places and in consultation with local fire

authorities.

 Building above 30m in height not to be permitted for Group B, Group C, Group D

and Group F occupancies.

 All underground shopping areas should be fully air-conditioned.

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General Requirements of All Individual Occupancies

 Exceptions and Deviations

 Occupation of Buildings under

Construction

 Maximum Height

 Floor Area Ratio

 Open Spaces

 Mixed Occupancy Openings in

Separating Walls and Floors

 Vertical opening

 Fire Stop or Enclosure of Openings

 Electrical InstallationsAir-conditioning

and Ventilation

 Smoke Venting

 Glazing

L. RAIN WATER HARVESTING

Rain water Filtering system provides a way to clean and filter water debris from

the roof. Rainwater is free from chemicals and chlorine so it is safe and smart to collect.

This system will pay itself overtime since the cost of water is very expensive.

Common Applications of Rainwater

 Watering Green wall / Vertical garden

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 Watering Green roofs

 Car Cleaning

 Laundry

 Flushing Toilet

 Drinking (Need additional Filters)

 Showering (Need additional Filters)

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 RAIN WATER HARVESTING TANK

M. BARRIER FREE PARAMETERS

To accommodate the persons with disabilities and elderly. Few integral

components of the building design can be planned following these considerations.

KERB RAMP

• Width should not be less than 1200mm

• Useful for a smooth transition.

• Footpath flushed with roadway, at a gradient not exceeding that 1:12.

• Warning strip to be provided on the kerb side edge of the slope.

FOOTHPATH

• Obstruction-free for the convenience of all users.

• Height of the footpath not to be more than 150 mm form the road level.

• Change in level on the footpath should be made clearly visible.

• Width of the footpath should 1800 mm and minimum clear unobstructed path

should be 1200 mm.

• Street furniture should be placed outside the path of travel.

• Resting Places should be provided along travel routes.

• Protruding elements should be avoided.

• Bollards should be 1000 mm high, painted in contrasting colour stripes with

clear minimum gap of 1200 mm. Parking

• Parking should be within 30 meters of the main entrance the building.

• Two accessible parking lots with dimension 3600mm X 5000mm.

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 • International symbol of accessibility painted on the ground and also on a

signpost/board.

• Directional signs guiding people to the accessible parking.

• Wheel stoppers to be provided, to

RAMPS

• Gentle slope: 1:12 max. 1800 x 1800 landing after 9m of travel distance.

• Width: 1800mm or more.

• Handrails to be on both sides and at two levels – 760mm and 900mm. Extend

300mm

beyond top and bottom of ramp.

• Warning tile should be placed at 300mm before and the ramp edges.

STEPS AND STAIRS

• Uniform risers : 150mm and tread: 300mm.

• Stair edges should have 50mm wide, bright/ contrast colour band.

• Maximum height of a flight between landings to be 1200mm.

• Landing should be 1200mm clear of any door swing.

• The steps should have an unobstructed width of at least 1200mm.

• Continuous handrails on both sides including the wall (if any) and at two levels

– 760mm and 900mm.

• Warning tile to be placed 300mm at the beginning and at the end of all stairs.

• Nosing should be avoided.

HANDRAILS

• Handrails/ Grab bars are extremely important features and must be designed to

be easy to grasp and to provide a firm and comfortable grip so that the hand can slide

along the rail without obstruction.

• Handrails should be circular with a diameter of 38mm, at least 50mm clear two

levels –760mm and 900mm form the finished floor, extend by at least 300mm.

• Grab bars should:

• Be slip-resistant with round ends;

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• Have a circular section of 38-50 mm in diameter;

• Be free of any sharp or abrasive elements;

• Have continuous gripping surfaces, without interruptions or obstructions that can break

a hand hold;

• Have a minimum clear space of 50 mm from the wall;

• Be installed at a height of 760 mm to 900 mm

Tactile Surface:

Line-type blocks (Guiding tile): indicate the correct path/route to follow.

Dot-type blocks (Warning Tile): indicate warning signal, to screen off obstacles, drops–

offs or other hazards, to discourage movement in an incorrect direction and to warn of a

corner or junction.

These tiles shall be placed 300mm at the beginning and end of the ramps, stairs

and entrance to any door.

Line-type blocks (Guiding tile) Dot-type blocks (Warning Tile)

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 CIRCULATION AREA

• Corridors should have an unobstructed width of 1800mm.

• Level differences should be beveled.

• Thresholds and gratings should not be more that 10mm.

• Protruding objects (more that 100mm form the wall) to be placed either

in a niche or above 2100mm form the floor.

• Open spaces below ramps, escalator and stairs should be blocked out completely

by protective guard rails, raised curbs or marked with a tactile surface.

DOOR

• Should provide a clear opening of 900mm.

• Be fitted with lever action locks and D shape handles of circular section,

between 800mm and 1000mm form floor level.

• Also be fitted with vision panels at least between 900mm and 1500mm form

floor level.

• Be colour contrasted with the surrounding walls and should not be heavier than

22N to open.

• A distance of 400mm to 600mm should be provided beyond the leading edge of

door to enable a wheelchair user to maneuver and to reach the handle.

• Kick plates are recommended 300mm form the bottom, to resist wear and tear.

ACCESSIBLE TOILET

A minimum of one toilet compartment with minimum size of 2000 x 1750mm is required

on each floor having all barrier free provisions.

ACCESSIBLE LIFT

A minimum of one 13 passenger lift is required having all barrier free provision.

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