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1. Quadratic Equations
2. Complex numbers
3. Sequence and series
4. Trigonometry & ITF
Formulae & expressions.
5. Straight lines
6. Circles
7. Conics
8. LCD
9. AOD
10. Integration
11. Vectors
12. 3 - D Geometry
Quadratic Equations
Relation Between Roots and Coefficients
The solution of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, a ≠ 0, is

The expression b2 - 4ac = D is called discriminant of quadratic

equation. If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the roots of quadratic equation
For a cubic equation, we have
For a biquadratic equation, we have
Transformation of Equation
 Transformation of Equation
If roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are α & β then equation having roots:
(a) 2⍺ and 2β is ➝

(b) is ➝

(c) ⍺ + 2 and β + 2 is ➝

Remark
This shortcut works for equation of any degree.
Common Roots
 Common Roots
Given two Quadratic Equations, there are two possibilities-
1. They have one root in common
2. Both the roots are common
Condition for one root common in
a1x2 + b1x + c1 = 0
a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0
is (c1a2 - c2a1)2 = (b1c2 - b2c1) (a1b2 - a2b1)

Condition for both roots common in

a1x2 + b1x + c1 = 0
a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0
is
Observation

1. Range of y = ax2 + bx + c is ➝

2. (i) ax2 + bx + c > 0 ∀ x if ➝

(ii) ax2 + bx + c < 0 ∀ x if ➝
Observation

1. Range of y = ax2 + bx + c is ➝

2. (i) ax2 + bx + c > 0 ∀ x if ➝ X

(ii) ax2 + bx + c < 0 ∀ x if ➝ X

 Location of Roots
Let 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the roots of quadratic equation
f(x) = ax2 + bx + c where a, b, c ∈ R
Let us consider a real number ‘k’
Results
Q. Let α & β are the roots of x3 + px2 + qx + r = 0 such that
αβ = -1 prove that either r = 0 or r2 + pr + q + 1 = 0.
Solution :
Note

Whenever we are finding or proving some condition and

during the procedure we get value of some root, always
make it satisfy the equation.
Q. Let P(x) = x3 - 8x2 + cx - d be a polynomial with real
coefficients and with all its roots being distinct positive
integers. Then number of possible values of ‘c’ is.
A 1 B 3 C 2 D 5
Q. Let P(x) = x3 - 8x2 + cx - d be a polynomial with real
coefficients and with all its roots being distinct positive
integers. Then number of possible values of ‘c’ is.
A 1 B 3 C 2 D 5
Solution :
Q. Let β and ⍺ be the roots of x2 - 3x + 4 = 0, with ⍺ > β.
If an = ⍺n - βn for n ≥ 1, then the value of

A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4
Q. Let β and ⍺ be the roots of x2 - 3x + 4 = 0, with ⍺ > β.
If an = ⍺n - βn for n ≥ 1, then the value of

A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4
Solution :
Q. If (x2 + x + 2)2 - (a - 3) (x2 + x + 1) (x2 + x + 2) +
(a - 4)(x2 + x + 1)2 = 0 has at least one root, then find the
complete set of values of a.
Solution :
Q. The range of a for which the equation x2 + ax - 4 = 0 has
only its smaller root in the interval (-1, 2) is

A (-∞, -3) B (0, 3) C (0, ∞) D (-∞, 3) ∪ (0, ∞)

Q. The range of a for which the equation x2 + ax - 4 = 0 has
only its smaller root in the interval (-1, 2) is

A (-∞, -3) B (0, 3) C (0, ∞) D (-∞, 3) ∪ (0, ∞)

Solution :
Complex numbers
Conjugate, Modulus and Argument
Properties of Conjugate
Properties of Conjugate
Properties of Modulus and Argument
Properties of Modulus

(1) | z | = 0 ⇒ z = 0

(2)

(3) | z1 z2| = | z1 | | z2 | ⇒| zn | = | z|n

(4)

(5)

(6) Triangle inequalities

(a) | z1 + z2| ≤ | z1 | + | z2 |
(b) | z1 - z2| ≥ || z1 | - | z2 ||
Properties of Argument
Representation of Complex Number in
Polar and Euler Form
Representation of Complex Number in
Polar and Euler Form
Z=x+iy

Polar form Euler form

Z = r (cos θ + i sin θ) Z = reiθ

Note
If we know |z| & arg(z) then we can write z
Euler’s form is very efficient in handling big and bad
powers of a complex number
Cube Roots of Unity
Cube Roots of Unity

Consider, z3 = 1
Roots of this equation are called cube roots of unity.
z3 = 1
z3 - 1 = 0
(z - 1) (z2 + z + 1) = 0
Properties of ⍵

1. 𝜔3 = 1
2. 1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2 = 0
3. 𝜔3k + 𝜔3k+1 + 𝜔3k+2 = 0; k ∊ Z

Note
Roots of z2 + z + 1 = 0 are 𝜔 & 𝜔2 and roots of z2 - z + 1 = 0
are -𝜔 & -𝜔2
 Geometrical interpretation of
Modulus

|z1| ⟶ distance of z1 from origin.

|z2 - z1|⟶ distance between z1 & z2

Q. If z be a complex number satisfying |Re(z)| + |Im(z)| = 4,
then |z| cannot be:

A B C D
Q. If z be a complex number satisfying |Re(z)| + |Im(z)| = 4,
then |z| cannot be:

A B C D
Solution :
 JEE-Main 2019, 11th Jan -1

Q. where x and y are real

numbers, then y – x equals:

A 91 B -85 C 85 D -91
 JEE-Main 2019, 11th Jan -1

Q. where x and y are real

numbers, then y – x equals:

A 91 B -85 C 85 D -91
Solution :
Q. Let z = x + iy be a complex number where x and y are
integers. If then what are possible
values of x × y
A ±2 B ±15 C ±30 D 2

Hint:
Q. Let z = x + iy be a complex number where x and y are
integers. If then what are possible
values of x × y
A ±2 B ±15 C ±30 D 2
Solution :
Q. If (cos θ + i sinθ) (cos 2θ + i sin 2θ) …(cos nθ + isin nθ)=1,
then the value of θ is, m ∈ N

A B C D
Q. If (cos θ + i sinθ) (cos 2θ + i sin 2θ) …(cos nθ + isin nθ)=1,
then the value of θ is, m ∈ N

A B C D
Solution :
Q. If is a purely imaginary number and
| z | = 2, then a value of α is
A 2 B 1 C D
Q. If is a purely imaginary number and
| z | = 2, then a value of α is
A 2 B 1 C D
Solution :
Q. Find maximum and minimum value of
| z - 3 - 4i | if | z - 1 | = 2
 JEE (Main) 2018
Q. If ∝, β ∊ C are the distinct roots, of the equation
x2 - x + 1 = 0, then ∝101 + β107 is equal to :

A -2 B -1 C 0 D 1
 JEE (Main) 2018
Q. If ∝, β ∊ C are the distinct roots, of the equation
x2 - x + 1 = 0, then ∝101 + β107 is equal to :

A -2 B -1 C 0 D 1
Solution :
Sequence and series
 Sequence

AP GP

an = a + (n - 1) d an = arn - 1

OR
Note
1. nth odd number is 2n-1
2. Sum of first n odd numbers is n2
 Arithmetic Mean

AM of Numbers AM’s between two numbers

1) ‘A1’ is called one AM between
a & b if a, A1, b ➝ AP
2) A1 & A2 are called two AM’s
between a & b if a, A1, A2, b ➝ AP
 Geometric Mean

GM of Numbers (+ve numbers) GM’s between two numbers

1) G1 is called one GM between a & b
if a, G1, b ➝ GP
2) G1, G2 are called two GM’s
between a & b if a, G1, G2, b ➝ GP
Arithmetic - Geometric Progression
Sequence of the following form is called A.G.P.
a , (a + d) r , (a + 2d) r2 , . . . , (a+(n - 1)d) rn-1

Eg:
(a) 1 , 3x , 5x2 , 7x3 , . . .
(b) 1 , 40 , 700 , 10000 , . . .
Relation Between AM and GM
For any given +ve numbers:
AM = GM; if all the terms are equal.
AM ≥ GM
AM > GM; otherwise

(observe that equality holds if a’s are equal)

Note
3 Hints to use AM ≥ GM
(1) If min value of some expression is asked
(2) Terms involved in expression are +ve.
(3) Product of terms involved in expression is good.
Sigma Notation
Properties:

Note
Result
Q. If three positive real numbers a, b, c are in A.P. such that
abc = 4, then minimum value of b is

A 21/3 B 22/3 C 21/2 D 23/2

Q. If three positive real numbers a, b, c are in A.P. such that
abc = 4, then minimum value of b is

A 21/3 B 22/3 C 21/2 D 23/2

Solution :
Q. If Sn denotes the sum of first ‘n’ terms of an A.P. and

, then the value of n is

A 21 B 15 C 16 D 19
Q. If Sn denotes the sum of first ‘n’ terms of an A.P. and

, then the value of n is

A 21 B 15 C 16 D 19
Solution :
Q. If a, b, c are in G.P., then the equations ax2 + 2bx + c = 0
and dx2 + 2ex + f = 0 have a common root if are in
A A.P. B G.P. C H.P. D None of these
Q. If a, b, c are in G.P., then the equations ax2 + 2bx + c = 0
and dx2 + 2ex + f = 0 have a common root if are in

A A.P. B G.P. C H.P. D None of these

Solution :
 JEE Main 3rd Sep 2020
Q. If m arithmetic means (A.Ms) and three geometric
means (G.Ms) are inserted between 3 and 243 such that 4th
A.M. is equal to 2nd G.M., then m is equal to :
Solution :
Q. Three numbers a, b and c are in geometric progression.
If 4a, 5b, and 4c are in arithmetic progression and
a + b + c = 70, then the value of | c - a | is equal to
Solution :
Solution :
 10-04-2019 - Morning Shift
10-04-2019 - Morning Shift
Q. The sum

upto 10th term, is:

 10-04-2019 - Morning Shift

Solution :
Trigonometry & ITF
Formulae &
expressions
Remarks

1. Sine of supplementary angles are same.

2. Cosines of supplementary angles are negative of each
other.
3. sin(-θ) = -sinθ and cos(-θ) = cosθ
Compound Angles

1. sin(A + B) = sinA cosB + cosA sinB

2. sin(A - B) = sinA cosB - cosA sinB

3. cos(A + B) = cosA cosB - sinA sinB

4. cos(A - B) = cosA cosB + sinA sinB

Multiple Angle Formulae
Remark
1. sin 2θ and cos 2θ can be expressed in terms of tanθ as

2. sin(A + B) × sin(A - B) = sin2A - sin2B

cos(A + B) × cos(A - B) = cos2A - sin2B = cos2B - sin2A
List of most commonly used formulae and expressions.
 Expressing in terms of sine only.

a sin θ + b cos θ

Expressing in terms of cosine only.

Transformation Formulae

Transformation of product into sum and difference

2 sin A cos B = sin(A + B) + sin(A - B)

2 cos A sin B = sin(A + B) - sin(A - B)

2 cos A cos B = cos(A + B) + cos(A - B)

2 sin A sin B = cos(A - B) - cos(A + B)

Transformation Formulae
Transformation of sum and difference into product
Result

1. sin(a) + sin(a + d) + sin(a + 2d) +...+ sin(a + (n - 1)d)

2. cos(a) + cos(a + d) + cos(a + 2d) +...+ cos(a +(n - 1)d)

3.
Result :

If A + B + C = 𝜋, then :

(a) sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 4sinA sinB sinC

(b) cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = -1 -4 cosA cosB cosC

(d) tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA tanB tanC

 Trigonometric Equations

(a) sinθ = 0 ⇒ θ =

(b) cosθ = 0 ⇒ θ =

(c) cosθ = 1 ⇒ θ =

(d) cosθ = -1 ⇒ θ =
 Trigonometric Equations
Results
(a) (i) sinθ = sin⍺ ⇒ θ = n𝜋 + (-1)n ⍺

(ii) cosθ = cos⍺ ⇒ θ = 2n𝜋 ± ⍺

(iii) tanθ = tan⍺ ⇒ θ = n𝜋 + ⍺

(b) (i) sin2θ = sin2⍺

(ii) cos2θ = cos2⍺ ⇒ θ = n𝜋 ± ⍺

(iii) tan2θ = tan2⍺

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.
 Composition of trigonometric
and its inverse function

1.

Domain (i.e., it’s always true)

2.
only if principal domain
Result 1: Inverse trigonometric function at ‘-x’
Result 2: ITF of Complementary Functions
Result 3: Inverse trigonometric functions at ‘ ’
 ITF in terms of each other
Let us define, inverse trigonometric functions using right angled Triangle.
Sum & Difference of ITF

Note
Sum & Difference of ITF
Results:
under some good condition

under some good condition

under some good condition

under some good condition

Note
These good conditions are not required rather these formula
also are of least importance.
Straight lines
Centroid
It is the point of concurrence of the medians of a triangle.
A (x1, y1)

F E
G

B (x2, y2) D C (x3, y3)

Incentre
It is the point of concurrence of the internal angle bisectors of a
triangle.

A (x1, y1)

c b
I

B (x2, y2) C (x3, y3)

a
Orthocentre
It is the point of concurrence of the altitudes of a triangle.

A (x1, y1)
E
F
H
B (x2, y2) D C (x3, y3)
Circumcentre
It is the point of concurrence of the perpendicular bisector of the sides of a
triangle.
A (x1, y1)

F E
O
(x, y)
B D C
(x2, y2) (x3, y3)
Result
In any scalene triangle,
G O
H

Note :
In an equilateral triangle, G, I, O and H, all coincide.
Various forms of equations of a line:
1. Slope Intercept form
2. Point Slope form
3. Two Point form
4. Intercept form
5. Normal form
6. Parametric form
7. General form
Angle between two Lines

where θ is the acute angle between the two lines

Some Formulae
 Some Formulae
Distance of a Point from a Line
(x1, y1)

Special case : Distance of origin from is

Distance between two Parallel Lines
Foot of Perpendicular from a Point to a Line

(x1, y1)
Image of a Point in a Line

(x1, y1)
Family of Lines
Family of Lines
Given any two lines L1 = 0 and L2 = 0, all the lines passing
through their point of intersection constitutes family of lines of
L1 = 0 and L2 = 0.

Note
Any line through intersection point of L1 = 0 and L2 = 0 (that is a
member of their family) has equation of the form
 JEE Main 2018
Q. Let the orthocentre and centroid of a triangle be A (-3, 5)
and B (3, 3) respectively. If C is the circumcentre of this
triangle, then the radius of the circle having line segment
AC as diameter, is:

A B C D
 JEE Main 2018
Q. Let the orthocentre and centroid of a triangle be A (-3, 5)
and B (3, 3) respectively. If C is the circumcentre of this
triangle, then the radius of the circle having line segment
AC as diameter, is:

A B C D
Solution :
 10 - 01 - 2019 Evening Shift
Q. Two vertices of a triangle are (0, 2) and (4, 3). If its
orthocentre is at the origin, then its third vertex lies in
which quadrant?

A Third B Second C First D Fourth

 10 - 01 - 2019 Evening Shift
Q. Two vertices of a triangle are (0, 2) and (4, 3). If its
orthocentre is at the origin, then its third vertex lies in
which quadrant?

A Third B Second C First D Fourth

Solution :
Q. Find the equation of a line through the point (1, 2)
making an angle of 30° angle with the line
Solution :
Q.Two sides of a triangle are 2x − y = 0 and x + y = 3. If the
centroid of the triangle is (2, 3) then find its third side.
Solution :

2x − y = 0 x+y =3
G (2, 3)
B C
 IIT-JEE-2011
Q. A straight line L through the point (3, -2) is inclined at an
angle 60° to the line If L also intersects the
x-axis, then the equation of L is
A

D
 IIT-JEE-2011
Q. A straight line L through the point (3, -2) is inclined at an
angle 60° to the line If L also intersects the
x-axis, then the equation of L is
A

D
Solution :
 IIT-JEE 2007
Q. Let O(0, 0), P(3, 4), Q(6, 0) be the vertices of the triangle
OPQ. The point R inside the triangle OPQ is such that the
triangle OPR, PQR, OQR are of equal area. The coordinates
of R are
A B C D
 IIT-JEE 2007
Q. Let O(0, 0), P(3, 4), Q(6, 0) be the vertices of the triangle
OPQ. The point R inside the triangle OPQ is such that the
triangle OPR, PQR, OQR are of equal area. The coordinates
of R are
A B C D
Solution :
Q. A straight line passing through P(3, 1) meets the
coordinate axes at A and B. It is given that distance of this
straight line from the origin ‘O’ is maximum. Area of
triangle OAB is equal to

D
Q. A straight line passing through P(3, 1) meets the
coordinate axes at A and B. It is given that distance of this
straight line from the origin ‘O’ is maximum. Area of
triangle OAB is equal to

D
Solution :
Circles
 Equations of a Circle

(x - x1)2 + (y - y1)2 = r2 x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0

Centre : (x1, y1) Centre : (-g, -f)
Radius : r
Radius :

Note
Diametric form : (x - α1)(x - α2) + (y - β1)(y - β2) = 0
where (α1, β1) & (α2, β2) are endpoints of diameter
Some Special Circles

1. Circle touching X - axis

(a, 0) X

2. Circle touching Y - axis (0, b)

5. Circle touching both axes
Y Y

O X O X

6. Circle passing through origin and cutting both axes

Y

(0, 2b)

O X
(2a, 0)
Different forms of the Equations of Circle

1) Circle touching X - axis is (x-a)2 + (y-b)2 = b2

1) Circle touching Y - axis is (x-a)2 + (y-b)2 = a2

1) Circle touching both axes is (x-a)2 + (y-a)2 = a2

(If it is in First quadrant)

1) Circle passing through origin and cutting both axes

(x-a)(x-0) +(y-0)(y-b) = 0 or x2 +y2 -ax-by =0
Intercepts made by a Circle
Intercepts made by a Circle

AB is the intercept made by y = mx + c

circle on the line y = mx + c

Whenever a circle makes an intercept r

on a line, always refer to this figure.

Intercepts made by a Circle on axes
(1) Intercept made by x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 on the X - axis.

X
A B

(2) Intercept made by x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 on the Y - axis.

Y
B

A
Some Standard Notations
 Some Standard Notations
(1) S ≡ x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c

(2) For a point (x1, y1) : Value of S at (x1, y1) is represented by S1 , that is
S1 = x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c

(3) For a point (x1, y1): If we replace in S,

then we get T, that is T

Various Equations of Tangents of a Circle
Slope form Tangent at a Point on a Parametric form
Circle
slope = m (x1, y1) P(θ)
T=0 T=0
Result
Equations of tangents to x2 + y2 = r2, having slope m, are given by
.

Note

Equations of tangents to (x − x1)2 + (y − y1)2 = r2, with slope m,

are given by
Number of Common tangents

(1) ⇒ 4 common tangents

Number of Common tangents

(1) ⇒ 4 common tangents

(2) ⇒ 3 common tangents

Number of Common tangents

(1) ⇒ 4 common tangents

(2) ⇒ 3 common tangents

(4) 1 common tangent

⇒
 Number of Common tangents

(1) ⇒ 4 common tangents

(2) ⇒ 3 common tangents

(3) ⇒ 2 common tangents

1 common tangent
(4) ⇒
 Number of Common tangents

(1) ⇒ 4 common tangents

(2) ⇒ 3 common tangents

(3) ⇒ 2 common tangents

(4) 1 common tangent

⇒

(5) ⇒ 0 common tangents

Family of Circles
S=0 L=0

(1) S + 𝜆L = 0

S=0
S’ = 0
(2)

Note S - S’ = 0 is the equation of common chord

(3) Family of circles tangent to a given line L=0 at a given point
A (x1, y1) :

(x − x1)2 + (y − y1)2 + 𝜆L = 0

L=0

A (x1, y1)
Chords of a Circle
(1) Equation of CoC (chord of contact) with respect to P(x1, y1)

P (x1, y1) Its equation is given by T = 0

S=0
(2) Equation of chord with given midpoint P(x1, y1)

P (x1, y1) Its equation given by T = S1

S=0
Chords of a Circle

Result
Length of CoC (chord of contact) with respect to P(x1, y1)
Length of chord of contact T1 T2 =
Condition for orthogonality

r1 r2
C1
C2
d

Two circles intersect each other orthogonally if

Or 2 g1 g2 + 2 f1 f2 = c1 + c2
Q. Radius of smaller circle that touches the line y = x at
(1, 1) and also touches the x-axis is :

A B C D
Q. Radius of smaller circle that touches the line y = x at
(1, 1) and also touches the x-axis is :

A B C D
Solution :
Q. If circles x2 + y2 + 2ax + c = 0 and x2 + y2 + 2by + c = 0
touch each other, then

D
Q. If circles x2 + y2 + 2ax + c = 0 and x2 + y2 + 2by + c = 0
touch each other, then

D
Solution :
 JEE Main 2013
Q. The circles passing through (1,-2) and touching the axis
of x at (3,0) also passes through the point

A (-5, 2) B (2, -5) C (5, -2) D (-2, 5)

 JEE Main 2013
Q. The circles passing through (1,-2) and touching the axis
of x at (3,0) also passes through the point

A (-5, 2) B (2, -5) C (5, -2) D (-2, 5)

Solution :
Q. The circle x2 + y2 - 4x - 8y + 16 = 0 rolls up the tangent to
it at (2 + √3, 3) by 2 units, find the equation of the circle in
the new position.
A 6 B 52 C 42 D 22
Q. The circle x2 + y2 - 4x - 8y + 16 = 0 rolls up the tangent to
it at (2 + √3, 3) by 2 units, find the equation of the circle in
the new position.
A 6 B 52 C 42 D 22
Solution :

A
(2, 4)
Q. Find the equation of chord of the circle x2 + y2 = a2
passing through the point (2, 3) farthest from the centre.

A 2x - 2y = 13

B x - 2y = 10

C 2x + 3y = 13

D x - y = 13
Q. Find the equation of chord of the circle x2 + y2 = a2
passing through the point (2, 3) farthest from the centre.

A 2x - 2y = 13

B x - 2y = 10

C 2x + 3y = 13

D x - y = 13
Solution :
 JEE Main 2016
Q. If one of the diameters of the circle, given by the
equation, x2 + y2 - 4x + 6y -12 = 0, is a chord of a circle S,
whose centre is at (-3, 2), then the radius of S is:

A 5 B 10 C D
 JEE Main 2016
Q. If one of the diameters of the circle, given by the
equation, x2 + y2 - 4x + 6y -12 = 0, is a chord of a circle S,
whose centre is at (-3, 2), then the radius of S is:

A 5 B 10 C D
Solution :
Q. Two congruent circles with centres at (2, 3) and (5, 6),
which intersect at right angles, have radius equal to

A B 3 C 4 D None
Q. Two congruent circles with centres at (2, 3) and (5, 6),
which intersect at right angles, have radius equal to

A B 3 C 4 D None
Solution :
Conics
Standard Parabolas having vertex at origin.
(1) y2 = 4ax (2) y2 = −4ax
Y Y

LR = 4a LR = 4a
O X X
Z (−a, 0) S (a, 0) S (−a, 0) O Z (a, 0)

x = −a x=a
(3) x2 = 4ay (4) x2 = −4ay Y
Y
Z (0, a)
y=a
S (0, a)
LR = 4a O
X
O LR = 4a X
S (0, −a)
y = −a
Z (0, −a)
Standard ellipses having centre at origin

B(0, b)
S’(-ae, 0) S(ae, 0)

O
A’(-a, 0) A(a, 0)
 Y

B(0, b)
S(0, be)

X
O
A’(-a, 0) A(a, 0)

S’(0, -be)
B’(0, -b)
Standard hyperbolas having centre at origin
Y

B(0, b) A(a, 0)

S’(-ae, o) Z’ Z X
O S(ae, 0)

A’(-a, 0) B’(0, -b)

 Y

S(0, be)

B(0, b)
Z

A’(-a, 0) O X
A(a, 0)
Z’
B’(0, -b)

S’(0, -be)
Conjugate Hyperbolas
Conjugate Hyperbolas
Two hyperbolas, such that the transverse and conjugate axes of
one, are the conjugate and transverse axes of the other,
respectively, are called conjugate hyperbolas.

Result

If e1 and e2 are the eccentricities of two conjugate hyperbolas,

then
Rectangular Hyperbola
 Rectangular Hyperbola
If a = b, that is lengths of transverse and conjugate axes are equal, then
the hyperbola is called rectangular or equilateral.

Eg. The hyperbola x2 − y2 = a2 is a rectangular hyperbola.

Remark
1. Eccentricity of an equilateral hyperbola is always .
2. ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents a rectangular
hyperbola if Δ ≠ 0 and a + b = 0.
Parametric forms of Conics

(1) y2 = 4ax ⇒ (at2, 2at)

(2) x2 = 4ay ⇒ (2at, at2)

(3) y2 = - 4ax ⇒ (-at2, 2at)

(4) x2 = - 4ay ⇒ (2at, -at2)

Position of a Line with respect
to a Conic
 Position of a Line with respect
to a Conic

General Method
Solve line with conic to get a quadratic equation.
D > 0 ⇒ line cuts the conics
D = 0 ⇒ line is tangent to conics
D < 0 ⇒ line does not meet conics
Equations of Tangents of a Conic
 Equations of Tangents of a Conic
Various equations of tangents to y2 = 4ax

Slope form Parametric form

Tangent at a point
Y
slope = m Y Y
(x1, y1) P(t)

O X
X O X
O
y2 = 4ax y2 = 4ax
y2 = 4ax

T=0 T = 0 ⇒ ty = x + at2
Note
ty = x + at2
(1) Slope of tangent to y2 = 4ax
at P(t) is
Note
(2) Parametric tangent of x2 = 4ay can be obtained by
interchanging x and y in corresponding formula for y2 = 4ax. It
does not happen in equation of tangent having given slope m.
Note

(3) Point of intersection of tangents to y2 = 4ax at P(t1) and Q(t2) is

(a t1 t2, a(t1 + t2))

(at1t2, a(t1 + t2)) P(t1)

Q(t2)
 Equations of Tangents of an
Ellipse and Hyperbola
Slope form

For Ellipse : Tangent is

 Equations of Tangents of an
Ellipse and Hyperbola
Slope form

For Ellipse : Tangent is

For Hyperbola : Tangent is

 Equations of Tangents of an
Ellipse and Hyperbola
Slope form

For Ellipse : Tangent is

For Hyperbola : Tangent is

For Hyperbola :
 Equations of Tangents of an
Ellipse and Hyperbola
Slope form

For Ellipse : Tangent is

For Hyperbola : Tangent is

For Hyperbola :

Hence, tangent of slope m is given by

Focal Chords
Result
(1) For y2 = 4ax, if P(t1) and Q(t2) are the endpoints of a focal
chord then t1t2 = − 1.
(2) Tangents at endpoints of a focal chord are perpendicular and
hence intersect on directrix.
(3) Length of a focal chord of y2 = 4ax, making an angle α with the
X-axis, is 4a cosec2 α.
For parabola y2 = 4ax:
Normal at P(t) is given by
For parabola y2 = 4ax:
Normal at P(t) is given by
y + tx = 2at + at3
Normal having given slope ‘m’ is given by
y = mx − 2am − am3
 Equations of Normals of an Ellipse
Equation of normal at P(x1, y1) on

P(x1, y1)
Equations of Normals of a Hyperbola

Equation of normal at P(x1, y1) on

 Chords of a Conic
The formulae for the equation of the chord of contact and a chord with
given midpoint remain the same for all conics, that is
Chord of Contact : T = 0
Chord with given mid-point : T = S1
 07 - 01 - 2020 Morning Shift
Q. If y = mx + 4 is a tangent to both the parabolas y2 = 4x
and x2 = 2by, then b is equal to :

A -64 B -32 C -128 D 128

 07 - 01 - 2020 Morning Shift
Q. If y = mx + 4 is a tangent to both the parabolas y2 = 4x
and x2 = 2by, then b is equal to :

A -64 B -32 C -128 D 128

Solution :
Q. Equation of a common tangent to the parabola y2 = 4x
and the hyperbola xy = 2 is :
A x+y+1 =0

B x - 2y + 4 = 0

C x + 2y + 4 = 0

D 4x + 2y + 1 =0
Q. Equation of a common tangent to the parabola y2 = 4x
and the hyperbola xy = 2 is :
A x+y+1 =0

B x - 2y + 4 = 0

C x + 2y + 4 = 0

D 4x + 2y + 1 =0
Solution :
 IIT 2014
Q. The angle between the tangents drawn from the point
(1, 4) to the parabola y2 = 4x is _____.

A B C D
 IIT 2014
Q. The angle between the tangents drawn from the point
(1, 4) to the parabola y2 = 4x is _____.

A B C D
Solution :

Y
θ m1

O X

m2
 07 - 01 - 2020 Evening Shift
Q. If is a tangent to the ellipse

for some a ∈ R, then the distance between the foci of the

ellipse is:

A B C 4 D
 07 - 01 - 2020 Evening Shift
Q. If is a tangent to the ellipse

for some a ∈ R, then the distance between the foci of the

ellipse is:

A B C 4 D
Solution :
Q. If two tangents drawn from the point P(h, k) to the
parabola y2 = 8x are such that the slope of one of the
tangent is 3 times the slope of the other, then the locus of
point P is
A 3y2 = 16x B 3y2 = 8x C y2 = 32x D 3y2 = 32x
Q. If two tangents drawn from the point P(h, k) to the
parabola y2 = 8x are such that the slope of one of the
tangent is 3 times the slope of the other, then the locus of
point P is
A 3y2 = 16x B 3y2 = 8x C y2 = 32x D 3y2 = 32x
Solution :
Q. If the variable line y = kx + 2h is tangent to an ellipse
2x2 + 3y2 = 6, then locus of P(h, k) is a conic C whose
eccentricity is e then the value of 3e2 is
Solution :
Q. The normal at an end of a latus rectum of the ellipse
passes through an end of the minor axis if

A e4 + e2 = 1

B e3 + e2 = 1

C e2 + e = 1

D e3 + e = 1
Q. The normal at an end of a latus rectum of the ellipse
passes through an end of the minor axis if

A e4 + e2 = 1

B e3 + e2 = 1

C e2 + e = 1

D e3 + e = 1
Solution :
Q. Number of points on the hyperbola from
which mutually perpendicular tangents can be drawn to the
circle x2 + y2 = a2, is / are
A 0 B 2 C 3 D 4
Q. Number of points on the hyperbola from
which mutually perpendicular tangents can be drawn to the
circle x2 + y2 = a2, is / are
A 0 B 2 C 3 D 4
Solution :
Q. If y = mx + c is tangent to the hyperbola
having eccentricity 5, then the least positive integral value
of m is
Solution :
Limits, continuity
and differentiability
 45

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 Vedantu’s JEE Crash Course
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(Every alternate day) Assignments and Practice Papers
(a) L Hospital Rule:
(b) Factorization Method:
(c) Rationalization Method:
This is normally used when either numerator or denominator or both
involve square roots.

(d) Method of evaluating algebraic limit when x tends to infinity

Just take biggest terms in numerator & denominator common

(e) Trigonometric limits:

We have standard results 18
(f) Logarithmic limits:

We have standard result

(g) Exponential limits:

We have standard result

(h) Form (1)∞

We have standard result

Note:

If exists & g(x) ➝ 0 as x ➝ a, then f(x) must tends to 0 as

x➝0
Q. Evaluate the following:
Trigonometric Limits
 IIT 1999

Q. Evaluate the following:

Logarithmic limits

Exponential limits
Form (1)∞

Result

where f(x) ➝ 0 & g(x) ➝ ∞ when x ➝ a

Limits Using Expansion Series
 IIT 1999

Q. Evaluate the following:

Remark:
Note
Whenever the function under consideration has one of the
following traits, always check RHL & LHL for existence of limit.

(a) It has , [.], {.} or mod

(b) Its piecewise defined

(c) It has and

Continuity at a point
Continuity at a point
A function is said to be continuous at x = a

In simple words limit at x = a is f(a).

Normally, we have 2 varieties:

(1) Function is given, and we need to check continuity.
(2) Function is given to be continuous and we need to find some
constant(s).
Types of Discontinuity
Differentiability
 RHD and LHD at x = a
For a function y = f(x) its Right Hand Derivative and Left Hand
Derivative are defined as:

RHD|x = a = f’(a+) = ;h>0

LHD|x = a = f’(a-) = ;h>0

Note
If RHD|a and LHD|a are finite then f(x) is continuous at x = a,
even if they are not equal.
Q. If is differentiable
at x = 1, then find a and b
A a = 5, b = 3

B a = 7, b = 9

C a = -7, b = 9

D a = 9, b = 7
Q. If is differentiable
at x = 1, then find a and b
A a = 5, b = 3

B a = 7, b = 9

C a = -7, b = 9

D a = 9, b = 7
Solution :
Now, shortcut does not work always, there are few exceptions.
There are two cases where you should not use shortcut.
Q. Check differentiability at x = 2 for

a. b.
Note
Check continuity before applying shortcut. Shortcut may
give wrong conclusion in case of discontinuous function.

Note
Do not use shortcut to check differentiability at x = a if f(x)
is defined separately at x = a
Remark

Let

(a) f(x) is continuous at x = 0 for p > 0

(b) f(x) is differentiable at x = 0 for P > 1
 03-09-2020 Evening Shift

Q. (a ≠ 0) is equal to:

A B C D
 03-09-2020 Evening Shift

Q. (a ≠ 0) is equal to:

A B C D
Solution :
Q. If equals L, then the value of
(4L + 1) is
Solution :
Q. Evaluate the following:
Solution :
Q. Given the function Find the points of
discontinuity of the composite function y = f(f(f(x))).
Solution :
Q.

then check continuity fog(x) at x = 2

Solution :
Q. Let for x ≠ 0. If f (x) is
continuous at x = 0 then find ‘a’, ‘b’ and f(0)
Solution :
Solution :
Q. the sets of all

points where f is differentiable is

A (-∞, ∞)

B (-∞, ∞) ~ {2}

C (-∞, ∞) ~ {3}

D (-∞, ∞) ~ {2, 3}
Q. the sets of all

points where f is differentiable is

A (-∞, ∞)

B (-∞, ∞) ~ {2}

C (-∞, ∞) ~ {3}

D (-∞, ∞) ~ {2, 3}
Solution :
 AIEEE 2011
Q. If function f(x) is differentiable at x = a then

A -a2 f ’(a)

B a2 f ’(a)

C 2a f(a) - a2 f ‘(a)

D 2a f(a) + a2 f ‘(a)
 AIEEE 2011
Q. If function f(x) is differentiable at x = a then

A -a2 f ’(a)

B a2 f ’(a)

C 2a f(a) - a2 f ‘(a)

D 2a f(a) + a2 f ‘(a)
Solution :

Use L'Hospital Rule

Q. comment on the
continuity and differentiability of f(x) at x = 1, 2.
Solution :
Solution :
Solution :
Applications of
derivatives
Tangents and Normals
Tangents and Normals
We have majorly 3 varieties
Equation of tangent and normal at a given point on the curve

Equation of tangent and normal having given slope

Equation of tangent and normal through external point.

 Angle of Intersection between
two curves
m1 = f’(x1)
m2 = g’(x1)
Where (x1, y1) is point of intersection
of two curves

⇒ Condition of orthogonality: m1m2 = -1

 Length of tangent, normal,
subtangent and subnormal

PT = Length of tangent

PN = Length of normal

TG = Length of subtangent
P(x1, y1)

GN = Length of subnormal = |y1 m|

θ
Where,
T G N
Mean value Theorems
Rolle’s theorem

If y = f(x) is a function such that:

(i) its continuous in [a, b]
(ii) its differentiable in (a, b)
(iii) f(a) = f(b)

then there exists c ∈ (a, b) such that f’(c) = 0 i.e., f’(x) = 0 has at least one
root in (a, b)
Lagrange Mean value theorem

If a function y = f(x) satisfies

(i) f(x) is continuous in [a, b]
(ii) f(x) is differentiable in (a, b)
Then there exist such that
Increasing and Decreasing functions
Increasing and Decreasing functions
Definition:

f(x) is said to be strictly increasing over an interval [a, b] if:

x2 > x1 ⇒ f(x2) > f(x1), ∀ x1, x2 ∈ [a, b]

While it is said to be increasing (or non-decreasing) if:

x2 > x1 ⇒ f(x2) ≥ f(x1), ∀ x1, x2 ∈ [a, b]
Interval of Increase and Decrease

For a differentiable function:

(1) f’(x) ≥ 0 ⇒ f(x) is strictly increasing
(provided the points for which f’ (x) = 0 do not form an interval)
(2) f’(x) ≤ 0 ⇒ f(x) is strictly decreasing
(provided the points for which f’(x) = 0 do not form an interval)
Maxima and Minima
Critical Points
It is collection of points where either f’ (x) = 0 or f’ (x) fails to exist

Note
It is to be noted that critical points are the interior points of an
interval.
Critical points are contenders for giving maxima and minima.
First Derivative Test

For a continuous function:

(a) If f’(x) changes sign about a critical point, then we have maxima
or minima there.
(b) If f’ (x) does not change sign about a critical point, then function
does not have maxima or minima there.
Double Derivative Test
If f’(x) = 0 at x = a, then

(1) f”(a) > 0 ⇒ f(x) has local minima at x = a

(2) f”(a) < 0 ⇒ f(x) has local maxima at x = a

Remark
If f’(a) = 0 and also f”(a) = 0 then Double Derivative Test is
inconclusive.
Q. Find equation of tangent and normal to
y = | x2 - |x| | at x = -2
Solution :
Solution :
Q. The curve given by x + y = exy has a tangent parallel to
the y-axis at the point
A (0, 1) B (1, 0) C (1, 1) D None of these
Q. The curve given by x + y = exy has a tangent parallel to
the y-axis at the point
A (0, 1) B (1, 0) C (1, 1) D None of these
Solution :
 08-01-2020 - Morning Shift
Q. Let the normal at a point P on the curve y2 – 3x2 + y + 10 = 0
intersect the y-axis at (0, 3/2). If m is the slope of the tangent
at P to the curve, then |m| is equal to
Solution :
Q. Find the condition for a1x2 + b1y2 = 1 and a2x2 + b2y2 = 1
to intersect orthogonally is

D None of these
Q. Find the condition for a1x2 + b1y2 = 1 and a2x2 + b2y2 = 1
to intersect orthogonally is

D None of these
Solution :
Solution :
Solution :
Integration
Some special cases of substitution
Some standard algebraic formats:

Format 1:

Working strategy: Just complete the square in denominator

Format 2:

Working strategy: Create derivative of quadratic, in the numerator,

Format 3:

Working strategy: Use division algorithm to write P(x) in terms of

ax2 + bx + c

Remark Whenever deg(Nr) ≥ deg (Dr) we use above strategy

Partial fractions : In a proper fraction we can
represent
Integration by Parts

Choosing first and second function:

Take that function as first function which comes first in ILATE.
Now lets see classic integral, which is very important
Properties of Definite Integrals
Remark
(a) If f (UL − x) = f (x) or − f (x) , then we use prop (6)
(b) If f (UL − x) is something else, then we try using Prop (4)

For eg:
Remark

If f(x) is discontinuous at x = c, where a < c < b, then, we have

to write
 Definite Integration of Periodic Functions

1. where T is the period of the

function and n ∈ I, (i.e., f(x + T) = f(x)).

Definite Integration of Periodic Functions

2.
Definite Integration of Periodic Functions

3. where T is the period of

the function and m, n ∈ I.

Definite Integration of Periodic Functions

4.

where T is the period of the function and n ∈ I.

Bounds of Definite Integrals
Q. The value of the integral is

D None of these
Q. The value of the integral is

D None of these
Solution :
 12-01-2019-Evening Shift

Q. The integral is equal to

D
 12-01-2019-Evening Shift

Q. The integral is equal to

D
Solution :
 08-01-2020-Morning Shift

Q.

Where c is a constant of integration, then is equal to

A 2 B C D -2
 08-01-2020-Morning Shift

Q.

Where c is a constant of integration, then is equal to

A 2 B C D -2
Solution :
Q. If , then

D
Q. If , then

D
Solution :
Q. is equal to

D None of these
Q. is equal to

D None of these
Solution :
Q. Evaluate:
Solution :
 08-04-2019 - Morning shift

Q. If then

the value of the integral is:

A loge 3 B loge e C loge 2 D log2 1

 08-04-2019 - Morning shift

Q. If then

the value of the integral is:

A loge 3 B loge e C loge 2 D log2 1

 08-04-2019 - Morning Shift

Solution :
 08-04-2019 - Morning Shift

Solution :
 08-04-2019 - Morning Shift

Q. The value of the definite integral is

A B C D
 08-04-2019 - Morning Shift

Q. The value of the definite integral is

A B C D
 08-04-2019 - Morning Shift

Solution :
 08-04-2019 - Morning Shift

Solution :
 08-04-2019 - Morning Shift
12-04-2019 - Evening shift

Q. If then

D
 08-04-2019 - Morning Shift
12-04-2019 - Evening shift

Q. If then

D
 08-01-2020-Evening shift

Solution :
Vectors
Dot Product of Two Vectors
Note
(a) are perpendicular to each other
(b)
(c)
(d)
Geometrical Significance of the Dot Product
Let’s look at the projection of a vector along another vector.

Note
is called projection vector (or component vector) of
along
Remark:

If are any three mutually perpendicular vectors

then Any vector can be expressed as
Cross Product of Two Vectors
Remarks
Properties of Cross Product
Triple Products
There are two kinds of triple products, namely
(1) Scalar triple product
(2) Vector triple product
Scalar Triple Product (Box Product)
Remarks
Properties of Box Product

Note
Result

(1) [a + b b + c c + a] = 2[a b c]

(2) [a × b b × c c × a] = [a b c]2

(3) [a b c]2 =
Geometrical Significance of the Box Product
The magnitude of gives the volume of the
parallelepiped whose coinitial edges are

Remark
The magnitude of gives the volume of the tetrahedron
whose coinitial edges are
Vector Triple Product

For three vectors are

called vector triple products.
Vector Triple Product
For three vectors are
called vector triple products.

Theorem

1 2 3 1 3 2 1 2 3
(better remembered as 132 - 123)
Geometrical Significance of the Vector Triple
Product

Note
Geometrically, is a vector which is perpendicular to
and lies in the plane of and .
Q. If three unit vectors a,b,c, satisfy a + b + c = 0. Then
angle between a and b is:

A B C D
Q. If three unit vectors a,b,c, satisfy a + b + c = 0. Then
angle between a and b is:

A B C D
Solution :
Q. If the vector bisects the angle between
and where is a unit vector, then:

D
Q. If the vector bisects the angle between
and where is a unit vector, then:

D
Solution :
Q.

A B C 0 D None of these
Q.

A B C 0 D None of these
Solution :
Q. A vector of magnitude coplanar with
and perpendicular to is

A B C D
Q. A vector of magnitude coplanar with
and perpendicular to is

A B C D
Three Dimensional
Geometry
 Line through a given point & Parallel to Given
Vector

= +λ

pv of general pv of given Vector parallel

point on line point on line to line r
a
This is parametric from of line
O
Assuming a Point on Line

A general point on this line is assumed as : ( x1 + aλ, y1 + bλ, z1 + cλ)

Shortest Distance Between Two Line is:
For skew line: For parallel line:
Equations of Plane
n

A( a )
(or)
R( r )
a( x - x1 ) + b( y - y1 ) + c( z - z1 ) = 0
a
r
O

Note
In cartesian equation of plane the coefficients of x, y & z are DR of
Equation of plane passing through & parallel to non-collinear
vectors

A(a)
Equation of plane passing through & parallel to non-collinear
vectors

A(a)
Equation of plane containing two lines
Intercept form:
Equation of plane having x, y, & z intercepts as a, b & c respectively is:
Remark

Similar to family of lines in 2-D ( i.e. L1 + λL2 = 0 ) we have a

family of planes in 3D.

Any plane through line of intersection of

P1 : a1x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0 &

P2 : a2x + b2y + c2z + d2 = 0 is of the form P1 + λP2 = 0 .

Some Formulae
Angle between two planes:

Angle between a plane and line:

Remark

Distance of a point from plane, distance between two parallel

planes, foot of perpendicular, image of a point in plane, bisector
of acute and obtuse angle between two planes all are
generalisation of 2-D results for straight lines
(1) Distance of (x1, y1, z1) from ax + by + cz + d = 0 P (x1, y1, z1)

M (x, y,
z)

ax + by + cz + d1 = 0
(2) Distance between two parallel planes
ax + by + cz + d1 = 0 and ax + by + cz + d2 = 0

ax + by + cz + d2 = 0
 (3) Foot of perpendicular of (x1, y1, z1) on ax + by + cz + d = 0

(4) Image of a point (x1, y1, z1) in (ax + by + cz + d = 0)

(5) Ratio in which plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 divides join of A and B

ax + by + cz + d = 0

B (x2, y2, z2 )
Q. A straight line passes through the point (2, -1, -1). It
is parallel to the plane 4x + y + z + 2 = 0 and is
perpendicular to the line . The
equations of the straight line is

D
Q. A straight line passes through the point (2, -1, -1). It
is parallel to the plane 4x + y + z + 2 = 0 and is
perpendicular to the line . The
equations of the straight line is

D
Solution :
Q. The length of the perpendicular drawn from (1, 2, 3) to
the line

A 4 B 5 C 6 D 7
Q. The length of the perpendicular drawn from (1, 2, 3) to
the line

A 4 B 5 C 6 D 7
Solution :
 10-01-2019 morning shift

Q. The plane passing through the point (4, −1, 2) and

parallel to the line and
also passes through the point:

A (1, 1, −1)

B (1, 1, 1)

C (−1, −1, −1)

D (−1, −1, 1)
 10-01-2019 morning shift

Q. The plane passing through the point (4, −1, 2) and

parallel to the line and
also passes through the point:

A (1, 1, −1)

B (1, 1, 1)

C (−1, −1, −1)

D (−1, −1, 1)
Solution :

∵ point (1, 1, 1) satisfies this equation

∴ point (1, 1, 1) lies on the plane
 AIEEE 2011
Q. The distance of the point (1, 2, 3) from the plane
x + y -z = 5 measured along the straight line x = y = z is

D
 AIEEE 2011
Q. The distance of the point (1, 2, 3) from the plane
x + y -z = 5 measured along the straight line x = y = z is

D
Solution :
Q. The value of m for which straight line 3x - 2y + z + 3 = 0
and 4x - 3y + 4z + 1 = 0 is parallel to the plane
2x - y + m z - 2 = 0 is

A -2 B 8 C - 18 D 11
Q. The value of m for which straight line 3x - 2y + z + 3 = 0
and 4x - 3y + 4z + 1 = 0 is parallel to the plane
2x - y + m z - 2 = 0 is

A -2 B 8 C - 18 D 11
Solution :
Q. The image of the point (-1, 3, 4) in the plane x - 2y = 0 is

D
Q. The image of the point (-1, 3, 4) in the plane x - 2y = 0 is

D
Solution :
 Vedantu’s JEE Crash Course
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 45

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