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Effects of Cyclone Diameter on Performance of 1D3D Cyclones: Collection


Efficiency.

Article in Transactions of the ASABE (American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers) · May 2007
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EFFECTS OF CYCLONE DIAMETER ON PERFORMANCE
OF 1D3D CYCLONES: COLLECTION EFFICIENCY

W. B. Faulkner, M. D. Buser, D. P. Whitelock, B. W. Shaw

ABSTRACT. Cyclones are a common air pollution abatement device for separating particulate matter (PM) from air streams
in industrial processes. Several mathematical models have been proposed to predict the performance of cyclones as cyclone
diameter varies. The objective of this research was to determine the relationship between cyclone diameter and collection
efficiency based on empirical data and to compare the results to those of four mathematical models. Tests were performed
comparing cyclone collection efficiency of 15.24, 30.48, 60.96, and 91.44 cm (6, 12, 24, and 36 in.) diameter cyclones with
poly-disperse PM having an aerodynamic mass median diameter (MMD) near 10 mm. The PM chosen for this study was
selected to magnify any differences in cyclone collection efficiency due to differences in cyclone barrel diameter. The mass
of PM collected by the cyclones and the mass of PM that penetrated the cyclones was used to determine the collection
efficiency of each cyclone. The collection efficiency of cyclones decreased nonlinearly as cyclone diameter increased, with
statistically different collection efficiencies observed among the 30.48, 60.96, and 91.44 cm (12, 24, and 36 in.) diameter
cyclones. None of the mathematical models analyzed in this article accurately predicted cyclone efficiency.
Keywords. Abatement, Collection efficiency, Cyclone, Dust, Particulate matter, PM, Similitude.

C
yclones are a common air pollution abatement de- method, in which cyclone cutpoint is defined as the particle
vice for separating particulate matter (PM) from diameter corresponding to a 50% collection efficiency. Wang
air streams in industrial processes. Cyclones are et al. (2000) showed that Lapple’s approach does not account
relatively inexpensive, and operational costs and for the effects of PSD on cyclone performance.
maintenance requirements are low. An air stream containing The Lapple (1951) model was based on the terminal ve-
PM enters a cyclone tangentially near the top of the cyclone locity of particles in a cyclone. From the theoretical analysis,
and spirals downward. Inertial and centrifugal forces move equation 1 was derived to determine the smallest particle that
the particulates outward to the wall of the cyclone, where the will be collected by a cyclone if it enters at the inside edge
PM slides down to the trash outlet at the bottom of the cone of the inlet duct:
section and is removed (fig. 1). 9µW
According to Wang et al. (2000), cyclone performance is dp = (1)
πN eVi (ρ p − ρ g )
a function of the geometry and operating parameters of the
cyclone, as well as the particle size distribution (PSD) of the
entrained PM. Several mathematical models have been pro-
posed to predict cyclone performance. Lapple (1951) devel-
oped a semi-empirical relationship to predict the cutpoint of
cyclones designed according to the Classical Cyclone Design

Submitted for review in December 2006 as manuscript number SE


6751; approved for publication by the Structures & Environment Division
of ASABE in March 2007. Presented at the 2006 ASABE Annual Meeting
as Paper No. 064165.
Mention of a trade name, propriety product or specific equipment does
not constitute a guarantee or warranty by the USDA and does not imply ap-
proval of a product to the exclusion of others that may be suitable.
The authors are William B. Faulkner, ASABE Member Engineer, Re-
search Associate, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering,
Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; Michael D. Buser,
ASABE Member Engineer, Research Engineer, USDA-ARS Cotton Pro-
duction and Processing Research Unit, Lubbock, Texas; Derek P. White-
lock, ASABE Member Engineer, Research Engineer, USDA-ARS South-
west Cotton Ginning Research Laboratory, Mesilla Park, New Mexico; and
Bryan W. Shaw, ASABE Member Engineer, Associate Professor, Depart-
ment of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University,
College Station, Texas. Corresponding author: William B. Faulkner, 2117
TAMU, College Station, TX 77845; phone: 979-845-3693; fax:
979-845-3932; e-mail: faulkner@tamu.edu. Figure 1. 1D3D cyclone configuration.

Transactions of the ASABE


Vol. 50(3): 1053−1059 2007 American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers ISSN 0001−2351 1053
where MATERIALS AND METHODS
dp = diameter of the smallest particle that will be MATHEMATICAL MODELS
collected by the cyclone if it enters on the inside A fourth mathematical model of the path of a given par-
edge of the inlet duct (mm) ticle through a cyclone was developed in which the particle
m = gas viscosity (kg/m·s) followed the center of a laminar air stream through the course
W = width of inlet duct (m) of the cyclone. Using this simplified model, the total energy
Ne = number of turns of the air stream in the cyclone imparted to a particle in a cyclone was calculated according
Vi = gas inlet velocity (m/s) to equation 4:
ρp = particle density (kg/m3) d
ρg = gas density (kg/m3).
Theoretically, 100% of the particles of size dp would be
E = Fdx ∫
0
(4)
collected. Assuming that Stoke’s regime flow holds in cy-
clones, it would be expected that the cutpoint of any cyclone where
would be modeled by multiplying a constant (C) by the par- E = energy imparted to the particle (J)
ticle diameter calculated using equation 1: F = force acting on the particle (N)
x = distance traveled by the particle (m)
9µW d = total path length of a particle through the cyclone (m).
d pc = C (2) The velocity and travel distance of the air stream within
πN eVi (ρ p − ρ g )
the cyclone were calculated according to the approach out-
where dpc is the cyclone cutpoint. lined by Wang et al. (2001). According to this approach, the
Lapple (1951) determined that the value of C was equiva- tangential velocity of the air stream in the barrel portion of
lent to 0.7071, predicting that cyclone cutpoint can be calcu- the cyclone is equal to the inlet velocity, and the travel dis-
lated using equation 3: tance in the cyclone barrel is determined by equation 5:

9µW Lb = N b πD (5)
d pc = (3)
2πN eVi (ρ p − ρ g ) where
Lb = travel distance in the cyclone barrel (m)
Several other mathematical models have also been pro- Nb = turns in the cyclone barrel (1.53 for 1D3D cyclones;
posed, including a model by Barth (1956) that predicts cy- Wang et al., 2001)
clone cutpoint based on force balance as a function of D = cyclone barrel diameter (m).
volumetric flow rate, effective cyclone length, and inlet ve- In the cone section of a cyclone, the air stream velocity in-
locity. Barth’s (1956) model was subsequently corrected by creases as the cross-sectional area of the cyclone decreases.
Wang et al. (2003) to more closely match experimental data The tangential velocity in the cone section of a 1D3D cyclone
taken using 15.24 cm (6 in.) diameter 1D3D and 2D2D cy- at time t is described according to equation 6:
clones. Pant et al. (2002) developed an empirical model to
4 D *Vin
predict the effects of changing cyclone geometric parame- Vt , c = (6)
ters. Their model was intended for application with “minia- Z + 2D
ture” cyclones, but the limits of the model’s applicability where
were not clearly stated. Vt,c = tangential velocity at time t in the cyclone cone
The Texas A&M Cyclone Design (TCD) method (Parnell, (m/s)
1996) specifies cyclone dimensions based on the diameter D = cyclone barrel diameter (m)
(D) of the cyclone barrel (fig. 1). The barrel diameter is se- Vin = inlet velocity (m/s)
lected so that the volumetric flow rate of air (determined by Z = travel distance in the axial direction at time t (m).
the application) through the inlet cross-section (D/2 × D/4) Based on these equations, the centrifugal force acting on
results in the TCD design inlet velocity, i.e., 975 ±120 m/min a particle was calculated according to equation 7:
(3200 ±400 fpm) for 1D3D cyclones (Parnell, 1996). The Ds
in the 1D3D designation refer to the diameter of the cyclone v2
F =m (7)
barrel, while the numbers preceding the Ds refer to the rela- r
tive length of the barrel and cone sections, respectively. where
Therefore, a 1D3D cyclone has a barrel length equal to the F = force acting on the particle (N)
barrel diameter and a cone length equal to three times the bar- m = mass of particle (kg)
rel diameter. v = tangential velocity (m/s)
An accurate assessment of the change in cyclone cutpoint r = radius of the particle’s path (m).
with changes in barrel diameter is important when designing The distance traveled in the axial direction at time t can
or evaluating the efficiency of cyclones as PM abatement sys- be found using equation 8, assuming that Z is equal to zero
tems. Given PM with a consistent PSD, the total collection ef- when t is equal to zero:
ficiency of a cyclone will increase as the cutpoint decreases.
The objective of this research was to characterize the change t
4 D *Vin
in cyclone efficiency with changes in cyclone diameter and
compare the results of empirical experimentation to those
Z= ∫ (Z + 4D)π dt
0
(8)

predicted by various mathematical models. where


Z = travel distance in the axial direction at time t (m)
D = cyclone barrel diameter (m)

1054 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASABE


Figure 2. Cyclone testing system.

Vin = inlet velocity (m/s) EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION


t = time (s). To experimentally determine the relationship between cy-
Integrating the centrifugal force over the total distance clone barrel diameter and cutpoint, four 1D3D cyclones
traveled in the barrel and the cone, the diameter terms were (15.24, 30.48, 60.96, and 91.44 cm [6, 12, 24, and 36 in.] di-
reduced such that the amount of energy imparted on the par- ameter) were evaluated based on collection efficiency (15.24
ticle in the cyclone did not change, regardless of the cyclone and 30.48 cm cyclones manufactured by USDA-ARS South-
diameter. This model is referred to as the energy dissipation western Cotton Ginning Research Unit, Mesilla Park, N.M.;
model and implies that, given fixed geometric proportions 60.96 and 91.44 cm cyclones manufactured by Kimball Gin
and inlet velocity, the cutpoint of a cyclone should not be a Machinery, Lubbock, Tex.). The system used for testing is
function of cyclone diameter. shown in figure 2.
Each of the aforementioned models, i.e., Lapple (1951), With this system, PM was introduced at a rate of about
Barth (1956) as corrected by Wang et al. (2003), Pant et al. 3 g/m3 with an AccuFeeder vibratory screw feeder (VibraS-
(2002), and the energy dissipation model, was used to predict crew, Inc., Totowa, N.J.) into the air stream in the ductwork
the cutpoint of 1D3D cyclones ranging in size from 10.16 to leading to the cyclone being tested. PM captured by the cy-
152.4 cm (4 to 60 in.) in diameter. TCD design inlet velocity clone was deposited in a sealed container at the cyclone trash
(975 m/min) was used with standard air (air density = exit. PM emitted by the cyclone was collected as the air was
1.18 kg/m 3, air viscosity = 1.85 × 10−5 Pa·s), and particle pulled through a bank of sixteen 20.3 cm × 25.4 cm glass fi-
specific gravity was assumed to be 3.9. ber filters by twin high-pressure blowers in series. For the
larger cyclones, a valve was used to direct airflow to either
the 60.96 or 91.44 cm (24 or 36 in.) cyclone, but not to both
simultaneously.

Figure 3. Particle size distribution of microalumina (in equivalent spherical diameter).

Vol. 50(3): 1053−1059 1055


The PM used for these tests was No. 5 microalumina (K.C. Table 1. Summary of treatments tested within each block.
Abrasive Co., Kansas City, Kansas). This material was used Cyclone Inlet Particulate
because the manufacturer certified it to have a consistent Cyclone Air Velocity, Loading Rate
Diameter 975 m/min (3200 fpm) (g/m3)
PSD (fig. 3) with mass median diameter (MMD) of 10.3 mm
aerodynamic equivalent diameter (AED) and geometric stan- 15.24 cm (6 in.) Actual 0 (blank)
dard deviation (GSD) of 1.40. The particle density was deter- Actual 3
mined to be 3.9 g/cm3, and a shape factor of 1.44 was used Standard 3
(Mark et al., 1985). Microalumina was chosen because the 30.48 cm (12 in.) Actual 0 (blank)
MMD of the aerosol was near the cutpoints we expected to Actual 3
see from the cyclones. By having an MMD near the cutpoint Standard 3
of the cyclone, the collection efficiency is more sensitive to 60.96 cm (24 in.) Actual 0 (blank)
changes in the cutpoint than if a larger aerosol is used. Actual 3
According to the TCD method, 1D3D cyclones should be Standard 3
operated with an inlet velocity of 975 ±120 m/min (3200 91.44 cm (36 in.) Actual 0 (blank)
±400 fpm) in order to balance the desire for maximum Actual 3
collection efficiency with the need for low pressure drop
through the abatement device (Parnell, 1996). However, The PM feed rate was verified by weighing the feeder be-
there is some debate as to whether the inlet velocity should fore and after each test to the nearest 4.5 g (0.01 lb). The mass
be measured in terms of actual or standard flow rate. There- of PM captured by the cyclone and collected in the sealed
fore, tests were conducted using both actual and standard in- containers was determined using an A&D model HP-20K
let velocities for all the 15.24, 30.48, and 60.96 cm [6, 12, and scale (Milpitas, Cal.) with a 0.1 g resolution. The filters con-
24 in.] diameter cyclones. Due to limitations in airflow capa- taining the PM that penetrated the cyclones were conditioned
bilities of the test system, it was not possible to test the for a minimum of 48 h in an environmental chamber at
91.44 cm (36 in.) diameter cyclone using standard inlet ve- 21.1°C (70°F) and 35% relative humidity. The filters were
locities. The standard flow rate of air was calculated based on weighed to the nearest 10 mg before and after the tests using
a standard air density of 1.20 kg/m3 (0.075 lb/ft3) using equa- a Mettler Toledo model AG-285 balance (Columbus, Ohio)
tion 9: to determine the mass of PM that penetrated the cyclones. For
ρ quality control purposes, each filter weight was an average of
Qstd = Qact act (9) three balance readings. If the standard deviation of the three
ρ std
readings exceeded 50 mg, the filter was re-weighed.
where Tests were conducted in a randomized complete block de-
Qstd = flow rate of standard air (m3/min) sign with replication as the blocking factor. All eleven treat-
Qact = measured flow rate (m3/min) ments, shown in table 1, were run, in random order, within
ρact = measured density of air (kg/m3) each block. The blocks were replicated five times, for a total
ρstd = density of standard air (kg/m3). of 55 runs. Blank runs were used to account for the residual
Before each test, the system was run with no filters for sev- PM in the system from previous runs that may have dislodged
eral minutes to clean out any residual PM in the ducts. Tests and collected on the filters. Blanks were run for all the cy-
were conducted for 30 min for the 15.24, 30.48, and 60.96 cm clones in the same manner and time interval as the regular test
(6, 12, and 24 in.) diameter cyclones. This time period was runs, except no PM was fed, and blank runs were only per-
selected in an effort to minimize the startup and stopping ef- formed at actual airflow rates. The masses of PM collected
fects associated with the tests. The duration of tests for the on the filters and in the cyclone trash exit containers during
91.44 cm (36 in.) diameter cyclone was limited because the the blank tests were intended to be used as correction values
static pressure drop across the filters increased rapidly as the for the equivalent size cyclone tests in the same block.
PM that penetrated the cyclone was deposited on the filters. The cyclone collection efficiency was calculated using
The 91.44 cm (36 in.) diameter cyclone tests were run until equation 10:
the system flow rate fell to the point at which the cyclone inlet
velocity was 853.2 actual m/min (2800 afpm), which is the mtrash
η= × 100% (10)
low end of the TCD-recommended inlet velocity range (Par- mtrash + m filter
nell, 1996). The cyclone inlet velocity was determined by
measuring the velocity pressure before the cyclone prior to where
dust being fed into the system using a Pitot tube. This inlet ve- h = collection efficiency of the cyclone (%)
locity was correlated to the system flow rate measured after mtrash = mass of PM collected in the trash bin of the cy
the fans, and any change in flow rate during the tests was as- clone (g)
sumed to correlate to a change in the cyclone inlet velocity. mfilter = mass of PM collected on the filter (g).
Baffles on the exhaust side of the fans were used to adjust the The PSD of PM that penetrated the cyclone during any one
system flow rate to compensate for reduced flow that oc- run was determined by weighting the PSD of PM on each fil-
curred as the filters were loaded. Static pressures were mea- ter by the mass of PM deposited on each filter. The PSD of
sured throughout the system during each test to ensure that PM deposited on each filter was determined using a Multisiz-
the system functioned properly and to monitor the static pres- er 3 Coulter Counter (Beckman Coulter, Inc., Miami, Fla.)
sure loss associated with different cyclone sizes. Ambient using the method described by Faulkner and Shaw (2006).
temperature, relative humidity, and barometric pressure were Collection efficiencies were compared using an analysis
recorded at the beginning of each test. of variance test using SPSS statistical software (SPSS, Inc.,
Chicago, Ill.). A two-tailed post hoc Tukey’s honest signifi-

1056 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASABE


cant difference (HSD) procedure was used, with the null hy- Table 2. Cyclone collection efficiencies.
pothesis (a = 0.05) that the collection efficiency of each Cyclone Diameter, Collection Efficiency (%)
treatment was equal. cm (in.) Average [a] Std. Dev.
15.24 (6) 99.49 a 0.19
30.48 (12) 99.17 a 0.20
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 60.96 (24)
91.44 (36)
97.84 b
94.52 c
0.28
0.56
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION [a]
The average air density during testing was 1.10 kg/m3 Values followed by the same letter are not statistically different (α =
0.05) as determined by Tukey’s HSD.
(0.069 lb/ft3). The average inlet velocity for all cyclones run
at actual conditions was 922 actual m/min (3024 afpm) (stan-
dard deviation = 41 m/min [134 fpm]). The average inlet ve- η = −0.0009d 2 + 0.0314d + 99.1587 (11)
locity for all cyclones run at standard conditions was
where
931 standard m/min (3056 sfpm) (standard deviation = 23
m/min [75 fpm]). The inlet velocities of all runs were within h = cyclone collection efficiency (%)
d = cyclone diameter (cm).
the range of the specified TCD method inlet velocity (i.e., all
The regression shown in equation 11 is only applicable for
runs at actual conditions were between 853 and 1097 actual
m/min [2800 and 3600 afpm]; all runs at standard conditions PM with PSDs similar to that used in this experiment. As
would be expected, the size of PM that penetrated the cyclone
were between 853 and 1097 standard m/min [2800 and
was a function of cyclone diameter. Figure 5 shows the aver-
3600 sfpm]).The static pressure drop across the cyclones
age PSD of PM deposited on the filters located downstream
demonstrated no correlation to cyclone diameter. The aver-
of the cyclone.
age static pressure drop across all cyclones was 0.74 kPa
PM that penetrates a cyclone with a lower cutpoint or
(3.0 in. H2O), with a standard deviation of 0.11 kPa (0.5 in.
slope will have a smaller MMD than PM that penetrates a cy-
H2O). This pressure drop was 70% of the pressure drop pre-
clone with a larger cutpoint, given that the PSD of the PM en-
dicted using the TCD method.
tering the cyclones is equivalent. Therefore, the data in
For each cyclone diameter, no difference was detected be-
figure 5 suggest that the cutpoints and/or slopes of the tested
tween trials run at actual conditions and standard conditions.
cyclones were a function of cyclone barrel diameter because,
Therefore, all subsequent analyses were based solely on cy-
when exposed to PM with similar PSD and inlet loading, a cy-
clone diameter. Collection efficiencies based on cyclone size
clone with a smaller cutpoint or slope will also demonstrate
are shown in table 2. No significant difference was detected
higher collection efficiency. Therefore, the PSDs of PM from
between the two smallest cyclone sizes: 15.24 and 30.48 cm
the filter material confirm the results of the gravimetric
(6 and 12 in.). Significant differences (a < 0.05) were de-
collection efficiency analysis.
tected between the 60.96 cm (24 in.) cyclone and all other cy-
clones, as well as the 91.44 cm (36 in.) cyclone and all other
cyclones. MATHEMATICAL MODELS
A regression analysis was also conducted to determine the All models except the energy dissipation model predicted
relationship between cyclone diameter and collection effi- an increase in cutpoint as cyclone diameter increased (fig. 6).
ciency. A quadratic curve fit was applied using SPSS (fig. 4). The predicted cutpoints increased according to equation 12:
The resulting regression (R2 = 0.97; a < 0.0005) can be de- d 50 = ax b (12)
scribed by equation 11:

Figure 4. Regression of collection efficiency versus cyclone diameter for conditions tested.

Vol. 50(3): 1053−1059 1057


Figure 5. Average PSDs of PM collected on filters downstream of cyclones.

Figure 6. 1D3D cyclone cutpoint models.

where Table 3. Values for constants in equation 4


d50 = cyclone cutpoint (mm) as predicted by mathematical models.
x = cyclone diameter (cm) Model a b
a and b = curve-fit coefficients. Lapple (1951) 0.4412 0.4880
The values of a and b for each model are shown in table 3. Barth (1956)[a] 0.7305 0.4963
The Lapple, Pant, and Barth models all predicted an increase Pant et al. (2002) 0.6242 0.5767
in cyclone cutpoint with increasing cyclone diameter, al- Energy dissipation 4.3000 0.0000
[a]
though the rate at which the cutpoint increased is different for As corrected by Wang et al. (2003).
each model. The energy dissipation model alone predicted a
constant cyclone cutpoint. All R2 values are equal to 1.00. collecting PM with the same PSD (MMD of 10.3 mm AED
Figure 7 shows the cyclone collection efficiencies pre- and GSD of 1.40) as the microalumina used in this test (as-
dicted by the aforementioned mathematical models when suming the cyclone fractional efficiency curve has a constant

1058 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASABE


Figure 7. Modeled versus measured collection efficiencies.

slope of 1.4). The Pant and Barth models underpredicted cy- with diameter on the use of cyclones in industrial applica-
clone collection efficiency when the barrel diameter was tions.
greater than 15 cm, with the underprediction growing more
severe as barrel diameter increased. The energy dissipation ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
model does not account for changes in cyclone collection ef- We would like to thank Cotton Incorporated, the Cotton
ficiency with cyclone barrel diameter. The Lapple model Foundation, and the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station
most closely followed the trend indicated by the results of for their generous support of this research.
empirical testing, but it overpredicted the collection efficien-
cy for the parameters tested.
REFERENCES
Barth, W. 1956. Design and layout of the cyclone separator on the
CONCLUSIONS basis of new investigations. Brenn. Warme Kraft 8: 1-9.
The collection efficiencies of 15.24, 30.48, 60.96, and Faulkner, W. B., and B. W. Shaw. 2006. Efficiency and pressure
91.44 cm (6, 12, 24, and 36 in.) diameter 1D3D cyclones op- drop of cyclones across a range of inlet velocities. Applied Eng.
erated with similar inlet velocities were compared using fine in Agric. 22(1): 155-161.
Lapple, C. E. 1951. Processes use many collector types. Chem. Eng.
PM to maximize differences in cyclone collection efficiency
58(5).
due to differences in cyclone barrel diameter. Collection effi- Mark, D. J., J. H. Vincent, H. Gibson, and W. A. Witherspoon.
ciency decreased non-linearly as cyclone diameter increased, 1985. Applications of closely graded powders of fused alumina
with statistically significant (a = 0.05) differences found as test dusts for aerosol studies. J. Aerosol Sci. 16(2): 125-131.
among the 30.48, 60.96, and 91.44 cm (12, 24, and 36 in.) di- Pant, K., C. T. Crowe, and P. Irving. 2002. On the design of minia-
ameter cyclones. ture cyclones for the collection of bioaerosols. Powder Tech.
None of the mathematical models analyzed in this study 125(2-3): 260-265.
accurately predicted the performance of the 1D3D cyclones. Parnell, C. B. 1996. Cyclone design for air pollution abatement as-
The Lapple (1951) model slightly overpredicted measured sociated with agricultural operations. In Proc. 1996 Beltwide
performance, while the Pant et al. (2002) and Barth (1956) Cotton Production Conferences. Nashville, Tenn.: National Cot-
ton Council.
models underpredicted collection efficiency, becoming less
Wang, L., C. B. Parnell, and B. W. Shaw. 2000. 1D2D, 1D3D,
accurate as cyclone barrel diameter increased. 2D2D cyclone fractional efficiency curves for fine dust. In Proc.
A proper understanding of the relationship between cy- 2000 Beltwide Cotton Conferences. San Antonio, Tex.: National
clone diameter and performance is important for the design Cotton Council.
of air pollution abatement systems in order to accurately pre- Wang, L., C. B. Parnell, and B. W. Shaw. 2001. A new theoretical
dict the abatement efficiency. In future work, the data from approach for predicting number of turns and cyclone pressure
this study will be used to develop a new mathematical model drop. ASAE Paper No. 014009. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASAE.
to relate cutpoint to cyclone diameter. In addition, further Wang, L., C. B. Parnell, B. W. Shaw, and R. E. Lacey. 2003. Analy-
analysis (both engineering and economic) should be done to sis of cyclone collection efficiency. ASAE Paper No. 034114.
determine the impact of changes in cyclone performance St. Joseph, Mich.: ASAE.

Vol. 50(3): 1053−1059 1059


1060 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASABE

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