University of Dar es Salaam

Institute of marine Sciences

GI 610: GIS and Remote Sensing for

Marine and Coastal Environment

16 Credits

Course Tutors: Dr Y.W. Shaghude & Dr C.A. Muhando

 Course Structure & Organization
RS Modules – Dr Y.W. Shaghude
GIS Modules – Dr C.A. Muhando
RS Modules – 8 Credits
GIS Modules – 8 Credits

RS modules - On Wednesdays & Thursdays

GIS Modules – On Fridays & Thursdays

Lectures, Assignments & Practicals

 Course Assessment

Course work (Test, Class Assignments,

etc.) – 40%

Final Examination – 60%

Equal contribution from RS & GIS modules

 Some Useful Books:
 Martin, D. 1996 Geographic Information Systems: Socioeconomic
applications (2nd edition). Routledge New York, 210 pp.

 George B and Korte, P.E. 2001 The GIS Book: How to implement, manage,
and Assess the value of GIS (5th Edition). Onward Press. New York, 387 pp.

 Demers, M.N. 2009 Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems (4th

edition). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 443 pp.

 McCloy, K.R. 2006 Resource Management Information Systems: Remote

Sensing, GIS and Modelling (2nd edition). Taylor & Francis Group. Boca
Ratom, Florida. 575 pp.

 De By, R.A. 2001 Principles of GIS: an introductory text

book. ITC Educational Text Book Series 1. 232 pp.
 Some Useful Books: cont.
• GIS: A Sourcebook for Schools, Edited by David R. Green, 228p. Taylors &
Francis, 2001.
• Geographic Information Systems and Science, Paul A. Longley, Michael F.
Goodchild, David J. Maguire and David W. Rhind, 454p. John Wiley &
Sons, 2001.
• GIS for Coastal Zone Management, Edited by Darius Bartlett and Jennifer
Smith, 310p. CRC Press, London, 2005. ** A collection of various authentic
papers from various sources **
• Geographic Information Systems in Oceanography and Fisheries, Vasilis D
Valavanis, 207 p. Taylors & Francis, 2002.
• Getting Started with Geographic Information Systems, Keith C. Clarke,
Third Edition, 352p., Prentice-Hall Inc., 2001. *** A Good Book for
Beginners of the GIS Subject ***
• Getting Started with ArcGIS, Bob Booth and Andy Mitchell, 253 p., ESRI,
New York Street Redlands, USA, 1999-2001.
• Geographic Information Systems, Remote Sensing and Mapping for the
Development and Management of Marine Aquaculture, James McDaid
Kapetsky and José Aquilar-Manjarrez, FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No
458, 125 p. FAO Rome, 2007.
 GIS Course Objective:
To ensure that students have sufficient
knowledge to begin using GIS as a
tool for Coastal Management

• Introduction to GIS concepts

– Clear understanding of marine GIS
(terminologies and scope)
• GIS application software
– ArcGIS 10.5
– Students are encouraged to learn QGIS (free
software)
• Databases
– Object Oriented and Relational
• Applications of GIS principles
– GPS and survey methods
 Some of the topics to be covered
• Elements of Geographic information system (GIS)
• the concept of GIS data structures (vector and raster data),
• map projections and coordinate systems,
• Global Positioning Systems (GPS)
• Spatial data sources
• Data acquisition
– Google Earth
• Data input
– Paper maps and digital maps (including scanned images)
• GIS Databases
• Spatial data preparations
– Data formats and conversions
• Spatial data analysis
• Data output and presentations/dissemination
• Current and future trends in GIS application in coastal zone
management (examples).
Digital vs Analogue map presentations
Reference: https://www.diffen.com/difference/Analog_vs_Digital

Digital Analogue
Easy to update Whole map to be remade
Easy and quick transfers Slow transfer (e.g. via post)
(e.g. via internet
Storage space required is Large storage space
relatively small (digital required (e.g. traditional map
devices) libraries)

Easy to maintain Paper maps disintegrate

over time
Easy to automate analysis Difficult and inaccurate to
analyse (e.g. to measure
areas and distances)

Advancement in digital processors or computers is one of

the reasons for GIS developments
 What is GIS?
GIS is a collection of
computer hardware,
software, and geographic
data for capturing,
managing, analyzing, and
displaying all forms of
geographically
referenced information.

Fundamentally, GIS
is based on a
structured database
that describes the
world in geographic
terms.

An integration of five basic components

http://www.gis.com/whatisgis/index.html
 THREE VIEWS OF A GIS
The Geoprocessing view:
A GIS is a set of information
transformation tools that
The Geovisualization view: derive new geographic
A GIS is a set of intelligent datasets from existing
maps and other views that datasets.
show features and feature
relationships on the earth's
surface.

The Geodatabase view: A GIS is a spatial

database containing datasets that represent
geographic information in terms of a generic
GIS data model (features, rasters,
topologies, networks, and so forth).
 Simplification

Geographic Computer
Visualizations
phenomenon representations

Application Simulation
Real World
Computing world
 Computer representations of
Geographic phenomenon

• Simplification
• Generalization
• Over representation
• Distortion
 What Can You Do with GIS?
• Map Where Things Are
– Find a feature
– Finding patterns
• Map Quantities
• Map Densities
• Find What's Inside
• Find What's Nearby
• Map Change
• etc.
 GIS functions
Capture
Customers
Store
Buildings
Query

Analyze Streets

Display
Reality
Output
GIS data structures
Geographic fields
A geographic field is geographic
phenomenon for which for every
point in the study area, a value
can be determined.

Geographic objects
These are items that populate
the study area, are usually well
distinguishable, discrete,
bounded entities.

computer representations of
geographic information - not
possible to store all continuous
(location, elevation) pairs – try as
many as possible
 Tessellation (Raster)
Regular tessellation (or tiling) is a partitioning of space into
mutually exclusive cells that together make up the complete
study space.

The three most common regular tessellation (same shape and size)

- rectangular raster of unit squires.

- can be hexagonal, triangular cells.
- smaller cells improve continuity
- Assumes that a cell value only represents
one specific location
- Usually, one wants to use Raster for
continuous field representation Rows
NB: Rasters – tessellation do not explicitly
store georeferences of the phenomena they
represent. X,Y Columns
 Representing features in vector data

• Real-world entities are abstracted into three basic shapes

Vector representation
associate georeferences
(x,y) with geographic
phenomena explicitly

Retail stores Streets Land uses

Points Lines Areas/Polygons

 Storing data
•Vector formats
–Discrete representations of reality
X,Y X,Y X,Y

X,Y

•Raster formats
–Use square cells to model reality Reality
(A highway)

Rows

X,Y Columns
 Map scale
• Map scale determines the size and shape of features

city
Large scale
Smaller area
More detail
1:500 1:24000

city
Small scale
Larger area
Less detail
1:24000 1:250000
 Triangulated irregular network (TIN)

• Hybrid between tessellation and vector

• One of the standard technique for digital terrain model
• Can be used to represent geographic fields
• Value at an point on the field is determined by three
(triangles) near known values.
– We can have many elevation approximations for a single
location
GIS organizes geographic data into a
series of thematic layers and tables. A GIS will use numerous
datasets with many
representations, often
from many
organizations.
Therefore, it is important
for GIS datasets to be:

. Simple to use and easy to

understand

. Used easily with other

geographic datasets

. Effectively compiled and

validated
Since geographic datasets in a GIS are
georeferenced, they have real-world locations . Clearly documented for
and overlay one another. content, intended uses, and
purposes
 Organizing spatial data

• A GIS works
with thematic
layers of
spatial data

• Answer
questions by
comparing
layers of data
Establishing a GIS database
 Capturing data
Hardcopy maps Digital data

Satellite data

Coordinates GIS
Data
480585.5, 3769234.6
483194.1, 3768432.3
485285.8, 3768391.2
484327.4, 3768565.9
483874.7, 3769823.0
GPS – Survey data
 Components of geographic data
• Three general components to geographic
information
Streets

Geometry Attributes Behavior

Rules:
Streets and
highways may
not intersect

real-world locations descriptive characteristics follow certain rules

• Each feature corresponds to a record in the attribute table (OO – db)

 Using spatial relationships
• The relative position of features determines
relationships
I-80 connects New York is
San Francisco adjacent to the
and New York Atlantic Ocean

San Francisco is I-80 has length

contained by California and direction

• Topology mathematically models connectivity, adjacency, and

coincidence
 Query
what exists at a particular location?

• Identifying specific features

• Identifying features based

on conditions
Cities with a population greater
than 300,000 people
 Analysis
Which parcels are
within 50 feet of the road?

Proximity

Well type Drilled

Building owner Smith
Soil type Sandy
Overlay

Network
 GEOPROCESSING

Data + Tool = New Data

A GIS includes a rich set of tools to work with and process geographic information
 Geoprocessing in action

Geoprocessing is used to model how

data flows from one structure to another
to perform many common GIS tasks

Geoprocessing is used in virtually all phases

of a GIS for data automation and compilation,
data management, analysis and modeling,
and for advanced cartography.
 Analysis and modeling
Geoprocessing is the key framework for modeling and analysis.
Some common modeling applications include:
• Models for suitability and capability, prediction, and assessment
of alternative scenarios
• Integration of external models
• Model sharing
Display
Maps

Graphs

Reports
Cartography

Advanced geoprocessing tools are used to derive

multiscale cartographic representations, perform
generalization logic,and automate much of the
cartographic QA/QC work flows for print-quality map
products.
 Output
Paper map Internet

GIS
Data
Image Document
Unguja.jpg Pemba.mxd
•
 Data management
Managing GIS data flows
is critical in all GIS
applications. GIS users
apply geoprocessing
functions to move data in
and out of databases;
publish data in many
formats, join adjacent
datasets; update GIS
database schemas; and
perform batch processes
on their databases.
ArcGIS 9.3 DEMO

&

Exercise 1
&
Exercise 2
 Overview of applications
• All ArcGIS products share common applications
• ArcMap, ArcCatalog
– ArcToolbox and Command Line windows
 ArcMap
• Primary display application
• Perform map-based tasks
– Displaying
– Editing
– Querying
– Analyzing
– Charting
– Reporting
 ArcCatalog
• A window into your
database
• Browse your data
• Manage your data
• Create and view data
documentation
(metadata)
 ArcToolbox Window
• Available in ArcCatalog and ArcMap
• Geographic processing functions
– Data management, analysis, and
conversion
– Tools vary between ArcGIS
products
 Getting help
•Tabs
–Contents
–Index
–Search
–Favorites
•Other help
–What’s this?
–Tool tips
–Online
Support