The document discusses different types of inverters that convert DC to AC, including square wave and sinusoidal inverters. It describes the operation of half-bridge and full-bridge square wave inverters, and how they synthesize square wave output voltages from a DC input by switching transistor states. Pulse width modulation techniques are also covered, which allow sinusoidal inverters to generate quasi-sinusoidal voltages and decrease harmonic distortion. The document provides examples of analyzing inverter circuits and designing inverters to meet given specifications.
The document discusses different types of inverters that convert DC to AC, including square wave and sinusoidal inverters. It describes the operation of half-bridge and full-bridge square wave inverters, and how they synthesize square wave output voltages from a DC input by switching transistor states. Pulse width modulation techniques are also covered, which allow sinusoidal inverters to generate quasi-sinusoidal voltages and decrease harmonic distortion. The document provides examples of analyzing inverter circuits and designing inverters to meet given specifications.
The document discusses different types of inverters that convert DC to AC, including square wave and sinusoidal inverters. It describes the operation of half-bridge and full-bridge square wave inverters, and how they synthesize square wave output voltages from a DC input by switching transistor states. Pulse width modulation techniques are also covered, which allow sinusoidal inverters to generate quasi-sinusoidal voltages and decrease harmonic distortion. The document provides examples of analyzing inverter circuits and designing inverters to meet given specifications.
The document discusses different types of inverters that convert DC to AC, including square wave and sinusoidal inverters. It describes the operation of half-bridge and full-bridge square wave inverters, and how they synthesize square wave output voltages from a DC input by switching transistor states. Pulse width modulation techniques are also covered, which allow sinusoidal inverters to generate quasi-sinusoidal voltages and decrease harmonic distortion. The document provides examples of analyzing inverter circuits and designing inverters to meet given specifications.
POWER ELECTRONICS CHAPTER 5 DC TO AC CONVERSION (INVERTER) 5.1 VOLTAGE/CURRENT SOURCE CONVERTER 5.2 SQUARE WAVE HALF/FULL Contents BRIDGE INVERTER 5.3 SINUSOIDAL FULL BRIDGE INVERTER DC to AC Converter (Inverter) LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lecture, student should be
able to: • State the operation and characteristics of Inverter.
2. Discuss the performance parameters and
use different technique for analyzing and designing of DC to AC Converter. 5.1 Inverter and Types VSI vs. CSI 5.1.1 VSI with Fixed DC Link 5.1.2 VSI with Variable DC Link 5.1.3 Single-Phase CSI 5.2 Square-Wave Inverter Square wave inverter can be compared to a switching scheme of full bridge converter. A square wave ac output voltage is synthesized from a dc input by closing and opening the switches in an appropriate sequence. The output voltage can be +Vdc, -Vdc, or zero, depending on which switches are closed. Half-bridge vs Full-bridge Inverter 5.2.1 Half-Bridge Inverter 5.2.1 Half-Bridge Inverter Work Principle 5.2.2 Half-Bridge & Full-bridge Inverters 5.2.2 Full-Bridge Inverter Work Principle 5.2.3 AC Waveform and Harmonics 5.2.3 Harmonics 5.2.3 Harmonics 5.2.3 Fourier Series Harmonics of square wave 5.2.4 Square-wave Inverter Current Example #1 The full-bridge inverter of Fig. below has a switching sequence that produces a square wave voltage across a series RL load. The switching freq is 60Hz, Vdc=100 V, R=10 ohm , and L= 25 mH. Determine ◦ (a) an expression for load current, ◦ (b) the power absorbed by the load, and ◦ (c) the average current in the dc source. Solution Example #1 5.2.4 Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) Harmonics cause distortion on the output voltage.
Lower order harmonics (3rd, 5th etc) are
very difficult to filter, due to the filter size and high filter order. They can cause serious voltage distortion.
Why need to consider harmonics?
◦ Sinusoidal waveform quality must match TNB supply. ◦ “Power Quality” issue. ◦ Harmonics may cause degradation of equipment. Equipment need to be “de-rated”.
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) is a
measure to determine the “quality” of a given waveform. 5.2.4 THD by Fourier Series Analysis Example #2 Consider a square wave inverter with Vdc=100V, R=10, L=25mH, and f=60Hz. Determine: i. Fundamental output voltage ii. THD for output voltage and current and iii. The power absorbed by load Solution Example #2 Solution Example #2 5.2.5 Harmonic control 3-level square-wave inverter 5.2.5 Harmonic control Example #3 Design an inverter that will supply the series R-L load of R=10, L=25mH with a fundamental frequency of 60Hz and current amplitude of 9.27A and THD less than 10%. A variable source is available. Solution Example #3 5.2.6 Three-Phase inverters 5.3 Sinusoidal Inverter There are two types of power inverters:
1. pure sine wave
§ power flows in even, arching waves § provide high-quality AC § highest conversion efficiency § higher complexity § High cost
2. modified sine wave
§ power flows in chunky square waves § less expensive § may produce some interference § less-than-pure current 5.3 Sinusoidal Inverter PWM provides a way to decrease the THD of a load current.
A PWM inverter output is easier to filter due to harmonics at
much higher frequencies than a square-wave inverter.
In PWM the amplitude of the output voltage can be controlled
with the modulating waveforms.
Reduced filter requirement to filter harmonics
Distinct advantages of PWM: The output voltage amplitude can be controlled.
5.3.2 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
5.3.2 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
A reference signal (sometimes called a
For sinusoidal PWM, modulating or control signal) – a sinusoid in this case
controls require: A carrier signal (Triangular wave in this case
to control the switching frequency)
Bipolar switching scheme
2 types to be discussed: Unipolar switching scheme 5.3.2 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Natural (sinusoidal) •Problems with analogue circuitry, e.g. Drift, sampling (as shown) sensitivity etc.
•simplified version of natural sampling that
Regular sampling results in simple digital implementation
•PWM waveform are constructed based on
Optimised PWM certain performance criteria, e.g. THD.
•PWM waveforms are constructed to eliminate
Harmonic some undesirable harmonics from the output elimination/minimisation PWM waveform spectra. •Highly mathematical in nature
•A simple technique based on volt-second that
Space-vector modulation (SVM) is normally used with three-phase inverter motordrive 5.3.2 Modulation Index, Ratio 5.3.3 Bipolar switching Vo= +vdc for vsine > vtri
Vo= -vdc for vsine < vtri
S1 and s2 on when vsine > vtri
◦ vo=+vdc
S3 and S4 on when vsine < vtri
◦ vo= -vdc 5.3.4 Unipolar switching The output is switch either from high to zero or from low to zero rather than between high to low as in bipolar switching. ◦ S1 is on when vsine > vtri ◦ S2 is on when -vsine < vtri ◦ S3 is on when -vsine > vtri ◦ S4 is on when vsine < vtri 5.3.4 Unipolar switching Another Unipolar scheme has 1 pair operating ata cariier frequency and the other pair operates at reference frequency
Thus having 2 high frequency
switches and 2 low frequency switches. ◦ S1 is on when vsine > vtri HF ◦ S4 is on when vsine < vtri HF ◦ S2 is on when vsine > 0 LF ◦ S3 is on when vsine < 0 LF Thank you
