MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

MODULE

Geometry of Design
Overview
Welcome to Geometry of Design!
Patterns are classified as numerical, logical, or geometric. This module will talk
about geometric patterns and in particular, isometry. Also, we will discuss basic types
of transformations which include translation, rotation, dilation, and reflection. Further,
we will also discuss the nature of symmetrical patterns, tessellations and fractal
formations.

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this module, students should be able to:
[1] draw the image of a polygon after the specified transformation
[2] use geometric concepts in describing and creating designs.
[3] apply concepts in geometry in making an artwork .

Reference:
[1] E. C. Baltazar, C. Ragasa, and J. Evangelista. “Mathematics in the Modern
World”. C & E Publishing, Inc., 2018.
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Activity 3.1: Favorite Superhero

Instructions
Recognizing geometrical features (15 – 25 minutes).
Recall your favorite cartoon or comic superhero when you were a kid. How do
you remember that superhero? Is it by his/her costume, special ability or by his/her own
mask or logo?
The quiz is not timed, so you can pause it and resume at any time.
If you cancel the quiz, your answers are discarded and they are not counted as a
submission.

Transformation
In the previous lesson, you
have learned the Fibonacci
sequence is a sequence of
numbers following a pattern, that
is, every number in the sequence
is the sum of the preceding two
numbers. Again we call that a
numerical pattern. However, when
a pattern involves geometrical
figures, it is called a geometric
pattern.
This module will focus on
geometric patterns and in
particular isometries. This is the
best way to review what you have learned in your high school geometry. We begin with

explaining the different types of transformations.

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Transformation
A transformation is a
general term for four
specific ways to manipulate
the shape of a point, a line,
or shape. The original
shape of the object is called
the pre-image and the final
shape and position of the
object is the image under
the transformation.
The four types of transformations are rotation, translation, reflection, and dilation.
Transformation is when we slide a figure in any direction. Rotation is when we rotate a
figure to a certain degree around a point. Reflection is when we flip a figure over a line.
Dilation is when we enlarge or reduce a figure. Take a look at the figure above that
shows the basic transformations.
Photo from: http://geofhagopian.net/GeometersSketchpad/gs-Tour5.htm

Example 1:

The images below are examples of transformations.

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Photo from: https://www.onlinemathlearning.com/math-transformation.html

Example 2:
Question:
A teacher assessed the work of four students she asked to use two figures each
to demonstrate a certain geometric concept. Each of the following sets of figures
represents the work of the student whose name corresponds to the set. Three of the
students correctly demonstrated the geometric concept, and one student did not. The
student with the incorrect answer demonstrated which of the following?

A. reflection instead of dilation

B. translation instead of reflection
C. dilation instead of reflection
D. translation instead of rotation
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Answer and Explanation:

The correct answer is Choice (A). Reflection involves a figure’s transformation to
a position in which it forms the reverse image of its original position in relation to a line.
The line does not have to be illustrated. Dilation involves a figure’s transformation to a
similar figure of a different size. Alex demonstrated reflection, while the other three
students demonstrated dilation.
==================================================================
**This problem is taken from
https://www.dummies.com/test-prep/praxis/praxis-elementary-education-exam-transforming-shape
s/

Activity 3.2: Virtual Transformation

Watch Videos (30 – 45 minutes).
You have learned that transformation is a process that manipulates figures or
objects on a plane. You can check out these videos to know more about
transformations. Click the links below.
[1] Watch here
3 Types of Transformations *Translations Reflections & R…
[2] Watch here
Dilations: Geometry Transformations Explained!

You also check khanacademy.org to learn transformations in an interactive way.

Visit their series of short lectures: Rigid Transformations, Dilations Intro, Translations
Intro, Rotations Intro, and Identifying transformations. Link HERE [1]

[1]
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/geometry/hs-geo-transformations/hs-geo-transform
ations-intro/v/introduction-to-transformations
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Isometry
Primarily, a concept starts with a motif. We define a motif to be a non-empty
plane set (Grunbaum and Shephard, 1987). A drawing of a leaf is an example of a
motif. When you repeat this drawing on a plane (paper/board) several times, you will
generate a pattern. An isometry is the rotation of a motif in a fixed angle about a fixed
point. Each rotation of the figure is an isometry.

There are four transformations but only three of them are isometries. These
isometric transformations are reflection, rotation, and translation. The characteristic of
an isometry is that the original figure and the resulting figure after a transformation must
be congruent. Dilation is a result of stretching and shrinking of an object making the
resulting figure not congruent to the original one. This makes dilation not an isometry.
Photo from: https://society6.com/product/japanese-koi-fish-pattern1687506_print
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Remarks:
[1] Isometries are formed from transformations consisting of any combinations of the
three operations.

[2] A combined translation and reflection is called a glide reflection. (see left figure)
[3] The shapes are CONGRUENT when one shape can become another using only
turns, flips and/or slides. We then say that these shapes are isometric.
[4] Two shapes are SIMILAR when we need to resize for one shape to become
another. We then say that figures are being dilated.

Symmetry
Many objects around us are symmetrical in nature. For instance, some variety of
leaves is symmetrical with respect to their midrib (the lining that divides the leaf into two
halves). The façade of a church, the left and right wings of a butterfly and most fruits cut
into half show symmetrical patterns. Even the human body is symmetrical too. A
symmetry is a composition of isometries in the plane generated from translation,
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rotation or reflection. Generally, this is a mapping of figures on the plane back onto
itself. This means that the image on the right is the same on the left with respect to a
line of symmetry. A line of symmetry can be vertical, horizontal or diagonal. The
following are three types of symmetries:
1. Rosette Pattern – has only reflections and rotations; no translations
2. Frieze Pattern – has reflections and rotations; translations are only along one
line.
3. Wallpaper Pattern – has rotations, reflections, and glide reflections; also has
translations in two linearly independent directions.

The following pictures show an example of a symmetry or symmetrical pattern.

Example 1
(Line of symmetry in the letters of the English alphabet)
Not all letters in the alphabet have symmetry.
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Example 2
(Rosette Patterns)
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Example 3
(Frieze Patterns)
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You can also check out the 7 frieze group patterns. Link HERE.
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Example 4
(Wallpaper patterns)

Mathematically, we have 17 possible

plane symmetry groups. They are
commonly represented using
Hermann-Mauguin-like symbols or in
orbifold notation (Zwillinger 1995, p.
260).
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Photo References:
1. https://www.onlinemathlearning.com/symmetry-grade1.html (alphabet)
2. https://www.quiltnow.co.uk/2015/09/07/rosette/ (rosette left)
3. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1296207417300109
(rosette right)
4. https://www.glassner.com/portfolio/frieze-groups-2/ (frieze left)
5. https://in.pinterest.com/pin/275423333439085921/ (frieze right)
6. https://wallpapersafari.com/wallpaper-symmetry-patterns-mathematics/
(wallpaper left)
7. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallpaper_group#/media/File:Wallpaper_group-p4m-
5.jpg (wallpaper right)
8. https://mathworld.wolfram.com/WallpaperGroups.html (symmetry groups)
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Tessellation
A tessellation is a pattern covering a plane by fitting together replicas of the same
basic shape. The word
tessellation comes from
the Latin word tessera,
which means a square
tablet or a die used in
gambling. Tessellations
have been created by
nature and man either
by accident or design.
Examples in nature are
the honeycomb
hexagonal pattern and
snake skin.

In geometrical
terminology, a
tessellation is a pattern
resulting from the
arrangement of regular
polygons to cover a
plane without any gap
or overlap. The
patterns are
continuously repeated
(Scott, 2008).

Below are some tessellations from the work of Maurits Escher, who is known as
the Father of Tessellations.
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A. Horsemen

B. Lizard
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C. Snakes
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3 types of Tessellations
1) Regular Tessellation
Tessellation made up of congruent polygons. This must tile a floor with no
overlaps or gaps.
The tiles must be the same regular polygons.

2) Semi – Regular Tessellation

This is also known as the Archimedean tessellation.
These are tessellations of two or more different polygons around a vertex and
each vertex has the same arrangement of polygons.
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3) Demi – Regular Tessellation

This is an edge-to-edge tessellation, but the order or arrangement of polygons
at each vertex is not the same.

Photo References:
1. http://www.spacemakeplace.com/tessellation-patterns/ (Honeycomb)
2. http://www.spacemakeplace.com/tessellation-patterns/ (Snake Skin)
3. https://www.pling.com/p/1025812/ (Horsemen)
4. https://www.wikiart.org/en/m-c-escher/lizard-2 (Lizard)
5. https://www.stirworld.com/inspire-people-remembering-the-mathematical-playfuln
ess-of-maurits-cornelis-escher (Snake)
6. https://www.mathartfun.com/TessellationsAbout.html (Regular)
7. https://www.mathartfun.com/TessellationsAbout.htmlhttps://www.mathartfun.com/
TessellationsAbout.html (Semi - Regular)
8. https://www.mjsd.k12.wi.us/archive/mhs/depts/math/teachers/christensen/demi-r
egular.html (Demi -Regular)
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Fractals

We define fractals to be mathematical

constructs characterized by self-similarity.
This means as one examines finer and finer
details of the object, the magnified area is
seen to be similar to the original but is not
identical to it. In other words, figures are
getting bigger or smaller using a scaling
factor.

Remember that two objects are self-similar if

they can be turned into the same shape by
either stretching or shrinking and sometimes
rotating. In simple terms, we can define a
fractal to be a geometric pattern that is
repeated in smaller scales or in bigger scales.
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Fractal geometry is a discipline named and popularized by the mathematician Benoit

Mandelbrot (1924-2010). Some popular math artworks by Mandelbrot are the Sierpinski
triangle and Pascal’s triangle. The figures below are examples of fractals.
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Photo References:
1.
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Examples-of-fractals-in-nature-Source-Authors-com
pilation-based-on-27_fig2_331276260
2. http://www.jpier.org/PIER/pier141/40.13060904.pdf
3. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pentagonal-fractals-3.svg

Koch Snowflake
A popular classic fractal is the Koch snowflake. The Koch snowflake is a fractal
curve, also known as the Koch island, which was first described by Helge von Koch in
1904. It is built by starting with an equilateral triangle, removing the inner third of each
side, building another
equilateral triangle at the
location where the side
was removed, and then
repeating the process
indefinitely. Here is a
picture of what a Koch
snowflake looks like.
If we try to magnify
a region along the
snowflake, we can see
similar figures and it goes
indefinitely.

Here is a simple way to create the Koch snowflake pattern. See images below.
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Another work by Mandelbrot is the Barnsley ferns. Take a look at the beauty of
self-similarity.

Photo References:
1.https://www.researchgate.net/figure/An-image-of-the-Koch-snowflake-a-fractal-with-fra
ctal-dimension-d-126-From_fig1_311503809
2.https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/koch-snowflake-creat
ed-starting-equilateral-triangle-sides-one-unit-length-side-triangle-n-q32528695
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnsley_fern
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Activity 3.3: Sierpinski Triangle

Construct the pattern (8 – 12 minutes).
Another classic example of self-similarity is the Sierpinski triangle. Let an
equilateral triangle be decomposed into 3 congruent figures. Each of which is exactly
half the size of the original triangle. If any three smaller pieces are magnified by a factor
of 2, an exact replica of the original is obtained. Now, let us try to make this pattern.
Using your pen, paper and ruler, follow the steps in constructing the Sierpinski triangle.
Step 1: Begin with an equilateral triangle (Actual shape doesn’t matter. Just use
any method)
Step 2: Find the midpoint of each side.
Step 3: Connect midpoints by a straight line
Step 4: Observe that you created three or more triangles one on top and two at
the bottom. (this is the first iteration)
Step 5: Repeat the process with all 3 congruent triangles. (this is the second
iteration)
Step 6: Continue making the third iteration.

Activity 3.4: Design Face Shields or Face Masks

Instructions.

1. Choose between Face Shield or Face Mask.

2. Face Mask
a. This should be a cloth face mask.
b. You may buy or sew your own as long as it has a plain color (no design).
c. Design your face mask using any Geometric Transformation.
d. The design can be painted or embroidered or patched into the mask.
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3. Face Shield
a. You may create or buy a (cheap) face shield.
b. Design your face shield with any Geometric Transformation.
c. The design can be painted or attached securely.
d. Make sure that your view (eyes) will not be obstructed by the design.

You will be graded based on the following rubrics.

points 5 3 1 0

The design was

The design copied from an The design was
Originality of
was done existing source copied with slight not original
Designs
manually. with major modification.
modification.
Geometric 3-4 no
2 transformations 1 transformation
transformations transformations transformations
The design is
The design is The design is
very attractive.
moderately slightly attractive.
presentation The The design is
attractive. The The
/attractiveness transformations not attractive
transformations are transformations
are clearly
not clearly defined. are a mess.
defined.
more than 3
punctuality on time 1 day late 2 days late
days late
use more
use more than 4 use 2-3
than 4
transformations transformations
transformations 1 defined
precision and some and all
and all transformation
patterns are not transformations
patterns are
defined are defined
defined
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Activity 3.4 Submission Bin

INSTRUCTIONS:
Upload or attach an image or document of your activity documentation and
output.
If document, submit in pdf format.
Name your file/s appropriately.
LastName_NameInitials_Section_activityNo.