Reminder B4

REMINDER
B4- BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES

SUMMARY
Water Carbohydrate Lipid protein
Element H, O C, H, O C, H, O C, H, O, N
Type Inorganic Organic Organic Organic
Basic unit Glucose, fructose Fatty acid and glycerol Amino acid
Polymer Yes No Yes

Disaccharide: maltose, sucrose
Polysaccharide: starch, glycogen
Example Sucrose, starch, glycogen Fat, oil Enzyme
Function Regulate temperature Stored energy source in liver Form cell membrane Form cell membrane
Good solvent to transport the (glycogen) A great source of long Enzyme, muscle
molecules around a body Quick energy source (glucose) term energy  supply
 supply energy energy
Test Iodine solution: starch Ethanol emulsion Biuret solution

Brown => dark blue Transparent => cloudy, Blue => pink, purple
Benedict’s reagent: glucose milky
Blue => green/ orange/red
For the detail of each test: Please read in Combined Science Book.
1
EXERCISE IN CLASS
Q1. 2015-Jun-qp11-4
Proteins that function as biological catalysts are called
a. Enzyme
b. Hormones
c. Solvents
d. Vitamins
Solution: a
Q2. Cambridge combined science-1, 2/39

What are the basic units of:
a. Lipids
b. Carbohydrates
c. Protein
Solution:
a. fatty acids and glycerol
b. simple sugars
c. amino acids
Q3. Cambridge combined science-2/39, 1/40

a. Using the diagram of food molecules in Fig.1, give two differences between the structure
of a protein and a carbohydrate.
starch ( a large carbohydrate) is made up of lots of simple sugars (for example, glucose)
sucrose, maltose
(both short carbohydrates) is made up of two simple sugars
are made up amino acids

proteins
of
fats are made up glycerol an fatty acids

of
2
b. Why is water essential for living organisms?
Solution:
a. - Protein is formed from amino acids and carbohydrate is formed from simple sugars;
- Carbohydrates are often made from one kind of simple sugar and proteins are made from
many different kinds of amino acid
b. Water is essential because it is a solvent in which many substances that are found in cells
dissolve.
Q4. Cambridge igcse biology – Mary Jone – 1/20

a. Name the element found in proteins that is not found in carbohydrates or fats.
b. Name the smaller molecules that link together to form cellulose molecules.
c. Outline two roles of water as a solvent in living organisms.
Solution:
a. nitrogen
b. glucose
c. any two of them:
+ As a solvent to allow enzymes to digest nutrients
+ As a solvent to allow the removal of waste material such as urea in excretion.
+ As a solvent to transport materials in blood.
Q5. 2018-Nov-qp11/4
A food substance was tested with various reagents. The results of the tests are shown.
Which element did the food substance not contain?

a. Carbon
b. Hydrogen
c. Nitrogen
d. Oxygen
Solution: c
3
Q6. 2016-Nov-qp12/4
A student wants to find out if a solution contains an enzyme. Which chemical should the student
use?
a. Benedict’s solution
b. Biuret solution
c. Ethanol
d. Iodine solution
Solution: b
Q7. 2017-June-qp11/4
The table shows the results when four foods are tested with Benedict’s solution and biuret
reagent. Which food contains protein but not reducing sugar?
Solution: B
Q8. 013-Jun-qp11-3
A test-tube contains a solution of an enzyme. Which colour is obtained when the biuret test is
carried out on this solution?
a. Blue
b. Blue-black
c. Orange
d. Purple
Solution: d
Q9. Cambridge combined science 1/42

Describe what you would see if you tested samples of the following with
i) Benedict’s solution and then
ii) Iodine solution.
a. Glucose syrup
Explain your answers.
b. A cake made with wheat flour, table sugar (sucrose), fat and eggs.
Explain your answers.
4
Solution:
a. i). A red-brick precipitate would form, because glucose is a reducing sugar.
ii). The solution wouldn’t change colour as there is no starch present.
b. . i). There would be no change in color because sucrose and the starch in wheat flour are
not glucose (reducing sugars)
ii). the solution would turn blue-black because of the starch in flour
Q10. 2017-Jun-qp32/1
a. When many glucose molecules join together, large molecules are formed.
Fig. 1.1 shows a glucose molecules and part of a larger molecule.
Fig. 1.1
Draw a circle around two examples of the larger molecules formed when glucose molecules join
together
b. A student adds an enzyme to a solution and incubates it at 37°C for 10 minutes. He wants to
find out if the enzyme causes reducing sugar to be produced.
Give the name of the test he can do to find out if reducing sugar is produced. State the positive
result of this test.
Test …..
Positive result………
Solution:
a. Glycogen, starch
b. Benedict’s (test)
Red color produced.
Q11. Combined and co-ordinated sciences 02/17

The biuret test is used to test foods for proteins. The intensity of the colour obtained depends on
the concentration of protein in the sample being test.
5
Plan an investigation to test this hypothesis:
Milk from cows contains a higher concentration of protein than milk from goats.
a. First, describe how you would do the biuret test
b. Now think about how you could use this test to test hypothesis
i. What variable would you change in experiment?
ii. What would you keep the same?
Try to think of at least three variables you would keep the same
iii. What would you measure in your experiment?
iv. How would you measure it?
v. If the hypothesis is correct, what results would you expect to obtain?
Solution
a. Add an equal volume of biuret solution to the milk.
A purple colour indicates the presence of protein.
b. i.) The variable to be changed is the type of milk – cow’s milk and goat’s milk
ii.) The most important variables to be controlled are:
+ the volume of milk,
+ the temperature of the milk,
+ the volume and concentration of reagents added to it.
iii.) The quantity to be measured is the intensity of the colour produced after the biuret test
has been carried out on the milk.
iv.)This could be measured by comparing the colours visually
v.) If the hypothesis is correct, the purple colour formed in the cow’s milk will be more
intense than the colour in the goat’s milk.
6
7

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REMINDER

B4- BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES

Water Carbohydrate Lipid protein

Type Inorganic Organic Organic Organic

Polymer Yes No Yes

Example Sucrose, starch, glycogen Fat, oil Enzyme

Test Iodine solution: starch Ethanol emulsion Biuret solution

Q2. Cambridge combined science-1, 2/39

Q3. Cambridge combined science-2/39, 1/40

are made up amino acids

fats are made up glycerol an fatty acids

Q4. Cambridge igcse biology – Mary Jone – 1/20

Which element did the food substance not contain?

Q9. Cambridge combined science 1/42

Q11. Combined and co-ordinated sciences 02/17

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