ESO205 ProblemSheets-8 Solutions

SOLUTION
Problem Sheet #8 ESO205 Tutorial: November 2, 2023
36. An aluminum bar 127 mm long and having a square cross section of 16.5 mm is
pulled in tension.
(a) Upon application of a load of 6.67 x 104 N, the bar experiences an elastic elongation
of 0.43 mm. Calculate the elastic modulus of Aluminum.
Elastic stress and strain:
Elastic/Young’s modulus,
(b) If the engineering values of ultimate tensile strength and the strain at the UTS point
were observed to be 350 MPa and 40% respectively, determine the true stress and
true strain at the UTS.
True stress, ( )
True strain, ( )
(c) Why it is not possible to calculate the true-stress and true-strain values beyond UTS?
Relationships between true stress and strain with the engineering values are valid as
long as the material is undergoing uniform deformation. However, at UTS a neck
forms and subsequent deformation is mainly concentrated at the neck and finally
leads to fracture.
37. A cylindrical specimen having a diameter of 15.2 mm and a length of 250 mm is

deformed elastically in tension (along the cylinder’s axis) with a force of 48.9 kN. If the
Young’s modulus and the Poisson’s ratio are 207 GPa and 0.27 respectively, determine the
following:
(a) The amount by which the specimen will elongate along its axis.
( )
⁄( )
(b) The change in diameter of the specimen and the consequent change in volume.
Lateral strain,
Change in diameter,
Initial volume,
Volume after deformation,
Volume change =
SOLUTION
(c) Suppose the Poisson’s ratio is 0.5 what would be the change in volume.
Lateral strain,
Change in diameter,
Volume after deformation,
Change in volume is zero. This is true for all materials which have a Poisson’s ratio
of 0.5, example: poisson’s ratio is close to 0.5 for rubber. Such materials are
incompressible under the action of hydrostatic state of stress (equal compressive
stresses being applied along x, y and z directions). On the other hand cork has a
Poisson’s ratio of 0.
Consequence of above is that the Poisson’s ratio for most materials lie in between 0
and 0.5 for all materials. However, there are a category of materials which could
have negative Poisson’s ratio => on being pulled in tension, the area of cross-section
increases! These materials are termed as auxetic materials. Based on this new
materials have been engineered to show negative Poisson’s ratio and called as
mechanical metamaterials. See the link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-
41679-8
38. A solid pillar has to be designed to support a structure while keeping the weight of the
pillar as light as possible. The pillar has to sustain maximum load of 1000 kN without
undergoing any plastic deformation. The length of the cylindrical pillar has to be 1 m,
however there is no restriction on the diameter of the pillar. Determine which material would
be preferred: whether a steel having density of 7.89 g/cc and a yield strength of 1000 MPa or
an aluminum alloy having a density of 2.7 g/cc and a yield strength 200 MPa?
The stress in the pillar should be less than the yield strength:
Minimum cross-section area for steel pillar,
Minimum cross-section area for aluminum pillar,
Weight of steel pillar,

Weight of aluminum pillar,
Even though aluminum alloy has a much lower density than steel, the pillar made from steel
would be significantly lighter. That is why the important factor is strength to weight ratio
and not taken strength or density in isolation.
SOLUTION
39. Single crystals usually exhibit anisotropic properties. Consider the generalized form of the
Fick’s first law for single crystals:
where, c is the concentration gradient vector having three components along the x, y & z
directions; J is the resulting flux vector; D is the diffusivity. In general how many components
should the diffusivity have? Comment on the nature of diffusivity for cubic single crystals.
Since, single crystals in general are anisotropic diffusivity will have to be described by
multiple independent components. In this case this would be identical to case of electrical or
thermal conductivity (introduced in the lecture). Hence, the diffusivity will have 9
components as below:
( )
The above matrix (or tensor in this case) will change for different crystal systems because of
their varying symmetries. In the case of cubic crystals only the diagonal terms survive and
they are all equal:
( )
The above shows (just as in the case of conductivity), cubic crystals are isotropic with respect
to diffusivity. This may appear to be counter-intuitive. However, cubic crystals are not
isotropic with respect to piezoelectric properties, elastic properties, etc.
The above may be further generalized that cubic crystals will be isotropic for all physical
properties which can be represented as a 3 × 3 matrix as above.

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SOLUTION

Problem Sheet #8 ESO205 Tutorial: November 2, 2023

Elastic stress and strain:

37. A cylindrical specimen having a diameter of 15.2 mm and a length of 250 mm is

Volume after deformation,

Minimum cross-section area for steel pillar,

Minimum cross-section area for aluminum pillar,

Weight of steel pillar,

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