ESTATE SURVEY

OF
L. A. PRIMARY SCHOOL
JABATA OYO, OYO EAST LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA,
OYO STATE.

BY

ABDULAZEEZ, ZULU ADEYANJU

MATRIC NO: 2012/4014

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS

FOR THE AWARD OF NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN SURVEYING AND
GEO-INFORMATICS TO THE DEPARTMENT OF SURVEYING AND
GEO-INFORMATICS, FEDERAL SCHOOL OF SURVEYING OYO, OYO
STATE, NIGERIA

APRIL, 2015
 CERTIFICATE

I hereby certify that all field work and information contained in this project report were
obtained as a result of the observation and measurements carried out by me and that the survey
was executed in accordance with the survey laws and departmental instructions

SIGNATURE OF STUDENT:- ……………………………………

NAME OF STUDENT: - .ABDULAZEEZ ZULU ADEYANJU

DATE OF COMPLETION: - …………………………………………..

 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that MR ABDULAZEEZ ZULU ADEYANJU with Matric No.2012 /

4014 has satisfactorily carried out his project under my instructions and direct supervision.

I hereby declare that he has conducted himself with due diligence, honesty and sobriety
on the project.

SUPERVISOR’S SIGNATURE:-……………………………………

SUPERVISOR’S NAME:- Surv. Z.O. AJAYI

DATE OF APPROVAL:-………………………………………
 DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to the Almighty GOD.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My profound gratitude goes to the Almighty God for his unfeigned admiration towards
me, for his grace, guidance and opportunity given me to move forward against all odds. Also for
his supporting grace that led to successful completion of this project.

My special ovation goes to my dearest, energetic, hardworking, caring and living father
Mr. Adegoke Abdulazeez for his unflinching support, moral advice and their unrelenting effort
toward my education.

Also, I express my sincere appreciation to my supervisor, Surv. Z.O. Ajayi for his
assistance and precise guidance given during the course of this project, even on its tight
schedule.

My immense appreciation goes to Adegoke Abass, Abdulazeez Rahmat and my lovely

sisters for their prayers, advice and caring throughout the project period.

My profound appreciation also goes to my boss Mr Abduljeleel Adesoji and Ajibade

Lukman for their encouragement and support toward, my success.

Also to my beautiful mother Mrs. Adegoke Silifat for her comforting words, prayers,
financial assistance and advice through the rough and tough of this project.

I will never forget the entire family of Adegoke at large for their patient, love and care.
Both at home and away, I pray God Almighty gives us better understanding than this to be one
(AMEN).
My appreciation also goes to my friends in school and at home Alabi Jeleel, Tijani
Mukail, Adegbola Ismail, Njoku Daniel, Okoroafor Mathew, Tiamiyu Tajudeen and others
whom words cannot comprehend their love for me.

Also I will not forget all my colleagues for their cooperation, believe and understanding
towards the successful completion of this project. I wish all of us success.

Abdulazeez zulu A..

April, 2015
 ABSTRACT
This project report focused on various methods used in execution of estate survey of L. A.
Primary School Jabata Oyo, Oyo east local government area Oyo state. The project was carried
out using the basic survey principles and methods. The major field survey operations include
reconnaissance which involves field and office reconnaissance, followed by data acquisition
which involves third order theodolite traversing, perimeter leveling to determine height of points,
offset method for detailing and Azimuth observation to control the swing of the traverse line. All
the Data acquired from the field were deduced, computed and adjusted according to
specification and results were analyzed and found to be within the expected accuracy. Finally,
computed data were presented in graphical form both in digital using AutoCAD software and the
analogue to a scale of 1:1000 and a comprehensive report on how the whole operation was
carried out was finally written.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page ………………………………………………………………….………………….i
Certificate…………………………………………………………………………………….ii
Certification………………………………………………………………………………….iii
Dedication……………………………………………………………………………………iv
Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………………...v
Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………vi

Table Of Contents…………………………………………………………………………...vii

List Of Figures………………………………………………………………………..….…viii

List Of Tables………………………………………………………………………….……...x
CHAPTER ONE……………………………………………………………………….……...1
1.0 Introduction…………………………………………………………………..………..1
1.1 Background To The Study................................................................................................1
1.2 Statement Of Problem……………………………………………………………...….3
1.3 Aim And Objectives Of The Study…………………………………………………….3
1.3.1 Aim Of The Study………………………………………………………………………3
1.3.2 Objectives Of The Study…………………………………………………………….….4
1.4 Project Specifications…………………………………………………………….…….4
1.5 Scope Of The Project…………………………………………………………………4-5

1.6 Personnel………………………………………………………………………………..5
1.7 Study Area…………………………………………………………..………….…….5-6

CHAPTER TWO………………………………………………………………………….…….7
2.0 Literature Review…………………………………………………………………..…7-12
CHAPTER THREE……………………………………………………………………….........13
3.0 Methodology…………………………………………………………………………….13
3.1 Reconnaissance…………………………………………………………………………..13

3.1.1 Office Planning…………………………………………………………………………13

3.1.2 Field Reconnaissance………………………………………………………………….14
3.1.3 Selection Of Stations…………………………………………………………….……14
3.1.4 Monumentation……………………………………………………………………..…14
3.2.0 Data Acquisition………………………………………………………….……...........14
3.2.1 Equipment Used……………………………………………………………….……14-15
3.2.2 Test Of Instruments……………………………………………………………..…..15-18
3.2.3 Control Checks………………………………………………………………………18-19
3.2.4 Field Observation……………………………………………………………………….20
3.2.4.1 Angular Measurement…………………………………………………………….........20
3.2.4.2 Linear Measurement………………………..……………………………………….20-21

3.2.4.3 Leveling………………………………………………………………………………...21
3.2.4.4 Astronomical Observation………………………………………………………………22
3.2.4.5 Detailing…………………………………………………………………………………22
CHAPTER FOUR………………………………………………………………………………..23
4.0 Data Processing Result Analysis………………………………………………………...23
4.1 Field Books Reduction…………………………………………………………………..23
4.2
Computations……………………………………………………………………………..Error!
Bookmark not defined.
4.2.1 Forward Computation…………………………………………………………Error!
Bookmark not defined.
4.2.2 Back Computation……………………………………………………………..Error!
Bookmark not defined.
4.2.3 Area Computation......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2.4 Levelling Computation And Adjustment.................Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2.5 Azimuth Computation...............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.3 Result Analysis........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.4 Extract Of Result......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.5 Information Presentation (Analog & Digital).........Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER FIVE....................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.0 Summary And Conclusion.......................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.1 Summary....................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.2 Problems Encountered...............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.3 Conclusion.................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.4 Recommendations......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
References...............................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Appendices.............................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURES PAGES

3.0 Reconnaissance

3.1 A typical bottle cork and nail for monumentation

3.2 The two peg test (level set up at midway)

3.3 The two peg test (level set up nearer B than A)

3.5 Position of the sun on the telescope

LIST OF TABLES
TABLES PAGE

3.1 Coordinates of control pillars

3.2 The result of collimation test

3.3 The result obtained from control check

3.4 Back computation from coordinates of the control

4.1 Traverse field book reduction

4.2 Vertical angle reduction

4.3 Back computation

4.4a Area computation

4.4b Area check by double latitude method

4.5 Extract of final coordinates

4.6 Analysis of result.

 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Surveying can be defined as the art, science and technology of making measurements of
relative position of points above, on and beneath the earth surface and plotting of these
measurements to some suitable scale to form a map or plan (brinkler et al 1977).
Surveying is also defined by (Wilson, 1977) as the art, science of making measurement of
the relative position of points of natural and artificial features on the earth surface and plotting of
such measurement with suitable scale on a sheet to form a plan or map.
Surveying is a mathematical aspect of science which is used to determine and delineate
the form, extent and position of features on or beneath the earth surface. It also controls major
construction work for engineering project such as bridges, railways and roads.(Encarta
encyclopedia, 2004)
With surveying, it helps man to:
(i) Improve his environment in a way that has brought constant development to life and
environment.
(ii) It also serves as the bed rock of socio economic development. In all part of
environmental development, surveying is usually the beginner and the final profession in
the development.
Generally, the process of surveying is always expected to cover the following stages:
i. Planning: which involves knowing the purpose of the survey, deciding the best method to
be adopted, the equipment to be used, the scale to which the plan is to be drawn, costing
and personnel. Also planning involves having an overall view of the site on which the
survey is to be carried out.
ii. Data acquisition: which involves obtaining all necessary measurements and observations
on the field to determine the relative position and size of natural and artificial features of
the interest area.
iii. Data processing: which is the computational aspect based on the recorded data from the
field to determine the location area and direction of the survey.

iv. Data presentation: which is the graphical representation of the information on a plan,
chart or map with suitable scale.
Surveying consists of different operation and techniques. Underlying these techniques are
some principles which provide unity and discipline basis for conducting survey. The principles
are:
i. Working from whole to parts
ii. Choosing the method of surveying most suitable to meet the desired result.
iii. Provision of adequate checks to all survey operation (Ramsey, 1977)

These are quite number of branches in surveying: topographical surveying, engineering

surveying, geodetic surveying, cadastral surveying, mining surveying, hydrographical surveying,
photogrammetry and remote sensing, Control surveying, estate surveying (Ramsey, 1977).
i. TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEYING: This is system of surveying which determine the
position of natural and artificial features of a locality, both in plan and elevation of
represent them by means of conventional signs on a map known as topography.
ii. ENGINEERING SURVEYING: this is a large scale survey carried out in order to
provide special information for construction purposes. Engineering surveying deals with
the construction of projects like railway line, dams, bridges, roads, transmission line etc.
iii. GEODETIC SURVEYING: this is a type of surveying carried out for the purpose of
geodesy. It is the science and art of determining the size and shape of the earth and its
gravity field. It is also used to provide a framework of controls of the highest accuracy
upon which other surveys of lower order of accuracy are connected. Modern instruments
such as GPS are employed in this type of survey.
iv. CADASTRAL SURVEYING: this is a type of surveying made for producing plans
showing property boundaries, or plan on which area necessary for the assessment of
property or land taxes may be computed. It is also known as “legal survey” because it
requires the statutory registration of ownership or other right over land.
v. MINING SURVEYING: this is a type of surveying in which the surface and underground
survey are made only for mining work. It involves surveying of tunnel and shaft where
extraction of mineral resources are made from underneath the earth.
vi. HYDROGRAPHICAL SURVEYING: this is the survey of water bodies. It is the type of
surveying for the production of map of shorelines and to show the depth of large water
bodies.
vii. PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND REMOTE SENSING: this is the art, science and
technology of obtaining reliable information about visible object in an environment
without the process of recording, measuring and interpreting imageries and digital
representation of energy pattern which are derived from contact sensor system.
Photogrammetry surveying is also known as space or aerial surveying (Ramsey 1977).
viii. CONTROL SURVEYING: this involves the establishment of network of horizontal and
vertical controls to serve as reference framework for other survey.
ix. ESTATE SURVEYING: it can be described as a topographical and cadastral survey. It
requires the carrying out of periodic and precise measurement of the horizontal and
vertical position of points, structures and spot height determination of both natural and
manmade features.
It involves surveying methods which include traversing, levelling, detailing and spot
heightening in obtaining the needed data for computation and fixing of objects and points.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Records and information about an area is needed for maintaining and monitoring.
Therefore LA Primary School Jabata lack relevant data, concerning the terrain and features of
their extent of land.

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1.3.1 AIM OF THE STUDY
The aim is to carry out the estate survey of L.A primary school jabata, Oyo. Oyo East
Local Government Area, Oyo State. Also to test the ability of students in carrying out the estate
survey of an area as a requirement for the award of National Diploma in Surveying and Geo-
informatics.
1.3.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
In order to achieve the above aim, the following objectives were carried out.
i. Reconnaissance.
ii. Perimeter traverse.
iii. Perimeter leveling.
iv. Subsidiary traverse.
v. Detailing.
vi. Azimuth observation.
vii. Computation
viii. Plan production
ix. Writing a comprehensive report.

1.4 PROJECT SPECIFICATION

The project specification is given below:
i. A third order theodolite traversing of observation of horizontal circle on one zero closing
the horizontal to achieve angular misclosure not greater than 30” √n.
ii. Linear accuracy for third order perimeter traverse should not less than 1:5000
iii. Distance should be measured with well standardized tape, tacheometry method or EDM
iv. Horizontal distance should be given to the nearest two decimal places
v. The angular misclosure for the traverse should not exceed 30”√n
Where n is the number of traversed stations.
vi. Leveling accuracy should not be more than ±24mm√k
Where k is the initial distance in kilometers.
vii. All details should be fixed by tacheometry or chain method.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The scope of the project involves the following

i. Reconnaissance (Office and Field reconnaissance)
ii. Perimeter traversing using digital theodolite and target.
iii. Perimeter leveling using automatic level (Height of instrument method).
iv. Astronomy (Exmeridian method).
v. Detailing by offset method.
vi. Computations (forward, backward and area computation by coordinate method).
vii. Plan production (analogue and digital format).
viii. Report writing.

1.6 PERSONNEL

The members involved in the execution of the project exercise are as follow:

(i) Abdulazeez Zulu A. 2012/4014 (Writer)

(ii) Njoku Daniel O. 2012/3911 Member
(iii) Moses Uche H. 2012/3908 Member
(iv) Alabi Felix O. 2012/3809 Member
(v) Clement Benjamin O. 2012/3852 Member
(vi) Hammed Olaitan S. 2012/3879 Member
(vii) Okunlola Abass A. 2012/3938 Member
(viii) Raimi Akolade S. 2012/3971 Member

1.7 STUDY AREA

The project site is L.A primary school jabata, Oyo. Oyo East Local Government Area,
Oyo, Oyo State. Which lies between latitude 07° 50’ 40.66”N and 07°50’36.95”N and longitude
03°56’49.14”E and 03°56’48.80”E. To the north and west of the study area are other parts of
jabata community, the east of the study area is the Anglican Church jabata, the south of the study
area is durowoju community and Oyo-Ogbomosho express road.
 NIGERIA
NIGERIA
 OYO – EAST LGA

LA PRIMARY SCHOOL
JABATA

Fig. 1.1 Diagram Showing the Study area

 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

.Surveying may be defined as the art and science of making measurement of relative
position of point of natural and man made features on the earth’s surface and plotting of these
measurement to some suitable scale to form map, plan, section or chart.(Banister A and
Raymond, 1977).Surveying can also be defined as a mathematical science used to determined
and delineate the form, extent and position of features on or beneath the earth surface for control
purposes.Encarta encyclopedia, (2002) defined surveying as a mathematical science used in
determining and delineating the form, extent and position of the features on or beneath the
earth’s surface for control purposes, that is for aligning land and construction of boundaries and
for providing checks for construction.
Fajemirokun, (1998) is of the opinion that surveying is one of the oldest professions
known to humanity. It is the branch of geosciences that deals with location of points on the earth.
The graphical representation and visual presentation of such points and the determination of the
figure of the earth and its gravity field using the methods of applied mathematics and physical as
basic tools is surveying.The application of survey results into development in areas like: health
care, education, sport facilities, is called geographic information system.Estate surveying is an
aspect of surveying operation carried out by obtaining the angular and linear measurement so as
to have a detailed survey of an interest area (Clark, 1972).
Estate survey may be described as the branch of survey that deals with determination of
the location and area covered by natural and artificial features on a given or specific portion of
the earth surface with the plotting of acquired data with suitable scale to form a plan. Estate
survey could also be said to be a property and topographical surveying because it involves the
determination of horizontal location (x,y) of ground features and elevation (z) above the mean
sea level also to identifying ownership of property for registration, dispute, resolution
information management and also, for proper distribution of water distribution network within
 the estate.Estate survey was defined as the survey carried out on a large area of land by an
individual, cooperate body and government for the purpose of developing the land for a specific
use via house and factories.The aspect of estate survey is to produce a graphical and numerical
representation of the earth’s surface of both natural and artificial features.
Estate survey involves the following operations for its successful execution;
i. Office and field reconnaissance
ii. Determination of property boundaries by traversing.
iii. Determination of elevation of points by leveling
iv. Detailing chain method
v. Computation (Data processing)
vi. Data presentation.
vii. Traversing involves the measurement of angles and distances in sequence over a series of
established points on the ground (Bomford, 1984).Acording to Raymond, (1985) says that
successive straight lines connecting successive established points along the route of a survey is
called a traverse line. Traversing can be divided into first order control for precise control
station, second order control for the establishment of minor control and detail station and third
order control for survey of topographical features and setting out of ground points.A theodolite is
used to measure the edge between two lines while a tape or EDM (Electronic distance measuring
device) is used to measure distance.

Higgins, (1970) stated that leveling is the art of determining the difference in elevation of
points on the earth’s surface for the purpose of tracing contour line, plotting vertical sections to
represent the configuration of the surface and establishing points giving the elevation of
construction project.Leveling is the operation connected with the presentation of relative
difference in altitude between various points on the earth surface. The basic equipment required
for leveling are the level instrument and the graduated staff.Detailing is the process whereby the
features on the ground are surveyed to be represented with a suitable scale on a plan. The
procedure to be chosen for the detailing of a project depends on the surveyor, the available
equipment and tshe applicability to the project. The accuracy must also be put into consideration
(Higgins, 1970).Consequently, Reconnaissance is a rapid and rough survey conducted to
examine the territory through which the alignment lines have to pass.It should not be regarded as
elementary because mistakes made in the selection of station will greatly affect the main project.
To this effect for an expert surveyor reconnaissance must be carried out.

There are two aspect of reconnaissance which includes:

(i) Office planning
(ii) Field reconnaissance
In conclusion, the literature review reveals that surveying is the bed rock of any
development in the world.
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 METHODOLOGY

3.1 RECONNAISSANCE

Reconnaissance is the most important aspect of every survey. It entails the general view of the
project site in order to have an overall picture of the terrain. It involves decision making and
proper planning for a successful project execution. Reconnaissance is of two stages:

i. Office Planning

ii. Field Reconnaissance

3.1.1 OFFICE PLANNING

This involves the use of available records such as previous plan and any other relevant
information to define the area. Also to suggest the problems that are likely to occur during field
work as well as knowing the scale at which the map is to be produced, the accuracy required in
carrying out the work and the most importantly, the basic control points for orientation are
ascertained. Office reconnaissance also entails determining how the work could be best carried
out economically.
Below are the coordinates of the control points used which are collected from SIWES and
practicals office of Federal School of Surveying, Oyo.

Table 3.1: Coordinates of the existing controls

PILLAR ID NORTHINGS EASTINGS HEIGHT (m)

(m) (m)

FSS2 / GPS / 09 866119.756 603303.430 317.399

FSS2 / GPS / 10 865881.513 602959.909 314.307

FSS2 / GPS / 11 865725.549 602540.837 307.029

Source: SIWES and practicals unit Federal School of Surveying, Oyo

3.1.2 FIELD RECONNAISSANCE

It involves the actual visitation to the project site which is L.A Primary School Jabata.The
boundaries were demarcated using bottle corks and nails. These pegs were placed at the
boundary stations in such a way that they will not be displaced.
The accessibility of the station was duly ascertained. Subsidiary points were also fixed within the
project site in order to aid the fixing of details.
The final stage of field reconnaissance is drawing of a sketch diagram of the project area known
as recce diagram.
RECCE DIAGRAM OF ESTATE PLAN SHEWING L A PRIMARY SCHOOL, JABATA.
OYO EAST L G A. OYO STATE.
Fig. 3.1 Recce diagram

3.1.3 SELECTION OF STATIONS

Station was selected and marked by bottle corks and nails such that consecutive stations
were intervisible to hinder proper and clear sighting

3.1.4 MONUMEMTATION
This is the process of establishing boundary station with temporary or permanents
structures. Bottle corks and nails were used in the course of this project.

BOTTLE CORK
NAIL

GROUND LEVEL

NAIL

Fig. 3.2: A typical nail peg

3.2 DATA ACQUISITION

This is the next stage after reconnaissance. This was done on the field which include the angular
and linear measurements by the application of theodolite and electromagnetic distance
measurement equipment respectively also, the difference in elevation along the boundary lines
were acquired using the level instrument and the detailing were acquired through chain method.

3.2.1 EQUIPMENT USED

The following instruments were made use of during the execution of project work.
 i. One (1) Digital Theodolite zipp 02 (910718) and its accessories
ii. One (1) Analog Theodolite TH42(123420) and its accessories
iii. One (1)Automatic Level Sokkia DS 20 () and its accessories
iv. Two (2) Plumb bobs and strings
v. One(1)Total Station (TC 600) and its accessories
vi. One (1) Linen tape (50m)
vii. Two (2) Targets with tripods
viii. Two (2) Leveling staves with footplates
ix. Two (2) Ranging poles
x. One (1) Field book and writing pen
xi. Nails and bottle corks
xii. One (1) Digital watch
xiii. One (1) Dark glass
xiv. One (1) Steal tape (100m)

3.2.2 TEST OF INSTRUMENTS

3.2.2.1 TEST OF THEODOLITE (COLLIMATION TEST)

The theodolite was tested for the horizontal and vertical collimation error and was found to be in
good working condition before being used.
The theodolite was mounted on the tripod while a target was set at a reasonable distance from the
theodolite. All temporary adjustments were carried out on the instrument. The target was then
bisected on both faces (left and right). The horizontal and vertical readings were read and
recorded.

Target
Theodolite
Fig 3.3; theodolite test

Table 3.2: Theodolite Test Readings

Station Sight Face Horizontal Diff. Vertical Sum

Reading
Reading

A B L 136° 23’ 20” 94° 16’ 00”

B R 316° 23’ 35” 180° 00’ 15” 265° 44’ 30” 360° 00’ 30"

Horizontal collimation error = 180° 00¢ 15¢¢ - 180°

= 00° 00¢ 15¢¢

= 00° 00¢ 7.5¢¢

Vertical collimation error = 360° - 360° 00¢ 30¢¢

= 00° 00¢ 30¢¢

= 00° 00¢ 15¢¢.

The result above showed that the instrument is in good working condition since the vertical
collimation error falls within the least count of the instrument.

3.2.2.2 TEST OF LEVEL INSTRUMENT (TWO PEG TEST)

Two peg test was carried out on the instrument to ensure that the line of sight is truly
horizontal and that the instrument is in good working condition.
 Two points (A and B) of 30m apart were selected on a fairly flat terrain, two level staves were
held vertically at both ends with the level instrument set up mid-way (15m).

Observation was made to the staff at point A as back sight and fore sight to point B, the
readings were read and recorded.

The differences in height between the two points were determined by subtracting the fore
sight reading from back sight reading. The instrument was then shifted from its initial point to
another point which was 10m away from point A, the staff readings were made and recorded and
the difference in height was deduced in order to know whether the instrument is in good working
condition.

Staff A A Staff B

B/S F/S

15m 15m
Fig. 3.4(a): Leveling Instrument Set Midway Between Staff A and B

Staff A A Staff B

B/S F/S

10m 20m

Fig. 3.4(b): Leveling Instrument Closer To Staff A

Table 3.3: Two-Peg Test Readings.

Sum
Staff Back Dist. Fore Dist. Staff
H Dist Diff.
Station sight (m) sight (m) Station
(m)

A 1.925 15 0.880 15 1.045 30 B

A 1.828 10 0.780 20 1.048 30 0.003 B

Difference in the first set up = ΔH1 = 1.925 - 0.880

= 1.045m

Difference in the second set up = ΔH2 = 1.828-1.048

= 1.048m

Discrepancy = 1.048 - 1.045

= 0.003m

The collimation error discrepancy is 0.003m which shows that the instrument is in good
working condition.

3.2.3 CONTROL CHECK

Since the accuracy of project cannot be better than the quality of the ground control
upon which its production is based, therefore there is need to confirm whether the control
pillar to be used were still intact and in good condition, the angular and linear checks have
to be carried out on this control beacons. The angular measurements have to begin from
previously established controls before any survey operation.

The theodolite was set on FSS 2/GPS/10, temporary adjustments was carried out
before it was first focused to the target on FSS2/GPS/09 as back sight. The horizontal
 reading was taken and recorded. Thereafter station FSS 2/GPS/11 was sighted as fore sight,
the horizontal reading was also recorded. The distance FSS 2/GPS/09 to FSS 2/GPS/10 and
FSS 2/GPS/10 to FSS 2/GPS/11 were measured and also recorded in the field book. The
readings are as shown in the table below. Also astro was observed on the control to check
the bearing of the line FSS2/GPS10 and FSS2/GPS/11. Where FSS2/GPS/11 serve as our
reference object (RO) and FSS2/GPS/10 serve as our instrument station.

FSS 2/GPS/09

FSS 2/GPS/10
FSS 2/GPS/11

Fig. 3.5: Diagram of Control Check

Table 3.4: Result of Control Check. The readings and result obtained from control check
observation

STN SIGHT FACE H.C.R REDUCED MEAN

ANGLE ANGLE

FSS2/GPS/09 L 230 13’ 00”

FSS2/GPS/10 FSS2/GPS/11 L 2170 32’ 55” 194019’55”

FSS2/GPS/11 R 370 33’ 00” 194019’55” 194019’55”

FSS2/GPS/09 R 203013’ 05”

 Table 3.5: Back computation from coordinates of the controls used

From Stn Bearing Distance ∆N ∆E Northing(m) Easting(m) To Stn

866119.756 603303.430 FSS2/GPS/09

FSS1/09 235° 15’ 26’’.7 418.051 -238.243 -343.521 865881.513 602959.909 FSS2/GPS/10

FSS1/10 249° 35’ 11’’.3 447.153 -155.964 -419.072 865725.549 602540.837 FSS2/GPS/11

Observe angle for control check =194ᵒ19’55”

Computed angle =Forward bearing – Back bearing

=249ᵒ35’11.3”-55ᵒ15’26.7”

=194ᵒ19’44.6”

Discrepancy=194ᵒ19’55”-194ᵒ19’44.6”

=00ᵒ00’10.4”

Angular accuracy =30”√n

=30”√1

=30”

Table 3.6: Linear Check Observation of The Controls Used.

From Station Computed Measured Differences Station To

Dist (m) Dist (m) (m)

FSS 2/GPS/09 418.051 418.063 0.012 FSS2/GPS/10

FSS 2/GPS/10 447.153 447.165 0.012 FSS2/GPS/11

This shows that the controls were in their right positions
3.2.4 FIELD OBSERVATION

These are the measurements and observations made on the project site. It include the following:-

i. Angular measurement
ii. Linear measurement
iii. Perimeter Leveling
iv. Detailing by chain method
v. Astronomical observation

3.2.4.1 ANGULAR MEASUREMENTS

Angles between the instrument stations, the back station and the fore station were measured
on both faces of the instrument so as to cancel the error in collimation of the instrument.

The theodolite was set up on FSS2/GPS/11 with all temporary adjustment performed on it
while two targets were set on FSS2/GPS/10 and Nail1 (the back sight and fore sight station
respectively). The target on control FSS2/GPS/10 is bisected on the face left and the horizontal
and vertical circle reading were observed and booked.

The instrument was then turned clock wisely in order to bisect the nail 1on face left. Then the
necessary readings were taken and recorded.

After the booking, the telescope was transited to face right of the theodolite to bisect the
target on nail 1 and after which the instrument was moved clock wisely to bisect the target on
FSS2/GPS/10 on face right. All necessary bookings were done and the procedure was repeated
on each of nails and the boundary pegs.

3.2.4.2 LINEAR MEASUREMENT

The length of each traverse line were measured with the electronic distance measurement
instrument (EDM) and a reflector made of glass prism, due to longer distance of the control and
traffics congestion along road. The instrument was mounted on its tripod well set over a mark,
and then the reflector was on another station. The reflector was bisected with the instrument, the
instrument was on and the reading was display on the screen of the EDM and it was recorded in
the field book. Hence, the distances between consecutive stations were obtained.

3.2.4.3 PERIMETER LEVELLING

Leveling is the process of determining the difference in heights or elevation between points
on the project site.

A level instrument (automatic level) was used in executing the project. The leveling
operation commenced with a leveling staff held vertically on FSS2/GPS/11 and the second staff
held on another station. The adjustments were carried out on the instrument before any
observation was made. The back sight, intermediates sight and fore sight readings were recorded
into the field book.

The procedure above was followed throughout the stations. The leveling was closed back on
the same control point which is FSS2/GPS/11.

staff

level

� B/S I I/S F/S

------------------------------------------
`

Fig. 3.6: Diagrammatical Representation of Leveling Procedure.

3.2.4.4 DETAILING BY CHAIN METHOD

This is the process whereby all details as shown in the reconnaissance diagram were fixed by
offset and tie line methods. Chain method is the process of fixing details by steal tape, linen tape
and ranging pole. This method were adopted for detailing in this project. The process involves
fixing of natural and artificial features that existed on ground into record. Examples of such
feature are buildings (complete and uncompleted one), trees, road, well etc. as such, necessary
details along the traverse lines were relatively fixed. The ranging pole, the steel tape were in
alignment, the linen tape was drawn from the steal tape to the edge of each details. The linen tape
form right angle with the steel tape when fixing the details.
3.2.4.5 ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATION

The instrument and the target were set on FSS2/GPS10 and FSS2/GPS11 (R.O) respectively,
then all necessary station adjustments were carried out, that is centering, leveling and focusing.
The reference station was observed on face left and horizontal circle reading was booked, the
telescope was turned to bisect the sun on face left in the first quadrant of telescope cross hair,
then horizontal, vertical circle, bubble and time readings were recorded in the field book. The
telescope was transited to sight the sun on face right following the above procedure in the third
quadrant and all necessary readings were recorded. Then the telescope was rotated to sight the
reference object (FSS2/GPS11). This sun were observed in the evening (west) observation of
different day, due to bad weather condition.

sun

Horizontal cross hair

sun

Vertical cross hair

Fig. 3.7: Diagram of sun being in the first and third quadrant
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 DATA PROCESSING RESULT ANALYSIS

4.1 FIELD BOOK REDUCTION

All data collected from the field were reduced by deducing the face left readings taken to the
back station in order to obtain the measured angle. The procedure above was adopted to obtain
the second angle from the face right observation. The initial back bearing was computed from the
coordinates of the controls.

4.1.1 HORIZONTAL ANGLE REDUCTION

The horizontal angles were reduced by subtracting the observation on the face from each
other like wise the observation on the face right. The mean horizontal angle was obtained by
adding the two results and dividing it by 2 i.e.

All the horizontal angles obtained on the field were reduced to obtain the final horizontal angles.

(L2 – L1) + (R2 – R1)

Also, 3600 was added when the answer was negative.

Table 4.1.: Horizontal Angle Reduction.

Stn. Sight Face Horizontal Horizontal Mean

Reading Angle Reduction Horizontal
Angle

FSS2/GPS/11 L 154 35 00

Nail 1 Nail 2 L 334 21 30 179 46 30

Nail 2 R 154 21 30 179 46 30 179 46 30

FSS2/GPS/11 R 334 35 00

4.1.2 VERTICAL ANGLE REDUCTION

The vertical angles were reduced by subtracting 900 from the angle observed on the face left and
2700 from the face right circle readings. The angles which were lesser were subtracted from 90 0
and 2700 on the face left and right respectively.

The mean vertical angles were obtained by adding up the results and dividing them by 2

The vertical angles derived from this process are regarded as the slope angle and they are used
for calculating slope correction for the elevation of the true horizontal distance.

Table 4.2: Vertical Angle Reduction.

Station Sight Face Vertical Circle Vertical Circle Mean Vertical

Reading Reduction Angle

FSS2/GPS/11 L

Nail 1 Nail 2 L 91 23 55 01 23 55

Nail 2 R 268 37 10 01 23 00 01 23 27.5

FSS2/GPS/11 R

4.2 COMPUTATIONS

This is the operation carried out after obtaining the data from the field. The data obtained from
the field were processed in order to obtain the final results from which the plan were produced.
The various computational procedures carried out are as analyzed below.

4.2.1 FORWARD COMPUTATION

The initial bearing (IB) used for the reduction of the forward bearing was calculated from
the coordinates of the initial controls while the uncorrected forward bearing for each line was
obtained using the formula

Back bearing +180o = forward bearing,

Forward bearing + 180 = back bearing

 The partial coordinated (ΔN, ΔE) were first computed using the horizontal distance and
corrected bearing for each station. The formulae used are:

ΔE = L sin Ø

ΔN = L cos Ø

Where : ΔE = Difference in Eastings

ΔN = Difference in Northings

Ø = Corrected bearing

L = Length or distance

The latitude and departure were applied to the coordinates of the initial control. The
computed coordinate of the closing control is then compared with the known coordinates of the
control to obtain the linear misclosure. The misclosure is then distributed to all the uncorrected
coordinated of these formulas

Correction to Northings = Total Northings Misclosure x Arth. Sum of Latitude

Total Arth. Sum of Latitude

Correction to Eastings = Total Eastings Misclosure x Arth. Sum of Departure

Total Arth. Sum of Departure

4.2.2 LINEAR ACCURACY = 1

√∆N)2 + (∆E)2

ΣD

Where: ∆N = misclosure in nothings

∆E = misclosure in easting
 Σ D = total distance measured

Accuracy = 1
√(-0.050)2+0.099 )2

1563.577

= 1

√ 0.012301
1563.577
= 1

0.110909733

1563.577

= 1 : 14,000

4.2.3 BACK COMPUTATION

In carrying out back computation, the adjusted coordinates which were the final
coordinates of each traverse station were used to obtain the corrected bearing and distance of the
traverse line.

Formula for back computation,

i Bearing = tan-1∆E/∆N

ii Distance = √(∆E)2 + (∆N)2

iii ∆N = Difference between Northings (N2 – N1)

iv ∆E = Difference between Eastings (E2 – E1)

In this back computation, the table below should be put into consideration.
 4th quadrant 1stquadrant
∆N+ve ∆N+ve
∆E-VE ∆E +ve
Bearing=360 - Ø Bearing= Ø

3rdquadrant 2ndquadrant
∆N -ve ∆N -ve
∆E-ve ∆E +ve
Bearing=180° - Ø Bearing=180° - Ø

Table 4.3: Back computation

From Bearing Dist. (m) ±ΔN ±ΔE Nothings(m) Easting(m) To

Stn Stn
865992.046 602622.401 Peg 1

Peg 1 282 39 12.6 39.570 8.668 -38.609 866000.714 602583.792 Peg 2

Peg 2 292 11 0.99 47.018 17.753 -43.538 866018.467 602540.254 Peg 3

Peg 3 319 31 42.9 30.718 23.368 -19.938 866041.835 602520.316 Peg 4

Peg 4 291 10 20 39.147 14.139 -36.505 866055.974 602483.811 Peg 5

Peg 5 11 19 0.7 111.881 109.706 21.955 866165.680 602505.766 Peg 6

Peg 6 91 18 8.43 30.051 -0.683 30.043 866164.997 602535.809 Peg 7

Peg 7 88 42 20.77 84.298 1.904 84.276 866166.901 602620.085 Peg 8

Peg 8 98 25 33.97 55.707 -8.163 55.106 866158.738 602675.191 Peg 9

Peg 9 1970 34’ 21.2” 174.851 -166.692 -52.790 865992.046 602622.401 Peg 1

4.2.4 AREA COMPUTATION

The area computation was carried out using the coordinate method and double latitude
method for check.
 Table 4.4: Area Computation By Coordinate Method.

Stn Northing (m) Easting (m) LHS(PRODUCT) RHS(PRODUCT)

Peg 1 865992.046 602622.401 3734850.394

Peg 2 866000.714 602583.792 3513532.887 3498108.518

Peg 3 866018.467 602540.254 3264125.526 3241909.741

Peg 4 866041.835 602520.316 3151020.168 3131504.676

Peg 5 866055.974 602483.811 2983023.806 2923106.233

Peg 6 866165.680 602505.766 3118045.873 3062905.746

Peg 7 866164.997 602535.809 3304281.058 3303626.835

Peg 8 866166.901 602620.085 3818941.053 3822822.165

Peg 9 866158.738 602675.191 4048775.531 4163836.053

Peg 1 865992.046 602622.401 3833204.690

∑L=30981024.660 ∑R=30933596.300

2A = ΣL Product – ΣR product

2A = 30981024.660 – 30933596.300

2A = 47428.38

A= 47428.36

= 23714.18m2

Area in Hectares = 23714.18

10,000

= 2.3714hectares
NOTE: When multiplying the coordinates, the first two digits on northings and first three
digits on easting were removed to aid easy and fast multiplying. Since they are the same all
through.

4.2.4 AREA COMPUTATION

Table 4.5 AREA COMPUTATIONS BY DOUBLE LATITUDE METHOD.

∆N ∆E +ve (PRODUCT) -ve (PRODUCT)

8.668 -38.609 334.662812
+8.668
17.336
+17.753
35.089 -43.538 1527.704882
+17.753
52.842
+ 23.368
76.210 -19.938 1519.47498
+ 23.368
99.578
+14.139
113.717 -36.505 4151.239085
+ 14.139
127.856
+ 109.706
237.562 21.955 5215.67371
+ 109.706
347.368
-0.683
346.585 30.043 10412.45316
-0.683
345.902
+ 1.904
347.806 84.276 29311.69846
+1.904
349.710
-8.163
341.547 55.106 18821.28898
-8.163
333.384
-166.692
166.692 -52.790 8799.67068
-166.692
 0.000
∑=63761.11431 ∑=16332.75244
2A = ∑+ve - ∑-ve
2A = 63761.11431 – 16332.75244
2A = 47428.36187
A = 47428.36187
2
A = 23714.181m2
Area in hectares = 23714.181

10,000

= 2.3714hectares

4.2.4 LEVELLING COMPUTATION AND ADJUSTMENT

The leveling was done in order to produce the height of all the boundary station. The
method used is the height of instrument method.

The following are the formula used,

R/L + B/S = H/I

H.I - F/S = RL

For check, ΣB/S - ΣF/S = (L R/L - F R/L)

Where:

ΣB/S is sum of the back sight readings

ΣF/S is sum of all the foresight readings

F R/L = First reduced level

L R/L = Last reduced leve

4.2.4.1 ACCURACY OF LEVELLING

The following used for the leveling accuracy was ±24mm√K where “K” is the total
distance in kilometer.

Accuracy ±24mm√1.16094 where ``K`` is in kilometer

= 24 x √1.16094

1000

= 0.024 x √1.16094

= 0.026m

4.2.4.2 CORRECTION FOR LEVELLING COMPUTATION

The levelling misclosure was distributed commulatively throughout each staff station. To

achieve this, the following formulae below was applied;

= Total misclosure x Relative distance of the station

Total distance

The error was found out to be 0.017m and it was distributed across all the stations
to obtain the final forward bearing.

4.2.5 AZIMUTH COMPUTATION

The mean altitude (corrected) and the mean time was deduced from the field book. Refraction
was applied using the formula -58 cot Hn, where Hn is the mean altitude (uncorrected) of the sun.
Parallax correction was also applied using the formula 8.8 cos Hn.

The basic formulae that was used to determine the azimuth of the sun was:

Cot Z = sin δ - sin Ø sin H

Cos Ø cos H

Where:

Z = Azimuth of sun
 δ = Declination of sun at universal timeδ

Ø = Latitude of the place of observation

H = Corrected mean level altitude of the sun

Bubble displacement was calculated using the formula

(ΣL - ΣR) x D” x tan Hn

2nλ

Where ∑L = summation of plate bubble displacement towards left side of the observer

∑R = summation of plate bubble displacement towards right side of the observer

D = value of bubble division in seconds

Hn =Mean observed altitude

n = number of station

This correction is applied to horizontal angle.

4.2.6 CONVERGENCE

Convergence is the angular difference between the grid and the true north
bearing.This was obtained as a result of the observation carried out along two controls for
comparison of observed values.

The convergence was computed as follows.

Convergence = W”Sinθ

Where W” =CM - λ

Θ = latitude of the place of observation

CM = Central meridian

λ = longitude of place of observation

The computed convergence was applied to the azimuth of the line by adding the convergence
result to the azimuth of the line and the result value was the national north bearing.

4.3 RESULT ANALYSIS

Table 4.7: Analysis of Result

Allowable Accuracy
Operation Formula Remark
Accuracy Obtained

Angular Accuracy 30”√n 00 02 10.77 00 00 45.46  Acceptable

1
Linear Accuracy √∆N)2 + 1 : 5,000 1 : 14,000 Acceptable
(∆E)2

ΣD

Leveling Accuracy ±24mm√K 0.026 0.017 Acceptable

4.4 EXTRACT OF RESULT

This is the extract of some of the result obtained

Table 4.8: Final adjusted coordinates of boundary points

Station Northing (m) Easting (m) Heighting (m)

Peg 1 865992.046 602622.401 303.260

Peg 2 866000.714 602583.792 302.604

Peg 3 866018.467 602540.254 298.843

Peg 4 866041.835 602520.316 299.150

Peg 5 866055.974 602483.811 296.779

Peg 6 866165.680 602505.766 299.307

Peg 7 866164.997 602535.809 300.496

 Peg 8 866166.901 602620.085 304.161

Peg 9 866158.738 602675.191 306.252

4.5 INFORMATION PRESENTATION

This is the graphical representation of all the processed information with a suitable scale
using appropriate conventional signs and symbols.

The information were represented both manually and digitally to produce the final desired
plan.

4.5.1 ANALOGUE/ MANUAL PLOTTING

The grid method was used in plotting. The sheet was gridded at a suitable scale with a
desired grid interval and the grid lines were correctly numbered. In plotting the northing and
easting coordinate, each point were read from the grid line and then intersection point represents
the position of such point.

4.5.2 DIGITAL PLOTTING

The plan produced digitally with AutoCAD software. The following are the procedure
used:

Launch notepad,the page will be open for you to type

Press underscore Pline i.e _Pline

Press enter and type in your coordinates, start with eastings coma then northings

After typing your coordinates, go to file menu.

Select SAVE AS, and type the file name with the extention (.scr) and click on save.

Launched your AutoCAD

After that go to FORMAT and select units.

 The drawing units will appear, set the units appropriately and click OK.

Click on TOOLS, and select (Run script).

Look for your file you save on note pad and click OK.

Press enter twice, then Z enter E enter. The diagram will appear.

After the plotting of the main plan, the details were properly plotted in their right position. Also
text was clicked on to write all necessary text on plan,the height of each boundary point were
used to plot the contour.

The information represented showed the detailed plan with the connection to the controls and
also a plan showing the contour.

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

5.1 SUMMARY
 This project report contains the procedures for producing an Estate survey plan, in line with
this, the report had focused on traversing, leveling, and detailing. Traversing was done in order
to determine the horizontal coordinates of the boundary points, while leveling was done to obtain
the vertical coordinates (heights) of points on the ground. Also to determing the contour on the
terrain of the place (site) and also offset method was used to fix details existing along or within
the boundary lines and subsidiary traverse lines.

5.2 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED

There was delay in executing the project because of the traffic congestion along the
expressway as well bad weather condition in observing the astronomy. Also another
problem encountered was that the graduation of the leveling staff had faded off in some
parts. The survey party had to aid the leveling staff by the use of red and black pen.

5.3 CONCLUSION

From the result of the assignment carried out so far, it could be deduced that the aim and
objectives of the project have been realized. There is no doubt that the exercise has greatly
exposed the student to surveying challenges and has equipped and enriched us with the needed
knowledge to face such challenges in future.

5.4 RECOMMENDATIONS

I hereby recommend that the authority in charge of the instruments should purchase new ones so
as to reduce the problem of insufficiency of instruments.

The school authority should encourage the use of more digital surveying and Geoinformatics
instrument like total station and GPS for ND students because of the advancement in the
technology of surveying.
 REFERENCES

Bannister and Raymond (1997): Surveying, S.I metric,3rd edition,Pitman, England pp 127, 139.

Bamford, G. (1984): Geodesy 4th edition Oxford University press, Gly House, London, pp 1-7

Brinkler et al (1997): Elementary Surveying 6th edition I.E.P.A Domsely, New York.

Clark D. (1992) Plane and Geodetic Surveying for engineers Vol. 1, pp 1-3.
Fajemirokun, Francis A (1998); “Surveying Training in Nigeria in the next millennium” text

of the 90th Anniversary 15th Graduation Lecture, Federal School of Surveying, Oyo 19th

Nov. 1998, pp4.

Higgins, A.L. (1970); Elementary Surveying, 3rd edition, Longman London, pp72

Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia (2004): Surveying, U.S.A.

Oxford Advance Learning Dictionary, published (2001): 6th edition; Oxford Universities press

Walton Street. pp 394.

Ramsay, J.P. (1977); Land Surveying 2nd edition, Macdonald and Evans London pp113.

Wilson R.J.P (1977); Land Surveying 4th edition, Plymouth,Evans,pp257-258.

 APPENDICES

1. TRAVERSE FIELD BOOK

2. LEVELLING FIELD BOOK

3. TACHEOMETRY FIELD BOOK

4. TRAVERSE COMPUTATION SHEET

5. BACK COMPUTATION SHEET

6. LINEAR ACCURACY COMPUTATION

7. FIELD ASTRONOMY FIELD BOOK SHEET

8. AZIMUTH COMPUTATION SHEET

9. PLAN SHOWING DETAILS AND SPOT HEIGHTS