MAT1322 Lecture Notes Integration Technics

MAT1322 NOTES
Summer 2018

REVIEW OF INTEGRATION TECHNICS

A. Basic Formulas

f (x)  f ( x )dx
c cx + C
1 n 1
xn, n  −1 x C
n 1
1
ln x + C
x
ex ex + C
cos x sin x + C
sin x −cos x + C
1
tan x + C
cos2 x
1
−cot x + C
sin 2 x
cos x 1
− +C
sin 2 x sin x
sin x 1
+C
cos2 x cos x
1
arcsin x + C
1  x2
1
arctan x + C
1  x2

Sometimes, we have to re-write the integrand to use the formula.

Examples

1 x  1  2
0.1.  x
dx   
 x
 x  dx  x x  2 x  C .
 3

1  x2  2 
0.2.  1 x 2
dx   
1 x
2
 1 dx  2 arctan x  x  C .


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MAT1322 Lecture Notes Integration Technics

B. Variable Substitution

To find  f ( x )dx , first find an intermediate variable u = g(x). Then

1
 f ( x )dx   f ( x )
g '( x )
du .

f ( x) f ( x)
Write as a function of u:  h (u ) .
g '( x ) g '( x )

Integrate function h(u) to find an antiderivative H(u). Then

 f ( x )dx =  h(u )du  H (u )  C  H ( g ( x ))  C.

b
Using variable substitution to find a definite integral a
f ( x )dx is similar:

Let u = g(x). Then

1
du   h(u)du   H (u) u  g ( a ) ,
b g (b) g (b)
 f ( x )dx  
g (b)
f ( x)
a g (a) g '( x ) g ( a )

f ( x)
where h(u) = , and H(u) is an antiderivative of h(u).
g '( x )

Note that, when variable substitution is used to find a definite integral, you must change
the limits from the values of x to the values of u.

Examples

0.3. Let u = 1 – x2. Then u' = −2x.

x x  1  1
 1  x2
dx      du    u 1/ 2du   1  x 2  C .
1  x2  2x  2

1
0.4. Let u = 1 + x . Then u' = .
2 x

1 1 2 u 1
du  2 u  ln u u 1  2  2 ln 2 .
1 2
 1 dx   (2 x )du  2 
2
0 x 1 1 x 1 u

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MAT1322 Lecture Notes Integration Technics

The following is a general type of questions solved by variable substitution:

f (ln x )
0.5.  x
dx   f (u)du , where u = ln x.

C. Integration by Parts

Integration by parts is used to integrate the product of two functions. Denote one function as
u(x), and the other function as the derivative of a function v(x). Then the integral has the form

 u( x )v '( x )dx .

Integrate v'(x) to fine v(x), which is one of the antiderivatives of v'(x), and differentiate u(x) to
find u'(x). Then use the formula:

 uv ' dx  uv   u ' vdx .

To use integration by parts to find a definite integral, the formula is

uv ' dx  uv x a   u ' vdx .

b b

b
a a

Examples

x
0.6.  cos2 x
dx .

1
Let u = x, v' = . Then u' = 1, v = tan x.
cos 2 x
x
 cos2 x
dx  x tan x   tan xdx  x tan x  ln | cos x | C.

sin x
The integral of tan x is found by the formula tan x = , and the variable substitution
cos x
u = cos x.

e
0.7. 1
(ln x ) 2 dx .

2 ln x
Let u = (ln x)2, and v' = 1. Then u' = , v = x.
x

2ln x
xdx  e  2  ln xdx  e  2  x(ln x  1) x 1  e  2 .
e e e
 
e
(ln x )2 dx   x(ln x )2 
e
1 x 1 1 x 1

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MAT1322 Lecture Notes Integration Technics

Note that the integral of ln x is also found by integration by parts as you learned in Calculus I:

 ln xdx  x (ln x  1)  C .

0.8. The following is a general type of questions solved by integration by parts:

 x k ln xdx , where k is any real number other than −1.

1 1 k 1
Let u = ln x, and v' = xk. Then u' = , and v = x .
x k 1

1 k 1 1 1 k 1 1
 x k ln xdx 
k 1
x ln x 
k 1  x k dx 
k 1
x ln x 
(k  1) 2
x k 1  C .

D. Partial Fraction

The method of partial fraction is used to integrate proper rational functions. A rational function
M ( x)
has the form f (x) = , where M(x) and N(x) are polynomials. A rational function is proper
N ( x)
if the degree of the numerator is (strictly) less than the degree of the denominator. If a rational
M ( x) R( x )
function f (x) = is improper, by long-division, we can write f (x) = Q(x) + , where
N ( x) N ( x)
R( x )
Q(x) is the quotient and R(x) is the remainder, and is a proper rational function.
N ( x)

M ( x)
Let f (x) = be a proper rational function. Factorize the denominator N(x) into a product of
N ( x)
linear factors and irreducible quadratic factors. Recall that a quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c is
irreducible if b2 – 4ac < 0. An irreducible quadratic polynomial cannot be factorized further to
be a product of two linear factors with real coefficients. If (px – q)n is a factor of N(x), construct
A1 A2 An
a sum of partial fractions:   ...  , where A1, A2, …, An are
px  q ( px  q) 2
( px  q) n
undetermined constants. If (ax2 + bx + c)n is factor of N(x), where ax2 + bx + c is an irreducible
B x  C1 B2 x  C2
quadratic polynomial, construct a sum of partial fractions: 21 
ax  bx  c (ax 2  bx  c )2
Bn x  Cn
...  , where B1, C1, B2, C2, …, Bn, Cn are undetermined constants. Equate
(ax 2  bx  c)n
M ( x)
and the sum of all partial fractions generated by the factors of N(x) to determine the
N ( x)

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MAT1322 Lecture Notes Integration Technics

constants. Then the integral of the rational function is the sum of the integrals of the partial
fractions.

Examples

x2  1
0.8.  x2  1
dx .

x2  1
Since 2 is an improper rational function, use long division to divide the top by the bottom:
x 1

x2  1 2 2
 1 2  1 .
x 1
2
x 1 ( x  1)( x  1)

Express the fraction term on the right-hand side as a sum of partial fractions:

2 A B A( x  1)  B( x  1)
   .
( x  1)( x  1) x  1 x  1 ( x  1)( x  1)

Hence, 2 = A(x – 1) + B(x + 1).

Let x = −1. We have 2 = −2A, A = −1. Let x = 1. We have 2 = 2B. B = 1.

Then

x2  1 1 1 x 1
 x 1
2
dx   dx  
x 1
dx  
x 1
dx  x  ln | x  1 |  ln | x  1 |  C  x  ln
x 1
C .

1
0.9.  ( x  3)( x 2  9)
dx .

1 A Bx  C A( x 2  9)  ( Bx  C )( x  3)
Let    .
( x  3)( x 2  9) x  3 x 2  9 ( x  3)( x 2  9)

Then A(x2 + 9) + (Bx + C)(x + 3) = 1.

1 1
Let x = −3. 18A = 1, A = . Compare the square term on both sides: A + B = 0. B = − .
18 18
1
Compare the constant term on both sides: 9A + 3C = 1. C = .
6

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MAT1322 Lecture Notes Integration Technics

1 1 1 x 3 
Hence,    2  , and
( x  3)( x  9) 18  x  3 x  9 
2

1 1 1 x 1 
( x  3)( x  9)
2
dx   
18  x  3
dx   2
x 9
dx  3 2 dx 
x 9 
1 1 x
  ln | x  3 |  ln( x 2  9)  arctan  .
18  2 3

E. Trigonometric Substitution

Some integrals involving a2 – x2, a2 + x2, or x2 – a2 may be solved by this method.

Questions involving a2 – x2 may be solved by substitution x = a sin u, where a > 0, and

 
 u .
2 2

Then a2 – x2 = a2(1 – sin2 u) = a2 cos2 u. Note that cos u  0 in this interval. Hence a2  x2
= a cos u.

Questions involving a2 + x2 may be solved by substitution x = a tan u, where a > 0, and

 
 u .
2 2

Then a2 + x2 = a2(1 + tan2 u) = a2 sec2 u. Note that sec u  0 in this interval. Hence a2  x2
= a sec u.

Questions involving x2 – a2 may be solved by substitution x = a sec u, where a > 0, and

 3
0  u  or   u  .
2 2

Then x2 – a2 = a2(sec2 u − 1) = a2 tan2 u. Note that tan u  0 in these intervals. Hence x2  a2

= a tan u.

   
Let x = g(u), where g(u) = sin u,  u , or g(u) = tan u,  u , or g(u) = sec u,
2 2 2 2
 3
0u or   u  . Since these functions are one-to-one functions, in any case, we have
2 2
the inverse function u = g−1(x).

Then

 f ( x )dx   f ( x ) g '(u )du   f ( g (u )) g '(u )du   h(u )du  H (u )  C  H ( g 1 ( x ))  C ,

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MAT1322 Lecture Notes Integration Technics

where h(u) = f (g(u))g'(u),and H(u) is an antiderivative of h(u).

Example

1
0.10.  ( x  4)3/ 2
2
dx .

Let x = 2 tan u. Then (x2 + 4)3/2 = (4 tan2 u + 4))3/2 = (4(tan2 x + 1))3/2 = (22 sec2 x)3/2 = 8 sec3 u,
1 1
and 2  . Since x' = 2 sec2 x,
( x  4) 3/ 2 3
8sec u


1
( x  4)
2 3/ 2
dx  
1
3
8sec u
 2sec 2 u  du   cos udu  sin u  C .
1
4
1
4

  x/2 x
Since tan u = x / 2, and  u , sin u =  .
2 2 1  ( x / 2)2 x2  4
1 x
Hence,  ( x  4)
2 3/ 2
dx 
4 x2  4
C .

Note that some questions involving a2 – x2, a2 + x2, or x2 – a2, can also be solved by variable
substitution.

Use u = x2 – 1, u' = 2x. The following integral is solved by substitution:

x3 1 u 1 12  1 2
 dx 
2 u
du   u u  2 u   ( x  1)  ( x  1)  C
3/ 2 2 1/ 2

x 1 2 23  3
x2  1 2
 ( x  2)  C.
3

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MAT 1322 Lecture Notes Applications of Integrals

CHAPTER 6. APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION

§ 6.1. AREA BETWEEN CURVES

Definite integrals can be used to find the area of the region between the graphs of f (x) and g(x)
in an interval [a, b]. If the graphs of these two functions do not intersect in this interval, use a
particular value in this interval to determine which function is bigger in this interval.

Suppose f (x)  g(x), a  x  b. The area of this region is

b
A= a
( f ( x )  g ( x ))dx .

If these two graphs intersect at some point in this interval, then we have to subdivide this interval
by the x values where the curves intersect. In each of the subintervals, one function is always
greater than the other function. Calculate the area of the region between these two curves in each
subinterval, and the total area is the sum of the areas in subintervals.

In some questions, one or both ends of the interval of integration are not given. Then we have to
equate these two functions to find the intersections of their graphs and use the intersection points
as the ends of the interval of integration.

Examples

6.1.1. Consider functions f (x) = 2 − x2 and g(x) = 2x2 + 2x – 3. The graphs of these functions
are shown in the following figure:
Y

x=2
f (x)
X
g (x)

(i) Find the area of the region between the graphs of f (x) and g(x) in the interval [0, 1].

In this interval, f (x)  g(x). This area is

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MAT 1322 Lecture Notes Applications of Integrals

1 1
 ((2  x 2 )  (2 x 2  2 x  3))dx   (5  2 x  3x 2 )dx  5 x  x 2  x 3 
1
A=  3.
0 0 x 0

(ii) Find the area of the region under the graph of f (x) and above the graph of g(x).

5
Let f (x) = g(x). 2 – x2 = 2x2 + 2x – 3, 3x2 + 2x – 5 = 0. The roots of this equation are x = 1, − .
3
The area of this region is

1 1 256
 ((2  x 2 )  (2 x 2  2 x  3))dx  
1
A= (5  2 x  3x 2 )dx  5x  x 2  x 3   .
5/ 3 5/ 3 x 5/ 3 27

(iii) Find the area of the region between the graphs of f (x) and g(x) in the interval [0, 2].

The graphs of f (x) and g(x) intersect at x = 1. Since f (x) > g(x) when 0 < x < 1, and f (x) < g(x)
when 1 < x < 2, the area of this region is

1 2
 ((2  x )  (2 x  2 x  3))dx   ((2 x  2 x  3)  (2  x ))dx
2 2 2 2
0 1
1 2
  (5  2 x  3x )dx   ( 5  2 x  3x )dx  3  5  8 .
2 2
0 1

In some cases, it is easier to find the area of a region by integrating with respect to y.

Example

6.1.2. Find the area bounded by the graphs of y = x , y = x – 2, and the x-axis.
Y  (4, 2)

y=x−

O X

The graph of these two functions intersect at point (4, 2). Subdivide this region into two parts: 0
< x < 2, and 2 < x < 4. When 0 < x < 2, this region is bounded by the graph of y = x and the x-
axis. When 2 < x < 4, this region is bounded by the graph of y = x and the graph of x – 2.
Hence,

2 4 4 2 10  4 2 10
A  xdx   ( x  ( x  2))dx    .
0 2 3 3 3

However, if we look along the y-axis, this region is bounded by x = y2 and x = y + 2, 0  y  2.

Integrate along the y-axis from 0 to 2, we have

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MAT 1322 Lecture Notes Applications of Integrals

2 10
A= 
0
( y  2  y 2 )dy 
3
.

§ 6.2. VOLUMES

A. Finding the Volume of a Solid by the Areas of Cross Sections

Put the solid along an axis, say the x-axis, between x = a and x = b. If the area of a cross section
at a value of x, i.e., the intersection of this solid and a plane perpendicular to the x-axis, is A(x),
then the volume of the solid is

b
V   A( x )dx.
a

The x-axis may also be replaced by the y-, or z-axis.

Examples

6.2.1 Find the volume of a ball with radius R.

Let the center of the ball be the origin. The intersection of the ball and a horizontal plane with a
fixed value of z is a disk with radius r = R2  z2 .

Z
r Y
R z
X
O

Then the area of the cross section is A(z) = r2 = (R2 – z2). The volume of the upper half of the
ball is

R  1 R  2
V =   ( R 2  z 2 )dz    R3   z 3     R3 .
0
 3 z  0
 3

4 3
The volume of a ball of radius R is V = R .
3

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MAT 1322 Lecture Notes Applications of Integrals

6.2.2. A barn with a rectangular base is shown as in the following figure:

14

6
m

20

Find its volume.

Look at a horizontal cross section x meters under the top. The cross section is also a rectangle
with dimensions 14 + x and x by the properties of similar triangles as in the following figures:

14

x x
x 14
6 6 x

6 14
6

Then A(x) = x(14 + x), and the volume is

6
6  x3 
V= 
0
x (14  x )dx  7 x 2    324 m3.
 3  x 0

6.2.3. An area R on the x-y plane is bounded by y = x2 and y = x. A solid has R as the base, and
cross sections perpendicular to x-axis are squares. Find the volume of this solid.

y=x
R
y = x2

Look at a cross section of this solid with a plane parallel to the x-axis. This cross section is a
square, with side length a = x – x2. Then the area of a square is A(x) = a2 = (x – x2)2. Since the
intersections of the curves y = x and y = x2 are (0, 0) and (1, 1), the volume of the solid is

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MAT 1322 Lecture Notes Applications of Integrals

1
1 1  x3 x 4 x5  1
V   ( x  x ) dx   ( x  2 x  x )dx       .
2 2 2 3 4
0 0
3 2 5  x 0 30

B. The Volume of a Solid Obtained by Revolving a Region about an Axis or a Line Parallel to
an Axis

Suppose a solid S is obtained by revolving a region R in the x-y plane about a line L which is the
x-, or y-axis, or parallel to x-, or y-axis.

Let P be a plane perpendicular to L. The intersection of P and the region R is a line segment l.
When R revolves around L, this line segment l generates a cross section of the solid. This cross
section is a "washer" such that the inner circle is generated by an end of l, and the outer circle is
generated by the other end of l. Let the radius of the inner circle be rinner, and the radius of the
outer circle be router. Then the area of the cross section is A(x) = (router2 – rinner2)

Examples

6.2.4. An area R on the x-y plane is bounded by y = x2, y = x1/3.

(i) Find the area of the solid obtained by revolving R about x-axis.
Y
y=x1/3

y=x2
l
rout

rin
O X

rinner = x2, router = x1/3.

1
1 3 1  2
V    [( x )  ( x ) ]dx    x 4 / 3  x 5    .
1/ 3 2 2 2
0
5 5  x 0 5

(ii) Find the area of the solid obtained by revolving R about y-axis.
Y
x=y3
x=
l
rin
rout

O X

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MAT 1322 Lecture Notes Applications of Integrals

rinner = y3, router = y.

1
1 1 1  5
V    [( y ) 2  ( y 3 ) 2 ]dy    y 2  y 7    .
0
2 7  y 0 14

(iii) Find the area of the solid obtained by revolving R about the line y = 1.

Y
y=x1/3

y=x2
l

O X
rout
rin

y = −1

rinner = x2 + 1, router = x1/3 + 1.

1 1
V    [( x1/ 3  1)2  ( x 2  1)2 ]dx    ( x 2 / 3  2 x1/ 3  x 4  2 x 2 )dx
0 0
1
3 3 1 2  37
   x 5/ 3  x 4 / 3  x 5  x 3   
5 2 5 3  x 0 30

(iv) Find the area of the solid obtained by revolving R about the line x = 2:

Y x=y3 x=2
x=
l
rin
rout

O X

rinner = 2 − y , router = 2 – y3.

1 1
V    [(2  y 3 )2  (2  y )2 ]dy    ( 4 y 3  y 6  4 y  y )dy
0 0

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MAT 1322 Lecture Notes Applications of Integrals

1
 1 8 1  55
    y 4  y 7  y 3/ 2  y 2    .
 7 3 2  x 0 42

§ 6.3. FINDING VOLUMES BY CYLINDRICAL SHELLS

Let R be a region in the x-y plane under the graph of y = f (x) and above the graph of y = g(x) in
the interval [a, b]. Let L be a line parallel to the y-axis with equation x = x0 such that region R is
on one side of this line. We want to find the volume of the solid S obtained by revolving R about
L.

If the inverses of f (x) and g (x) can be found, then this problem may be solved either by the
method in the previous section, or the cylindrical shell method discussed in this section.
However, if the inverses cannot be found, then the cylindrical shell method is the only choice.

Consider a vertical line segment l at a given value of x between the graphs of f (x) and g(x). The
length of l is f (x) – g(x). When l revolves about axis L, we have a cylinder.

L
f (x)

l
r(x)
g(x)

The area of the cylinder is A(x) = 2r(x)(f (x) – g(x)), where r(x) is the distance between l and L.
Let this cylinder be a surface of a cylindrical shell with thickness dx. The volume of this
cylindrical shell is

V(x) = A(x)dx = 2r(x)(f (x) – g(x))dx.

Add up the volumes of these cylindrical shells with different values of x. When dx approaches
zero, we have the volume of solid S

b
V = 2  r ( x )( f ( x)  g ( x)) dx .
a

In particular, if g(x) = 0, i.e., the lower bound is the x-axis, then

b
V = 2  r ( x ) f ( x )dx
a

14
MAT 1322 Lecture Notes Applications of Integrals

When L is the y-axis, then r(x) = | x |. The volume is

b
V = 2  | x | ( f ( x )  g ( x ))dx .
a

In a similar way, we may consider the volume of solids obtained by revolving a region about the
x-axis or a line parallel to the x-axis.

Example

6.3.1. Let R be the region under the graph of y = 2x2 – x3 and above the x-axis in the first
quadrant.

(i) Find the volume of the solid obtained by revolving R about the y-axis.

y = 2x2 – x3

l
r(x) = x

O X

Let 2x2 – x3 = 0. x = 0, 2. The graph of y = 2x2 – x3 is above the x-axis in the interval 0 < x < 2.
The volume of the solid is

2 16
V = 2  x(2 x 2  x 3 )dx  .
0 5

Note that the inverse of this function y cannot be found. Hence the method that we used in the
previous section cannot be used.

(ii) Find volume of the solid obtained by revolving R about the line x = −1.

x = −1
y = 2x2 – x3

l
O
X
r(x) = x + 1
15
MAT 1322 Lecture Notes Applications of Integrals

The radius of a cylindrical shell at a value x is r = x + 1. The volume is

2 88
V = 2  ( x  1)(2 x 2  x 3 )dx  .
0 15

(iii) Find the area of the solid obtained by revolving the region under the graph of y = 2x2 – x3 in
the first quadrant about the line x = 2.

y = 2x2 – x3
x=2

l
r(x) = 2 − x
O X

The radius of a cylindrical shell at a value x is r = 2 – x.

2 32
V = 2  (2  x )(2 x 2  x 3 )dx  .
0 15

§ 6.4. WORK

The work done by a force F to move an object for a distance D is W = FD if the force F is a
constant, and every part of the object may be regarded as moving at the same distance D. When
the force or the distance is not a constant, the work cannot be calculated by a simple
multiplication. In such cases, to find the work needed to complete a job, subdivide the job into
small pieces, so that, in each small piece of the job, the change of the force and the difference of
the distance can be ignored, and the work needed to complete this small piece of job can be
calculated by a multiplication. Use an appropriate variable to specify which small piece of
the job is in consideration. Find the work needed to complete each small piece of the job,
which is expressed as a function of the chosen variable. Then use a definite integral to find the
total work needed to complete the entire job..

Examples

6.4.1. A rope of length 25 meters with weight 20 kilogram is hanging from the top of a building.
Find the work, in Joules, needed to pull it up to the top of the building.

The density of the rope is  = 20 / 25  0.8 kg/m, or 0.8g Newton per meter, where g

16
MAT 1322 Lecture Notes Applications of Integrals

 9.81 m/sec2 is the acceleration of gravity.

Because the force, which is the weight of the remaining part of the rope, is changing in the
process of pulling the rope, we look at the moment when the remaining length of the rope is L
meters. We want to find the work needed when the length of the remaining part of the rope
changes from L to L – dL, where dL is a very small number. Since the change of the length is
small, we can assume the force, i.e., the weight of the remaining part is a constant in thi small
part of the job.

The weight of the remaining part of the rope is w(L) = 0.8gL. The work need to reduce the
remaining length of the rope from L to L – dL is W(L) =w(L)dL = 0.8gLdL. The total work
needed to reduce the remaining length of the rope from 25 meters to 0 is

25
W  0.8 g  LdL  2452.5 J.
0

An alternative idea: Divide the job in a different way. Look at different part of the rope. Since
the distance between a small section and the top depends on which part of the rope. The distance
to be moved is different for different part of the rope.

Look at a small section with length dx that is x meters under the top of the building. The weight
of this section is w(x) = 0.8gdx. Because dx is very small, we may assume that the distance
between this section and the top of the building is x. The work needed to pull this section to the
top of the building is W(x) = xw(x) = 0.8xdx. The total work needed to pull the entire rope, with
x from 0 to 25, to the top of the building is

25
W  0.8 g  xdx  2452.5 J
0

6.4.2. The height of the great pyramid is 125 meters, the length of each side of its square base is
230 meters. The density of the stone that built the great pyramid is 3219 kg / m3. Find the work,
in Joules, needed to lift all the stone that built the great pyramid from the ground to its current
position. (g = 9.81 m/sec2).

Because the stone in different part of the great pyramid have different height, we look at a
horizontal layer of the great pyramid. Assume the layer is very thin, we may think that all the
stone at this layer has been lifted for the same height.

Let h be the height of a horizontal layer of the great pyramid with thickness dh. The volume of
this layer is V(h) = s2dh, where s is the length of each side of the horizontal square cross section
at this height. By the property of similar triangles,

s = 
230 
 (125  h).
 125 

17
MAT 1322 Lecture Notes Applications of Integrals

125 − h
125
s
h

230

A vertical cross section in the middle of the great

The weight of this layer is w(h) = s2gdh.

The work needed to lift this layer from the ground to height h is

W(x) = w(h)h = s2ghdh.

The total work needed is

125
 230  125 h 2  125h h 
2 2
 230 
2 2 3 4
125 125
W  s  ghdh  
2
  g 0 (125  h ) hdh  
2
    
0
 125   125   2 3 4  h 0
 230   125 2 
2 4
1 1
     1254   1254   g  (230  125) 2  g  2.17  1012 J.
 125   2 3 4  12

6.4.3. A tank of the shape of an inverted truncated pyramid as shown in the following figure is
filled with oil of density  = 700 kg/m3. The top of the tank is a square of side-length 5 meters,
the bottom of the tank is a square of side-length 2 maters, and the depth of the tank is 3 meters.

Find the work, in Joules, needed to pump the oil to a nozzle 1 meter above the top of the tank.
Nozzle
5 5 1
l (x)
3 3
x

2
2
a vertical cross section in the middle of the tank

Look at a horizontal layer of oil x meters above the bottom of the tank with thickness dx. This
layer is approximately a cylinder with a square base. The side-length of the square is l (x) = x + 2.
The volume of the cylinder is V(x) = (l (x))2dx = (x + 2)2dx. The weight of this layer is w(x) =
gV(x) = g(x + 2)2dx. The distance between this layer of oil and the nozzle is d(x) = 4 – x. The

18
MAT 1322 Lecture Notes Applications of Integrals

work needed to pump this layer of oil to the nozzle is W(x) = w(x)d(x) = g(x + 2)2(4  x)dx. The
total work needed is

3
W =  g  ( x  2)2 (4  x)dx  5.61  105 Joule.
0

Alternative solutions

A. Look at a horizontal layer of oil x meters under the top of the tank with thickness dx.

Nozzle
5 5 1

l (x) x
3 3

2
2
a vertical cross section in the middle of the tank

This layer is approximately a cylinder with a square base. The side-length of the square is l (x) =
5 − x. The volume of the cylinder is V(x) = (5 − x)2dx. The weight of this layer is w(x)
= g(5 − x)2dx. The distance between this layer of oil and the nozzle is d(x) = x + 1. The work
needed to pump this layer of oil to the nozzle is W(x) = w(x)d(x) = g(5 − x)2(x + 1)dx. The total
3
work needed is calculated by W =  g  (5  x)2 ( x  1)dx .
0

B. Look at a horizontal layer of oil x meters under the nozzle with thickness dx.

nozzle
5 5 1
x
l (x)
3 3

2
2
a vertical cross section in the middle of the tank

This layer is approximately a cylinder with a square base. The side-length of the square is l (x) =
6 − x. The volume of the cylinder is V(x) = (6 − x)2dx. The weight of this layer is w(x)
= g(6 − x)2dx. The distance between this layer of oil and the nozzle is d(x) = x. The work
needed to pump this layer of oil to the nozzle is W(x) = w(x)d(x) = gx(6 − x)2dx. The total work
4
needed is calculated by W =  g  x(6  x ) 2 dx .
1

6.4.4. The original length of a spring is 0.6 m. Suppose a force of 8 Newtons is needed to keep
it at a length 0.8 m. How much work, in Joules, has to be done to stretch it from 0.8 m to 1 m?

19
MAT 1322 Lecture Notes Applications of Integrals

According to Hock's law in physics, the force needed to stretch a spring is in proportion to the
extra length extended by the force. Since 8 N is needed to stretch the spring for an extra length
0.80  0.60 = 0.2 m, the force needed to stretch the spring to have an extra length L meters is

F(L) = (8 / 0.2)L = 40L Newton.

The work needed to stretch the spring from and extra length L to L + dL is

W(L) = F(L)dL = 40LdL.

The total work to stretch the spring from extra length 0.80  0.60 = 0.2 m, to 1.0  0.60 = 0.4 m
is

0.4
W 
0.4
40 LdL  20  L2  = 2.4 Joule.
0.2 0.2

§ 6.5. AVERAGE VALUE OF A FUNCTION

Let y = f (x). The average value of y in an interval [a, b] is

1 b
b  a a
y (a, b) = f ( x )dx .

Mean Value Theorem. If y = f (x) is continuous on [a, b], then there exists a value c, a  c  b,
such that f (c) = y (a, b).

Examples

x
6.5.1. Find the average value y (0, 4) of the function y = , 0  x  4, and find a value c,
9  x2
0  c  4, such that y(c) = y (0, 4).

1 4 x 1 25 1 1 25 1
yavg(0, 4) =
4 0
9 x 2
dx 
8 9 u
du 
8

 2 u 
 u  9
 .
2

1 c 1
To find a value c, 0  c  4 such that y(c) = , let  . Then
2 9c 2 2

2c  9  c2 ,4c2  9  c2 ,3c2  9, c  3 . The negative root is not in interval [0, 4].

20
MAT 1322 Lecture Notes Applications of Integrals

6.5.2. Suppose that the temperature (C) x hours after the midnight on September 1 is given by
x
the function T(x) = 15 − 5 cos  , 0  x  24. The average temperature from 9:00 to 15:00 is
12
15
1 15  x  1 12 x  10 2

6 9 
 15  5cos   dx  15 x  5  sin    15 
12  6  12  x 9 
 19.5C.

21
MAT 1322 Lecture Notes Improper Integrals

§ 7.8. IMPROPER INTEGRALS

A. Definitions

Type I. Infinite integration intervals:

 b b
I.1. 
a
f ( x )dx  lim  f ( x )dx , where
b a a
f ( x )dx is a proper integral for any b  a.

If the limit exists, this improper integral converges, and the limit is the value of this improper
integral. Otherwise, this improper integral diverges.

b b b
I.2.  
f ( x )dx  lim
a  a  f ( x )dx , where  a
f ( x )dx is a proper integral for any a  b.

If the limit exists, this improper integral converges, and the limit is the value of this improper
integral. Otherwise, this improper integral diverges.

 a 
I.3.  
f ( x )dx  

f ( x )dx   f ( x )dx , where a is an arbitrary finite number. If both
a
improper integrals on the right-hand side converge, this improper integral converges, and the
sum is the value of this improper integral. Otherwise, this improper integral diverges.

Type II. Function is not defined at a value in the interval of integration:

b b b
II.1.  a
f ( x )dx  lim  f ( x )dx , where f (x) is not defined at x = a and
c a c c
f ( x )dx is a proper
integral for any c, a < c  b.

If the limit exists, this improper integral converges, and the limit is the value of this improper
integral. Otherwise, this improper integral diverges.

b c c
II.2.  a
f ( x )dx  lim  f ( x )dx , where f (x) is not defined at x = b and
cb a  a
f ( x )dx is a proper
integral for any c, a  c < b.

If the limit exists, this improper integral converges, and the limit is the value of this improper
integral. Otherwise, this improper integral diverges.

b c b
II.3.  a
f ( x )dx   f ( x )dx   f ( x )dx , where f (x) is not defined at x = c. If both improper
a c
integrals on the right-hand side converge, this improper integral converges, and the sum is the
value of this improper integral. Otherwise, this improper integral diverges.

When an improper integral converges, we also say this improper integral is convergent. When
an improper integral diverges, we also say this improper integral is divergent.

22
MAT 1322 Lecture Notes Improper Integrals

B. Finding Improper Integrals by Definition

Examples

 1
7.8.1. 
1 xp
dx , p > 0.

This is an improper integral because the upper limit is infinity.

 1 b 1 1
 dx  lim  x  p dx 
b
When p  1, lim  x1 p   lim(b1 p  1) .
1 x p b  1 1 p b  1 1  p b

1
The limit is  if p < 1, and it is if p > 1.
p 1

 1 b 1
When p = 1, 1 x
dx  lim  dx  lim(ln b)  .
b 1 x b

1
Hence, this integral converges to if p > 1, and it diverges if p  1.
p 1

1 1
7.8.2.  0 xp
dx , p > 0.

1
This is an improper integral because is not defined when x = 0.
xp

1 1 1 1 1
 dx  lim  x  p dx 
1
When p  1, lim  x1 p   lim(1  a1 p ) .
0 x p a  0 a 1 p a  0 a 1  p a 0

1
The limit is  if p > 1, and it is if p < 1.
1 p

1 11
 dx  lim  dx  lim(  ln a)  .
1
When p = 1,
0 x a 0 a x a 0

1
This integral converges to if p < 1, and it diverges if p  1.
1 p

 1
7.8.3.  2 x ln x
dx .

23
MAT 1322 Lecture Notes Improper Integrals

This is an improper integral because the upper limit is infinity.

1  ln b 1
dx  lim  du  lim ln u  u ln 2  lim(ln(ln b)  ln ln 2)   , this improper
ln b
Since
2 x ln x b ln 2 u b b

integral diverges.

1

2
7.8.4. dx.
0
4  x2

1
This is an improper integral because is not defined when x = 2..
4  x2

1 x
Since  4  x2
dx  arcsin
2
C,

2 1 b 1  b  
0
4 x 2
dx  lim 
b 2 0
4 x
dx  lim  arcsin  arcsin 0   .
2 b 2  2  2


This improper integral converges with a value .
2

ln x
1
7.8.5.  0 x1/ 2
dx .

ln x
This is an improper integral because is not defined when x = 0.
x1/ 2

Using integration by parts, let u = ln x, v' = x−1/2. Then u' = x−1, and v = 2x1/2.

ln x
1
 0 x1/ 2 dx  lim
1 ln x

a 0  a x
1/ 2
dx  lim 
a 0 
2 x1/ 2
ln x 
1

 x a  2
1
a x 1/ 2
dx  2 lim 
a 0 
2 x
1/ 2 1
  4 .
x a

ln a 1/ a
Note that, by L'Hopital's Rule, lim a1/ 2 ln a  lim 1/ 2
 lim 3/ 2
 lim ( 2a1/ 2 )  0 .
a 0 a 0 a a 0 ( 1/ 2) a a 0

C. Determine the Convergence of an Improper Integral by Comparison Test

This method is used for positive functions only.

b b
Let 
a
f 1 ( x )dx and 
a
f 2 ( x )dx be improper integrals, where f 1(x)  f 2 (x)  0, a < x < b.

24
MAT 1322 Lecture Notes Improper Integrals

b b b
If 
a
f 1 ( x )dx converges, then a
f 2 ( x )dx converges. Equivalently, if a
f 2 ( x )dx diverges, then
b
a
f 1 ( x )dx diverges.

Suppose we want to use comparison test to determine the convergence of an improper integral
b
a
f ( x )dx . By ignoring "insignificant" terms or factors, find a function f *(x) that has "similar
behavior" as f (x). Use the convergence of this "simplified" function f *(x) to guess the
b
convergence of a
f ( x )dx .

b
If you guess that  a
f ( x )dx is convergent, find a function g(x)  f (x) "similar" to the "simplified
b b
function" f *(x) such that  a
g ( x )dx is convergent. Then improper integral a
f ( x )dx is
convergent by the comparison test.

b
If you guess that  a
f ( x )dx is divergent, then find a function f (x)  g(x) "similar" to the
b b
"simplified function" f *(x) such that a
g ( x )dx is divergent, Then improper integral  a
f ( x )dx
is divergent by the comparison test.

The following examples illustrate this idea.

Examples

 x  cos 2 x
7.8.6. 1 x  x2
dx .

This integral is improper because the upper limit is infinity.

When x is large, compared with x, cos2 x, which is between 0 and 1, can be ignored. In the
denominator, when x is large, compared with x2 , x can be ignored. Hence, when x is large,
x  cos2 x 
the behavior of function is similar to function x2  1 . Since  1 dx diverges, we
xx 2
x x 1 x

 x  cos 2 x
guess improper integral 1 x  x2
dx is divergent.

Now we want to find a function similar to 1 that is smaller than x  cos 2x . Since cos2 x > 0,
2

x xx

25
MAT 1322 Lecture Notes Improper Integrals

x + cos2 x > x. On the other hand, when x > 1, x + x2 < 2x2. Hence, when x > 1,
x  cos2 x x 1  1 1 1  x  cos 2 x
xx 2
 2 
2x 2x
. Since 
1 2x
dx   dx diverges, improper integral
2 1 x 1 x  x2
dx

diverges.

1 x  cos2 x
7.8.7.  0 x  x2
dx .

This integral is improper because function x  cos 2x is not define at x = 0.

2

xx

When x is close to 0, cos2 x is close to 1, and x can be ignored. In the denominator, when x is
close to 0, compared with x , x2 can be ignored. Hence, when x is close to 0, the behavior of
function x  cos 2x is similar to function 1 . Since
2
1 1
xx x 0 x
dx converges, we guess improper

1 x  cos2 x
integral 
0 x  x2
dx is convergent.

Now we want to find a function similar to 1 that is bigger than x  cos 2x . Since, when 0 < x
2

x xx
< 1, cos x < 1 and x < 1, we have x + cos x < 2. On the other hand, x + x2 >
2 2
x . Hence,
when x is close to 0, x  cos 2x  2 . Since
2
1 2 1 1

xx x 
0 x
dx  2 
0 x
dx converges, improper integral

1 x  cos x 2

0 x  x2
dx converges.

The following examples are solved by the same idea:

 x 1
7.8.8.  1
x5  x 2
dx .

x 1 2x 2
When x is large, x + 1 < 2x and x5 + x2 > x5. Since   , and
x5  x 2 x5 x 3/ 2
 2  1  x 1
 1 x 3/ 2
dx  2 1 x3/ 2 dx converges, improper integral 1 x5  x 2 dx converges.
1 x 1
7.8.9.  0
x5  x 2
dx .

26
MAT 1322 Lecture Notes Improper Integrals

x 1 1
When 0 < x < 1, x + 1 > 1, x5 < x2, and x 5  x 2  x 2  x 2  2 x . Since  ,
x x5 2
2x
1 1 1 1 1 1 x 1
and  0 2x
dx 
2  0 x dx diverges, improper integral  0 x5  x 2 dx diverges.
 x 1
7.8.10.  1 x2  x
dx .

x x 1 x / 2 1  1 1 1
When x > 1, x − 1 >
2
, and x2 + x < 2x2. Since 2  
x  x 2x2 4x
, and  1 4x
dx  
4 1 x
dx
 x 1
is divergent, improper integral  2 dx is divergent.
1 x  x

1 x
1
7.8.11. 0 2 x  x dx .

When x is close to 0, x  x  0 . Hence, 2 x  x  x  ( x  x )  x .

1 x 2 2 1 2 1 1
Since   , and  dx  2  dx is convergent, improper integral
2 xx x x 0 x 0 x
1 1 x
 0 2 x  x dx is convergent.

27