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    Surface and Sub Surface Drainage System For Highways

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    RISHABH
    This document discusses surface and subsurface drainage systems for highways. It defines drainage as the process by which water leaches through soil layers. Proper drainage is important for plant health. Surface drainage is useful for quickly removing excess water in a controlled manner. Subsurface drainage, also called tile drainage, involves placing pipes underground to direct excess water away from plant root zones. The document describes different types of surface and subsurface drainage systems and their advantages and disadvantages.

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    Surface and Sub Surface Drainage System For Highways

    Uploaded by

    RISHABH
    3 views15 pages
    This document discusses surface and subsurface drainage systems for highways. It defines drainage as the process by which water leaches through soil layers. Proper drainage is important for plant health. Surface drainage is useful for quickly removing excess water in a controlled manner. Subsurface drainage, also called tile drainage, involves placing pipes underground to direct excess water away from plant root zones. The document describes different types of surface and subsurface drainage systems and their advantages and disadvantages.

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    SURFACE AND SUB SURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR HIGHWAYS

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    This document discusses surface and subsurface drainage systems for highways. It defines drainage as the process by which water leaches through soil layers. Proper drainage is important for plant health. Surface drainage is useful for quickly removing excess water in a controlled manner. Subsurface drainage, also called tile drainage, involves placing pipes underground to direct excess water away from plant root zones. The document describes different types of surface and subsurface drainage systems and their advantages and disadvantages.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    3 views15 pages

    Surface and Sub Surface Drainage System For Highways

    Uploaded by

    RISHABH
    This document discusses surface and subsurface drainage systems for highways. It defines drainage as the process by which water leaches through soil layers. Proper drainage is important for plant health. Surface drainage is useful for quickly removing excess water in a controlled manner. Subsurface drainage, also called tile drainage, involves placing pipes underground to direct excess water away from plant root zones. The document describes different types of surface and subsurface drainage systems and their advantages and disadvantages.

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    SURFACE AND SUB SURFACE

    DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR


    HIGHWAYS

    SUBMITTED BY:
    PUSHKAR ( 200230440052 )
    RAHUL ( 200230440053 )
    RAMNIWAS (200230440054 )
    RIPUDAMAN ( 200230440055 )
    WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY
    DRAINAGE ?
    DRAINAGE IS THE PROCESS IN WHICH WATER LEACHES
    DOWNWARD THROUGH THE UPPER SOIL LAYERS TO LOWER
    LAYERS , OR HOW SURFACE WATER IS REMOVED
    PROPER DRAINAGE IS IMPORTANT BECAUSE NOT ALL
    PLANTS PERFER MOIST CONDITIONS. IN NATURE CERTAIN
    MINERAL SUCH AS SAND PROVIDE RAPID DRAINAGE,
    WHILE HEAVY MINERALS LIKE CLAY CAN RESTRICT
    DRIANAGE.
    TYPES OF DRAINAGE

     SURFACE DRAINAGE
     SUB- SURFACE DRAINAGE ( TILE DRAINAGE )
    SURFACE DRAINAGE

     SURFACE DRAINAGE IS VERY USEFUL REMOVING EXCESS


    WATER FROM LAND IN A CONTROLLED MANNER AND AS
    QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE, TO AN ARTIFICIAL DRAINAGE SYSTEM
    OR NATURAL WATER COURSE .
     THIS SHOULD BE DONE WITH NO DAMAGE TO
    ENVIRONMENT.YPICAL APPLICATION FOR USING SURFACE
    DRAINAGE INCLUDED RAINING LARGE QUANTITIES OF
    SURFACE WATER OFF LAND QUICKLY INTERCEPTING WATER
    FLOWING DOWN FROM UPPER SLOPE TO LOWER LYING
    LANDINTERCEPTING RUN-OFF WATER FROM RESOURCES (EG.
    ROAD SIDE DRAINAGE, NEIGHBOURING PROPERTIES, DAM
    OVERFLOW)ACTING AS A COLLECTOR SYSTEM FROM SUB-
    SURFACE ( MOLE AND TILE DRAINS) DRAINAGE SYSTEM.
    TYPES OF SURFACE DRAINAGE

     SHALLOW SURFACE DRAINS(UPTO O.3M DEEP):-


    SHALLOW SURFACE DRAINS FORMED BY HAND SHOVEL
    OR SPINNER CUTTERS ARE MOST USEFULL FOR REMOVING
    PONDED WATER FROM SHALLOW DEPRESSIONS TO LARGE
    DRAINS OR STREAMS.
    DEEP SURFACE DRAINS

    MADE BY EXCAVATORS OR SPECIFIC DRAINAGE


    MACHINES ARE USUALLY "V" SHAPED WITH A FLAT
    BOTTOM WITH ENOUGH SLOPE (GRADIENT) TO
    ENSURE THAT THE WATER IS REMOVED QUICKLY BUT
    NOT CAUSE SCOURING OF THE DRAIN WALLS OR
    BOTTOM ( 0.3M TO 1M DEEP )
    DISADVANTAGES OF SURFACE
    DRAINAGE
     THEY NEED REGULAR CLEANING
     (SEDIMENT AND WEEDS) CAN BE DANGEROUS TO
    ANIMALS, MACHINERY, AND PEOPLE (IF UNFENCED)IF
    FENCED
     CLEANING IS MORE DIFFICULT
     FENCING ADDS EXTRA COST AND MAINTENANCE TEND
    TO BECOME DEEPER AND WIDER IF NOT MAINTAINED BY
    PROFESSIONAL MACHINERY OPERATORS
     NOT SUITABLE FOR SUB-SURFACE DRAINAGELOSS OF
    GROUND
    SUB-SURFACE DRAINAGES (TILE
    DRAINAGE)
     THE PROCESS OF DIRECTING EXCESS WATER AWAY FROM
    THE ROOT ZONES OF PLANTS BY NATURAL OR
    ARTIFICIAL MEANS, SUCH AS BY USING A SYSTEM OF
    PIPES AND DRAINS PLACED BELOW GROUND SURFACE
    LEVEL
    TYPES OF SUB-SURFACE
    DRAINAGE
     THERE ARE FOUR MAIN TYPES OF SUB SURFACE
    DRAINAGE SYSTEMS. THESE ARE:
     CORRUGATED AND PVC SLOTTED SUB SURFACE
     MOLE DRAINAGE
     INTERCEPTOR DRAINS
     GROUND WATER PUMPS
    SUB-SURFACE PIPES

     SUB SURFACE PIPES CAN BE USED TO DRAIN HEAVY


    (CLAY) POORLY DRAINED SOILS SUCCESSFULLY BUT
    THEIR SPACING WOULD NEED TO BE SO CLOSE
    TOGETHER THAT THEY ARE UNECONOMIC IN EXTENSIVE
    FARMLAND SYSTEMS.
     SUB SURFACE PIPE DRAINAGE WAS REFERRED TO AS
    'TILE DRAINAGE' IN THE PAST DUE TO THE USE OF SHORT
    CLAY PIPES. CLAY WAS EXPENSIVE AND DIFFICULT TO
    LAY AND HAS NOW BEEN REPLACED BY SLOTTED PVC OR
    FLEXIBLE CORRUGATED PLASTIC PIPES OF VARIABLE
    DIAMETERS
    MOLE DRAINAGE

     MOLE DRAINAGE CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS MOLE DRAINS,


    MOLE DRAINS OVER ACOLLECTOR PIPE SYSTEM OR
    GRAVEL MOLE DRAINS.
     THE SUITABILITY OF EACH TYPE WILL DEPEND ON THE
    CLAY CONTENT AND TYPE, SAND AND/OR STONE IN THE
    PROFILE, GRADIENT AND OUTFALL LOCATION.
     THE ACTION OF THE MOLE PLOUGH FORMS A MOLE
    CHANNEL IN THE AREA OF THE SOIL PROFILE WITH A
    SPECIFIC CLAY CONTENT. THE PLOUGH ALSO CRACKS
    THE SOIL PROFILE IMMEDIATELY ABOVE THE MOLE
    CHANNEL ALLOWING WATER TO FLOW INTO IT.
    INTERCEPTOR DRAINS

     THESE DRAINS ARE INSTALLED AT THE BASE OF SLOPES


    AT THE CHANGE OF GRADIENT, USUALLY WHERE A
    STEEPER SLOPE MEETS THE FLATS TO INTERCEPT THE
    DOWNHILL FLOW OF SUB SURFACE WATER.
     OFTEN THE SOIL TYPE ON THE SLOPE IS MORE
    PERMEABLE THAN THOSE OF THE FLATS AND THIS
    FORCES THE WATER TO COME TO THE SURFACE,
    USUALLY AT THE CHANGE OF SLOPE.
    PUMP OUTLET

     THESE REMOVE WATER FROM AQUIFERS SO THAT THE


    WATER TABLE WILL FALL OR BE MAINTAINED AT A
    SUITABLE LEVEL BELOW THE GROUND SURFACE
     THE ACT OF PUMPING CAUSES A DRAWDOWN OF
    GROUND WATER LEADING OUT FROM THE PUMP'S
    LOCATION WITH ITS EFFECT BEING MUCH LESS AT
    DEPTH.
     THE EXTENT OF EFFECT WILL DEPEND ON AQUIFER
    DEPTH, SOIL TYPEHEIGHT OF WATER TABLE, ETC
    DISADVANTAGES OF SUBSURFACE
    DRAINAGE
     IT CAN BE EXPENSIVE TO INSTALL AND MAINTAIN
     SUB SURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS CAN BE COSTLY TO INSTALL.
    ADDITIONALLY, IT WILL NEED TO BE MAINTAINED ON A REGULAR
    BASIS TO ENSURE IT FUNCTIONS CORRECTLY, MAKE SURE YOU
    CHECK FOR BLOCKAGES AND DEBRIS THAT MAY BE OBSTRUCTING
    THE FLOW OF WATER REGULARLY.
     CAN CONTAMINATE BODIES OF WATER IF NOT WELL MAINTAINED,
    SUB SURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS CAN CONTRIBUTE TO
    CONTAMINATION ISSUES.
     IT CAN CHANNEL NITRATE DIRECTLY INTO LARGE BODIES OF WATER
    CLOSE TO YOU SUCH AS RIVERS AND LAKES.F YOU FIND IT
    CHALLENGING TO GET RID OF THE WATER THAT ACCUMULATES IN
    YOUR GARDEN OR AROUNDYOUR HOME.
    THANK YOU

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