A PROJECT

ON

EFFECT OF SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL ON GROUND WATER QUALITY

(A CASE STUDY OF SMALL MARKET AREA IN BIDA NIGER STATE)

BY

MOSHOOD KHALID TOMIWA

2021/143972EC

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

THE FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC BIDA

NIGER STATE

JULY, 2023
 CHAPTER 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

1.2 Aim and Objectives

1.2.1 Aim

1.1.2 Objectives

1.3 Statement of Problem

1.4 Significant of the Study

1.5 Scope of the Study

1.6 Limitation

CHAPTER 2

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Review of Related Literature

2.3 Groundwater Resources

2.4 Groundwater Quality

2.5 Water Quality Standards and Guidelines

2.7 Waste Generation and Disposal

CHAPTER 3

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Study Area

3.3 Reconnaissance

3.4 Sample Collection

3.5 Method

3.6 Test Procedures

3.7 Physical Analysis

 3.7.1 Turbidity Test

3.7.2 Color Test

3.7.3 Temperature Test

3.8 Chemical Analysis

3.8.1 Total Hardness Test

3.8.2 PH Test

3.8.3 Total Suspended Solids Test

3.8.4 Total Dissolved Solids Test

3.8.5 Phosphate Test

3.8.6 Nitrate Test

3.8.7 Ammonia Test

3.8.8 Chlorine Test

3.8.9 Dissolved Oxygen Test

3.9 Bacteriological Analysis

3.9.1 Presumption Test

3.9.2 Confirmatory/confirmed Test

3.9.3 Completed Test.

3.9.4 Preparation of the Media

3.9.5 Nutrient Ager (NA)

CHAPTER 3

44.0 DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Analysis of physical parameters

4.3 Analysis for chemical parameter

REFERENCE
 CHAPTER 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Groundwater is one of the most important natural resources which contribute to the
global freshwater supply. In Nigeria, groundwater provides much of the public and
domestic water supply, supports agricultural and industrial economies, and
contributes its flow to rivers, lakes and wetlands; and this helps in maintaining
balance in the ecosystem (Aizebeokhai, 2011). Groundwater is the primary source of
potable water in most parts of Nigeria, particularly in rural areas, which rely on
domestic (private) hand-dug wells (Aizebeokhai, 2011). According to Kumar (2013)
despite its reliability, this precious and vital resource is under increasing threats
attributed to above ground anthropogenic activities related to uncontrolled
urbanization, incessant waste disposal and poor land use management. In addition,
the usefulness of groundwater to humans essentially depends on its chemical status,
thus, assessment of groundwater quality is important for the socioeconomic
development of most developing and developed countries of the world (Kumar,
2013).
Groundwater quality is an important factor in the context of sustainable water
management, the integrity of underlying aquifers is mainly affected by pollution
from above ground sources, particularly solid waste disposal (Kumar, 2013).
Uncontrolled urban growth and its resultant effect, especially in developing nations
like Nigeria, can adversely affect the quality of underlying groundwater if not
properly controlled (Putra and Baier, 2008). With a rapid population growth of about
2.5% per annum, the demand 2 for water supply has progressively increased over the
last three decades. The provision of safe drinking water has actually deteriorated -
access in urban areas fell from 55 million people to 27 million people in 2002 in
African cities (Jacobsen et al., 2012). This is largely due to poor management,
inadequate technical capabilities, lack of investment and insufficient manpower and
their training (Hanidu, 1990). Furthermore, the institutions responsible for water
supply in Nigeria are both ineffective and fragmented; thus, a transition is needed to
bring about a thorough and holistic change to the current system (Jefferies and
Duffy, 2011).
Solid waste dumpsites which have been identified as one of the major threats
to groundwater resources receive a mixture of municipal, commercial and mixed
industrial wastes. Moreover, studies on the effects of unlined waste dumps on the
host soil and underlying shallow aquifers have shown that soil and groundwater
systems can be polluted due to poorly designed waste disposal facilities (Amadi et
al., 2012). Groundwater contamination in a dumpsite facility occurs mainly due to
the contaminant potential of leachate from the waste body. These leachates are
solutions, essentially organic or inorganic complexes of biodegradation components
of solid wastes flowing from the refuse dumps, saturated with rainwater (Kassenga
and Mbluligwe, 2009).

As reported by Sankoh et al. (2013) open dumpsite approach as solid waste

disposal method is a primitive stage of solid waste management in many parts of the
world. It is one of the most poorly rendered services by municipal authorities in
developing countries as the systems applied are unscientific, outdated and inefficient.
Moreover, solid waste disposal sites are commonly found both within and on the
outskirts of developing urban
 1.2 Aim and Objectives

1.2.1 Aim

The aim of this study is to evaluate the possible impacts of solid waste disposal
practice on the quality of local ground water source in BIDA Along small
market, as a means of understanding the interaction between solid waste
management and water source in the research area

1.1.2 Objectives

The objectives of this research are:

i. To evaluate the physical, biological and chemical effects of solid wastes on

ground water quality.

ii. To compare the result of the analysis with W.H.O standard

iii. To determine whether water pollution poses risk to both people and animals

living in the research area.

1.3 Statement of Problem

All throughout the world, emphasis is currently being paid to the issue of solid waste

and how it affects the quality of subsurface water. The country has seen a significant

problem with waste generation recently, making this project necessary. In fact, the
existence of wastes dispersed throughout cities, villages, and even in our higher

education institution poses a hazard to public health and lower the pleasant level

anticipated of these places.

1.4 Significant of the Study

The quality of environment can be expressed in term of the air we breathe, the food

we eat, the water we drink and the house we live as well as the non contamination of

our beautiful environment through sustainable living. No doubt, the antithesis of this

is the unwholesome dumping of unsorted an untreated waste material into dumpsite

and wide space in the ground. It is essential to carry out an intensive study at

monitory the nature and extent of such pollution on ground water quality. Such study

will help to produce data that will be useful in the determination of the ideal

treatment that can be applied where ground water resources are contaminated and

legislation to control types of solid waste disposal and thus guarantee quality controls

of groundwater reservoirs as well as surface water.

1.5 Scope of the Study

The scope of this research includes carrying out reconnaissance survey of the

project area and location of the solid waste area and other important feature. The

research will also cover collection and analysis of the waste water sample from

the solid waste area in the laboratory, the rate of pollution as a result of the

discharge of waste water into the surface water can easily be assessed.
1.6 Limitation

The study determines the effect of solid waste on the quality of groundwater.

The parameter measured were limited by financial constraints and time hence the

results are limited in revealing the trends over time.

CHAPTER 2

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

This chapter presents a comprehensive review of existing literature and research

studies related to the topic of the effect of solid waste disposal on ground water
quality. The literature review aims to provide a theoretical and empirical foundation
for the current study, highlighting the key concepts, theories, and findings that are
relevant to the research objectives. This chapter will contribute to a better
understanding of the factors influencing the effect of waste disposal site on ground
water quality and provide insights into potential mitigation measures.
2.2 Review of Related Literature

The quality of urban groundwater in Nigeria is influenced by a variety of factors, as

elucidated by Ocheri and Odoma (2013). These factors encompass the geology and
geochemistry of the environment, the pace of urbanization, industrialization, the
presence of landfill and dumpsite leachates, the occurrence of heavy metals,
bacteriological pollution, and the seasonal variations in the region.
In a comprehensive study conducted by Ufoegbune et al. (2009) in
Abeokuta, located in the southwest region of Nigeria, and by Adamu et al.
(2013) in Kano, situated in the north-central part of the country, groundwater
quality was assessed. The results revealed elevated concentrations of zinc,
iron, and lead in Abeokuta, surpassing the limits prescribed by the World
Health Organization (WHO). In Kano, various parameters such as pH,
conductivity, alkalinity, and total dissolved solids exhibited lower values in
the quartzite area in comparison to the granite, schist, and gneiss areas.
Dan-Hassan et al. (2010) found some areas with acidic water, low
total dissolved solids, and reduced dissolved oxygen. A hydrochemical
assessment of groundwater in the Dadin-Kowa area of Bauchi, as conducted
by Anudu et al. (2010), indicated that groundwater in the region ranged from
slightly acidic to slightly alkaline, with varying levels of hardness. This
assessment revealed concentrations of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg),
sodium (Na), potassium (K), iron (Fe), bicarbonate (HCO3), sulfate (SO4),
and chloride (Cl). Concentrations of iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb)
exceeded the prescribed limits for drinking water.
Tse and Adamu (2012), in their study on the chemical and
bacteriological analyses of hand-dug wells in Makurdi town, reported slightly
acidic water, moderate hardness, and low total dissolved solids. Traces of
heavy metals such as iron, zinc, copper, lead, and cadmium were detected,
and high concentrations of coliform bacteria were noted in all the wells.
In Bama and Konduga towns in Bornu State, located in the Sudan
Sahelian ecological zone, Danmo et al. (2013) identified nitrate, manganese,
and fecal coliform concentrations exceeding WHO permissible limits in both
hand-dug wells and boreholes.
Idris-Nda et al. (2011) appraised the chemical quality of groundwater
in Minna metropolis and found high concentrations of magnesium, copper,
arsenic, and lead. The dominant cations included manganese and sodium,
while high anion concentrations were noted.
In the bustling Ibadan Metropolis, Ayantobo et al. (2012) assessed
water quality from hand-dug wells. They noted objectionable levels of nitrate,
fecal coliform, and total coliform, which were particularly pronounced in
wells located close to domestic waste, abattoirs, pit latrines, stagnant water,
and drainage.
Bakari (2014) conducted a hydro chemical assessment of groundwater
quality in the Chad Basin around Maiduguri. The parameters analyzed,
including pH, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, calcium,
magnesium, sodium, potassium, phosphate, sulfate, nitrate, and chloride,
generally fell within WHO-prescribed limits, except for chloride, sulfate, and
phosphate.
Ocheri and Odoma (2013), in a baseline study, examined the quality
of water from boreholes in Lokoja town. They noted that concentrations of
total coliform and lead exceeded the Nigerian drinking water standard limit.
The study also revealed correlations between coliform and nitrate, total
dissolved solids, calcium, and lead.
Ocheri and Ode (2012) assessed the quality of water from hand-dug
wells in Oju town, Benue State. They found concentrations of iron, nitrate
(NO3), and coliform above the WHO-prescribed limit for drinking water.
These findings were attributed to factors such as the shallow depth of the
wells, proximity to latrines/soakaways, improper well construction, and land
use.
Babagana et al. (2009) assessed tap and borehole water in Maiduguri
and found that the concentrations of sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium
(Ca), magnesium (Mg), and iron (Fe) were within WHO limits, while zinc
(Zn), chromium (Cr), and cadmium (Cd) exceeded the WHO limits.
In the industrial areas of Ilupeju and Agbara, Odukoya and Abimbola
(2010) observed that effluents discharged had polluted groundwater sources,
with high concentrations of elements exceeding WHO allowable limits in
drinking water. These elements included cadmium, antimony, barium,
tellurium, tungsten, copper, lead, and nickel, and they were linked to
industrial effluents.
Oladunjoye et al. (2011) employed geo-electrical imaging to assess
the impact of waste dumps on groundwater quality in Ibadan. They concluded
that high concentrations of leachate toward lower elevations indicated the
likelihood of the adjoining stream being prone to pollution from leachate
from the dumpsite.
In some parts of Akure metropolis, Bayode et al. (2012) assessed the
impact of waste dumpsites on groundwater quality. Their analysis revealed
that parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids,
calcium, and nitrate concentrations exceeded WHO-prescribed limits for
drinking water. This was particularly notable in water samples collected
within the vicinity of the dumpsite, suggesting that leachates may have
contributed to the elevated concentration levels.
Oyeku and Eludoyin (2010) assessed heavy metal pollution of
groundwater resources in the Ojota area of Lagos metropolis. They observed
that hand-dug wells and boreholes near the Olusosun landfill were
contaminated with heavy metals. The uncontrolled disposal of lead batteries
and spent petroleum products likely caused the relatively high levels of lead,
copper, and iron in groundwater.
Nwankwoala et al. (2011) investigated heavy metal pollution of
groundwater in Yenegoa town, noting concentrations exceeding WHO
allowable limits for iron, manganese, nickel, chromium, lead, arsenic,
cadmium, mercury, and copper. This pollution was attributed to industrial
discharges and subsurface injection of chemicals in this oil-producing area.
 Afolayan et al. (2012) conducted research on the hydrological
implications of solid waste disposal on groundwater quality in urbanized
areas of Lagos State, Nigeria. Analysis of water samples revealed that the
temperature of the groundwater samples was generally average, with some
exceptions. Total suspended solid concentrations were greatly high in some
wells, undetected in others, and average or below the standard limit in the
remaining samples. Most of the water samples exhibited high levels of heavy
metals, surpassing WHO standard limits.
Akinbile (2012) explored the environmental impact of landfills on
groundwater quality and agricultural soils in Akure, Nigeria. The study
involved the analysis of turbidity, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, total
dissolved solids, total hardness, iron, nitrate, chloride, calcium, copper, zinc,
and lead in water samples. The results indicated that most of these parameters
pointed to pollution, although they generally remained within the WHO-
prescribed limits. This implied that the boreholes in the area were not
strongly polluted but still required treatment before use. The study also
revealed that the soil was unsuitable for crop production due to pollution.
These studies collectively highlight the various challenges and issues
related to groundwater quality in different regions of Nigeria. Factors such as
industrial pollution, contamination from waste dumpsites, and the presence of
heavy metals have a significant impact on the safety and suitability of
groundwater for consumption and other purposes. Addressing these
challenges and implementing appropriate water treatment and management
strategies is essential to ensure access to safe and clean groundwater for the
population.

2.3 Groundwater Resources

Groundwater (in aquifers) makes up about 41.3% of the world water and
20% of the fresh water supply, which is about 61% of the entire worlds
domestic fresh water supply. In addition, many consider ground water as a
potential source of drinking water that cannot be polluted because it is
naturally protected from pollution by layers of soils and rocks, yet pollution
of ground water has always been with us, because of the close links to human
activities (Philip, 2004). Water-well is an excavation or structure made
vertically to the ground by digging, driving, boring or drilling to have access
to ground water (Garba et al., 2008). Groundwater in the alluvial aquifers is
usually fresh; however, high salinity related to dissolution of evaporated
minerals has been recognized in some cases (Aizebeokhai, 2011).
According to Kola-Olusanya (2011) groundwater forms that part of
the natural water cycle present within underground strata or aquifers.
Groundwater is not only abstracted for supply or river regulated purposes, it
also naturally feeds surface-waters through springs and passages into rivers
and it is often important in supporting wetlands and their ecosystems. The
development and efficient management of groundwater resources is of
particular concern in Africa especially in humid tropics of Nigeria in which
groundwater accounts for 80% of its water supply. There are relative scarcity
of water resources, quality degradation, high evaporation rates and high
levels of anticipated future demands in Nigeria (Offodile, 2002).
Groundwater is the most reliable water supply source for 8 domestic,
agricultural and industrial uses in Nigeria and other countries across the
world. However, despite its reliability, this precious and vital resource is
under increasing threats attributed to above ground anthropogenic activities
related to uncontrolled urbanization, incessant waste disposal and poor land
use management (Bakari, 2014).

2.4 Groundwater Quality

According Gupta (2011) the term water quality is used to describe physical,
chemical, and biological characteristics of water, usually with reference to its
suitability for a particular purpose. According to Schutte (2006) a number of
groundwater quality investigations have been carried out in Nigeria, though these are
usually on local scales and consider a limited number of chemical constituents.
Although some high concentrations of other trace elements (barium, boron,
chromium, nickel, molybdenum, lead and uranium) were found in Nigeria, these
appear in only a few numbers of samples (BGS, 2003). The accepted quality of water
is subjective to what the water is going to be used for and this directly translate to the
procedures that can be used to determine the 13 availability and presence of ion
species in the water (Cordoba et al., 2010). According to Ravikumar et al. (2011) the
composition of groundwater in a region can be altered by processes such as
evaporation and transpiration, wet and dry deposition of atmospheric salts, oxidation
and reduction.
According to WHO (2008), safe drinking water should conform to the
following water quality characteristic; it should be free from pathogenic organisms,
low in concentration of compounds that are toxic to man, livestock, and plants, and
finally free from compounds that causes offensive taste and odour. This concern has
attracted overwhelming studies on the quality status of groundwater abstracted from
shallow wells (hand dug wells) and deep wells (boreholes) for human consumption
in urban areas of Nigeria (Ocheri et al., 2010). Groundwater in the arid and semi-arid
regions plays an important role as freshwater source for different uses such as
domestic, agricultural and industrial purposes. So, the groundwater quality needs to
be given greater attention in these areas. It is estimated that approximately one third
of the world‟s population uses groundwater for drinking (Nickson et al., 2005).
Assessing groundwater quality and developing strategies to protect aquifers from
contamination are necessary for proper planning and designing water resources
(Akinbile and Yusoff, 2011).

2.5 Water Quality Standards and Guidelines

To ensure that water is suitable for human consumption and use, standards and
guidelines were developed by standard organization of Nigeria (SON); Nigerian
Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) and World Health Organization
(WHO) as criteria to determine suitability. The guidelines are in the form of
numerical values for constituents of water or indicators of water quality (WHO,
2008). The primary purpose of the guidelines for drinking water quality is the
protection of public health and to improve access to safe drinking water (WHO,
2004). The WHO water guidelines are divided into four aspects. That is; microbial,
chemical, radiological and the acceptability aspects (physical aspect).
According to WHO (2008) the biological properties refer to the presence of
organisms that cannot be seen by the naked eye and these include microorganisms
such as protozoa, bacteria and viruses. The physical properties define the water
quality properties that may be determined by physical methods such as conductivity
and turbidity measurement. The physical quality 18 mainly affects the aesthetic
quality (taste, odour and appearance) of water. The physical quality of water is
determined by intrinsic characteristics; temperature, viscosity, and surface tension as
well as by dissolved and colloidal substances in the water (WHO, 2008). Other
physical properties such as electrical conductivity, colour, taste and odour are
determined by the presence of dissolved and colloidal substances in the water. Some
characteristics of water are often indicated as physical characteristics, while they are
in fact chemical in nature, pH being an example (WHO, 2008). The chemical aspects
describe the nature and concentration of dissolved substances such as salts, metals
and organic chemicals. Generally, many chemical substances at the appropriate
concentrations in water are essential nutrients that are required as daily intake but at
high concentrations, they make water unpalatable and cause illnesses (WHO, 2008).
The guideline values by WHO have been selected to represent the concentration of a
constituent that does not result in a significant risk to the health of the consumer after
long-term consumption. Guideline values have been set based on the practical level
of treatment achievability or analytical achievability (WHO, 2004).

2.6 Municipal Solid Waste

According to Omole and Alakinde (2013) municipal solid waste are regarded as
discarded materials arising from operational activities taking place in different land
use such as residential, commercial and industrial. Domestic or residential wastes are
those that are collected from dwelling places on a regular basis, such waste include
organic matter resulting from preparation and consummation of food, rags, nylon
and ashes which are the remains after various cooking and heating processes. In
addition, the commercial wastes are those that arise from shops, supermarkets,
market and others; they include paper carton, polythene bags and nylons (Omole and
Alakinde, 2013). Sharma (2010) classified solid waste as garbage which includes
man made waste from food, rubbish which comprise of non-biodegradable or non-
decomposable waste either combustible (such as papers, wood and cloths) or non-
combustible (such as metals, glass, ceramics and polythene).

2.7 Waste Generation and Disposal

Abila and Kantola (2013) indicated that there has been a continuous increase of
municipal solid waste production by households, educational institutions and
commercial institutions among others. They observed that indiscriminate disposal of
municipal waste is increasingly becoming a prominent habit in most urban cities of
Nigeria. According to them, municipal waste generators in Nigeria include
household, commercial, industrial, agricultural and institutional establishments
among others. Increasing rate of urbanization, rapid economic growth and the rise in
community living standards has no doubt been responsible for the large volume of
wastes being generated daily in Nigeria’s urban centers. Thus, the quantity and rate
of solid waste generation in a city is largely a function of population, level of
industrialization, socio-economic status and the kinds of commercial activities
(Anyanwu and Adefila, 2014).
According to Ogwueleka (2009), Nigeria generates 25 million tonnes of
municipal solid waste annually and the waste generation rates ranged from 0.66
kg/cap/d in urban areas to 0.44 kg/cap/d in rural areas as opposed to 0.7-1.8
kg/cap/day in developed countries. 30 Discarded materials generated from domestic
and community activities or from industrial, commercial and agricultural operations
commonly referred to as solid wastes has remained a major source of concern to
government at all levels particularly at this period of dwindling economic resources.
Proper establishment of solid waste management systems require basic information
on the nature of wastes, its composition, physical & chemical characteristics and
generated quantities (Ogwueleka, 2009). Composition of Municipal Solid Waste
provides a description of the constituents of the wastes and it differs widely from
place to place. The most striking difference is the difference in organic content which
is much higher in the low income areas than the high income areas. Generally
wealthy individuals are toward to discard more recyclables and items that can be
repaired or reused (Martin and Medina, 2000).

CHAPTER 3

3.0 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter deals with the sampling and analytical method that was adopted in the
cause of this project in other to achieve the purpose of the research.
3.2 Study Area

The study was carried out in Bida local government area of Niger state. The
dumpsite is located along small market area of Bida town. Bida town has a
population of 188,181 as at 2006 national censuses and area of 51km square.

Fig 3.1 Bida road along small market

 Fig 3.2 Bida metropolis

3.3 Reconnaissance

The reconnaissance survey conducted in the study area played a pivotal role in
gathering essential firsthand information and data. This survey provided an
invaluable opportunity for a direct physical examination and assessment of waste
disposal practices and their proximity to boreholes and wells within the research
area. One of the key aspects of the survey involved meticulously documenting the
distances between the waste disposal sites and the critical water sources such as
boreholes and wells.

3.4 Sample Collection

Following the reconnaissance, the sample collection process was meticulously

executed to ensure the integrity of the samples. Clean and sterile containers were
employed to collect these samples, thereby minimizing the risk of contamination. In
total, four borehole water samples and two well water samples were gathered from
various locations in close proximity to the research area. These samples were then
carefully transported to the laboratory for comprehensive analysis.

3.5 Method

The methodology adopted for the analysis encompassed a variety of parameters,

including physical, chemical, and bacteriological assessments. The physical analysis
consisted of critical examinations such as turbidity, color, temperature, and
conductivity. These factors were essential in evaluating the immediate visual and
environmental characteristics of the water sources.
The chemical analysis further delved into the composition of the water
samples. This encompassed crucial parameters such as total hardness, pH value, total
suspended solids, total solids, phosphate levels, nitrate and nitrite content, ammonia
concentration, chlorine levels, and dissolved oxygen. These assessments were vital in
determining the chemical composition of the water, especially in relation to potential
contamination from nearby waste disposal practices.
The bacteriological analysis was equally comprehensive, involving
presumption tests, confirmation tests, and complete tests. The preparation of media,
including the use of Nutrient Agar (NA), was an integral part of this analysis,
enabling the cultivation and identification of microbial organisms present in the
water samples.
This comprehensive approach to data collection and analysis is essential in
assessing the potential risks associated with waste disposal practices and their
proximity to vital water sources. It ensures a well-rounded understanding of the
environmental factors at play in the study area and is instrumental in making
informed decisions for the future.

3.6 Test Procedures

Title: Water Quality Testing Procedures

Aim: To evaluate various physical, chemical, and bacteriological aspects of water
quality.

3.7 Physical Analysis

Physical analysis is performed to determine the water's physical characteristics. This

includes tests for turbidity, color, temperature, and conductivity.

3.7.1 Turbidity Test

Title: Turbidity Test

Aim: To measure the turbidity content in the water sample.
Theory: Turbidity quantifies suspended and colloidal material in the water.
Apparatus: Turbid meter machine, sample bottle, turbidity standard solution
(0.02NTU).
Procedure:
1. Connect the turbid meter machine to a power source.

2. Allow it to warm for approximately 10 minutes.

3. Calibrate the machine with a 0.02NTU standard.

4. Pour the water sample into the turbidity test tube.

5. Read and record the value displayed on the screen.

3.7.2 Color Test

Title: Color Test

Aim: To assess the color of the water sample.
Theory: Color comparison with a standard using a color compartment measures the
color content.
Apparatus: Sampling bottle, comparator, color disc, beaker, test tube.
Procedure:
1. Measure 10ml of the water sample into a test tube.
2. Insert the test tube into the left-hand comparator.
3. Rotate the color disc until it matches the water sample's color.

3.7.3 Temperature Test

Title: Temperature Test

Aim: To determine the water sample's temperature.
Theory: Temperature indicates the hotness or coldness of the sample.
Apparatus: Multi-parameter measuring meter, beaker, thermometer.
Procedure:
1. Connect the instrument to a power source.
2. Place the water sample in the beaker.
3. Insert the thermometer into the sample.
4. Read and record the temperature value from the instrument.

3.7.4 Conductivity Test

Title: Conductivity Test

Aim: To measure the water's ability to conduct electricity.
Theory: Specific conductivity assesses the total dissolved salt content in water.
Apparatus: Conductance resistance meter, beaker.
Procedure:
1. Connect the instrument to a power source.
2. Immerse the conductance cell into the sample.
3. Read and record the conductivity value.
3.8 Chemical Analysis

Chemical analysis determines the water's chemical properties. This includes tests for
total hardness, pH, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, phosphate, nitrate,
nitrite, ammonia, chlorine, and dissolved oxygen.

3.8.1 Total Hardness Test

Title: Total Hardness Test

Aim: To determine the total hardness in the water sample.
Theory: Hardness in water indicates the presence of magnesium and/or calcium salts
that form scum when reacting with soap.
Apparatus: Beaker, scissors, total hardness tablet, stirring rod, calibrating bottle.
Procedure:
1. Wash and rinse the calibrating bottle.
2. Measure 50ml of water sample into the calibrating bottle.
3. Cut the tablet sachet with scissors and add the tablet to the water.
4. Shake until the tablet is completely dissolved.
5. Observe the water's color to determine if more tablets are needed.

3.8.2 PH Test

Title: pH Test

Aim: To determine the pH level of the water sample.

Theory: pH measures the concentration of hydrogen ions in water.

Apparatus: Comparator, pH color disc, sample bottle, test tube.

Procedure:

1. Measure 5ml of water sample into the test tube.

2. Add 2 drops of pH indicator.
3. Shake vigorously.
4. Place the test tube into the comparator and rotate the disc until it matches the
sample's color.
5. Read and record the pH value.

3.8.3 Total Suspended Solids Test

Title: Total Suspended Solids Test

Aim: To determine the amount of suspended solids in the water sample.
Theory: Clay, silt, and colloidal particles in water's surface are the suspended solids.
Apparatus: Oven, filter paper, electronic weighing balance, desiccators, measuring
cylinder.
Procedure:
1. Dry the filter paper in an oven for about 20 minutes.
2. Weigh the filter paper to obtain the initial weight (W1).
3. Measure 50ml of water sample into the measuring cylinder.
4. Fold the filter paper into a funnel shape and insert it into the funnel.
5. Filter the water sample through the funnel.
6. Dry the filter paper in the oven for another 20 minutes.
7. Weigh the filter paper to obtain the final weight (W2).

3.8.4 Total Dissolved Solids Test

Title: Total Dissolved Solids Test

Aim: To determine the total dissolved solids in the water sample.
Theory: Total dissolved solids are the substances that remain after drying a sample
at a specified temperature.
Apparatus: Evaporating dish, oven, desiccators, weighing balance.
Procedure:
1. Oven-dry the evaporating dish at 100°C for 20 minutes.
2. Cool it in the desiccators for another 20 minutes.
3. Weigh the initial weight (W1) of the evaporating dish.
4. Heat the dish in an evaporating steam bath until all water dries up.
5. Transfer the dish to an oven at 100°C for 20 minutes.
6. Weigh the dish as the final reading (W2).

3.8.5 Phosphate Test

Title: Phosphate Test

Aim: To determine the phosphate content in the water sample.
Apparatus: Stirring rod, check kit, water sample.
Reagent: Phosphate tablet.
Procedure:
1. Remove the stopper from the check kit and rinse all three compartments with the
water sample.
2. Fill the two outer compartments with the water sample.
3. Fill the center compartment to compensate for any inherent color or turbidity.
4. Add the phosphate tablet to the sample.
5. Crush the tablet with a clean stirring rod.
6. Replace the stopper and allow it to stand for 10 minutes.
7. Shake the check kit vigorously until the tablet is completely dissolved.
8. Compare the color against the standard color using daylight and record the nearest
match as the phosphate concentration in mg/L.

3.8.6 Nitrate Test

Title: Nitrate Test

Aim: To determine the nitrate content in the groundwater sample.
Apparatus: Stirring rod, check kit.
Reagent: Nitrate/nitrite tablet, water sample.
Procedure:
1. Remove the stopper from the check kit and rinse with the water sample.
2. Fill both outer compartments of the check kit with the sample to the 10ml mark.
3. Fill the center compartment to compensate for any inherent color or turbidity.
4. Add the nitrate tablet to the relevant compartment and crush it with a clean stirring
rod.
5. Replace the stopper and firmly hold it in place.
6. Invert the check kit until the tablet is completely dissolved.
7. Allow the solution to stand for 10 minutes and shake it again.
8. Compare the color produced against the standard color using daylight and record
the nearest match.

3.8.7 Ammonia Test

Title: Ammonia (NH4 and N) Test

Aim: To determine the ammonia and ammonium content in the groundwater sample.
Apparatus: Stirring rod, check kit.
Reagent: Ammonia tablet.
Procedure:
1. Remove the stopper and rinse the three compartments of the check kit with the
water sample.
2. Fill the outer compartment with the water sample to the 10ml mark.
3. Fill the center compartment to compensate for any inherent color or turbidity.
4. Add the ammonia tablet to the water sample and crush it with a clean stirring rod.
5. Replace the stopper and shake the contents vigorously until the tablet is
completely dissolved.
6. Allow the solution to settle for 10 minutes, then shake it again.
7. Compare the color produced against the standard color using daylight, and record
the nearest match.

3.8.8 Chlorine Test

Title: Chlorine Test

Aim: To determine the chlorine content in the water sample.
Theory: Chlorine is used to reduce the risk of infectious diseases in drinking water.
Apparatus: Chlorine machine, chlorine test tube.
Reagent: DPD1 and DPD3 chlorine tablets.
Procedure:
1. Turn on the chlorine machine for 5 minutes.
2. Measure 10ml of the water sample into the test tube.
3. Add DPD1 and allow it to dissolve completely.
4. Introduce the test tube and its contents into the machine to take a reading.
5. Add DPD3 to the same chlorine tube and take another reading.
6. Subtract the reading of DPD1 from that of DPD3 to determine the chlorine
concentration.

3.8.9 Dissolved Oxygen Test

Title: Dissolved Oxygen Test

Aim: To determine the oxygen content in the water sample.
Apparatus: Dissolved oxygen sensitizer machine, measuring cylinder.
Procedure:
1. Measure 50ml of the water sample into the measuring cylinder.
2. Power on the machine and set it to zero.
3. Place the electrode into the measuring cylinder and press the reading button to take
a reading.
4. Repeat the process as needed.

3.9 Bacteriological Analysis

Bacteriological analysis assesses water quality using the Most Probable Number
(MPN) method, involving three stages: Presumption test, Confirmatory/confirmed
test, and Completed test using nutrient agar (NA).
3.9.1 Presumption Test

This test involves the use of lactose broth. Ten milliliter (1Oml) each of lactose broth
double strength(sterilize) is disposed into three (3) sterilize test tubes and ten
millimeter (1Oml) of lactose broth simple strength is dispensed in six (6) sterile test
tube ascetically. Ten millimeter (10mm) of each sample was ascetically introduce
into three tubes containing lactose broth double strength and one millimeter (1ml)
each of the sample was ascetically introduce into a three (3) of the (6) six tubes
containing lactose broth simple strength and zero point one millimeter (0.1ml) each
of the sample was also add to the rest of three (3) test tubes containing lactose broth
single in each of nine (9) test tubes a sterile Durham tube was place in an inverted
position. The test tubes was adequately coke with a piece of cotton wool that will be
wrapped in aluminum foil the test tube was the incubate at 27C FOR 24hours.The
colour will be observe and empty spaces in the Durham tube. The number of the test
tube with color change and gas production was compare with the standard provided
in most profitable number (MPN) statistical table.

3.9.2 Confirmatory/confirmed Test

This test tube continuation of the presumptive test in such a way that the resultant
test tubes that will show color changes and gas production was sub-culture onto
nutrient agar plates using spread plate method. The Petri-dishes was incubating at
37°C for 24hours.The plate was then observed for physical colonies under
microscopic digital colony counter.

3.9.3 Completed Test.

This test is also continuation of confirmatory of confirmed test in such a way that the
resultant colonies from confirmatory will be gran-staine and will be observe under
the microscope (100xobjectives) to determine the type of bacterial present in the
sample.
3.9.4 Preparation of the Media

Lactose macconkey powder was dissolved in 1000ml of distilled water. The solution
which will be in the conical flask was allow to stand for about ten minutes and cotton
wool in aluminum foil, and will be label single-strength lactose broth and sterilize in
an auto clave at 121°C for 15 minutes double-strength lactose preparing weighing
70g of macconkey powder and dissolved in 1000ml of distilled water, the solution in
the conical flask was allowed to stand for about 10 minutes and coke firmly which
with will be with a cover made by Wrapping cotton wool in aluminum foil and also
label as double strength lactose broth and was also be sterilize in an auto clave at
121°C for 5 minutes.

3.9.5 Nutrient Ager (NA)

28g of nutrients ager powder was weighed and dissolve in 50Oml of distill water; it
was sterilized in an auto clave at 121°C for 15 minutes.
 CHAPTER 4

44.0 DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

4.1 Introduction

The result analysis on the impact of solid waste on groundwater quality has yielded
valuable insight in this section; we will delve into the data and its interpretation,
examining how solid waste disposal practices have influenced the quality of
groundwater in the study area. And also identify key trends and correlations between
waste management and groundwater contamination, providing a comprehensive
analysis of our research findings.

4.2 Analysis of physical parameters

Table 4.1 Physical test for the water sample

Parameter Sample1 Sample2 Sample3 Sample4 Sample5 Sample6 WHO
Color 5HZ 5HZ 5HZ 5HZ 5HZ 5HZ NA
Temperature 28.5 28.0 28.1 29.0 28.4 28.5 NA
Turbidity 0.87 0.88 0.88 0.90 0.83 0.86 1 NTU
Conductivity 0.33 0.27 0.39 0.39 0.25 0.25 1.5us/cm

Color: Result analysis of the water sample for color test of all samples was 5 hazels.
The World Health Organization does not provide a specific standard for color test.
Temperature: Results analysis of the water sample for temperature of all six sample
range from 28.0℃ to 29.0℃. The World Health Organization does not provide a
specific standard for temperature test. The temperature of water does not pose a
direct risk to human or animals. But it can have indirect effect on human and animal
health in the following ways which include comfort and wellbeing, disinfection
efficiency.
Turbidity: The result analysis for water sample for turbidity test of all six samples
ranges from 0.83NTU to 0.90NTU and are all in permissible limits with the WHO
standard. Water with turbidity above the World Health Organization standard (2017)
which is ( 1 NTU) poses risk to public health, water quality and environment.
Conductivity: The results for water sample for conductivity test of all six samples
ranges from 0.25us/cm to 0.39us/cm and are all in permissible limit with WHO
standard. Water conductivity is primarily an indicator of the presence of dissolve
ions in water, which can include salt, minerals and other substance. The World
Health Organization sets guideline for various parameters in drinking water
including conductivity. The standard for drinking water conductivity set by WHO
(2017) is 1.5us/cm.
4.3 Analysis for chemical parameter

Table 4.2 Chemical test for the water sample

Parameter Sample Sample Sample Sample Sample Sample WHO
1 2 3 4 5 6 (2017)
PH 5.5 5.6 5.6 6.0 5.4 5.5 6.5-8.5
Total hardness 20 20 40 30 20 50 NA
Dissolve oxygen 12 13.3 11.9 15.1 12 13.2 NA
TSS 80 100 100 120 90 90 NA
TDS 90 100 80 100 60 80 500mg/l
Chlorine 21.8 19 18.2 20.8 22.1 18 NA
Ammonia 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.3 NA
Nitrite 0.05 0.03 0.1 0.3 O.2 0.0 3mg/l
Phosphate 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 NA
Nitrate 0.4 0.2 0.15 0..4 0.3 0.3 50mg/l

PH: The result of the analysis of the water sample for all six sample vary from 5.0-
6.0 and WHO recommend a PH level in drinking water between 6.5 and 8.5. Since
the PH value is within range it is in permissible limit with WHO standard.
Total hardness: the result analysis of the water sample for all six samples range from
20 to 40 and The World Health Organization does not provide a specific standard for
total hardness test.
Dissolve oxygen: the result analysis of the water sample for all six samples range
from 11.9 to 15.1 and The World Health Organization does not provide a specific
standard for dissolve oxygen test.
TSS: Total suspended solid is a measure of concentration of solids particles in water
that are not dissolve but remain suspended. the result analysis of the water sample for
all six samples range from 80mg/l to 100mg/l and The World Health Organization
does not provide a specific standard for total suspended solids.
TDS: The result of the analysis of the water sample for all six sample rane from
60mg/l to 100mg/l and WHO recommend a TDS level in drinking water 500mg/l.
Since the TDS value is within range it is in permissible limit with WHO standard.

4.4 Analysis of bacteriological parameters

Table 4.3 Presumptive test for the presence of gas in the treated water sample
Sample 10ml 1m 0.1 No of Remarks
name double single single positive tube
strength strength strength 100ml
Sample 1 000 000 000 000 Gas not present
Sample 2 000 000 000 000 Gas not present
Sample 3 000 000 000 000 Gas not present
Sample 4 000 000 000 000 Gas not present
Sample 5 000 000 000 000 Gas not present
Sample 6 000 000 000 000 Gas not present

Sample name Total coliform count cuf/ml WHO

Sample 1 0 <1
Sample2 0 1
Sample 3 0 1
Sample 4 0 1
Sample 5 0 1
Sample 6 0 1
 CHAPTER 5

5.0 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

Impact of Solid Waste on Groundwater Quality: The analysis has provided valuable
insights into the impact of solid waste disposal practices on groundwater quality in
the study area. This comprehensive study aimed to understand the correlation
between waste management and groundwater contamination.
Physical Parameters: The examination of physical parameters, including color,
temperature, turbidity, and conductivity, revealed that the color of the water samples
was consistent across all samples. Temperature levels were within the permissible
range, although variations were observed. Turbidity and conductivity values were
also within acceptable limits as per the World Health Organization (WHO)
standards.
Chemical Parameters: The analysis of chemical parameters, such as pH, total
hardness, dissolved oxygen, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids
(TDS), chlorine, ammonia, nitrite, phosphate, and nitrate, demonstrated the
following:
- PH levels were within the recommended range, meeting WHO standards.
- Total hardness values varied, and WHO does not provide specific standards for this
parameter.
- Dissolved oxygen levels were within a reasonable range, with no specific WHO
standards.
- TSS values were within acceptable limits, although WHO doesn't specify standards
for this parameter.
- TDS levels were below the WHO-recommended limit, indicating good water
quality.
Bacteriological Parameters: The presumptive test for the presence of gas and total
coliform count in the treated water samples showed no presence of gas and low total
coliform counts, which is in line with WHO standards.
In summary, the analysis of physical, chemical, and bacteriological parameters
suggests that, in general, the groundwater in the study area appears to be within
acceptable quality standards, with no significant issues related to solid waste disposal
practices. However, it is essential to continue monitoring and managing solid waste
to ensure the long-term preservation of groundwater quality in the area. Further
studies may be needed to assess the specific impact of solid waste on groundwater
over time.
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