Emi Keynotes

23 MER04 ELECTROMAGNECTIC INTERFERENCE AND COMPATIBLITY
1.Explain the mechanism of Electromagnetic Interference.

Electromagnetic interference can travel from its source to a receptor, which may be a device or
equipment or a system.The electromagnetic interference can travel from its source to the
receptor. These are direct radiation from source to receptor (path 1)direct radiation from source
picked up by the electrical power cables or the signal/control cables connected to the receptor,
which reaches the receptor via conduction (path 2)electromagnetic interference radiated by the
electrical power, signal, or control cables of the source (path 3)electromagnetic interference
directly conducted from its source to the receptor via common electrical power supply lines, or
via common signal/control cables (path 4)the electromagnetic interference carried by various
power/signal/control cables connected to the source, which gets coupled to the
power/signal/control cables of the receptor.
Mechanism of Electromagnetic Interference

B. Explain EMI Due to Celestial Bodies and Atmospheric Lightening
Celestial bodies like the sun, stars, and galaxy are at a very high temperature. The
electromagnetic radiation from these bodies can be attributed to the random motion of charged
ions resulting from thermal ionization at very high temperatures. The process of burning has
subsided in celestial bodies like planets and moon. However, for some interval of time, one side
of these bodies is exposed to the sun and gets heated to extremely high temperatures as it
captures thermal radiation from the sun. These heated parts of the celestial bodies emit thermal
noise. They emit broadband as well as narrowband electromagnetic noise. The level of
electromagnetic noise emitted by a cosmic source does not vary appreciably with time, unless
the source itself undergoes a change which results in a corresponding variation in the emitted
electromagnetic noise. However, the cosmic noise received at a given point on earth varies with
the time of the day because earth rotates around the sun and also revolves around its own axis.
2.Discuss about practical experiences and concerns of EMI.

1.Transmission Lines:
High voltage electric power transmission is the source of electric & magnetic fields. such lines
usually carry voltages in excess. of 100 kilo Volts And of100 Amps The electric field intensity
at mid- Span under these lines which carry different voltages er as below.
2.Main power supply
Opened wire (OH) (over Head) power transmission Lines easily pick up electromagnetic noise
from lightening & thunder storms, man ध Power supply lines in industries as home.
environment also. transients resulting from switches, circuit breakers etc.
3.Switches and Relays
Real life Problem in telephone circuits and in radio telescope and other sensitivity controls
where ultra-low-level signals added.
4.Telephone Equipment’s
Special telephones line filters are to be designed and impropriated in the equipment’s at
appropriate locations to reduce emi problems.
5.Radio Astronomy
The EMI in radio telescope originates from source like digital clock pulses power supply
operation of relays and switches. Hence required a careful design of control rooms, layout of
cables and wire special encloses for computer peripherals power supply and selection of
location antenna.
6.Biological Effects
The effects of electric and magnetic fields on biological systems and human beings is an subject
of considerable concern and investigation. The two types are
1.Steady current
2. The larging of shock current
7.Aircraft Navigation
8. Military Equipment’s
In military system including missile or Rocket launch vehicles assembly system EMC. The
aerospace system EMI iteration techniques are employed which includes frequency planning
and assignment grounding bonding shielding
9. Secure Communications
It is used in military and security applications. Protection of the assemblies and interconnection
with various equipment’s against possible leakage of EMI.
10. Integrated Circuits
It is used in IT Products which suffer a lot due to EMI (i.e) burnout of devices in Digital circuit
EMI increases the bit error rates (or) malfunction of the circuits in Analog circuit .EMI
increases the noise levels and leads to a degraded operation of circuit and systems.
3.A. Briefly explain about EMI due to Electro Static Discharge with its equivalent Circuit
and neat wave form.
It is the natural phenomenona in which accumulated static electricity is generated when two
materials of different dielectric constant rub against each other. Eg glass wood.A common
example involving accumulation of electrostatic charge occurs when a person wearing shoes
with soles made of an insulating material such as polyurethane foam walks over a carpet made
of wool or any synthetic material Here the carpet is a good insulator and the shoe sole is also a
nonconducting dielectric. As a person walks across the carpet, and as the carpet and the shoe
sole rub against each other, the surface of the sole becomes charged.
Here L1 and R1 are the inductance and resistance of the human body and C1 capacitance of the
ground.The rise time of the pulse decided by ratio (L1+L2)/(R1+R2)The pulse width of the
pulse width depends upon the time constant,(R1+R2)X(C1+C2)
5.Explain about Common Mode and Differentiate Mode Coupling of EMI with pratical
examples.
Common Interference are defined as unwanted electrical potential difference between any or all
current carrying conductor reference on ground. Differential Mode defined as unwanted
potential difference between any two current carrying conductors.
V c =(V PC +V NC )/2
V d =(V PG -V NG )/2
where V PG and V NG are the voltages between phase and ground wires, and neutral and
ground wires, respectively. In terms of currents, the CM interference current exits from the
source via the phase and neutral conductors, and returns from the load via the ground conductor.
The DM interference current exits from the source via the phase conductor and returns from the
load via the neutral conductor, or vice-versa.
6.Discuss about Cross Talk in transmission lines and explain the method to evaluate three
conductor line
Coupling of electromagnetic energy from one cable to another in multiconductor transmission

lines results from magnetic field coupling when the two cables are located close to each other.
The current at the load terminals when V01 and V02 are applied at the input as:
I2(l) and I2(0) the magnitude of the signal coupled to both the terminals can be found.
7.Explain the following methods of EMI coupling:
A. Common Ground Impedance coupling
The crosstalk can now be expressed as,

At high frequencies (MHz and higher), the resistance of the wire would be
proportional to the square root of the frequency due to the skin effect. In this case, the
crosstalk would also increase as the square root of the frequency; however common
impedance coupling is not likely to be the dominant coupling mechanism at high frequencies.
B. Near field Cable to cable coupling

near-field cable-to-cable coupling" refers to the phenomenon where electromagnetic fields
generated by one cable can induce interference in nearby cables. This can result in electrical
noise or unwanted signals propagating between cables, potentially leading to communication
errors or other operational issues in electronic systems.
When two or more cables are in close proximity to each other, the electromagnetic fields
generated by one cable can couple (interact) with the other cables. This coupling can lead to
unwanted effects,
C.Field to Field Coupling
field-to-cable coupling" refers to the phenomenon where external electromagnetic
fields (such as radio frequency interference or radiated emissions) induce unwanted currents
or voltages in cables, leading to interference in electronic systems.
1. External Electromagnetic Fields: In EMC, there are often external sources of

electromagnetic fields, such as radio waves, electromagnetic radiation from nearby
electronic devices, or even natural sources like lightning strikes.
2. Inductive and Capacitive Coupling: Field-to-cable coupling can occur through both
inductive and capacitive mechanisms:
 Inductive Coupling: When an external electromagnetic field passes through a
loop formed by a cable or its conductors, it induces a voltage in the cable due
to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. This induced voltage can result
in interference in the cable.Capacitive Coupling: Electric fields from external
sources can also capacitively couple with the conductors of a cable. This
occurs when there is an imbalance of charge between the cable conductors
and the external field, leading to an induced voltage.

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23 MER04 ELECTROMAGNECTIC INTERFERENCE AND COMPATIBLITY

1.Explain the mechanism of Electromagnetic Interference.

Mechanism of Electromagnetic Interference

2.Discuss about practical experiences and concerns of EMI.

Coupling of electromagnetic energy from one cable to another in multiconductor transmission

The crosstalk can now be expressed as,

B. Near field Cable to cable coupling

1. External Electromagnetic Fields: In EMC, there are often external sources of

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