Analysis and Design of Wireless Power Transfer

Syiska Yana, Emil Sinaga and Fahmi

Department Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sumatera Utara,Medan, Indonesia

Keywords: Wireless power transfer; energy technology.

Abstract: One of the most important basic needs of human life today is electrical energy, where the process of
shipping from a power source to the electrical load, in general, is still using the power cord. This paper
discusses Wireless Power Transfer, which is a way of transmitting electrical energy through the air media so
that electrical energy can be transmitted from a power source to an electrical load without using a conductor
or cable. The method used for wireless energy delivery systems is by using the principle of electromagnetic
resonance induction, which consists of a transmitter circuit and a receiver circuit. The effect of distance
between the transmitter and receiver is very influential. The maximum distance that the transmitter can send
to the receiver is 5 cm with a voltage of 1.3 volts.The farther the distance between the transmitter and the
receiver, the smaller the voltage will be, and the transmitted power will be smaller as well. Similarly, if the
distance between the receiver and transmitter is closer, the voltage, and power that can be emitted will be
even greater.The maximum power that can be generated from the transmitter circuit at the maximum
voltage of the adapter 15 volts at a distance of 2cm is 1.38 watts with a voltage of 2.76 volts.

1 INTRODUCTION Wireless Power Transfer system for transportation

system especially railway (Hwang, 2012).
Along with the development of technology, we now The delivery of wireless electrical energy is a
have developed electrical energy transfer system method of sending electrical energy from a power
without using cable. source to an electrical load without the use of a cable
Wireless Power Transfer is one way to transmit intermediary. Generally, the Wireless Power
electrical energy through the air media so that Transfer system consists of a series of Transmitters
electrical energy can be transmitted from a power and Receivercircuits.
source to the load without going through a cable.
This development has an impact on the reduction of
cable usage because it can be replaced by Wireless
Power Transfer.
Wireless energy delivery technology was first
discovered and introduced by a physicist named
Nikola Tesla by building a tower named
Wardenclyffe Tower (Ahsan, 2015) shown in Figure
1. However, this study was discontinued for cost
reasons. Subsequent research on the delivery of
wireless energy was halted for decades until it was
re-developed by MIT researchers Marin Soljajic in
2007 who managed to transfer electrical power
without cables with a distance of more than 2 meters
and power of 60 watts, where the efficiency reaches
40 % (Kurs, 2007).Even in subsequent research, it
has been developed for the implementation of Figure 1: Wardenclyffe Tower (Ahsan,2012).

36
Yana, S., Sinaga, E. and Fahmi, .
Analysis and Design of Wireless Power Transfer.
DOI: 10.5220/0008882000360040
In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research (ICMR 2018) - , pages 36-40
ISBN: 978-989-758-437-4
Copyright c 2020 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved
 Analysis and Design of Wireless Power Transfer

2 MATERIALS AND METHOD In a transformer, an electric current flows into

the primary coil and induces the secondary coil, the
There are two underlying concepts about the two coils are not touching but are at a very close
transmission of electrical energy without cables, distance. The transformer's efficiency level will be
namely the concept of near field and the concept of greatly reduced if both coils are kept away.
far field (Stanimir, 2012). With a near-field method, EMF (Electromotive force) induction can occur
it is capable of transmitting electrical energy just at both ends of the coil if inside the coil changes the
less than 1 meter while the concept of far-field number of magnetic force lines (magnetic flux).
allows further distance delivery. EMF arising from the change in the number of
The delivery of electrical energy, as well as the magnetic force lines in the coils is called EMF
transmission of wireless information based on the induction. Electric current induced is called induced
concept of far field, i.e., a laser beam (narrow beam) current. The incidence of induced EMF and induced
and radio waves,is often used in the field of current due to changes in the number of magnetic
telecommunications. Radio transmission is very force lines is called electromagnetic induction.
ineffective in the delivery of wireless electrical
energy because most of the radiated power delivered 2.1 Factor magnitude EMF
is wasted into free air. To increase the amount of
energy that can be captured by the receiving side, There are three factors that affect EMF induction,
the power delivered from the sender side must be namely:
large as well. a. The speed of magnetic movement
With the concept of direct radiation as shown in b. Number of windings (N)
Figure 2, the antenna is directly directed from the c. Magnetic field (B)
source to the receiver, the energy acceptable to the
receiver is increased, but it will have a direct impact The electric flux generated by the B field on the
with the organism and can be dangerous. So the surface of the area of dA is represented by Eq. 1.
concept of direct radiation cannot be used eitherin
the delivery of electrical energy without wires. B=∅/A (1)

Where :
B = Power field strength (Wb / m2 or Tesla)
Ø = electric flux (Weber)
A = Surface area (m2)

2.2 Inductance
The inductance is a property of the circuit that
connects the voltage induced by the flux change
with the rate of change of current (William, 1984).
The initial equation which can explain the
inductance is to connect the induced voltage to the
Figure 2: Direct Radiation Concepts (Stanimir,2012). rate of flux change which includes a circuit. The
induced voltage is represented by Equation 2.
The technology of wireless power transmission
referred to in this paper is non-irradiated and refers (2)
to the near-field method. The concept of the near
field is different from that of radio waves and direct
radiation because the process of power delivery does
not require a barrier between the transmitter circuit Where :
and the receiver circuit. e = induced voltage (Volt)
Electromagnetic induction is an event of electric φ = number of series axle fluxes (Weber-turns)
current caused by the change of magnetic flux.
Magnetic flux is the number of lines of magnetic If the current in the circuit varies, the magnetic field
force penetrating a plane. it generates will also vary. If it is assumed that the

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ICMR 2018 - International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research

medium in which the magnetic field is generated has Electromagnetic fields can be classified in electric
constant permeability, the amount of the coupling fields and magnetic fields. And because the
flux is directly proportional to the current, and magnetic field is much safer when compared to the
therefore the induced voltage is proportional to the electric field, the magnetic field becomes an
rate of change in current. So the induced voltage appropriate choice to be used as an energy delivery
obtained can be shown by Equation 3. medium when compared to the electric field in its
utilization for electromagnetic resonance energy
transfer (Kautsar, 2010).
(3)
Two systems with the same resonant frequency
will produce strong magnetic resonance and form a
magnetic resonance system. If there are more than
Where: two resonance generators in the range that are still
L = Inductance (H) effective, they can also join this magnetic resonance
at / dt = Current rate change (A / s) system. The magnitude of the resonant frequency
can be calculated using Equation 5.
2.3 Principle of Energy Delivery
Magnetic fr=
√
(5)

The wireless energy delivery system uses the

principle of electromagnetic resonance induction where :
consisting of a transmitter circuit and a receiver fr = Resonance Frequency (Hertz)
circuit. In the transmitter circuit, an alternating L = Inductance (Henry)
current source is rectified in advance with a DC C = Capacitance (Farad)
module, then into the LC circuit, in this case, the
Inductor (L) and capacitor (C), to create a non- 2.5 Experimental Set up
radiative, On the receiver side circuit, there is also
an LC circuit, where L and C function to generate The method used in the delivery of cordless
resonance from the magnetic field generated by the electrical energy is by using the principle of
transmitter circuit to receive electrical power electromagnetic resonance induction. The steps
This type of winding will be designed in a Wireless taken in the manufacture of this cordless energy
Power Transfer system using a copper cable. As for transfer system are as follows:
many windings required for the sender,the side In the initial calculation phase, a calculation of
circuit can be found using Equation 4. the area of the loop cross-section, the number of
loops and the length of the wire required to form the
L = (4) transmitter and receiver windings.
The design of Wireless Power Transfer system is
done by using software for electronic circuit design.
Where: Wireless Power Transfer System consists of a series
L = Inductance (H) of Power Supply, Transmitter, and Receiver. The
N = Number of turns Power Supply circuit intended in this research is a
r = The coil radius (m) series of adapters. This Adapter circuit serves to
l = Length of coil (m) convert electric current from AC current into DC
current. A DC Power Supply or Adapter basically
has 4 main parts in order to produce a stable DC
The design of the winding at the receiving end shall current. The four main parts are shown in Figure 3,
be equal to or close to the existing coil on the sender i.e., Transformer, Rectifier, Filter and Voltage
Regulator.
side.

2.4 Electromagnetic Resonance

Electromagnetic resonance is closely related to the
phenomena of the electromagnetic field which is
also closely related to the process of electric current.

38
 Analysis and Design of Wireless Power Transfer

Figure 3: DC Power Supply Block Diagram (Adapter)

The transmitter circuit is a very important circuit Figure 5: Wireless Power Transfer Setup.
in the Wireless Power Transfer system because
without a transmitter circuit the electromagnetic Testing of Wireless Power Transfer system is
resonance process will not happen and the done on two types of copper loops with different
transmission of electrical energy without cables is diameter cross-section. The diameter of the first
not possible. The transmitter circuit works on the copper wire is 0.3 mm and the diameter of the
principle of electromagnetic resonance generated by second copper wire is 0.6 mm. For each type of
an oscillator. The oscillator functions as a resonator copper wire diameter tested, 3 kinds of testing are
that generates electromagnetic waves of a certain done by varying the input voltage ranging from 8
frequency and is induced inductively to the receiver volts, 12 volts, and 15 volts. As for each tested
circuit. The oscillator used in this paper is Osley voltage, the value also varied the distance between
Oscar. the transmitter and receiver side until the LED
The Receiver circuit consists only of the inductor indicator lights up.
in the form of a wire winding which is not much
different from the wire winding on the transmitter
which is then connected to the load. The Receiver
circuit acts as a magnetic resonance induction
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
capture from the transmitter circuit to receive
electrical power to be supplied to the load. The The results data of all the tests that have been
diagram block of the Wireless Power Transfer performed are shown in Table 1. Of the three tests
system comprising thetransmitter and receiver performed, the magnitude of the voltage sent from
circuit is shown in Figure 4. the sender side greatly affects the acceptable
voltage. The distance between the transmitter and
receiver side also greatly affects the acceptable
voltage level. The farther the distance between the
transmitter loop and the receiver loop shown in
Figure 4, the more acceptable power the receiver
side will be. The effects of electromagnetic fields
that can be captured by the side of the smaller
receivers make the acceptable power smaller.
Similarly, if the distance between the transmitter and
the receiver's side is closer, the electromagnetic field
generated by the transmitter side will be greater
Figure 4: Block Diagram of the System. captured by the receiver side.

The wireless energy delivery system that has

been designed is shown in Figure 5.

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ICMR 2018 - International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research

Table 1: Data Testing the cross-sectional area of the loop the power that can be received by the receiver
of 0.6 mm. circuit.
3. The change in energy value sent is proportional
to the input energy given, the greater the input
energy,the greater the energy delivered.
4. The maximum power that can be generated
from the transmitter circuit at the maximum
voltage of the adapter 15 volts at a distance of
2cm is 1.38 watts with a voltage of 2.76 volts.

REFERENCES
Andre Kurs,,AriesteidisKaralis, Robert Moffatt, J.D.
Joannopouos, Peter Fisher, & Marin Soljajic, 2007,
Wireless Power Transfer Via Strongly Coupled
Magnetic Resonances, in Science Express, VOL.317.
HelmyKautsar,
2010,AnalisadanRancangBangunRangkaian
Transmitter pada Transfer DayaListrikTanpaKabel, in
FakultasTeknikUniversitas Indonesia.
J.William F Stevenson, 1984, Power System Analysis,
inMcGraw-Hill, New York.
Kiwon Hwang, Seonghwan Kim, Seongkyu Kim,Yangban
From the test data in Table 1, when the 8-volt Chun&SeoungyoungAhn, 2012, Design Of Wireless
source voltage with the distance between the sender Power Transfer System for Railway Application
and receiver side 2 cm and 2.5 cms, the accepted inIJR-International Journal of Railway, Korea.
M.AhsanJavaid, Kamran LiaqatBhatti, ZeeshanRaza,
voltage by the receiver side is 2.6 volts,and 2.5 volts
UmerIlyas& Shan UlHaq, 2015, Wireless Power
and the LED indicator lit with currents of 0.019 Transmission A Potential Idea for Future, inIJSER.
amperes and 0.018 amperes. But when the distance StanimirValcthec, Elena Boikova, Luis Jorge, 2012,
between the transmitter and the receiver side is 3 cm Electromagnetic Field As The Wireless Transporter of
the LED indicator turns off, with the voltage on the Energy, inuninovaportugal, unl, Campus Caparica,
receiver is 2 volts. Portugal
The maximum power that can be generated from
the transmitter circuit at the maximum voltage of the
adapter 15 volts at a distance of 2cm with a voltage
of 2.76 volts and maximum current 0.034 A. The
Power output, therefore, can reach up to 1.38 watt.
The affecting factor is the increasing distance of
transmission between the two coils so that the
electromagnetic induction will also be smaller.
Conversely, when the closer the voltage gets
bigger the better the radiated power so that the LED
indicator lights very bright.

4 CONCLUSION
Based on the results of the discussion the
conclusions are:
1. Transfer of electrical energy can be done
without using cable.
2. The farther the distance between the receiver
circuit and the transmitter circuit the smaller

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