SENSORS & SIGNAL CONDITIONING

PhD. HOANG SY TUAN

Department of Mechatronics – School of Mechanical Engineering

HANOI, 2023
Chapter 1 – Introduction to Sensor & Measurement System

1.1. General Concepts of Sensors & Measurement Systems

1.2. Sensor Classification
1.3. Basic Characteristics of Sensors
1.4. Requirements of the Project
 1.1. Concepts of Sensors & Measurement Systems
Distance,
 Sensor is a device that generates an electrical temperature,
Display
humidity
signal (current, voltage or charge) when receiving
stimulation from physical quantities (such as
distance, pressure, temperature, etc.). The
electrical signal is a function of the physical
quantity, and it can be converted to determine the
value of the physical quantity.
Speed, Control
 Sensors typically consist of an element sensitive to acceleration,
Force, Magnetic,…
stimulation from a physical quantity and a signal
conversion element (transducer), which converts
the signal generated from the sensitive element to
an electrical signal that the measuring and
collecting systems can process.

In this course we only consider sensors such as

complete devices (packaged and existence of wring
terminals for connecting to controllers).
1.2. Classification of Sensors
 The principle of conversion between response and stimulation
Phenomenons Conversions of response and stimulation
Physics - Thermoelectric
- Photoelectric
- Photomagnetic
- Electromagnetic
- Photo-elastic
- Magnetoelectric
- Thermomagnetic,…
Chemicals - Chemical conversion
- Electrochemical conversion
- Spectrum analysis,…
Biology - Biochemical conversion
- Physical conversion
- Effects on living objects,…
 1.2. Classification of Sensors
 Input Stimulating Signals
Sound - Amplitude, Phase, Polarization Mechanics - Position
- Spectrum - Force, Pressure
- Wave transmission speed - Acceleration, Velocity
Electric - Charge, Current - Stress, Hardness
- Voltage - Moment
- Electric field (Amplitude, Polarization, Spectrum) - Mass, Density
- Conductivity, Dielectric constant,… - Fluid velocity, Viscous,…
Magnetic - Magnetic field (Amplitude, Polarization, Thermal - Temperature
Spectrum) - Flux
- Magnetic flux, Magnetic field intensity - Heat capacity, Specific heat,…
- Magnetic permeability,… Radiation - Type
Optical - Amplitude, Phase, Polarization, Spectrum - Energy
- Transmission speed - Radiation intensity
- Emissivity coefficient, Refractive coefficient
- Absorbance coefficient, Radiation coefficient,…
 1.2. Classification of Sensors
 Sensor Functions  Application
- Sensitivity - Over-load capacity - Industrial
- Accuracy - Responsibility - Scientific research
- Resolution - Stability - Environment, Hydrometeorology
- Selectivity - Long life - Information, telecommunication
- Linearity - Environment conditions - Agriculture
- Power consumption - Dimension, Weight - Consumption
- Frequency range - Transportation
- Hysteresis - Aerospace
- Military
 1.2. Classification of Sensors
 Power Supply

- Passive sensors - Active sensors

Example: Thermistor or Thermocouple?

Need an external power supply. Operating itself, it does not need an external
It usually has multi wirings. power supply.
(As a impedance type, the variable quantity can (As a generator type, the variable quantity can be
be resistor, self-inductance or capacitance) charge, voltage or current)
 1.2. Classification of Sensors
 Operating Mode

- Null-type sensor - Deflection sensors

Servo-accelerometer Deflection accelerometer

More accuracy and sensitivity. Faster rate of measurement.

 1.2. Classification of Sensors
 Output Signal
- Digital sensors - Analog sensors
1.3. Basic characteristics of Sensors

 Range
 Sensitivity
 Resolution
 Accuracy – Repetitive accuracy
 Linearity
 Responsibility
1.3. Basic characteristics of Sensors
Range is limited by the maximum value and minimum value of the
quantity to be measured that the sensor can detect.

150°C

-55°C

Cảm biến nhiệt độ LM35

 1.3. Basic characteristics of Sensors

Sensitivity is rate of an output variation and an input variation of sensor..

1.3. Basic characteristics of Sensors

Resolution is the maximum variation of the measured values

without changing the value of sensor output.

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 1.3. Basic characteristics of Sensors
Accuracy is evaluated by the largest difference between the
measured value and the actual value of the quantity to be measured.
It is determined in the process of sensor calibration.
‒ Calibration curve.
‒ Absolute and relative errors.
1.3. Basic characteristics of Sensors

Linearity

-a

Independent Linearity Zero-Based Linearity

1.3. Basic characteristics of Sensors

Hysteresis
 1.3. Basic characteristics of Sensors
Responsibility
 Rise time
 Time constant
 Settling time Hz= RPM/60

 Frequency response

Dynamic Response Frequency Response of Sensors

 1.3. Basic characteristics of Sensors

The order-sensor used to measure in dynamic systems

 Zero-Order Measurement Systems

 First-Order Measurement Systems

 Second-Order Measurement Systems

 1.3. Basic characteristics of Sensors
Impedance characteristic and loading effect

Zi large, Zo small Zi small , Zo large

1.4. Requirements of the Project

Design a measuring system based on a microcontroller and some common analog

sensors such as: Temperature sensors, Gas sensors, Encoders, Load-cells, Color
sensors, Light sensors, Distance sensors, Acceleration sensors, Gyroscopes,…
 Do not use digital sensors (ON/OFF types).
o Optional microcontroller type (8051, AVR, PIC, …).
o Displays the measured quantity value.

The writing contents of project including:

 Present operating principle and basic technical specifications of the sensor.
 Explain the electrical diagram for connecting the sensor to the microcontroller
(hardware)
 Present the program for processing and calculating the measured quantity of sensor
(software).
 Assessment of sensor accuracy.
THANK YOU