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Basics Of Transducers
Document By SANTOSH BHARADWAJ REDDY Email: help@matlabcodes.com Engineeringpapers.blogspot.com More Papers and Presentations available on above site Application Transducers are used in various fields of industry & research They are mainly used in measurement of electrical & mechanical properties of different material In industry transducers are used in measuring & controlling various parameters in a process or product TRANSDUCER A transducer is a device which converts energy from one form to another A transducer performs the following functions in instrumentation A) Detects the presence , magnitude & changes in a physical quantity being measured B) Provides a proportional electrical output signal Types Of Transducers There are various types of transducers A)Active transducers B) Passive transducers C) Analog transducers D) Digital transducers Active transducers :- These transducers generate their own signal when subject to measurement e.g. 1) Piezo electric transducer 2) Photo voltaic cell 3) Thermocouples Passive transducers :- These are called as externally powered transducers.They don't generate their own signal but require a secondary power source for energy conversion e.g. 1) Thermisters 2) LVDT 3) RTD Transducers can also be classified on the basis of the physical properties they measure 1) Pressure transducers e.g. Bourden tube , Bellows, strain gauges piezoelectric sensor 2) Temperature transducers e.g. Thermister , Thermocouples , RTD 3) Displacement transducers e.g. L.V.D.T , 4) Illumination transducers e.g. Photo transistors , LDR etc Piezo-electric Transducers A piezoelectric sensor converts pressure into electrical signal.It is a active transducer A piezo-electric material is one in which an electric potential appears across certain surfaces of a crystal if the dimensions of the crystal are changed by the application of mechanical force This potential is produced by the displacement of external charges There are two main groups of materials with piezolelecric characteristics A) natural crystals E.G. Quartz , tourmaline B) synthetic crystals E.G. Rochelle salt , lithium sulphate
Electrodes Crystal Output voltage
Temperature Transducers The various types of temperature sensors are RTD ( resistance temperature detectors) Thermocouples Thermisters Thermo bulb Resistance Temperature Detector A RTD is made of a resistance material of known electrical properties This property of resistance can be used to determine the value of a unknown temperature if the relationship of temperature & resistance is known Among metallic conductors pure metals exhibit the greatest change of resistance The sensing element of RTD consists of a coil of wire , usually of platinum , nickel , copper or nickel-iron Platinum RTD’s have a range of -200 TO 6500 C Thermocouples Thermocouples are active transducers which generate a electric signal with change in temperature Thermocouples work on the Seeback effect, which says that when two dissimilar metals are joined together at one end & a meter is connected at the free end current flows through the ckt when the joint is heated The thermocouple consists of two electrical conductors of different materials connected together at one end (called at the hot junction) The other two free ends are connected to a measuring instrument , a indicator , controller via the cold (reference) junction The thermoelectric voltage appearing at the indicator depends upon the material of the two wires of the thermocouple & the temperature difference between the hot & cold junctions For accurate measurement the temperature of reference junction must be kept constant TYPES OF THERMOCOUPLES & RANGES TYPE NAME RANGE T Copper-Constantan -250 to 400 J Iron-Constantan -200 to 850 E Cromel-Constantan -200 to 850 K Chromel-Alumel -180 to 1100 W Tungesten-Rhenium 0 to 2600 R Platinum13%-Rhodium 0 to 1750 S Platinum10%-Rhodium 0 to 1750 B Platinum30%-Rhodium 6% 0 to 1800 Thermisters Thermisters are thermally sensitive variable resistors made of certain & ceramic like semiconducting materials Thermisters are composed of sintered mixture of metallic oxides like Iron , Uranium , Manganese , Nickel & Cobalt etc. Their resistances range from 0.5 Thermisters behave as resistors with high temperature coefficient of resistance Thermisters have positive or negative temperature coefficient of resistance Thermisters provide a range of -100 to + 100oc DIFFERENT TYPES OF THERMISTERS Glass coated bead
Leads
DISC BEAD Glass
Leads
BULB Capacitive Transducers A capacitive transducer operates on the principle of variation in capacitance produced by the physical quantity being measured Moving plate Dielectric
Fixed Displacement plate OUTPUT In a capacitive transducer change in capacitance is caused by displacement , force or pressure The change in capacitance is caused by change in dielectric constant in case of liquid & gas level measurement The change in capacitance is measured by a bridge circuit This kind of transducer is used mainly for measuring linear displacement Strain Gauges When a metal conductor is stretched or compressed , its resistance changes both in length & diameter This property of change in resistivity is called as piezo-resistive effect Strain gauges are used for the measurement of stress & strain The main types of strain gauges are A) Bonded resistance wire strain gauge B) Semiconductor strain gauges Carrier Base Terminals
Wire grid
LINEAR STRAIN GAUGE
A resistance wire strain gauge consists of a grid fine resistance wire of about 25 micron in dia.This grid is cemented to a carrier (Base). The base is generally a thin sheet of paper on a sheet of Bakelite or Teflon
Atom Economical Synthesis of 4'-Methylpropiophenone by Friedel-Crafts Acylation of Toluene With Propionic Anhydride Over Solid Me So Porous Superacid UDCaT-5
Atom Economical Synthesis of 4'-Methylpropiophenone by Friedel-Crafts Acylation of Toluene With Propionic Anhydride Over Solid Me So Porous Superacid UDCaT-5
