Mathematics

N5
 Module 1: Limits and continuity

INTRODUCTION
If 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is defined for all 𝑥𝑥 near point 𝑎𝑎 and we can take 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) close to L by
taking 𝑥𝑥 arbitrarily close to 𝑎𝑎, then we say that 𝑓𝑓 approaches the limit L as 𝑥𝑥
approaches a.
A function is continuous if its graph can be drawn without picking up the
pencil, or more formally, function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is continuous if the limit of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥), as
𝑥𝑥 approaches 𝑎𝑎 from either direction, is equal to 𝑓𝑓(𝑎𝑎)..

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 Module 1: Limits and continuity (continued)

L’Hôpital’s rule
The L’Hôpital’s rule can be defined as follows:
Suppose that the functions 𝑓𝑓 and 𝑔𝑔 are differentiable on the interval (𝑎𝑎; 𝑏𝑏)
where 𝑔𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) ≠ 0.
Then:

𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥
lim = 𝐿𝐿
𝑥𝑥→𝑏𝑏 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥

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 Module 1: Limits and continuity (continued)

CONTINUITY
Continuity at a point is defined when the limit of the function from the left
equals the limit from the right and this value is also equal to the value of the
function at that particular point i.e.

lim 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑎𝑎)

𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎

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 Module 2: Differentiation

INTRODUCTION
Differentiation in mathematics measures how rapidly these functions change
at any point with respect to one of their variables.

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 Module 2: Differentiation (continued)

DIFFERENTIATION RULES AND TECHNIQUES

𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥+ℎ −𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥
• The derivative of a function f is defined by: 𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑥𝑥 = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
• Leibniz notation shows: 𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑦𝑦 ′ = = = 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝑥𝑥 = 𝐷𝐷𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

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 Module 3: Application of Differentiation

NEWTON’S METHOD TO FIND THE APPROXIMATE VALUE OF

IRRATIONAL ROOTS OF AN EQUATION
𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛
𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛 − for 𝑛𝑛 = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, …
𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛

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 Module 3: Application of Differentiation (continued)

MAXIMA AND MINIMA

The maxima and minima (which are the plurals of maximum and minimum
respectively) of a given function, which are collectively known as extrema,
are the smallest and largest values of a function either in an interval or for
the entire domain.

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 Module 3: Application of Differentiation (continued)

CONCAVITY AND INFLECTION POINT

Concavity refers to the inward-curving or hollow object.
Inflection point refers to a point of a curve at which a change in the direction of
the curve occurs.

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 Module 3: Application of Differentiation (continued)

APPLICATION OF THE RATES OF CHANGE AND RELATED RATES

Related rates problems can be solved by using the following procedure:
• Define all the symbols you want to use in answering the question.
• Write down all the relevant equations between the different variables.
• Differentiate equations to reflect relationship to time and rates of change.
• State the desired variable in terms of known variables.
• Substitute values into the equation and simplify.
• Restate the answer in words to indicate the final result.
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 Module 4: Integration techniques

INTRODUCTION
Integration is used to find the area under the curve on a graph or to find the
volume of an object

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 Module 4: Integration techniques (continued)

INTEGRATION BY INSPECTION
1. Guess the general form of the antiderivative.
2. Take the general form and differentiate it.
3. Compare the differentiated general form with the original integrand.
4. If the general form is correct but the answer is too large or small, put a
multiplicative constant into the approximate form.
5. Add the constant of integration to the antiderivative.
6. Differentiate your answer to verify that it gives you the original integrand.
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 Module 4: Integration techniques (continued)

INTEGRATION BY MEANS OF ALGEBRAIC SUBSTITUTION

1. Find a substitution for 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑢𝑢(𝑥𝑥).
2. Find 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑢𝑢(𝑥𝑥) (the inverse of 𝑢𝑢(𝑥𝑥)).
3. Calculate the derivative: d𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 ′ 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.
4. Substitute the functions into the original integrand.
5. Simplify the function using normal algebraic techniques.
6. Check that the new integral is easier than the initial integral.
7. Since 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 is a function of 𝑥𝑥, substitute back to the initial variable 𝑥𝑥.
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 Module 4: Integration techniques (continued)

INTEGRATION OF ALGEBRAIC FRACTIONS

1. Write down the given integral.
2. Come up with a substitution 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑢𝑢(𝑥𝑥).
3. Find the inverse function of 𝑢𝑢(𝑥𝑥), meaning that you will find 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑢𝑢(𝑥𝑥).
4. Differentiate to find 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑥𝑥 ′ 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.
5. Do not forget that the answer to 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 is a function of 𝑥𝑥. Therefore, once
you have finished doing all your calculations, you should substitute back to
the initial variable 𝑥𝑥.
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 Module 5: Application of the definite integral

INTRODUCTION
When we solve an indefinite integral, the result is mostly another function;
when we solve a definite integral, the result is often a numerical value. A
definite integral always has a starting point and an end point between which
the integral needs to be solved.

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 Module 5: Application of the definite integral (continued)

SOLVING THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL

To determine a definite integral, we can integrate the function as before. Then
we substitute the endpoint value into the independent variable of the integrate
and subtract the integrate where the independent variable has been
substituted with the start point value.

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 Module 5: Application of the definite integral (continued)

AREAS
Whenever we want to calculate the area for a given interval of a function,
we can use a definite integral.

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 Module 5: Application of the definite integral (continued)

VOLUMES OF SOLIDS AND REVOLUTION

Volume is the amount of space that a substance or object occupies limited by
boundaries on all its sides. Many solids have a circular cross-section in a plane
perpendicular to some axis. These solids are referred to as solids of revolution
because they are generated by rotating a region 360° about an axis.

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 Module 5: Application of the definite integral (continued)

SECOND MOMENT OF AREA

The second moment of area also known as the moment of inertia of the
plane area or the area moment of inertia is the geometric property of an
area showing the points distributed randomly along a given axis. The
second moment of area is determined with respect to an axis of rotation.

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 Module 5: Application of the definite integral (continued)

MASS MOMENT OF INERTIA (SECOND MOMENT OF MASS)

The second moment of mass is an extension of the moment of inertia to the
mass instead of area. The mass moment of inertia can loosely be defined as
the property of a body that is central to reluctance of the body to move or
accelerate.
It can be denoted as:
𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴 = 𝑟𝑟 2 𝑚𝑚

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 Module 6: Differential equations

INTRODUCTION
Because derivatives are used to show rates of change, models are usually
made up of a function and one or more of its derivatives. These equations
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
are called differential equations (DE) and take the form = 𝑓𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡) of the
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

function 𝑓𝑓.

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 Module 6: Differential equations (continued)

PARTICULAR AND GENERAL SOLUTIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL

EQUATIONS
The differential equation y ′ = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥; 𝑦𝑦) takes a form which is simple if the
function 𝑓𝑓 is independent of the dependent variable 𝑦𝑦:
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 (equation 6.1)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

In this case, we need to integrate both sides of the equation to obtain,

𝑦𝑦 = ∫ 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝐶𝐶 (equation 6.2)

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 Module 6: Differential equations (continued)

SOLVE FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

There are two ways to find the general solution of the differential equation:
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1. Direct integration: = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2. Separation of variables: = 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑔𝑔(𝑦𝑦)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

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 Module 6: Differential equations (continued)

SOLVE SECOND ORDER EQUATIONS

Second order differential equations are differential equations that include a
second derivative. They use the form:

𝑑𝑑 2 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑄𝑄 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎 2 + 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

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