N4 Mathematics

Mathematics
N4
Module 1: Determinants
DEFINING DETERMINANTS
Finding the determinants is a useful method that can be used to solve
simultaneous equations. A determinant allows you to determine whether a
system of equations has a unique solution when doing matrix or linear
algebra. The determinant can be viewed as a function of which the input is a
square matrix and the output a number. A matrix is a grid of numbers written
with brackets around the grid.
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Module 1: Determinants (continued)
DETERMINING THE VALUE OF SECOND ORDER DETERMINANTS

Second order determinants are defined to be:
The value of a second order determinant is equal to the difference

of the products of the entries on the diagonals.
Module 1: Determinants (continued)
DETERMINING THE VALUE OF THIRD ORDER DETERMINANTS

To calculate third order determinants you must be able to identify and
calculate the minor of a third order determinant element.
Each element of a square matrix has a minor. The minor is determined by
crossing out the ROW and COLUMN where the element under consideration
appears in the third order determinant.
Module 2: Complex numbers
DEFINING COMPLEX NUMBERS

Complex numbers are numbers that can be expressed in the form a + bi,
where a and b are real numbers; the imaginary part is i; in the expression
a + bi, a is the real part and b is the imaginary part of the complex number.
Module 2: Complex numbers (continued)
WORKING WITH COMPLEX NUMBERS

In the set of real numbers, negative numbers do not have square roots. We
use imaginary numbers to calculate the square root of a negative number,
e.g. √−9.
SOLVING COMPLEX EQUATIONS WITH TWO VARIABLES

You can also use equations with complex numbers. Two complex numbers
are equal when they are represented by the same point on an Argand
diagram. It is important to remember the following when solving complex
equations:
• If two complex numbers are equal, their modulus and arguments are equal.
• If two complex numbers are equal, their respective real parts and coefficients
of the imaginary parts are equal.
SOLVING COMPLEX EQUATIONS WITH TWO VARIABLES (CONT)

Every complex equation can be split into two real equations by equating the
real parts and the imaginary parts. Method for solving complex equations:
• Write both sides of the complex equation in the standard (rectangular)
form, a + bi = x + yi.
• Equate the real parts, a = c and imaginary parts, b = y.
• Calculate the unknown variables.
• Verify the solution.
Module 3: Sketch graphs
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

A graph is a visual representation of the relations between certain variable
quantities, or the connections that exist between a set of points plotted with
reference to a set of axes, namely the x- and y-axes.
Relations describe any relationship between the dependent (y) and the
independent (x) variables. Functions are special kinds of relations.
Functions are special relationships between variables, where each input
produces only ONE output value.
Module 3: Sketch graphs (continued)
INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES

An independent variable is also known as an input variable, and the
dependent variable as the output variable. The output variable is also
referred to as a function value.
DOMAIN AND RANGE

A function is a relation between the domain (x-values) and range (y-values)
such that each value in the domain corresponds to only one value in the
range. The domain of a function is the set of all the allowable inputs
(x-values) for which the function is defined. The range of a function is the
set of all resulting outputs (y-values).
FUNCTIONS
Function notation is the way in which we express functions using the notation
f(x) to represent the variable y. A general definition for f(x) is that it is the
symbol for a function involving a single variable identified. In this case the
variable is x. f(x) is read as ‘f of x’. Function values are the y-values.
SYMMETRY
A line of symmetry divides a graph into two congruent (similar) halves that
are mirror images of each other.
Axis of symmetry is a line that divides the graph into two symmetrical halves.
CONTINUOUS AND DISCONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS OR

NON-FUNCTIONS
A function or non-function is continuous if there are no interruptions or gaps
in the curve, that is, the curve can be drawn without lifting the pencil off the
paper.
Generally speaking, a function or non-function is discontinuous if there are
places where they cannot be evaluated.
INVERSE FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS

An inverse function is a second relation that reverses the direction of the
mapping produced by the first function. For an inverse to exist, the first
function must produce a one-to-one correspondence. An inverse function can
also be defined as the set of ordered pairs obtained by swapping the x- and
y-elements of each ordered number pair in the original function.
Module 4: Trigonometry
REDUCTION FORMULAE
The reduction formulae are used to convert trigonometric functions of the
expressions (180° – θ), (180° + θ) and (360° – θ) to a trigonometric function
of θ (with θ an acute angle). We use the reduction formulae to reduce
trigonometric ratios to an acute angle.
Module 4: Trigonometry (continued)
NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE ANGLES

The measurement of an angle can be expressed in two ways: in degrees or
radians. The figure below illustrates angles measured in degrees with the
corresponding measure in radians.
COMPOUND ANGLES
The sum and difference identities are also referred to as the compound angle
or composite angle identities
CO-RATIOS
Trigonometric ratios of angles that add up to 90° are called co-functions.
Compound angle identities can also be used to derive co-function identities.
Complementary angles are positive acute angles that add up to 90°.
DOUBLE ANGLES
Double angle identities are derived from compound angle identities.
HALF ANGLES
Identities for half angles can be derived from the power-reducing identities.
TRIGONEMETRIC IDENTITIES
To solve trigonometric equations:
1. Rewrite the equation in terms of one trigonometric function if possible by
using trigonometric identities.
2. Determine whether the equation is linear or quadratic.
3. Apply factorising techniques.
4. Solve the trigonometric equation and verify the solutions with the desired
interval.
Module 5: Differential calculus
CALCULUS
The word calculus describes a system of rules or reasoning used to do
certain types of calculations. In calculus you will compare quantities that vary
in a nonlinear way and is generally used in science and engineering. It is the
mathematics of rates of change. Many concepts that you learn about, such
as velocity, acceleration and current in a circuit, do not behave in a simple
linear way. Quantities continuously change.
Module 5: Differential calculus (continued)
LIMITS
A limit refers to the value that a function or sequence approaches as the
input approaches some value.
THE BINOMIAL THEOREM

The binomial theorem is used to expand expressions of the form , for
example . It is very hard to expand an expression with a large power, but with
the binomial theorem it is relatively fast.
DIFFERENTIATION
Differentiating by first principles refers to finding the derivative of a function
using the definition. The average rate of change is the rate of change of a
function obtained from two points on the function, that is, the slope of the
secant. However, the instantaneous rate of change refers to the rate of
change at a specific point on the function, that is, the slope of the tangent.
STANDARD DERIVATIVES
The process of finding the derivative of a function is called differentiation.
The differentiation of standard forms can be categorised into:
• Differentiation of powers,
• Differentiation of exponential functions,
• Differentiation of logarithmic functions, and
• Differentiation of trigonometric functions.
CHAIN RULE
The chain rule is also known as the function of a function rule. It is used to
differentiate functions that are very time-consuming to simplify.
PRODUCT AND QUOTIENT RULES

The product rule and quotient rule are used to find the derivatives of products
and quotients respectively. Method for determining the product rule and
quotient rule:
• Select f(x) and g(x), and calculate f′(x) and g′(x).
• Substitute f(x), g(x), f′(x) and g′(x) into the product rule or quotient rule.
• Simplify the product rule or quotient rule.
SECOND ORDER DERIVATIVES

Second derivative refers to the derivative of the derivative; it tells us about
the concavity of the graph. It is denoted as f′′(x) or y’’.
Module 6: Integral calculus
UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPT OF INTREGRATION

Integration and differentiation are the two main branches of calculus.
Integration is an important concept in mathematics and it is the inverse
process of differentiation. Integration is the process of finding the definite or
indefinite integral of a function and it is the inverse of differentiation
(anti-differentiation).
Module 6: Integral calculus (continued)
INTEGRATE COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS

The integration of composite function (function of a function) involves
a u-substitution. The use of u-substitution in integration has a similar function
to the chain rule in differentiation. The function simplifies and the basic
formulae of integration can be used to integrate the function. The composite
function has an outer function f and an inner function g. The inner function g
is equated to u.
Module 6: Integral calculus (continued)
APPLYING INTEGRATION TO A SPECIFIC AREA

A definite integral is an integral where the range over which the integral has
to be calculated is given. Method for determining definite integrals
1. Rewrite the original integral in the format of the standard integration
formulas.
2. Integrate the rewritten integral.
3. Calculate the anti-derivative, that is, the upper limit evaluation minus the
lower limit evaluation.

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Mathematics

DETERMINING THE VALUE OF SECOND ORDER DETERMINANTS

The value of a second order determinant is equal to the difference

DETERMINING THE VALUE OF THIRD ORDER DETERMINANTS

DEFINING COMPLEX NUMBERS

WORKING WITH COMPLEX NUMBERS

SOLVING COMPLEX EQUATIONS WITH TWO VARIABLES

SOLVING COMPLEX EQUATIONS WITH TWO VARIABLES (CONT)

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES

DOMAIN AND RANGE

CONTINUOUS AND DISCONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS OR

INVERSE FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS

NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE ANGLES

THE BINOMIAL THEOREM

PRODUCT AND QUOTIENT RULES

SECOND ORDER DERIVATIVES

UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPT OF INTREGRATION

INTEGRATE COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS

APPLYING INTEGRATION TO A SPECIFIC AREA

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