Final Handout Riph

HIST101 – READINGS IN THE PHILIPPINE HISTORY
SY 2023 – 2024, FIRST SEMESTER (MIDTERM)

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LESSON 3: CONTROVERSIES IN THE PHILIPPINE HISTORY
“ONE PAST BUT MANY HISTORIES”
Lesson Objectives:
At the end of the discussion the students will be able to:
1. Analyze the different evidences of the site of the first mass in the Philippines;
2. Examine the strengths and weaknesses of each source of the site of the first mass.
3. Showcase the ability to argue against a particular issue using primary sources
4. Appreciate the importance of primary and secondary sources/documents in understanding
our history.
Summary of the First
voyage around the world
SUMMARY OF THE FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD
Antonio Pigafetta (c. 1491 – c. 1531)
 also known as Antonio Lombardo or Francisco Antonio Pigafetta.

 Born in 1491 Pigafetta was from a rich family of Vicenza on the west portion of Venice,
Italy.
 Pigafetta accompanied Ferdinand Magellan, together with Juan Sebastian Elcano in
September 1519 in the most famous expedition to the Moluccas which ended in
September 1522.
BACKGROUND OF THE FIRST VOYAGE
 The first way is around the world by Antonio Pigafetta was written onboard one of the
five ships (Victoria) that first circumnavigated the world during an expedition that was
led by the Portuguese explorer, Ferdinand Magellan, and after his death during the
voyage.
 5 ships were included in the fleet, Trinidad, San Antonio, Concepcion, Santiago, and
Victoria.
 At the end of the voyage Antonio Pigafetta the author of the book was onboard the
Victoria this was the only ship that was able to return to Spain.
 From among the five ships sent by King Charles I, only three left to continue the mission of
expedition, the Trinidad, Concepcion, and Victoria. It was the first time for the European to sail
in Pacific Ocean. Magellan named it Mar Pacifico for its peace and calm unlike other oceans that
they travelled where the water was extremely rough.
GEC- READINGS IN THE PHILLIPINE HISTORY: Prepared By: Ofelia Ildefonso Miguel
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 On March 16, 1521, they reached the island of Homonhon at the eastern part of the province of
Samar. They landed there to gather food and also refresh the crew after their long voyage from
the Pacific Ocean.
 Magellan had good relationship to the two kings named Rajah Kulambo and Rajah Humabon.
Aside from the spice island, other missions of Magellan expedition were to circumnavigate the
worlds and to spread Christianity. When they entered the Archipelago in 1521, their priority was
to Christianize all the early Filipinos they would meet. And Rajah Humabon was the first native
chieftain who embraced Christianity.
 Many native leaders accepted Spain’s offer of friendship. However, there was one leader named
Lapu-Lapu (Leader of Mactan) who did not accept the friendship of Magellan. This rejection
angered Magellan and he devised a plan to subdue the native king.
 Unfortunately, Magellan did not expect that the people from Mactan were already anticipating
 the battle and was ready to fight. Caught off-guard and outnumbered, most of the Spaniards
 got injured and was forced to retreat. Magellan was killed in the battle.
 The defeat of the Spaniards in Mactan and with the series of unfortunate events, Magellan’s
 troops finally decided to leave the island and continue their journey to Moluccas island.
 Among the five ships at the beginning of the expedition, only Victoria was able to successfully
 went back to Spain.
 There was controversy regarding where the site of the first mass was held in the Philippines
 when Ferdinand Magellan reached our archiplegao – in (Masao) Butuan or Limasawa (Leyte)?
 Magellan’s Contribution in the World History
 The expedition initiated of Ferdinand Magellan was regarded as the greatest of all expedition
 made by man. For the first time in history, man has circumnavigated the world and has proven
 that the earth was round and not flat. The expedition also proved that the largest ocean in the
 world was the Pacific Ocean. This new knowledge in geography provoked Europeans to
 explore more territories and lands especially in the East. This journey also paved way for the
 conquest of the Philippine archipelago and the conversion of the Filipinos to Christianity.
 Unfortunately, Magellan did not expect that the people from Mactan were already anticipating the
battle and was ready to fight. Caught off-guard and outnumbered, most of the Spaniards got
injured and was forced to retreat. Magellan was killed in the battle. The defeat of the Spaniards in
Mactan and with the series of unfortunate events, Magellan’s troops finally decided to leave the
island and continue their journey to Moluccas Island.
 Among the five ships at the beginning of the expedition, only Victoria was able to successfully
went back to Spain.
CONTRIBUTION AND RELEVANCE OF THE DOCUMENT IN UNDERSTANDING

THE GRAND NARRATIVE OF PHILIPPINE HISTORY
1. The account contributed to the field of geography, navigation, and history.

2. It proved that the earth is not flat, and one can go to the east by sailing west.
 Flat Earth, the perception that Earth exists as a flat disk, either circular or square-shaped.
This view persisted in the ancient world until empirical observations revealed that
Earth’s shape was spherical or ellipsoidal.
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3. Discovery that there is a big body of easter side of American continent which they called
Pacific Ocean.
4. Make us know the different native products during the pre-colonial period such as palm
wine, figs, coconuts, palmito, and such.
5. It proved that the Philippines was rich in natural resources even before the colonial
period.
6. Described the barter trade during the colonial period
7. Make us know the physical appearance of our ancestors: wearing gold earrings, gold
armlets on their arms, kerchiefs on their heads
8. Described the economic and political status during the pre-colonial era
9. Described the faith or religion during the pre- colonial period: worshipping the nature.
10. This account is evidence that these voyagers first introduced to us Christianity. They
taught our ancestors worship idols.
11. Let us know some rare animals present during that Era.
12. Let us know the way of life of our ancestors such as their houses and livelihood.
13. An evidence that most of the Filipinos are hospitable even before
14. Let us know the funeral practices and beliefs during the pre-colonial period
15. Showed the ‘nationalism’ of Lapu-lapu before, it also showed how wise and prepared
they fought against the voyagers.
TOPIC: SITE OF THE FIRST MASS
The first mass was held on March 31, 1521 officiated by Fr. Pedro Valderrama, upon orders of
Portugese explorer Ferdinand Magellan. However, there’s an issue as to where it was celebrated.
The start of Christianity in the Philippines is a controversy because some historians are actually
pushing for the recognition of Masau in Butuan city as the real site. Yet some had a conclusion
that the first mass was celebrated in Limasawa (Southern Leyte).
Antonio Pigafetta was an Italian explorer, scholar, and chronicler, he wrote his journal entitled
“Primo Viaggio Intorno al Mondo” or “First Voyage around the World”. His journal contains
document about the place they visited, indigenous people they encountered, flora and fauna
observed, and other aspects of the journey.
A. EVIDENCES THAT PROVE THAT THE FIRST MASS HAPPENED IN MASAO,

BUTUAN CITY.
In all primary sources including the diary of Antonio Pigafetta, the chronicler of Magellan's
voyage, the name of the place was Mazaua. Limasawa has four syllables and begins with another
letter.
 The word “MAZAUA” can be found in Butuanon language which means “bright or
light”
EVIDENCE:
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1st Evidence: Diary of Antonio Pigafetta and the Chronicles of Magellan’s Voyage.
 Historical thinking began to shift in the early 1900’s with the availability of more
primary sources, notably accounts of Antonio Pigafetta, Francisco Albo, Gines de Mafra,
and other expedition members, as well as records of interviews of Magellan expedition
survivors.
 Pigafetta organized and expanded his notes into a more detailed manuscript written
possibly in the Venetian dialect that was published in a French translation that was in
turn later published in Italian translation. These were rare books by the 19th century and
even Jose Rizal seemed to have been unaware of their existence. American librarian
James Robertson was thorough. He went the extra mile and translated from scratch what
is considered the most complete Pigafetta manuscript in Milan’s Biblioteca Ambrosiana.
His translation of Pigafetta’s account of the First Mass is in Vol. 32 of Blair and
Robertson’s The Philippine Islands.
 Magellan’s ship Victoria (from a woodcut in Henry Stevens’ Johann Stoner, London
1888, reproduced in Blair & Robertson’s The Philippine Islands)
 The Philippine justice system has been brought into the picture with complaints now
before the Ombudsman against the National Historical Commission of the Philippines
(NHCP) chairman for graft and corruption and before the Butuan City prosecutor against
academicians from seven universities for libel.
 Matching place names written 500 years ago with how they are now known is not
simple. Names may have changed and inquirers and respondents may have
misunderstood each other. Furthermore, what the locals said would have been
written by Pigafetta, Albo, etc. as they heard them and the latter’s transcription depended
on the language they spoke and wrote the Venetian dialect in the case of Pigafetta.
2nd Evidence: The expedition traveled to 20-25 leagues from Homonhon, the first landing
point
 According to the primary records, again, the expedition travelled 20 to 25 leagues from
Homonhon, their first landing point, to the site of the first mass, taking a west-southwest
course. If they had been at Limasawa Island, the distance is only about 14.6 leagues, or
one half of that length. Moreover, the island of Limasawa is blocked from Homonhon by
the tip of Southern Leyte.
3rd Evidence: The distance to Cebu from Mazaua according to Pigafetta was 35 leagues
(140 miles). The distance from Limasawa to Cebu is only 80 miles.
 The route to Cebu taken by the explorers is almost exactly similar to the one now taken
by motor vessels from Cebu to Butuan. The King of Masao (Kolambu) even guided the
explorers to Cebu and acted as their interpreter and intermediary when they met the
Cebu king. On the contrary, there is no sea traffic from Limasawa to Cebu, then or now.
And the distance to Cebu, according to Pigaffeta, was 35 leagues (140 miles). If it were
Limasawa that they came, the distance would only be 80 miles, or only half of the
alleged distance travelled.
4th Evidence: Balanghai relics that is found in Butuan
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 According to BCHFI there are 28 gathered new pieces of scientific evidence and
comparison between the two island (masao and limasawa) 10 recovery of Balanghai boat
in 1976 near Masao River. Historian Gregorio Zaide, who originally supported the
Limasawa claimed that “It is high time for contemporary historians and the Philippines
government to correct their mistake and accept that the first Christian mass was
celebrated in Masao, Butuan, Agusan Del Norte and not in Limasawa, Leyte on Easter
Sunday, March 31,1521.
 The balanghai: which was a prominent feature of the story of their stay in the first
kingdom. It was said that the king came to their ship in a “balanghai”, and Pigaffeta and
his companion attended a party in a ritual “balanghai”, with the local king. Butuan is
now the site of at least nine excavated “balanghai” relics; by contrast, Limasawa has no
significant archaeological relics or “balanghai” tradition.
 The primary documents mention two balanghai boats accosting Magellan’s flagship
when they neared Mazaua island, with the king of Mazaua in one of the balanghai.
Pigafetta also mentioned several times the abundance of gold in the island “Pieces of
gold of the size of walnuts and eggs are found by sifting the earth in the island of that
king who came to our ships. All the dishes of the king are of gold and also some portion
of his house.
5th Evidence: Abundance of gold in the Agusan Valley
 Gold, Hontiveros pointed out, was the currency of the Butuan kingdom before the
Spaniards came. In fact, most of the gold pieces in the Central Bank’s gold collection, on
permanent exhibit at the Metropolitan Museum of Manila, are from the archaeological
findings in Butuan.
 In a paper issued by the Butuan City Heritage Society last year, “The Quest for the
Mazaua Landfall: Latest Navigational and Cartographic Updates,” Hontiveros further
discussed “the ecosystem of Mazaua, gold as its definitive marker, traces of a trading
polity, tribal identity of Raja Siaui of Mazaua and his brother, Raja Colambu of Butuan
and Calaghan, the geology of the Butuan Delta of which Mazaua was part, the location
of Gatighan [a navigational marker as mentioned in the Pigafetta accounts], and the 300-
year-old Butuan Tradition during the Spanish colonial era” by way of debunking the
Limasawa claim and upholding the Butuan claim.
Republic Act 2733
 On June 19, 1960, the Philippine Congress enacted a bill (RA. 2733) declaring
Limasawa as the place where Magellan celebrated the first recorded mass in the
Philippines. The face that the President Carlos P. Garcia did not sign the law because he
was not sure the fact that the “MAZAUA” in the Pigafetta Codex is really Limasawa. It
was the American historian Emma Helen Blair and John Alexander Robertson who
claimed in 1909 that the island of Mazaua is the present island of Limasawa without
giving any explanation for the identification.
B. EVIDENCES THAT PROVE THAT THE FIRST MASS HAPPENED IN LIMASAWA
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1. Francisco Albo
2. Antonio Pigafetta
1. The most complete and reliable account of the Magellan expedition into Philippine shores in
1521 is that of Antonio Pigafetta which is deemed as the only credible primary source of reports
on the celebration of the first Christian Mass on Philippine soil.
2. James Robertson's English translation of the original Italian manuscript of Pigaffeta's account
is most reliable for being ''faithful'' to the original text as duly certified by the University of the
Philippines' Department of European Language.
3. Pigafetta's Mazaua, the site of the first Christian Mass held on Philippine soil, is an island
lying off the southwestern tip of Leyte while Masao in Butuan is not an island but a barangay of
Butuan City located in a delta of the Agusan River along the coast of Northern Mindanao. The
position of Mazaua, as plotted by Pigafetta, matched that of Limasawa.
4. The measurement of distances between Homonhon and Limasawa between Limasawa and
Cebu, as computed by the pro-Limasawa group, matches or approximates the delineations made
by Pigafetta of the distances between Homonhon and Mazaua and between Mazaua and Cebu.
5. Magellan's fleet took a route from Homonhon to Mazaua and from Mazaua to Cebu that did
not at any time touch Butuan or any other part of Mindanao. The docking facilities at Limasawa
did not pose any problem for Magellan's fleet which anchored near or at some safe distance from
the island of the eastern shore
6. Magellan and his sailors saw a fire on an island while sailing on southwestern tip of Panaon
and headed towards it.
7. The presence of two native kings in Mazaua. The King of Butuan is a visitor in the island of
Mazaua.
8. The evidence of Pigafetta’s map. The fleet sails West Southwest from the tip of Panaon Island.
9. Pigafetta’s day-to-day account of their stay in Mazaua Island that lasted for seven days.
10. Limasawa Island has a strategic location for planting of the cross.
11. Ruy Lopez de Villalobos and Legazpi’s expedition landed on the same island of Mazaua
which is now Limasawa, an island near Leyte and Panao. Gines de Mafra met the chieftain of the
island for the second time.
CAVITE MUTINY
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June 12th has been a vital day for Filipinos since 1898, the entire Filipino nation as well as
Filipino communities all over the world gathers to celebrate the Philippines’ Independence Day.
1898, along with 1896, signified the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial abuses. Yet,
we must remember that 1872 is equally historic.
It was also believed that "This uprising was the beginning of Filipino Nationalism that would
eventually lead to the Philippine Revolution, this event was also meaningful for the Filipino
priests Gomburza, as the event led to their deaths and left an impact to the Filipinos"
 There will be no 1896 Philippine Revolution if there was no 1872 Cavite Mutiny
What is MUTINY?
• a rebellion against authority.

• comes from an old verb, “mutine” which means “revolt”
-Cavite Mutiny
• Was the uprising of military personnel of Fort San Felipe on January 20,1872. Fort San Felipe
is one of the Cavite areas which they called Arsenal. The arsenal is a manufacturing facility for
weapons and mostly the workers there are Filipino.
• Around 200 soldiers and laborers rose up in the belief that it would elevate to a national
uprising. The mutiny was unsuccessful, and government soldiers executed many of the
participants
VERSIONS OF THE CAVITE MUTINY
1. Jose Montero Y Vidal

2. Trinidad Pardo de Tavera
3. Governor-General Rafael Izquierdo
2 Major Events in 1872
1. 1872 Cavite Mutiny
2. Martyrdom of the 3 priests in the persons of Fathers
• Mariano Gomez
• Jose Burgos
• Jacinto Zamora
GomBurZa - collective name of the 3 martyred priest.
Spanish Version of the Cavite Mutiny of 1872
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The Spanish version of the Cavite Mutiny of 1872 was written by the Spanish historian, Jose
Montero y Vidal, in his book entitled Historia General de Filipinas (Madrid, 1895, Vol. III, pp.
566-595.)
This narrative of Montero y Vidal, normally a good historian, was so woefully biased that Dr. T.
H. Pardo de Tavera commented that he, “in narrating the Cavite episode, does not speak as a
historian; he speaks as a Spaniard bent on perverting the facts at his pleasure; he is
mischievously partial.” The Spanish historian in his account overstated the mutiny of some
dissatisfied soldiers and laborers into a revolt to bring down Spanish rule and this
intricated some patriots like GomBurZa and others.
According to the account of Jose Montero y Vidal, some of the reasons why there is a
mutiny were the following;
 The abolition of the privileges enjoyed by the laborers of the Cavite arsenal of
exemption from the tribute was, according to some, the cause of insurrection. There
were, however, other causes.
“The Spanish revolution which overthrew a secular throne; the propaganda carried on
by an unbridled press against monarchical principles, attentatory of the most sacred respects
towards the dethroned majesty; the democratic and republican books and pamphlets; the
speeches and preachings of the apostles of these new ideas in Spain; the outbursts of the
American publicists and the criminal policy of the senseless Governor whom the Revolutionary
government sent to govern the Philippines, and who put into practice these ideas were the
determining circumstances which gave rise, among certain Filipinos, to the idea of attaining
their independence. It was towards this goal that they started to work, with the powerful
assistance of some certain section of the native clergy, who out of spite toward the friars, made
common cause with the enemies of the mother country.”
“In the district of Sampaloc, the fiesta of the patron saint, the Virgin of Loreto, was
being celebrated with pomp and splendor. On the night of the 20th, fireworks were displayed
and rockets fired into the air. Those in Cavite mistook these for the signal to revolt, and at nine
thirty in the evening of that day two hundred native soldiers under the leadership of Sergeant La
Madrid rose up in arms, assassinated the commander of the fort and wounded his wife.”
“As a result of the declarations made by some of the prisoners in which several
individuals were pointed out as instigators, Don Jose Burgos and D. Jacinto Zamora, curates of
the Cathedral, D. Mariano Gomez, curate of Bacoor (Cavite), several other Filipino priests
were arrested.”
“The same council on the 15th of February, sentenced to die by strangulation the
Filipino priests,
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D. Jose Burgos, D. Jacinto Zamora and D. Mariano Gomez, and Fransisco Saldua. Early in the
morning of the seventeenth of February, an immense multitude appeared on the field of
Bagumbayan to witness the execution of the sentence. Gomez was executed first, then Zamora,
then Burgos, and lastly, Saldua.”
Filipino Version of the Cavite Mutiny of 1872
This version was written by Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera, a Filipino scientist, scholar
and historical researcher. In his account of the Cavite Mutiny was simply a mutiny by the
Filipino soldiers and laborers account blamed Governor General Izquierdo’s harsh policies like
the abolition of their privileges of exemption from paying yearly tribute and rendering forced
labor. This eventually resulted to a bloody incident on the night of January 20, 1872 when some
of the soldiers, laborers and residents assassinated the commanding officer and some Spanish
officials.
Edmund Plauchut, a Frenchman residing in Manila at the time of the revolt, gives a
dispassionate account of it and its causes in an article published in the Revue des Deux Mondes
in 1877. He traced the immediate cause to a peremptory order from the governor, Izquierdo,
exacting personal taxes from the Filipino laborers in the engineering and artillery corps in the
Cavite arsenal, and requiring them to perform forced labor like ordinary subjects
His version corroborated with Plauchut’s version that the mutiny was because of the
dissatisfaction of Filipinos with the abolition of their privileges and that just reacted to the harsh
policy of the new governor-general, Rafael de Izquierdo, who whimsically terminated the old-
time privileges such as the exemption from paying annual tribute and from rendering forced
labor or Polo y Servicio (forced Labor) and NOT TO OVERTHROW THE SPANISH
RULE.
A. Exemption from the tribute:

1. TAXATION –Filipinos paid taxes to spain
a. Tribute
 the Filipinos were compelled to pay tribute called tributo, to the Spanish colonial
government.
 TRIBUTO was imposed as a sign of the Filipinos’ loyalty to the king of Spain.
 Those who paid tribute were individuals between 16-60 years old.
b. CEDULA (personal identification paper) was a certificate identifying the taxpayer. It

recorded his names, age, birthplace, marital status, occupation, place of residence, nationality
and sex.
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B. Exemption from forced labor
Polo y servicio was a practice employed by Spanish colonizers for over 250 years that required
the forced labor of all Filipino males from 16 to 60 years old for 40-day periods. The workers
could be placed on any project the Spanish wanted, despite hazardous or unhealthy conditions.
The word polo refers to community work, and the laborer was called polista. The community
projects included cutting logs in forests, building ships, repairing churches, as well as
constructing government buildings, roads and bridges.
• The only way to avoid being forced to do polo y servicio was to pay the falla, which was
the equivalent of one and a half reales per day.
• In 1884, the forty days of forced labor was reduced to 15 days.
Based on the account of Tavera were as follows;
“The arrival of General Izquierdo (1871-1873) was the signal for a complete change in
the aspect of affairs”
“His first official act was to prohibit the founding of a school of arts and trades, which
was being organized by the efforts and funds raised by natives of standing in the community, but
the finding of which did not tally with the views of the religious orders Governor Izquierdo
believed that the establishment of the new school was merely a pretext for the organization of a
political club, and he not only did not allow it to be opened but made a public statement
accusing the Filipinos Who had charge of the movement, All of those who had their support to
e-Governor La Torre were classed as personas sospechosas (suspects) a term that since that
time has been used in the Philippine Islands to designate any person who to servilely obey the
wishes and whims of the authorities. The conservative element in the islands now directed the
governmental policy, and the educated Filipinos”
“This uprising among the soldiers in Cavite was used as a powerful lever by the Spanish
residents and by the friars. During the time that Gen. La Torre was chief executive in the
Philippine Islands the influential Filipinos did not hesitate to announce their hostility to the
religious orders, and the Central Government in Madrid has announced its intention to deprive
the friars in these islands of all powers of intervention in matters of civil government and of the
direction and the management of the university. Moret the colonial minister, had drawn up a
scheme of reforms by which he proposed a radical change in the colonial system of government
which was to harmonize with the principles for which the revolution in Spain had been fought. It
was due to these facts and promises that the Filipinos had great hopes of an improvement in the
affairs of their country, while the friars, on the other hand feared that their power in the colony
would soon be completely a thing of the past”
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On February 15, 1872, the Spanish colonial authorities charged the Fathers Burgos,
Gomez and Zamora with treason and sedition, and subversion; and were sentenced to death by
garrote at Bagumbayan, Philippines. They were executed two days after their verdict. The
charge against the three was their alleged complicity in the uprising of workers at the Cavite
Naval Yard.
“Those who dared to oppose themselves to the friars were punished with special severity,
among others may be mentioned the priests Burgos a half blood Spaniard, Zamora a half-
blood Chinaman, and Gomez, a pure-blood Tagalog who had vigorously opposed the friars in
the ligation over the curacies in the various province.”
 Peninsulares- full blooded Spaniards

 Insulares- pure blooded Spaniard who are born in the country
 Ilustrados- "erudite", "learned" or "enlightened ones" constituted the Filipino
intelligentsia (educated class) during the Spanish colonial period in the late 19th
century.
 Indio- full blooded Austronesians
“But there were other results following upon the unfortunate policy adopted by Governor
Izquierdo.
Up to that time, there had been no intention of secession from Spain, and the only aspiration
of the people was to secure the material and educational advancement of the country. The
Filipino people had never blamed the Spanish nation for the backward condition in which the
islands existed, nor for the injustices Committed in the islands by the Spanish officials: but on
the contrary it was the custom to lay all the blame for these things on the individual officers
guilty of maladministration and no attempt had been made to investigate whether or not the
evils under which the islands suffered were due to fundamental causes. The persecutions
which began under Governor Izquierdo were based on the false assumptions that the Filipino
people were desirous of independence, and although this was an unfounded accusation, there
were many martyrs to the cause, among whom were found any of the most intelligent and well-
to-do people without distinction of color or race or nationality, who were sentenced to death, to
imprisonment, or were expatriated because they were believed to aspire to the independence of
these islands. The fear which the people felt of the friars and of the punishments meted out by
the Government was exceeded only by the admiration which the Filipino people had for those
who did not hesitate to stand up for the rights of the country. In this manner, the persecutions
to which the people were subjected served as a stimulus and an educative force, and from that
time the rebellion was nursed in secret and the passive resistance to the abuses of the official
power became greater day by day.”
REASONS WHY CAVITE MUTINY HAPPENED ACCORDING TO TAVERA
1. There was dissatisfaction among the workers of the Cavite arsenal as well as the members of
the army after their privileges were thrown away by general Izquierdo.
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2. General Izquierdo introduce rigid and strict policies that make the Filipinos move and turn
away from the Spanish government out of disgust and dismay.
3.The central government failed to Investigate on what truly transpired but relied on report of
Izquierdo and the friars.
4. The happy days of the friars were already numbered in 1872 when the central government in
Spain decided to deprive them of the power to intervene in government affairs as well as in
direction and management of schools.
5. The Filipino clergy members actively participated in the secularization movement to allow
Filipino priests to take hold of the parishes in the country making them prey to the rage of the
Spanish friars.
6. Filipino during that time they deemed as injustice were active participants and responded to
what they deemed injustice
7. The execution of GomBurZa was a blander on the part of Spanish government.
THE OFFICIAL REPORT OF GOVERNOR IZQUIERDO ON THE CAVITE MUTINY OF 1872

Governor Rafael Izquierdo made a report to the Spanish Ministry of War on January 23, 1872. In
his report he blamed the native clergy, scholars and some resident of Manila and the neighboring
provinces as the instigators of the Cavite mutiny.
He expressively describes Cavite Mutiny as an “insurrection” “uprising” and a

“revolution”
“From the Summary of information received that is, from the declaration made before the fiscal
it seems definite that the insurrection was motivated and prepared by the native clergy, by the
mestizos and native lawyers, and by those known here as abogadillos. Some are residents of
manila others from Cavite and some from the nearby provinces.”
“The instigators, to carry out their criminal project, protested against the injustice of the
government in not paying the province for their tobacco crop, and against the usury that some
(officials) practice in (handling) documents that the Finance department gives crop owners who
have to sell them at a loss. They encouraged the rebellion by protesting what they called the
injustice of having obliged the workers in the Cavite arsenal to pay tribute starting January 1
(1872), and to render personal service from which they were formally exempted.”
“To seduce the native troops, they resorted to superstitions with which the Indios are so prone to
believe, persuading them that the Chief of State (hari) would become ecclesiastic and the rest or
the clergy when backed the uprising would celebrate daily for us success. Thus, the rebellion
could nor full because God was with them, and those who would not revolt they would kill
immediately. Taking advantage of the ignorance of those classes and the propensity of the Indio
to steal, they offered (to those who revolted) the wealth of the Spaniards and of the regular
clergy, employment and ranks in the army: and to this effect they said that fifteen native
battalions would he created, in which the soldiers who revolted would have jobs as officers and
chiefs. The lawyers and abogadillos would direct the government, administration and justice.”
____________________________________________________________________________________
“Up to now it has not been clearly determined if they planned to establish a monarchy or a
republic because the Indios have no word in their language to describe this different form of
government, whose head in Tagalog would be called hari but it turns out that they would place
at the head of the government a priest, and there were great probabilites nay, a certainty that
the head selected would be Jose Burgos, or D. Jacinto Zamora, parish priests of S. Pedro of
Manila.”
CRY OF PUGADLAWIN/BALINTAWAK
1. PIO VALENZUELA’s controversial cry of Pugad Lawin

2. GUILLERMO MASANGKAY’s “The cry of Balintawak”
3. SANTIAGO ALVAREZ “The cry of Bahay toro”
4. GREGORIA de JESUS version of the “First cry”
What a cry means?
The “cry” means the first shout after tearing the cedulas of Katipunan members in defiance
of their allegiance to Spain. Filipinos finally rejected Spanish colonial dominion over the
Philippine Islands, by formally constituting their own national government; This was literally
accompanied by patriotic shouts.
PIO VALENZUELA’s controversial cry of Pugad Lawin

(August 23, 1896)
This controversial version of the "Cry of Pugad Lawin" has been authorized by no other than Dr.
Pio Valenzuela, who happened to be the eyewitness himself of the event. In his first version, he
told that the prime staging point of the Cry was in Balintawak on Wednesday of August 26,
1896. He held this account when the happenings or events are still vivid in his memory. On the
other hand, later in his life and with a fading memory, he wrote his Memoirs of the Revolution
without consulting the written documents of the Philippine evolution and claimed that the "Cry"
took place at Pugad Lawin on August 23, 1896.
GUILLERMO MASANGKAY’s “The cry of Balintawak”
This version is written by the Katipunan General Masangkay. He is an eyewitness of the historic
event and a childhood friend of Bonifacio. According to him, the first rally of the Philippine
Revolution happened on August 26, 1896 at Balintawak. Correspondingly, the date and site
presented were accepted by the preliminary years of American government.
 The first cry of revolution happened in Balintawak, at the house of Apolonio Samson, on
August 26, 1896.
 9 o’clock in the morning, the board of directors held a meeting for the final dateof uprising.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Andres Bonifacio, sensing that he would lose in the discussion then, left the session hall
and talked to the people, who were waiting outside for the result of the meeting of the
leaders. He told the people that the leaders were arguing against starting the revolution
early, and appealed to them in a fiery speech in which he said:
“You remember the fate of our countrymen who were shot in Bagumbayan. Should
we return now to towns, the Spaniards will only shoot us. Our organization has been
discovered and we are all marked men. If we don’t start the uprising, the Spaniards
will get us anyway. What then, do you say?”
“Revolt!” the people shouted as one.
If it is true that you are ready to revolt, “Bonifacio said, “I want to see you destroy
your cedulas. It will be the sign that all of us have declared our severance from the
Spaniards.” And when this was decided, the people outside shouted: “Long Live the
Philippine Republic!”
Bonifacio then asked the people to give a pledge that they were to revolt. He told them that the
sign of slavery of the Filipinos were the cedula tax charged each citizen.
With tears in their eyes, the people as one man, pulled out their cedulas and tore them to pieces.
It was the beginning of the formal declaration of separation from Spanish rule. With their
cedulas destroyed, they could no longer go back to their homes because the Spaniards
would persecute them, if not for being katipuneros, for having no cedulas. And people who
had no cedulas during those days were severely punished.
When the people’s pledge was obtained by Bonifacio, he returned to the session hall and
informed the leaders of what took place outside. “The people want to revolt, and they have
destroyed their cedulas,” Bonifacio said. “So now we have to start the uprising; otherwise, the
people by hundreds will be shot. “There was no alternative. The board of directors, in the spite of
the protest of Plata, Pantas, and Valenzuela, voted for the revolution. And when this was
decided, the people outside shouted: “Long Live the Philippine Republic!”
Here are some reasons why Pugadlawin is not considered as the place of the cry.
1. People of Balintawak initiated the revolution against the Spaniards that is why it
is not appropriate to call it Cry of Pugadlawin.
2 The place of Pugadlawin only existed in 1935 after the rebellion happened in
1896. Lastly,
3 The term “Pugadlawin” was only made up because of the hawk’s nest at the top of the tall tree
at the backyard of Tandang Sora in Banlat, Gulod, Kalookan where it is said to be one of the
hiding places of the revolutionary group led by Andres Bonifacio.
SANTIAGO ALVAREZ “The cry of Bahay toro”
____________________________________________________________________________________
(August 24, 1896)
This version of the “Cry” was written by Santiago Alvarez, a well-known Katipunero from
Cavite and a son of Mariano Alvarez. Santiago is a relative of Gregoria de Jesus, who happened
to be the wife of Andres Bonifacio. Unlike the author of the first version mentioned Valenzuela).
Santiago Alvarez is not an eyewitness of this event. As a result, this version of him is not given
of equal value as compared with the other versions for authors of other accounts are actually part
of the historic event.
SUNDAY, AUGUST 23, 1896

As early as 10 o’clock in the morning, at the barn of Kabesang Melchora [Melchora Aquino.].
at a place called Sampalukan, barrio of Bahay Toro. Katipuneros met together. About 500 of
these arrived, ready and eager to join the “Supremo” Andres Bonifacio and his men…
MONDAY, AUGUST 24, 1896

There were about 1,000 Katipuneros…. The “Supremo” decided to hold a meeting inside the big
barn. Under his leadership, the meeting began at 10 o’clock in the morning… It was 12 o’clock
noon when the meeting adjourned amidst loud cries of “Long live the Sons of the Country”
(Mabuhay ang mga anak ng Bayan)!
GREGORIA de JESUS version of the “First cry”

(August 25 1896)
This version as written by no other than the “Lakambini of the Katipunan” and wife of Andres
Bonifacio, Gregoria de Jesus. She has been a participant of this event and became the keeper of
the secret documents of the Katipunan. After the Revolution in August 1896, she lived with her
parents in Caloocan then fled to Manila when she was told that Spanish authorities wanted to
arrest her. Eventually, she joined her husband in the mountains and shared adversities with him.
In her account the First “Cry” happened near Caloocan on August 25, 1896.
CRITERIA 10 6 4
Addressed the
Addressed all questions Addressed the questions but
Completeness questions with one
completely provided few details
specific detail
____________________________________________________________________________________
The essay can be easily
The essay can be followed.
followed; effective transitions The essay cannot be
Organization Basic transitions and structured
and well systematized format is easily followed
format are used
used

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HIST101 – READINGS IN THE PHILIPPINE HISTORY

SY 2023 – 2024, FIRST SEMESTER (MIDTERM)

Antonio Pigafetta (c. 1491 – c. 1531)

 also known as Antonio Lombardo or Francisco Antonio Pigafetta.

 Magellan’s Contribution in the World History

CONTRIBUTION AND RELEVANCE OF THE DOCUMENT IN UNDERSTANDING

1. The account contributed to the field of geography, navigation, and history.

TOPIC: SITE OF THE FIRST MASS

A. EVIDENCES THAT PROVE THAT THE FIRST MASS HAPPENED IN MASAO,

5th Evidence: Abundance of gold in the Agusan Valley

B. EVIDENCES THAT PROVE THAT THE FIRST MASS HAPPENED IN LIMASAWA

• a rebellion against authority.

VERSIONS OF THE CAVITE MUTINY

1. Jose Montero Y Vidal

Spanish Version of the Cavite Mutiny of 1872

Filipino Version of the Cavite Mutiny of 1872

A. Exemption from the tribute:

b. CEDULA (personal identification paper) was a certificate identifying the taxpayer. It

Based on the account of Tavera were as follows;

 Peninsulares- full blooded Spaniards

REASONS WHY CAVITE MUTINY HAPPENED ACCORDING TO TAVERA

THE OFFICIAL REPORT OF GOVERNOR IZQUIERDO ON THE CAVITE MUTINY OF 1872

He expressively describes Cavite Mutiny as an “insurrection” “uprising” and a

1. PIO VALENZUELA’s controversial cry of Pugad Lawin

PIO VALENZUELA’s controversial cry of Pugad Lawin

GUILLERMO MASANGKAY’s “The cry of Balintawak”

“Revolt!” the people shouted as one.

SANTIAGO ALVAREZ “The cry of Bahay toro”

SUNDAY, AUGUST 23, 1896

MONDAY, AUGUST 24, 1896

GREGORIA de JESUS version of the “First cry”

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