CONFIDENTIAL CEEH/OCT 2023/CHE233

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

LABORATORY

COURSE : FLUID MECHANICS

COURSE CODE : CHE233

ASSESSMENT : EXPERIMENT 1/2/3/4

Course Outcomes:

Construct laboratory work to display the concept of chemical reactions in chemistry

Item Marks
Introduction &
/10
objective
Materials, procedure
& safety precaution /30

Data, results &

/20
discussion
Organization &
/10
appearance
Question & answer
/20
(Post-experiment)
Peer evaluation /10
GRAND TOTAL
(CO3,LO2) /100
 SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
UiTM Cawangan Terengganu/Johor/Sarawak,
Kampus Bukit Besi/ Pasir Gudang/Samarahan

TECHNICAL/EXECUTIVE REPORT: CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Exp No.: Title of
2 Experiment: Flow over Weirs (FM26)

Topic: Flow over weirs (rectangular notch and V-notch_ Mark:

Date:
Students Course: FLUID MECHANICS(CHE233) Semester: 3 Group: B2
No. Name Matrix No. Signature
1 VALLERRIE TANIA ANAK YUSOP 2022661432
2 NURSYZWANIE SYAZWIN BINTI MOHAMMAD 2022643444
3 MICHAEL MAHIDI MADUIS 2022476208
4
5
Lecturer 1.Prof. Madya Dr. Juferi Bin Idris

2. Dr. Hazman Bin Seli

Introduction :

The Flow Over Weirs (FM26) apparatus comes with two weirs plates of different shapes (Rectangular notch & V-
notch). This unit is used to be used together with the hydraulic Bench (FM110). The unit consists of the following
accessories.

a) A quick release connector at the base of the channel is unscrewed and a delivery nozzle is screwed in its
place.
b) A stifling baffle locates in the slots at the wall of the channel. The inlet nozzle and stifling baffle in combination
promote smooth flow conditions in the channel.
c) A Vernier hook and a point gauge are mounted on an instrument carrier which is located on the side channels
of the moulded top. The carrier may be moved along the channels to the required measurement position.
d) The rectangular notch weir or (v) notch weir to be tested is clamped to the weir carrier in the channel by thumb
nuts. The weir plates incorporate captive studs to aid assembly.

Objective:
1. Flow characteristics demonstration over a rectangular notch and a (V) notch
2. Determination of the discharge coefficients.
Materials, MATERIAL :
Procedure &
1. Hyrdraulic Bench
Safety 2. Venier
Precautions 3. Hook
4. Stifling Baffle
5. Water Channel
6. Sump Tank
7. Flow Control Valve
8. Weir Plates (Rectangular and V)

PROCEDURE :

4.1. General Start-Up procedure

1. Make sure the hydraulic bench pump is securely connected.

2. Ensure the collection tank drain valve is left OPEN to allow flow discharge back into the
slump tank.
3. Set up the flow over weirs apparatus on the hydraulic bench.
4. Ensure thumb nuts are securing the rectangular notch weir plate is fully secured.

4.2. General Shut Down procedure

1. Shut hydraulic bench flow control valve and close water supply.
2. Empty the residue water from the channel and sump tank by ensuring the drain tank valve
is left open.

4.3 Experiment 1 : Flow Characteristics over weirs

1. On the hydraulic bench level the weir apparatus and the rectangular notch weir is install.
2. Open the hydraulic bench flow control valve slowly to admit water to the channel until the
water discharges over the weir plate. Ensure that the water level is even with the crest of
the weir.
3. Flow control valve is close and allow water level to stabilize.
4. The Vernier Gauge is set to a datum reading using the top of the hook. The position of the
gauge is about half way between the notch plate and stilling baffle.
5. Water is admit to the channel. The water flow is adjust by using the hydraulic bench flow
control valve to obtain heads (H).
6. Wait for water flow condition to stabilize, take heads readings in every increasing of
about 1 cm.
7. Repeat step 4 and 5 for different flow rate.
8. Take readings of volume and time using the volumetric tank to determine flow rate.
9. Replace the notch with v-notch after finish with rectangular notch.
10. The results is record in the table.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS :

1) Use Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) while performing the experiment.

2) Make sure there is no air bubbles in the tube before measuring the flow rate.
Data,
Results & DATA AND RESULT :
Discussion

V-notch
Volume (L) Height H (m) Time (s) Average Time
T1 T2 T3 (s)
10 0.01 76 75 79 77
10 0.02 34 33 31 33
10 0.03 17 16 16 16
10 0.04 8 8 8 8

Flow Rate , Q Q2/5 Cd

(m3/s)
1.30 X 10-4 0.028 5.503
3.03 X 10-4 0.039 2.267
6.25 X 10-4 0.052 1.697
1.25 X 10-3 0.069 1.654

Rectangular notch
Volume (L) Height H (m) Time (s) Average Time
T1 T2 T3 (s)
10 0.01 80 81 82 81
10 0.02 34 34 34 34
10 0.03 21 21 21 21
10 0.04 14 14 14 14

Flow Rate , Q Log H Log Q Q2/3 Cd H/B

(m3/s)
1.23 X 10-4 -2.00 -3.91 2.47 X 10-3 1.262 0.33
2.94 X 10-4 -1.70 -3.53 4.42 X 10-3 1.067 0.67
4.76 X 10-4 -1.52 -3.32 6.1 X 10-3 0.94 1.00
7.14 X 10-4 -1.40 -3.15 7.99 X 10-3 0.916 1.33

CALCULATION:

1.) Flowrate ;

Rectangular notch;

Q = (0.01m3) ÷ (81s)
= 1.23 X 10-4 m3/s
V-notch;

Q = (0.01m3) ÷ 77s
=1.30 X 10-4 m3/s

2.) Coefficient Discharge, Cd

Rectangular notch;

2 2
1.23 X 10-4 m3/s =Cd (3)(0.033)√2(9.81)(0.01)^3
Cd = 5.503

V-notch;

90 5
1.30 X 10-4 m3/s =Cd (8/15)√2(9.81) tan (0.01)^2
2
Cd = 1.262

3.) H/B

H/B = 0.01m/0.033m
= 0.303
DISSCUSSION :

Graph

RECTANGULAR NOTCH
Graph of Q2/3 vs Height, H

Q2/3 vs H
0.009
0.008 y = 0.1824x + 0.0007
0.007 R² = 0.9993

0.006
0.005
Q2/3

0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045
Height, H (m)

Graph of Log Q vs Log H

Log Q vs Log H
0
-2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 -0.5 0
-1
-1.5
-2
Log Q

-2.5
y = 1.2548x - 1.4009 -3
R² = 0.9993 -3.5
-4
-4.5
Log H
 Graph of Cd vs H

Cd vs H
1.4

1.2

0.8 y = -11.65x + 1.3375

Cd

R² = 0.902
0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045
Height, H (m)

Based on the table above, the values of Cd for rectangular notch is not constant . From the data
collected , average of Cd for rectangular notch is calculated below :

(7.75 X 10−3)+0.019+0.03+0.044
Average Cd = 4

= 0.0251875

The discharge coefficient for V and rectangular notch became more accurate to the theoretical
value when the flow rate, Q increases.
2
In the graph, of 𝑄3 versus H for rectangular notch , the relationship of Q and H is proven as can be
described by an empirical formula 𝑄 = 𝑘𝐻𝑛 . As we can see from the graph, it shows that
2
𝑄 3 = 0.1824H
3
= (0.1824𝐻)2
= 0.0025H
3
k=0.1824 , n=
2

From the rectangular notch , the graph shows that height of the water, H increase as the flow rate,
Q increase. Cd value slowly reaches almost constant value for all height of water, H.
 V-Notch

Graph of Q2/3 vs H

Q2/5 vs H
0.08
0.07 y = 1.359x + 0.0131
R² = 0.9904
0.06
0.05
Q2/5

0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045
Height,H (m)

From the graph of Q2/5 vs H for V-notch, it shows that

2
𝑄5 = 1.359H
5
Q = (1.359𝐻)2
Q = 2.153H

Compare the theory equation,

15 1
Cd = 𝑄( 5
)
8
√2𝑔𝑡𝑎𝑛Ө𝐻 2
2

15 1
= 8
(1.30 𝑋 10−4 )( 90 5 )
√2𝑋9.81 𝑋 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝑋 0.012

= 5.503

Based on calculation above, we can find Cd value for V-notch. In addition, as we can see Cd value
of V-notch slightly higher than rectangular notch. This is occur because of the space of water flow
through the notch. The smaller space for water flow through, the higher C d value for the notch.
Conclusion: From this experiment, it can be concluded that when flow rate, Q increase, the discharge
coefficient, Cd becomes more accurate to the theoretical value. This is because, due to water
surface tension that disturbs the flow of water towards notch. The changes in discharge coefficient,
Cd due to the water molecule need to resist the friction at the notch surface. B value for rectangular
notch is almost constant for every height of water while B value V notch is increasing at every
height of water.

Reference: 1. https://fm-nitk.vlabs.ac.in/exp/calibration-rectangular-
notch/theory.html#:~:text=V%2DNotch,than%20with%20a%20rectangular%20notch
2. https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.engineeringtoolbox.com/amp/weirs-flow-rate-
d_592.html
3. https://www.slideshare.net/Nazmul5492/flow-over-a-sharp-crested-weir