CERTIFICATE OF EXCELLENCE

This is to certify that the original and genuine investigation

work has been carried out to investigate about the subject
matter and the related data collection and investigation has
been completely solely, sincerely and satisfactorily done by
ARYAN KUMAR THAKUR a student of Class — XII for
the academic Session 2023-2023, regarding the
investigatory project entitled "LCR CIRCUIT, IT’S
IMPEDANCE, POWER, AND WATTLESS
CURRENT" under the supervision of MR. RAJESH
DIX1T as per the guidelines issued by Central Board of
Secondary Education.

Date:

EXAMINER'S SIGNATURE TEACHER'S SIGNATURE

 INSTITUTION'S RUBBER STAMP PRINCIPAL'S SIGNATURE

Acknowledgement
I extend my heartfelt gratitude to Mr. Rajesh Dixit as the true
cornerstone of the project I have completed. Your guidance has been
invaluable, and without it, this project would not have been
conceivable. Thank you immensely for your unwavering support.
I would also like to express special thanks to our principal, whose
support has been instrumental in the realization of this project.
Additionally, I am grateful to the library for providing me with
invaluable books that significantly contributed to the development of
my work.
My gratitude goes out to the crucial role played by my friends and
teachers. Their constructive feedback and suggestions shaped the
project into its current form. Without their input, this project would
not have reached its present state.

ARYAN KUMAR THAKUR

INDEX
1.CERTIFICATE OF EXCELLENCE
2.ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3.INTRODUCTION
4.AIM OF PROJECT
5.THEORY
6.APPARATUS REQUIRED
7.PROCEDURE FOLLOWED
8.USES OF LCR CIRCUIT
9.CONCLUSION
 INTRODUCTION

In the delicate realm of modern physics, few phenomena capture the

delicate dance of electromagnetism as elegantly as LCR circuits. The
interaction of inductance (L), capacitance (C), and resistance (R)
within these circuits form the backbone of all of modern-day electronic
systems. From power distribution networks to radio frequency filters,
LCR circuits serve as indispensable components of our technological
infrastructure.

At their heart, LCR circuits apply the principles of resonance and

oscillation, offering today’s engineers with a versatile toolkit to control
the behavior of electrical currents.

As we examine the world of LCR circuits, we will unravel the

mysteries behind their behavior, examining the interdependence of
inductance, capacitance, and resistance. By understanding the physics
that governs their operation, we can better understand how LCR
circuits integrate into the fabric of modern technology, enabling
innovations that span from telecommunications to medical devices, and
how we control power in the 21st century.
 AIM OF THE PROJECT

The primary objective this investigative project is to dive into the

inner workings of an LCR circuit. The focal points of this exploration
include developing a thorough understanding of the circuit's internal
mechanisms, acquainting oneself with the various terminologies such
as impedance, wattless current, power factor, resonance and more,
linked to its operation, and examining the various applications of the
same in real-world situations. By conducting this investigation, we
hope to enhance our knowledge and contribute valuable insights to
the broader understanding of LCR circuits and their relevance in
practical contexts.
 THEORY
Basic Elements of LCR Circuits:
a. Inductance (L):
 Definition: Due to change in magnetic flux linked with the
circuit of conductor or coil an EMF is induced in the coil
which opposes the causes of induction, that is, the effects
of induced EMF oppose the change in current. Thus, every
conductor or coil when current flowing in it is changed
due to the flux linked with the circuit of its own current in
itself. Inductance is this property of the coil due to which it
opposes the changes in magnetic flux produced in it
 If the geometry of coil does not change with time,
ⅆ Φ B ⅆI
α ,
ⅆt ⅆt
From the above a term flux linkage is coined, which is
equal to Nϕ B, which is proportional to the current.
Thus, Nϕ B α I ,
the proportionality constant of this equation is
called Inductance.
 Self-Induction- According to faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction, due change of magnetic flux in
a coil, EMF induced in the coil is equal to the rate of
change of magnetic flux in the coil.
− ⅆ ϕB
Thus, E= ⅆt
,

From before mentioned, ∅ is proportional to

I with proportionality constant L,
ⅆI
Therefore, E=−L dT
 b. Capacitance (C):
 Definition: Capacitance is the ability of a capacitor to store
electrical energy in an electric field.
 A capacitor is a device of two conductors separated by an
insulator. Usually, the capacitors have charges +Q and -Q,
and a potential difference between them equal to V.
Alternatively, a single conductor can also behave like a
conductor (assuming the other conductor is at infinity).
The before mentioned Q is called charge on capacitor

 The relationship between charge Q, potential difference V,

and capacitance C is given by,
C=QV

c. Resistance (R):
 Definition: Resistance is the property of the material due
to which it opposes the flow of electric current through it.
 Ohm's Law: For ohmic conductors, Voltage is directly
proportional to current flowing through the conductors, or
V=IR, where R is the proportionality constant, this
constant is known as resistance. Where V is voltage, I is
current, and R is resistance.
NOTE- All these elements of LCR are the properties only depend
on the material used to make them, their geometries and the setups
in which they are used, and are independent of all external factors
associated with them.
Alternating current
Today, most of our energy distribution is done not through direct
current, which power our laptops and phones, but instead by a
varying current source known as alternating current. Pioneered
by visionaries like Nikola Tesla, AC's advantages led to its
widespread adoption for electricity distribution.
Its voltage fluctuates, in contrast to a direct current source,
making long-distance transmission more effective. This is due to
the ease with which transformers can be used to step up or down
alternating current, therefore minimizing energy losses during
transmission. Furthermore, a variety of electrical appliances and
motors can be effectively powered by AC thanks to its cyclical
direction shift capability.

Let us find out when an AC source is applied to our circuit

components one by one:

 Resistor-
Let ε be an AC source of variable EMF v,
and R be connected in series across it as
shown in figure 1.
Let this potential difference be given
by, v=v m sin ( wt )

Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law, Figure. 1

v−IR=0,
Thus, v m sin ( wt )=IR ,
v
Or, since R is constant, I = R .

Thus, we can draw the conclusion that, when a sinusoidally

varying alternating voltage is applied to a resistor the current
in the resistor also varies sinusoidally with time in the same
phase.
Graph of variance of current
and voltage when AC source
applied to pure resistor

 Inductor:
Let ε be an AC source of variable EMF
v, and inductor L be connected in series
across it as shown in figure 2.
Let this potential difference be given by,
v=v m sin ( wt )

Applying Kirchoff’s loop law and Figure 2

faraday’s law,
L ⅆI
v− =0 , or,
ⅆt
ⅆI
v m sin ( wt )=Ldt ,

vm
or, sin ( wt ) ⅆt =dI .
L

Integrating both sides of the equation,

vm
∫ L
sin ( wt ) ⅆt =∫ dI ,

We get,
−v m
cos ( wt )+ c=I ,
ωL

Taking constant of integration to be zero as Voltage is

symmetric about origin, we get,
−v m
cos ( wt )=I
ωL
vm
Or, sin ( wt−π /2 ) =I ,
ωL
vm
Here,
ωL
, is the amplitude of the current. The quantity ωL, is
analogous to resistance as known as inductive reactance.
If both V and I can be represented as a phasor diagram,
current lacks behind voltage by a phase difference of π /2.
 a)
phasor

diagram for pure inductive circuit

b) Graph of V and I versus wt.

 Capacitor:
Let ε be an AC source of variable EMF
v, and capacitor C be connected in
series across it as shown in figure 3.
Let this potential difference be given
by, v=v m sin ( wt )

Applying Kirchoff’s loop law, Figure 3

q
v− =0 , or, Cv m sin ( wt )=q
C
ⅆq
As, I = ⅆt

d
I= {v wC sin(wt )}
dt m

We get, v m wC cos ( wt )=I ,

Or, v m wC sin ( wt + π /2 )=I ,

Here, v m wC , is the amplitude of the current. The quantity ωC ,
is analogous to resistance as known as conductive reactance.
If both V and I can be represented as a phasor diagram,
current is ahead of voltage by a phase difference of π /2.
 a) phasor diagram for pure capacitive circuit
b) Graph of V and I versus wt.

Series LCR Circuit

Figure 4 shows a series LCR circuit
connected to an ac source e. As usual,
we take the voltage of the source to
be v=v m sin ( wt )If q is the charge on the
capacitor and i the current, at time t,
we have, from Kirchhoff’s loop rule: Figure 4
ⅆi q
L + ⅈR + =v ,
dt c

This equation can be solved by phasor diagram method,

As we know, in series circuit all the components have
same current flowing through. Let this be,
I =i m sin ( wt )
Bibliography
1. NCERT
2. Google.com
3. HC verma