SEWAGE

TREATMENT
PLANT
(NSTP - Coronation Pillar)
 INDEX

S.no CONTENTS

1. Introduction
2. Plant Description
2.1 Sewage Water Treatment Process
3. Test learned in Laboratory
3.1 Lab Precautions
3.2 Temperature
3.3 pH
3.4 Electrical Conductivity
3.5 Total Dissolved Solids
3.6 Total Suspended Solids
3.7 Total Alkalinity
3.8 Chloride
3.9 Dissolved Oxygen
3.10 Oxygen Absorbed
3.11 Biochemical Oxygen Demand
3.12 Chemical Oxygen Demand
3.13 Ammonia
3.14 Sulphide
3.15 Phosphate
3.16 Oil and Grease
3.17 Settlement
4. Readings and Calculations
5. Conclusion
6. Bibliography

**Note: - volume of chemicals used, indicators used, sample taken, dilution of solutions, and reagent and other
solutions and other factors can be change according to need or as instructed. There is no specific volume is
described for each test.
 1. INTRODUCTION

Most of the river and canals in India is polluted and experiencing moderate to severe water
shortages, brought on by the simultaneous effects of agricultural growth, industrialization and
urbanization. Sewage is a major point source of pollution. Current and future freshwater
demand could be met by enhancing water use efficiency and demand management. Thus,
wastewater/low quality water is emerging as potential source for demand management after
essential treatment. Also, sewage can be viewed as a source of water that can be used for
various beneficial uses including ground water recharge through surface storage of treated
water and/or rain/flood water in an unlined reservoir. To reduce substantial expenditure on long
distance conveyance of sewage as well as treated water for recycling, decentralized treatment
of sewage is advisable. Sewage / wastewater treatment consist of different processes which
protect the environment & human through cleansing the water pollutant.

WHY TREAT WASTEWATER?

⦁It's a matter of caring for our environment and for our own health.
⦁To prevent groundwater pollution
⦁To prevent seashore
⦁Protection of marine life
⦁Protection of public life
⦁To reuse the treated effluent, for agriculture, for groundwater recharge, for industrial recycle
⦁Solving social problem caused by the accumulation of wastewater.
If wastewater is not properly treated, then the environment and human health can be
negatively impacted.

SEWAGE
Sewage is the wastewater generated by a community, namely:
a) Domestic wastewater, from bathrooms, toilets, kitchens, etc.
b) Raw or treated industrial wastewater discharged in the sewerage system.
c) Rainwater and urban runoff.
SEWAGE TREATMENT
Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater, primarily from
household sewage. It includes physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove these
contaminants and produce environmentally safe treated wastewater.

OBJECTIVES OF SEWAGE TREATMENT

⦁Removal of micro-organic which may be the cause of dangerous diseases
⦁Removal of floatable and postponed particles
⦁To improve the quality of wastewater.
⦁To make the wastewater usable for agricultural, aquaculture etc.
 3. TEST LEARNED IN LABORATORY

3.1 LAB PRECAUTIONS

a) Safety first: use COMMON SENSE to avoid accidents
b) Know emergency procedures.
c) Wear footwear that completely covers your feet
d) Wear face shields during the experiment that includes heat or chemicals
e) Wear safety glasses while working with hazardous materials
f) Never work in the laboratory without the supervision of a teacher.
g) Always perform the experiments or work precisely as directed by the teacher.
h) Immediately report any spills, accidents, or injuries to a teacher.
i) Never taste any chemical.
j) Never leave experiments while in progress.
k) Be careful when handling hot glassware and apparatus in the laboratory.
l) Never fill a pipette using mouth suction. Always use a pipetting device.
m) Do not remove any equipment or chemicals from the laboratory
n) Wash your hands properly after leaving the lab
o) Wear a full-length, long-sleeved laboratory coat or chemical-resistant apron

3.2 TEMPRATURE
⦁Temperature: The temperature of wastewater is commonly higher than that of the water
supply because of the addition of warm water from households and industrial plants. However,
significant amounts of infiltration or storm water flow can cause major temperature
fluctuations. The ideal temperature of sewage for the biological activities is 20°c.

3.3 pH (Potential of Hydrogen)

pH is known as the negative logarithm of H+ ion concentration.
For proper treatment, wastewater pH should normally be in the range of 6.5 to 9.0. The
determination of pH value of sewage is important, because efficiency of certain treatment
methods depends upon the availability of a suitable pH value.

➢ Procedure (Indicator method)

i) Wash test tube with distilled water.
ii) Add 5 drops of Phenol Red indicator in test tube.
iii) Take 10 ml of sample water in test tube by help of measuring cylinder.
iv) Shake the sample water.
v) Use Photo metal to check the pH of sample water with respect to distilled water
on the basis of colour difference.

3.4 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY (E/C)

Electrical conductivity is nothing but the measure of the capability of the material to pass the
flow of electric current. This ability of conductance in water is directly proportional to the
concentration of the ions present in the water.
The Compounds which dissolve into the ions are known as the electrolytes. The more the
number of ions present in the electrolyte, then the higher the conductivity of water.
Distilled water can also act as an insulator due to the very low conductivity value. Seawater is
said to possess a very high value of conductivity.

➢ Procedure
i) Shake the sample water before transferring it to the beaker.
ii) Take sample water between 200 ml – 250 ml in beaker.
iii) Use the digital meter to measure the Electrical conductivity.
iv) Multiply the reading from 10.

3.5 TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLID (TDS)

Dissolved solids are those solids which can survive filtration.
Total dissolved solids (TDS) is a measure of the dissolved combined content of all inorganic
and organic substances present in a liquid.
 ➢ Procedure
i) Shake the sample water before transferring it to the beaker.
ii) Take sample water between 200 ml – 250 ml in beaker.
iii) Use the digital meter to measure the Total dissolved solids.
iv) Multiply the reading form 10.

3.6 TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS (TSS)

Total suspended solids (TSS) is the dry weight of suspended particles, that are not dissolved,
in a sample of water that can be trapped by a filter that is analysed using a filtration apparatus
known as sintered glass crucible.

➢ Procedure
i) Weight the GFC (Glass Micro Fibres) filter paper by weight machine and note down
the initial weight.
ii) Take the sample water in beaker.
iii) Shake the sample water and use measuring cylinder to measure the sample for filtration.
iv) Use sintered glass crucible to do filtration.
v) Put the filtered GFC filter papers into the oven for 1 hour after filtration is done.
vi) Put out the GFC papers and then put them in desiccator for 5 – 10 min to cool down.
vii) Then measure the final weight of filtered GFC papers and note down the final weight
viii) Calculate the TSS by given formula:

(𝑊2 − 𝑊1)
𝑇𝑆𝑆 = ⋅ 1000
𝑣𝑜𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒

W2 – Final weight of GFC paper

W1 – Initial weight of GFC paper

3.7 TOTAL ALKALINITY (TAK)

Alkalinity is a measurement of dissolved alkaline substances in water (higher than 7.0 pH) that
can neutralize acid. The most well-known alkalinity components are bicarbonate, carbonate,
and hydroxide,
Alkalinity is measured in the unit milligrams per litre (mg/L) of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).

➢ Procedure
i) Take the 10 ml of sample water in conical flask from beaker without shaking.
ii) Add 2 – 3 drops of methyl-orange indicator in taken sample.
iii) Then titrate it with Sulphuric Acid (N/50) until orange colour is obtained.
iv) Note down the reading of volume used of Sulphuric Acid (N/50).
v) Multiply the reading by 100.
vi) And note down the final reading.

3.8 CHLORIDE
Chloride is a naturally occurring element that is common in most natural waters and is most
often found as a component of salt (sodium chloride) or in some cases in combination with
potassium or calcium.

➢ Procedure
i) Take the 10 ml of sample water in conical flask from beaker without shaking.
ii) Add 2 – 3 drops of Potassium-Chromate indicator in taken sample.
iii) Then titrate it with Silver Nitrate (N/35.5) until brownish colour is obtained.
iv) Note down the reading of volume used of Silver Nitrate (N/35.5).
v) Multiply the reading by 100.
vi) And note down the final reading.

3.9 DISSOLVED OXYGEN (DO)

Dissolved oxygen (DO) is the amount of oxygen that is present in water. Water bodies
receive oxygen from the atmosphere and from aquatic plants. Running water, such as that of
a swift moving stream, dissolves more oxygen than the still water of a pond or lake.

➢ Procedure
i) Take 300 ml of sample water in DO bottle.
ii) Add 1 ml of Magnous Sulphate and 1 ml of Alkali-Azide.
iii) Shake the bottle and leave it on rest until flocs are formed and settled down.
 iv) Then add 1 ml of Sulphuric Acid (concentrated) and shake the bottle until flocs are
dissolved in water and yellowish colour is obtained.
v) Then measure the 100 ml of that sample water in conical flask.
vi) Add 3 – 5 drops of Starch (indicator) in that sample and titrate it with Sodium Thio
Sulphate (N/80) until the colour changes from blue to colourless.
vii) Note the titration reading and that is DO of the sample water.

3.10 OXYGEN ABSORBED (OA)

➢ Procedure
i) Label the bottles and note down the bottle numbers and distil all the bottles before
use.
ii) First bottle will be considered as blank in which only 100 ml distilled water is to be
filled. And in other bottles sample water will be filled as instructed or according to
need.
iii) Note down the volume of sample water taken for each bottle.
iv) Now in each bottle 10 ml Sulphuric Acid (1:3) will be added for acetic nature.
v) Add Potassium per magnet (N/80) in every bottle until pink colour is obtained and
note down the volume of Potassium per magnet (N/80) used for each bottle.
vi) Put stoppers on the bottles and keep all the bottles in incubator for 3 hours at 37 °C.
vii) Take out the bottles from incubator after 3 hours and remove the stoppers.
viii) Add 3 – 5 drops of Potassium Iodide to get yellowish colour and then titrate it with
Sodium Thiosulphate (N/80) to a pale straw colour.
ix) Now add 5 – 6 drops of starch solution (indicator) and continue to titrate to first
disappearance of the blue colour.
x) Determine the burette reading for blank and the other bottles in same manner and
calculate the OA by given formula:

𝑥⋅8⋅1000
𝑂𝐴 = 80⋅𝑣𝑜𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒

where x is the Burette reading.

3.11 BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD)
sewage water contains organic materials that are decomposed by microorganisms, which use
oxygen in the process. The amount of oxygen consumed by these organisms in breaking
down the waste is known as the biochemical oxygen demand or BOD.

➢ Procedure
B.O.D procedure is commonly divided into 3 parts
1. Determining the Dilution%.
2. Preparation of Nutrient mixture.
3. Determining D.O.

1. Determining the Dilution%

i) Estimate the B.O.D of the sample and determine suitable dilutions% accordingly.
ii) Wash all the BOD bottles with distilled water before use and label them serial wise
according to need.
iii) Note down the bottle numbers and % of dilution of the samples.
iv) First 2 bottles of the row will be considered as blank.
v) Measure the proper amount of well mixed sample by measuring cylinder, according to
% of dilution and transfer it into 300 ml BOD bottle.

2. Preparation of Nutrient mixture

Nutrient mixture is made through 4 Nutrients solution, which works as food for micro-
organism present in the water.
(a) Phosphate (b) Magnesium Sulphate
(c) Calcium chloride (d) Ferric Chloride

i) Add 1ml of each nutrient solution per litre of distilled water and prepare a Nutrient
mixture.
ii) Nutrient mixture should be allowed to equilibrate with air before use.
iii) Now fill that nutrient mixture in BOD bottles sufficiently so that the stopper can be
inserted without any air bubble.
 iv) First 2 bottles of the row will be considered as blank in which only nutrient mixture
will be filled.
v) Now keep the filled bottles in the incubator for 3 days.

3. Determining D.O.
WINKLER TITRATION METHOD:
i) Take out the BOD bottles from incubator after 3 days and remove all the stoppers.
ii) Add 1ml of Magnous Sulphate and 1 ml of Alkali-Azide solution per bottle by the
help of pipette.
iii) Put stopper again on all bottles and shake them well and them leave them on rest until
flocs are formed and settled down at the bottom.
iv) Now remove the stoppers and carefully add 1 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid per
bottle and re-put the stoppers properly.
v) Now shake all the bottle again gently until the flocs are uniformly dissolved
throughout the bottle.
vi) Now take 100 ml of sample from each bottle by using measuring cylinder.
vii) Then titrate it with Sodium Thiosulphate (N/80) to a pale straw colour, Now add 5 – 6
drops of starch solution (indicator) and continue to titrate to first disappearance of the
blue colour.
viii) Determine the burette reading for blank and the other samples in same manner.

Calculations:
i) Calculate average DO of blank bottles.
ii) Use given formula to find B.O.D
100
𝐵. 𝑂. 𝐷 = 𝐷0 − 𝐷𝑖 ⋅ % 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

where, D0 – Average DO of Blank bottles

Di – Burette reading of sample
iii) Now calculate the Average B.O.D of samples.

3.12 CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD)

➢ Procedure
i) Add 2 ml of Sample in COD bottle.
 ii) Keep the bottle at 150 °C for 2 hours
iii) After 2 hours leave the bottles on rest for cool down.
iv) Now Use Digital meter to measure the C.O.D.

3.13 AMMONIA
Nitrogen, as ammonia, is a critical nutrient in wastewater treatment. It is utilized by bacteria
to make proteins, including enzymes needed to break down food or BOD as well as in
making energy.

➢ Procedure
i) Take Nessler cylinders with Nessler stand and wash them with distilled water.
ii) Take 1 ml of sample water and add it into Nessler cylinder.
iii) Now add 1 ml Nessler Reagent and make up the sample by adding distilled water in it
to the volume of 50 ml marked on cylinder.
iv) Preparation of Ammonia dosing for readings:
Take another Nessler stand with diff. Nessler cylinders. Now add Ammonium Chloride in
Nessler cylinders with different volume such as 1 ml, 1.5 ml, 2 ml, 2.5 ml, 3 ml, 3.5 ml in
serial wise. Then add 1 ml Nessler Reagent in every cylinder and then make up the dose by
adding distilled water in it to the volume of 50 ml marked on cylinder.
v) Now compare the sample and dose and estimate the reading on the basis of colour
difference.
vi) Note down the reading and that is Ammonia present in sample water.

3.14 SULPHIDE
Hydrogen sulfide in water is an aesthetic concern that causes a disagreeable taste and odor to
the water. While the gas is poisonous and flammable, the human nose can detect it well
before it causes health concerns. Most people can detect hydrogen sulfide levels well below
0.5 mg/L.

➢ Procedure
i) Take 300 ml of sample water in sulphide bottle.
 ii) Add 1 ml of Zinc Acetate and 0.5 ml of NaOH(6N)
iii) Shake the bottle and keep it on rest until flocs are formed at the bottom.
iv) Remove the water from the bottle but not flocs.
v) Then add 1 ml of HCl (1:1) and shake the bottle.
vi) Now add Iodine (N/40) in the solution by help of pipette until yellowish colour is
obtained and note down the volume used of Iodine.
vii) Then add few drops of Starch (indicator) and titrate the solution with Sodium Thio
Sulphate (N/40) until white colour is obtained.
viii) Then note down the volume used of Sodium Thio Sulphate (N/40)
ix) Now use the given formula to calculate the Sulphide present in the water:

𝑆𝑢𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑖𝑑𝑒 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 − 𝑣𝑜𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑜 𝑆𝑢𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 ⋅ 1.33

where, 1.33 is a factor which can be change accordingly.

3.15 PHOSPHATE
Phosphate is abundant in wastewater and should be removed before treated effluent is
discharged. There are two main methods for phosphate removal: chemical removal and
biological removal. Chemical treatments are generally more common and easier to maintain
while biological treatments may produce less sludge and cost less in the long run

➢ Procedure
i) Take Nessler cylinders with Nessler stand and wash them with distilled water.
ii) Take 5 ml of sample water and add it into Nessler cylinder.
iii) Now add 1 ml Ammonium Molybate and add 3 – 5 drops of Stannous Chloride after
that make up the sample by adding distilled water in it to the volume of 50 ml marked
on cylinder.
iv) Preparation of Phosphate dosing for readings:
Take another Nessler stand with diff. Nessler cylinders. Now add Ammonium Dihydrogen
Ortho Phosphate in Nessler cylinders with different volume such as 0.5 ml, 1 ml, 1.5 ml, 2 ml,
2.5 ml, 3 ml in serial wise. Then add 1 ml Ammonium Molybate in every cylinder and then
add 3 – 5 drops of Stannous Chloride after that make up the dose by adding distilled water in
it to the volume of 50 ml marked on cylinder.
v) Now compare the sample and dose and estimate the reading on the basis of colour .
difference.
vi) Note down the reading and that is Phosphate present in the sample water
3.16 OIL & GREASE
Oil and grease includes fats, oils, waxes, and other related constituents found in water,
generally wastewater. If these compounds are not removed before discharge of treated
wastewater, oil and grease can interfere with biological life in surface waters and create
unsightly films.

➢ Procedure
i) Take a bowl wash it with distilled water and put it into oven for drying and then put it
into desiccator after that take the initial weight of bowl.
ii) Take 1 litre sample water and transfer it to separator.
iii) Add 10 ml Hydrochloric Acid in Seperator and then add Petroleum Either in it
accordingly and shake the sample well. Oil & Grease present in the sample will be
dissolved with petroleum either.
iv) Remove the accumulated air from separator while shaking.
v) Now keep the separator still on stand for 30 min until the 2 layers of Oil & Grease
and water is formed in separator.
vi) Now separate out the water from separator and let the Oil & Grees remain in it.
vii) Then make the bed of Sodium Sulphate in funnel by help of filter paper.
viii) Put the funnel on stand and release the material into the funnel from separator.
ix) Oil & Grease which is dissolved with Petroleum Either will be collected in the bowl
and waste material will be suspended on funnel.
x) Put the bowl in incubator for evaporate to dry. Petroleum Either will be evaporated,
because of low evaporation point (40-60) compared to Oil & Grease and left material
is Oil and Grease.
xi) Then measure the final weight of bowl and calculate Oil & Grees by given formula:
𝑂𝑖𝑙 & 𝐺𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠 = 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑤𝑙 − 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑤𝑙
xii) Then convert the unit from gram per litre to Parts per million (ppm)
0.001 gram per litre = 1 ppm
1 gram per litre = 1000 ppm
3.17 SETTELMENT
Sedimentation is the process of allowing particles in suspension in water to settle out of the
suspension under the effect of gravity. The particles that settle out from the suspension
become sediment, and in water treatment is known as sludge.

➢ Procedure
i) Take the sample shake it very well and transfer it to the measuring cylinder.
ii) Then Note down the volume of sample and leave it on rest for 30 min.
iii) After 30 min note down the volume of particles settled at the bottom.
iv) Now calculate the settlement by given formula:

𝑣𝑜𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠

𝑆𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = ⋅ 100
𝑣𝑜𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒
5. CONCLUSION

The 15 days long study carried out on the 20 MGD (Ph-I&II), 10 MGD (Ph-III), 70 MGD
(Coronation Pillar) plant of the Coronation Pillar and 10 MGD (Narela) involved the
collection of regular grab samples and their analysis. The data collected was utilized in
determining the control parameters and monitoring the plant conditions. The STP has an
appreciable BOD removal efficiency and treats the sewage sufficiently well to make it up to
the standard for disposal. Also, the study of the control parameters showed that it helped in
predicting plant upsets in advance and thus tend to them in the nick of time.

Parameters like pH, Alkalinity and Chloride are not networthy in the sewage samples. The
nutrients level is also in standard levels throughout the sample. Also it is seen that the plant is
susceptible to low DO sludge bulking. This has to be controlled with initial high MLSS.

Thors could provide a maximum of 99% BOD removal efficiency. Quite importantly, as
expected the STP showed a huge potential fir energy production from the digested sludge and
supporting the plant energy needs. But unfortunately, the faults in the gas holder snd digester
did not allow for this.
 6. Bibliography

Books used:

❖ Environmental Engineering by S. S. Deswal.

❖ Status of sewerage and sewage treatment plants in Delhi, Delhi Pollution
Control Board.
❖ Wastewater Engineering, Metcalf & Eddy.
❖ HANDBOOK OF WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT
TECHNOLOGIES, Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff

Online Resources:

❖ United States Environmental Protection Agency