FORMWORK FOR COLUMNS:

Generally, the formwork construction held for the elevation and foundation column as a whole.
To construct these columns the first step was standing the reinforcement bars. The length,
number of bars and amount of stirrups were taken from the detail drawing of the plan.

Fig : column formwork construction

SLAB FORMWORK:
Slab formwork is installed using props commonly called cristi. The props are mainly used for the
purpose of supporting the soffit formwork. They are erected so that they could have consistent
height and form a level surface for laying the bottom formwork of the slab, commonly called
fondo.

Fig: formwork for slab

Slab formwork and beams formwork are usually built up together. In addition to that, they are
casted at same time. These formworks basically consists bottom soffit and side formwork,
commonly known as sponda. In my company I observed slab formwork and concrete casting.

Stair Formwork:
Firs erect eucalyptus and set formwork by take caring the inclination of the stair. Setting the
reinforcement as per the drawing and fix the riser formwork. Take car the formwork at the
landing for remove pin connection of the concrete by adding the length of the going.

Techniques that we should taking care while preparing formwork:

 Horizontal alignment: - to maintain columns position and to avoid torsion effect.
Checked by LIGNA (in ordinary word) (see figure 19).
 Vertical alignment: - to check columns slope and to avoid eccentric moment they
used plumb bob(TUMBI) to saw the alignment was correct(see figure 18).
 Opening: - at top of the formwork there is an opening used for pouring and vibrating
of the concrete. We fill the concrete to a depth of 1.5 m from total column height 3.00
m of elevation column in order to avoid segregation.

Spacer: are provided for face of column as concrete over (see Figure 20)

Removal period of formwork:

Structure Removal time
Vertical formwork to columns, walls,and 16 hours
beams
Soffit formwork to slab, stair 21 days
Proposed to slabs 14 days
Proposed to beams 14 days
2.3.2.2. Scaffolding
Scaffolding is a temporary structure used to support a work crew and materials to aid in the
construction, maintenance and repair of buildings, bridges and all of man made structures.
Scaffolding supports formwork and other structures (such as precast girders). These are:

Christy: Christy made as long as the story height from floor slab to the beam of the next floor,
it support the soffit form work of the beam & distribute the load coming from the beam to the
lower floor slab, it was fixed with a horizontal structure call it “mager ”.

Ponty: Ponty are structures which support the soffit formwork of slab temporarily & distribute
the load coming from slab.

2.3.2.3. Beam
A beam is a structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by resisting
bending moment, shear and torsion effect. Beams generally carry vertical gravitational forces
but can also be used to carry horizontal loads (i.e. loads due to an earthquake or wind). The
loads carried by a beam are transferred to columns, walls, or girders, which then transfer the
force to adjacent structural compression members.
Beam reinforcement: Generally, there are three types of reinforcement in beam namely
negative, positive and stirrups reinforcement.
Positive bars: These kinds of bars are mainly used to resist the positive moment. This moment is
mostly developed at the mid span on the beams and these positive bars are placed at the mid span.

Negative bars: These are bars used to resist negative moment. Most of the time they are found at the
support of the beams. They are placed on 1/3 of span length from the center of the column to top,
where bending moment is maximum.

Stirrups: There is bars that placed to provide diagonal shear resistance it‟ called “stafa” (site term). The
spacing of stirrups near the support is closer than the span since there is a high shear force up to one-
third of the beam and maximum at “d” distance from the center of the beam column connection. The
main purpose of stirrup in beam is to resist the diagonal shear faller or to resist the continuous diagonal
crack of beam.
2.3.2.4. Column
A column is a vertical structural member transmitting axial compression loads with or without
moments. Column support mainly vertical loads from the floors and roof and transmit these
loads to the foundation. Usually column is called compression member, because the
compression forces or stresses dominate their behavior. In addition, most columns are
subjected to moment as well as axial load. The bending action may produce tensile forces over
a part of the cross section.
Any building structure loads increase as we go down to the ground and so bottom structural
members are properly configured that they carry all super structural loads above it and transfer
safely to the foundation. Hence the sections of columns in upper stores are reduced as they
have to carry lesser loads. But center lines of columns must coincide accurately for various
columns of different stores.
Each column diameter, reinforcement etc. is not the same. Their reinforcement size and length
are vary this is because of load variability.

Longitudinal (main) bars:-secured to starter bars projecting from the column or

foundation below. It works with the concrete to carry the compressive loads and they resist the
tensile stresses.

Links (ties) stirrups: - these are wrapped around the vertical bar to prevent buckling and
the definition as beam for shear failure prevention.
How to check vertical and horizontal alignment of column:
The Forman check the column before and after the formwork is casted. Before concrete is
placed, vertical and horizontal alignment should be checked.
The horizontal alignment of column is checked by measuring distance from alignment rope to
formwork by using the center-to-center distance from the drawing.
The vertical alignment of column is checked by plum bob.
1. Extend plum bob (TUMBI) from tip to down ward 2.
2. After a plum bob (TUMBI) is arrest; measure the distance at top, middle and bottom part
between end point of form work and plum bob. Then, if the measured distance at every
point is equal, we say that the column is vertically aligned
As we discussed above the lap length of column is 40Φ mm as per EBCS.

2.3.2.5.Stair
The staircase is structure, which is an important component of a building, and create the
means of access between the various floors in the building. It consists of a flight of steps,
usually with one or more intermediate landings (horizontal slab platforms) provided
between the floor levels. The horizontal top portion of a step (where the foot rests) is
termed tread and the vertical projection of the step (i.e., the vertical distance between two
neighboring steps) is called riser.

Reinforcement bar for stair: Proper detailing of the longitudinal bars is required
at the junction of the flight and landing slab. The bottom bars in the waist slab should not
be continued to the bottom of the upper landing slab at the reentrant corner, but extended
to the top of the landing slab. This is to prevent the bars (in tension) from breaking out at
reentrant corners.
 2.3.2.6. Slab
Slabs are structural part of a building that transmit load acting on it normal to their plane
and then to beam. It is widely used for firm floors and roof of the building. Their aim is to
provide a level surface capable of supporting the occupants of a building, equipment’s,
furniture’s and sometimes-internal partitions. . They are supported by either beams or
walls or directly by columns.

Solid slab:
It is a type of slab, which has beams mostly have higher thickness than the slab. In the site
this slab has a thickness of 15 cm.
Tension loads on the slab resisted by providing positive and negative reinforcement.
Positive reinforcement should be at the bottom in longitudinal and transversal direction of
the span. Field moment reaches quickly to the long span length than the short span length.
Short length bars have a tendency of bending than long length bars that is why short bars
are put at the bottom.
Top reinforcement used to resist negative moment. If the span was at the edge, the top
reinforcement bends L/3 of its span length serves as negative(for support moment)
reinforcement.

Flat slab:
As we saw in the class and the science of flat slab have two portions to transfer loads from slab
to directly to the column with or without drop panels and/or column head by using.
 Column strip.
 Middle strip.
Therefore, I will write and indicate in the following form when l saw in the site. In addition, l will
try to compare the fieldwork and the paper work.
Flat slabs have support moment and field or span moment. The support moments are negative
but the span moment are positive moment. However, these two moments are distribute
through column and middle strip of the slab. The distribution of moments are shown below in
the table.

Moment Column strip Middle strip

At the support 75% 25%
At the span 55% 45%

The rebar found in column strip transfer/carry moments approximately 55% of the total
positive moment. Lx/4m in both side of the center of the column.
Middle strip reinforcement of the carry approximately 45% of the total positive moment. Lx/4m
in both side of the center of the column.

2.3.2.7. Shear wall

Shear walls are vertical elements of the horizontal force resisting system; they can resist forces
directed along the length of the wall. Shear wall is very important for the structure to have
sufficient strength against vertical loads together with adequate stiffness to resist lateral forces.