Lecture 1, Part 2: Introduction To Computing

Lecture 1, Part 2: Introduction to Computing
–Problem Solving and Data Manipulation
Bijendra Nath Jain <bnjain@iiitd.ac.in> (Section A)

Md. Shad Akhtar <shad.akhtar@iiitd.ac.in> (Section B)
Intro to Programming Monsoon 2023 1

Course outline
• Part 1 Introduction to Computing and Programming (first 2 weeks):
o Problem solving: Problem statement, algorithm design, programming, testing,
debugging
o Scalar data types: integers, floating point, Boolean, others (letters, colours)
o Arithmetic, relational, and logical operators, and expressions
o Data representation of integers, floating point, Boolean
o Composite data structures: string, tuple, list, dictionary, array
o Sample operations on string, tuple, list, dictionary, array
o Algorithms (written in pseudo code) vs. programs
o Variables and constants (literals): association of names with data objects
o A language to write pseudo code
o Programming languages: compiled vs. interpreted programming languages
o Python as a programming language
o Computer organization: processor, volatile and non-volatile memory, I/O

Course outline (may change a bit)
• Part 2 Algorithm design and Programming in Python (balance 11 weeks):
– Arithmetic/Logical/Boolean expressions and their evaluations in Python
– Input/output statements (pseudo code, and in Python)
– Assignment statement (pseudo code, and in Python)
– Conditional statements, with sample applications
– Iterative statements, with sample applications
– Function sub-programs, arguments and scope of variables
– Recursion
– Modules
– Specific data structures in Python (string, tuple, list, dictionary, array), with
sample applications
– Searching and sorting through arrays or lists
– Handling exceptions
– Classes, and object-oriented programming
– (Time permitting) numerical methods: Newton Raphson, integration,
vectors/matrices operations, continuous-time and discrete-event simulation

Scalar and structured data types
• Computing is about ‘data’, and its manipulation
• Data is of:
o Scalar data types
o Structured data types
• Scalar data types:
o {‘None’} only in Python
o Natural number: {0, 1, 2, …}
o (Signed) integer: {…, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, …}
o (signed) real numbers
o (Signed) floating point number, includes all positive & negative numbers, but only
approximations to rational & irrational numbers:
o {…, -2.1, …, -1/3, …, 0.00, …, 4/3, …, 3.1415926535, π, …, 4.023, …, 2.1*10 89}
o Boolean: {‘False’, ‘True’}
o Characters: {…, A, B, …, Z, a, b, …, z, ‘.’, ‘@’, …}
• Structured data types (will be discussed as we go along):
• String
o Tuple
o List
o Dictionary Intro to Programming Monsoon 2023 4
o Array
• Data is of:
o Scalar data types
o (Signed) integer: {…, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, …}
o {…, -2.1, …, -1/3, …, 0.00, …, 4/3, …, 3.1415926535, π, …, 4.023, …, 2.1*10 89}
• String
o Tuple
o List
o Array
• Data is of:
o Scalar data types
o (Signed) integer: {…, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, …}
o {…, -2.1, …, -1/3, …, 0.00, …, 4/3, …, 3.1415926535, π, …, 4.023, …, 2.1*10 89}
o Boolean: {‘False’, ‘True’} Truly, the best we
o Characters: {…, A, B, …, Z, a, b, …, z, ‘.’, ‘@’, …} can do to store
• Structured data types (will be discussed as we go along): fraction 0.1 using
• String 16 bits (e.g.) is to
o Tuple save it as
o List 0.099975586
o Array
o (Signed) integer: {…, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, …}
o {…, -2.1, …, -1/3, …, 0.00, …, 4/3, …, 3.1415926535, π, …, 4.023, …, 2.1*10 89}
• String
o Tuple
o List
o Dictionary
o Array
o Files

Operations on scalar data types
op is short for
• Operations on scalar data ‘operator’ or operation
o Arithmetic operations (op)
▪ op int int, such as – 7 = -7
▪ int op int int (there is an exception, though)
▪ op float float
▪ float op float float
o Relational operations
▪ int op int boolean, such as 4 ≥ 5
▪ float op float boolean
o Logical operations (in the context of Boolean data)
▪ op boolean oolean, such as not P
▪ boolean op boolean boolean
• And operations that are:
o Unary, such as – 7 = -7, or not P
Intro to Programming Monsoon 2023
o Binary, such as 4 * -6 = -24, or P and Q
8
o Expressions, such as 6 + 5 * 3 = 21 or (a ≥ 5 * 3 and a < 5^2)
op is short for
▪ op int int, such as – 7 = -7 What would be the
▪ int op int int (there is an exception, though) outcome of int / int
▪ op float float
▪ op boolean boolean, such as not P
9
op is short for
▪ op float float
▪ op boolean boolean, such as not P
10
op is short for
▪ op float >>> float
▪ float op float >>> float
▪ int op int >>> boolean, such as 4 ≥ 5
▪ float op float >>> boolean
▪ op boolean >>> boolean, such as not P
▪ boolean op boolean >>> boolean
o Unary, such as – 7 = 6-7,+or5not * 3P = 21 or (a ≥ 5 * 3 and a < 5^2)
o Expressions, such as
Operations on integers
• Operations on integers (these are called ‘int’ in Python)
o Arithmetic operations result in integer values:
▪ Unary operation:
✔ Negate operation,, such as - 9 = -9
▪ Binary operations:
✔ Add operation, such as 3 + 4 = 7
✔ Subtract operation, such as 7 – 9 = -2
✔ Multiply operation, such as 7 * 8 = 56
✔ Exponentiation, such as 8^2 = 64 (a**b in Python, such as 8**2)
✔ Divide operation such as 6 / 8 why do you need this – we will discuss this
later
✔ ‘mod’ operation, a mod b, or remainder of a when divided by b,
e.g. 70 mod 9 = 7 (a%b in Python, such as 70%9 = 7)
mod operation is useful in computing GCD(a, b)
Example: GCD(21, 15) = GCD(15, 21 mod 15) = GCD(15, 6), …, = 3

• Operations on integers (these are called ‘int’ in Python)
o Arithmetic operations result in integer values:
▪ Unary operation:
✔ Negate operation,, such as - 9 = -9
✔ Add operation, such as 3 + 4 = 7
✔ Subtract operation, such as 7 – 9 = -2
✔ Multiply operation, such as 7 * 8 = 56
✔ Exponentiation, such as 8^2 = 64 (a**b in Python, such as 8**2)
✔ Divide operation such as 6 / 8; do we need this – we will discuss this later
✔ ‘mod’ operation, a mod b, or remainder of a when divided by b,
e.g. 70 mod 9 = 7 (a%b in Python, such as 70%9 = 7)
mod operation is useful in computing GCD(a, b)
Example: GCD(21, 15) = GCD(15, 21 mod 15) = GCD(15, 6), …, = 3

o Relational or compare operations result in Boolean values
✔ ‘<‘ such as 5 < 7 is True
✔ ‘>’ such as 5 > 7 is False
✔ ‘≤’ such as 5 ≤ 7 is True ( ‘<=‘ in Python, such as 5 <= 7 is True)
✔ ‘≥’ such as 5 ≥ 7 is False ( ‘>=‘ in Python, such as 5 >= 7 is False)
✔ ‘=‘ such as 5 = 7 is False ( ‘==‘ in Python, such as 5 == 7 is False)
✔ ‘!=‘, or “not equal to”, such as 5 != 7 is True
o Interesting property: there is a “total order” on the set of integers
▪ That is, for any pair of distinct numbers, n1 and n2, either n1 < n2 or n1 > n2.
▪ Equivalently, given a subset of integers, one can always sort them in
non-decreasing or non-increasing order

o Relational or compare operations result in Boolean values
✔ ‘<‘ such as 5 < 7 is True
✔ ‘>’ such as 5 > 7 is False
✔ ‘≤’ such as 5 ≤ 7 is True ( ‘<=‘ in Python, such as 5 <= 7 is True)
✔ ‘≥’ such as 5 ≥ 7 is False ( ‘>=‘ in Python, such as 5 >= 7 is False)
✔ ‘=‘ such as 5 = 7 is False ( ‘==‘ in Python, such as 5 == 7 is False)
✔ ‘!=‘, or “not equal to”, such as 5 != 7 is True
o Interesting property: there is a “total order” on the set of integers
▪ That is, for any pair of distinct numbers, n1 and n2, either n1 < n2 or n1 > n2.
▪ Equivalently, given a subset of integers, one can always sort them in
non-decreasing or non-increasing order

Operations on floating point numbers
• Operations on floating point numbers (these are called ‘float’ in Python)
o Arithmetic operations result in floating point values:
▪ Unary operations:
✔ Negate operation, such as – 9.5 = -9.5
✔ Add operation, such as 3.01 + 4.02 = 7.03
✔ Subtract operation, such as 7.00 – 9.03 = -2.03
✔ Multiply operation, such as -7.1 * 2.0 = -14.2
✔ Exponentiation, e.g. 8.5^2 = 72.25 (this op is a**b in Python,
e.g. 8.5**2)
✔ Division operation, such as -9.6 / 3.0 = -3.2
✔ Division of integers in Python, such as 3/4 = 0.75 (this is performed
after converting integers into floating point numbers)

• Operations on floating point numbers (these are called ‘float’ in Python)
o Arithmetic operations result in floating point values:
▪ Unary operations:
✔ Negate operation, such as – 9.5 = -9.5
✔ Add operation, such as 3.01 + 4.02 = 7.03
✔ Subtract operation, such as 7.00 – 9.03 = -2.03
✔ Multiply operation, such as -7.1 * 2.0 = -14.2
✔ Exponentiation, e.g. 8.5^2 = 72.25 (this op is a**b in Python,
e.g. 8.5**2)
✔ Division operation, such as -9.6 / 3.0 = -3.2
✔ Division of integers in Python, such as 3/4 = 0.75 (this is performed
after converting integers into floating point numbers)

• Relational, or compare operations result in Boolean values
✔ ‘<‘ such as -5.0 < 7.8 is True
✔ ‘>’ such as -5.0 > 7.8 is False
✔ ‘≤’ such as -5.0 ≤ 7.8 is True (this is ‘<=‘ in Python, such as -5.0 ≤ 7.8)
✔ ‘≥’ such as -5.0 ≥ 7.8 is False (this is ‘>=‘ in Python, such as -5.0 ≥ 7.8)
✔ ‘=‘ such as -5.0 = 7.8 is False (this is ‘==‘ in Python, such as -5.0 == 7.8)
✔ ‘!=‘, or “not equal to”, such as 5 != 7 = True
▪ Question: Is 4.0/3.0 == 1.3333333?

✔ ‘<‘ such as -5.0 < 7.8 is True
✔ ‘>’ such as -5.0 > 7.8 is False
▪ Question: Is 4.0/3.0 == 1.3333333?

✔ ‘<‘ such as -5.0 < 7.8 is True
✔ ‘>’ such as -5.0 > 7.8 is False
▪ Question: Is 4.0/3.0 == 1.3333333?
✔ You should be careful while comparing two floating numbers for equality

Operations on Boolean data
• Operations on Boolean data
o Logical operations that result in Boolean values:
▪ Unary:
✔ not , such as not P
▪ Binary:
✔ and, such as P and Q
✔ or, such as P or Q
o The “TRUTH TABLE” below describes the above operations
P Q not P P and Q P or Q
FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE
FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE
TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE
TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE

Precedence rules to evaluate expressions
• Evaluating expressions involving scalar data items, and related operations
• Why are “precedence rules” required?
FOUR examples:
1. Consider 6 + 5 * 3 :
– depends upon whether add ‘+’ or multiply ‘*’ is performed first:
6 + (5 * 3) = 21 (if * is performed first)
(6 + 5) * 3 = 33 (if + is performed first)
2. Similarly consider 6 / 2 / 3 = 1 :
(6 / 2) / 3 = 1 (if the first ‘/’ is performed first)
6 / (2 / 3) = 9 (if the second ‘/’ is performed first)
3. Or consider 6 ^ 2 / 2 :
(6^2) / 2 = 18 (if ‘^’ is performed first)
6^(2 / 2) = 6 (if ‘/’ is performed first)
4. Or consider (not True) and False :
(not True) and False = False (if not is performed first)
not (True and False) = True (if and is performed first)
22
FOUR examples:
1. Consider 6 + 5 * 3 :
3. Or consider 6 ^ 2 / 2 :
23
FOUR examples:
1. Consider 6 + 5 * 3 :
3. Or consider 6 ^ 2 / 2 :
24
FOUR examples:
1. Consider 6 + 5 * 3 :
3. Or consider 6 ^ 2 / 2 :
25
FOUR examples:
1. Consider 6 + 5 * 3 :
3. Or consider 6 ^ 2 / 2 :
• Clearly, good practice, or if this confusing:
add parentheses to make the order of evaluation explicit 26
• BODMAS Precedence rules
• Evaluating expressions
o A precedence involvingwhich
rule specifies scalaroperations
data items,have
and related operations
higher precedence.
o When two operations have equal precedence then whether evaluation is left to
right or otherwise
o Of course the above are overruled by use of parentheses ‘(‘ & ‘)’
• Good practice: add parentheses to make the order of evaluation explicit
27
• Precedence rules in Python:
• Parentheses have the highest precedence
2 * (3-1) is 4
(1 + 1)**(5 - 2) is 8
• Exponentiation has the next highest precedence
2**1 + 1 is 3 (and not 4)
3 * 1**3 is 3 (and not 27)
• Multiplication & division have same precedence, and higher than addition and
subtraction (‘+’ and ‘-’ have same precedence)
2 * 3 - 1 is 5 (and not 4)
6 + 4 / 2 is 8 (and not 5)
• Operators with same precedence are evaluated left to right (except
exponentiation, evaluated right to left)
X / 2 * π is (X / 2) * π - and not X / (2 * π)

• Precedence rules in Python:
• Parentheses have the highest precedence
2 * (3-1) is 4
(1 + 1)**(5 - 2) is 8
• Exponentiation has the next highest precedence
2**1 + 1 is 3 (and not 4)
3 * 1**3 is 3 (and not 27)
• Multiplication & division have same precedence, and higher than addition and
subtraction (‘+’ and ‘-’ have same precedence)
2 * 3 - 1 is 5 (and not 4)
6 + 4 / 2 is 8 (and not 5)
• Operators with same precedence are evaluated left to right (except
exponentiation, evaluated right to left)
X / 2 * π is (X / 2) * π - and not X / (2 * π)

• Computing is about “data”, and its manipulation
• “Precedence rules” in Python (check these rules out using interactive mode in Python):
Advice: don’t try to remember these rules. If you can’t tell by looking at the
expression, use parentheses to make it obvious
Decreasing precedence
parentheses(…)
Decreasing precedence
x**y
-x
x%y x/y x*y
x-y x+y
x==y x!=y x>=y x>y x<=y x<y
not x
x and y x or y

In-class Exercise 1.2
• For Section A, follow: https://tinyurl.com/2p8ayp6y
• For Section B, follow: https://tinyurl.com/3bhthsxt

Structured data types: strings , tuples
https://chat.openai.com/share/eed10e96-0adf-48c0-85bb-862bb0c9bc9f
• Composite data structures: string, tuple, list, dictionary, array, etc.
o We will introduce these as we go along. For the present here are some examples:
o String, an ordered sequence of characters (letters, special characters, etc.), viz.
{…, A, B, …, Z, a, b, …, z, 0, 1, …, 9, ‘.’, ‘,’,’@’, …}
Example:
‘CSE 101 Introduction to Programming’
‘Mango’
Example operations:
fruit = ‘Mango’
fruit[0] is ‘M’, fruit[1] is ‘a’
len(fruit) is 5
len(‘fruit’) is 5
and more, such as ‘+’, ‘*’

Structured data types: strings , tuples
• Composite data structures: string, tuple, list, dictionary, array
o Tuple, an ordered sequence of scalar or structured data items (including strings)
Example of a tuple:
(‘Mahatma Gandhi’, ‘1869/10/2’)
Example operations:
emailTableEntry1 = (‘Bijendra Jain’, ‘bnjain@gmail.com’)
Bapu = (‘Mahatma Gandhi’, (1869, 10, 2) )
print(Bapu[1][:]) https://chat.openai.com/share/6342a55f-94a8-4a35-8719-89ea1a0829a0
Output:
1869, 10, 2

Structured data types: lists, dictionaries, arrays
o List, an ordered sequence of scalar or structured data items
Example:
primes = [ 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 18]
Example 0perations :
len(primes) is 8
primes[7] is 18
primes[7] = 19
and many more
o Dictionary, an ordered sequence of (key : value) pairs
Example:
English2Spanish = {'one': 'uno', 'three': 'tres', 'two':
'dos'}
Example operations:
>>> print(English2Spanish['one'])
>>> uno
o Array, like vectors, matrices Intro to Programming Monsoon 2023
Operations: search, sort, dot-product, matrix operations, etc. 34

o Dictionary, an ordered sequence of (key : value) pairs
Example:
English2Spanish = {'one': 'uno', 'three': 'tres', 'two': 'dos'}
Example operations:
print(English2Spanish['one'])
>>> uno

o Array, like vectors, matrices
Operations: search, sort, dot-product, matrix operations, etc.

Representation of numbers
• Representation of natural nos., integers, floating point nos., Boolean
• Natural nos.: 0, 1, 2, …
o Can only work with natural nos. limited to {0, 1, …, 2^32 -1} or {0, 1, …, 2^64 – 1} ,
depending upon whether we have 32 bit or 64 bit memory
▪ Question: what is a ‘bit’?
o For example with 8 bit representation we can work only with 0, 1, …, 2^8 – 1 (or 255)
0 = 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 , since 0 = 0*27 +0*26 +0*25 +0*24 +0*23 +0*22 +0*21 +0*20
1 = 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 , since 1 = 0*27 +0*26 +0*25 +0*24 +0*23 +0*22 +0*21 +1*20
153 = 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1, since 153 = 1*27 +0*26 +0*25 +1*24 +1*23 +0*22 +0*21 +1*20
Most significant bit Write an algorithm to

Least significant bit compute the 8 bit
representation of any
natural no.
n ε {0, 1, 2, …, 255)
https://profile.iiita.ac.in/bibhas.ghoshal/lecture_slides_coa/Data_Representation.html

Representation of integers
• Representation of (signed) Integers: …, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, …
o With 32 bit representation, signed integer is best written in “2’s complement”
notation
o Can represent integers in {-2^31, …, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, … , 2^31 -1}
o For example with 8 bit representation, MSB bit 7 is sign bit 0 for ‘+’, 1 for ‘–’
o Bits 6 through 0 essentially give the magnitude
{-2^7, …, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, … , 2^7 -1} or {-128, …, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, … 127}
To be sure:
+127 = 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
…
https://chat.openai.com/share/0ef7dee7-2610-4047-8179-c342ebaefb19
+2 = 00000010 Add 1 HOW TO CONVERT -VE DECIMAL NUMBER TO BINARY
+1 = 00000001 Add 1
+0 = 00000000 Add 1
-1 = 11111111 Add 1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%27s_complement
-2 = 11111110
…
-128 = 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (pl. check) Intro to Programming Monsoon 2023 38
Representation of floating point numbers
• Floating point nos., such -4.5
o Will have two constraints:
▪ Range: Or how large can the no. be? meaning how small it can be . eg: 2^32 in case of
32 bit systems
▪ Accuracy: Or how accurately can the no. be represented?:
o 32-bit single precision vs. 64-bit double precision (how is range, accuracy
impacted?)
o Even a 64-bit double precision representation is an approximation
▪ Consider representing 1/3 or π
even 64 bit computers cannot be represent 22/7 as it is an irrational number and there has to ben an approximation
May also read: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/floating-point-representation-basics/

o Question: how is -4.5 represented: = -(4*100 +5*10-1)
▪ ‘decimal’ notation : -4.5(10)
▪ ‘base 2’ notation: -100.1(2)
= -(1*22 +0*21 +0*20 +1*2-1)

▪ ‘base 2’ notation: -100.1(2) = -1.001(2) x 2+2
= -(1*22 +0*21 +0*20 +1*2-1)

▪ ‘base 2’ notation: -100.1(2) = -1.001(2) x 2+2
= -(1*20 +0*2-1 +0*2-2 +1*2-3) * 22
= -(1*22 +0*21 +0*20 +1*2-1)

o Question: how is -4.5 represented:
▪ ‘base 2’ notation: -100.1(2) = -1.001(2) x 2+2
1 1000 0001 001 000…000
o The exponent is in ‘excess 127’ notation, 127 + exponent

o +1.0 value is represented as:
+0 = 0 01111111 00000000000000000000000
o A zero value and has two special representations:
+0 = 0 00000000 00000000000000000000000, or -0 = 1 00000000
00000000000000000000000

43
o Question: how is -4.5 represented:
▪ ‘base 2’ notation: -100.1(2) = -1.001(2) x 2+2
1 1000 0001 001 000…000
o The exponent is in ‘excess 127’ notation, 127 + exponent

o +1.0 value is represented as:
+0 = 0 01111111 00000000000000000000000
o A zero value and has two special representations:
+0 = 0 00000000 00000000000000000000000, or -0 = 1 00000000 00000000000000000000000
44
In-class Exercise 1.3
• For Section A, follow: https://tinyurl.com/ms2p2t4v
• For Section B, follow: https://tinyurl.com/4ewdb95h

Q&A
• On algorithms
• On Python programs
• On testing
• On debugging
• On documentation
• On scalar data items
• On structured data
• On representation of scalar data

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–Problem Solving and Data Manipulation

Bijendra Nath Jain <bnjain@iiitd.ac.in> (Section A)

Intro to Programming Monsoon 2023 1

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• Good practice: add parentheses to make the order of evaluation explicit

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Operations: search, sort, dot-product, matrix operations, etc. 34

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Most significant bit Write an algorithm to

Intro to Programming Monsoon 2023 37

May also read: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/floating-point-representation-basics/

Intro to Programming Monsoon 2023 39

= -(1*22 +0*21 +0*20 +1*2-1)

May also read: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/floating-point-representation-basics/

Intro to Programming Monsoon 2023 40

= -(1*22 +0*21 +0*20 +1*2-1)

May also read: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/floating-point-representation-basics/

Intro to Programming Monsoon 2023 41

= -(1*20 +0*2-1 +0*2-2 +1*2-3) * 22

= -(1*22 +0*21 +0*20 +1*2-1)

May also read: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/floating-point-representation-basics/

Intro to Programming Monsoon 2023 42

1 1000 0001 001 000…000

o The exponent is in ‘excess 127’ notation, 127 + exponent

May also read: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/floating-point-representation-basics/

1 1000 0001 001 000…000

o The exponent is in ‘excess 127’ notation, 127 + exponent

May also read: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/floating-point-representation-basics/

• For Section B, follow: https://tinyurl.com/4ewdb95h

Intro to Programming Monsoon 2023 45

Intro to Programming Monsoon 2023 46

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= -(122 +021 +020 +12-1)

= -(122 +021 +020 +12-1)

= -(120 +02-1 +02-2 +12-3) * 22

= -(122 +021 +020 +12-1)