LOYOLA ACADEMY

CBSE School, Vadamelpakkam

Academic Year: 2023-24

PHYSICS PROJECT
Entitled As

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
By

Name:
R.Nithiyanandhan STD:
XII B
Register No:
Subject: Physics
Subject code:
042
Project Guide: P. Daniel Arockiaraj (M.Sc., B.Ed., M.Phil)
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Nithiyanandhan R, a student of Loyola Academy, in the academic year
2023-24, has successfully completed the physics project titled ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION. The project was undertaken as part of the curriculum prescribed by the Central
Board of Secondary Education (CBSE). Nithiyanandhan has demonstrated commendable
dedication, diligence, and a deep understanding of the subject matter throughout the
project's execution. The project's objective, methodology, and findings were presented
meticulously, reflecting the student's commitment to academic excellence. We
acknowledge the efforts put forth by Nithiyanandhan and appreciate the guidance provided
by Mr. Daniel Arockiaraj, who mentored and supervised the project. This certificate is
awarded as a testament to Nithiyanandhan 's academic achievements in the field of physics
and serves as a recognition of their hard work and commitment to the pursuit of
knowledge.

Signature Of Internal Examiner Signature Of External

Examiner

Signature Of Principal
 INDEX

● Acknowledgement

● Introduction

● Theory

● Working and construction

● Application of electromagnetic induction

● Faraday’s law

● Conclusion

● Bibliography
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all those who have contributed
to the successful completion of this physics project. First and foremost, I would
like to extend my deepest appreciation to my physics teacher, Mr. Daniel
Arockiaraj, for their invaluable guidance, support, and encouragement
throughout the project. Their expertise and willingness to clarify doubts have
been instrumental in shaping this project.

I would also like to thank my classmates and friends for their collaborative efforts
and insightful discussions that have enhanced the quality of this project. Their
input and feedback have been crucial in refining the content and presentation.

Furthermore, I extend my thanks to the library staff for providing access to

valuable research materials and resources. The contributions of various online
platforms, books, and research papers have been indispensable in conducting
thorough research and gathering relevant information.

Lastly, I want to acknowledge my family for their unwavering support and

patience during the project's development. Their encouragement and
understanding have been a constant source of motivation.

In conclusion, this project would not have been possible without the collective
effort and support of all those mentioned above. I am sincerely grateful for
their contributions, and I hope this project meets the expectations and
standards set by our educational institution.
 INTRODUCTION
Electromagnetic induction is a fundamental principle in physics that describes
the generation of an electromotive force (EMF) or voltage in a conductor when
it is exposed to a changing magnetic field. This phenomenon, first discovered
by Michael Faraday in the early 19th century, revolutionized our
understanding of electricity and magnetism and has numerous practical
applications in modern technology.

The core concept behind electromagnetic induction is the interplay between

magnetic fields and electric currents. When a conductor, such as a wire loop or
coil, is placed in a magnetic field and the magnetic field strength varies or the
conductor moves relative to the magnetic field, it induces an electric current to
flow within the conductor. This induced current is responsible for the
generation of an electromotive force, commonly known as voltage.

PRINCIPLE:

Electromagnetic induction (or sometimes just induction) is a process where a

conductor placed in a changing magnetic field (or a conductor moving through
a stationary magnetic field) causes the production of a voltage across the
conductor. This process of electromagnetic induction, in turn, causes an
electrical current, it is said to induce the current.
 THEORY

INVENSION:
Michael Faraday is generally credited with the discovery of induction in 1831
though it may have been anticipated by the work of Francesco Zantedeschi in
1829. Around 1830 to 1832, Joseph Henry made a similar discovery, but did
not publish his findings until later.

Induced e.m.f:
If magnetic flux through a coil is altered then an e.m.f. will be generated in the
coil. This effect was first observed and explained by Ampere and Faraday
between 1825 and 1831. Faraday discovered that an e.m.f. could be generated
either by,
(a) moving the coil or the source of flux relative to each other or
(b) By changing the magnitude of the source of magnetic flux.

Note that the e.m.f. is only produced while the flux is changing.

For example, consider two coils as shown in Following Figure.

Working and Construction:
Current is produced in a conductor when it is moved through a magnetic field
because the magnetic lines of force are applying a force on the free electrons
in the conductor and causing them to move. This process of generating current
in a conductor by placing the conductor in a changing magnetic field is called
induction. This is called induction because there is no physical connection
between the conductor and the magnet. The current is said to be induced in
the conductor by the magnetic field. One requirement for this electromagnetic
induction to take place is that the conductor, which is often a piece of wire,
must be perpendicular to the magnetic lines of force in order to produce the
maximum force on the free electrons. The direction that the induced current
flows is determined by the direction of the lines of force and by the direction
the wire is moving in the field. In the animation above the ammeter (the
instrument used to measure current) indicates when there is current in the
conductor.

Lenz’s Law:

When an emf is generated by a change in magnetic flux according to Faraday’s

Law, the polarity of the induced emf is such that it produces a current whose
magnetic field opposes the change which produces it. The induced magnetic
field inside any loop of wire always acts to keep the magnetic flux in the loop
constant. In the examples below, if the B field is increasing, the induced field
acts in opposition to it. If it is decreasing, the induced field acts in the direction
of the applied field to try to keep it constant.
APPLICATION OF
ELETROMAGNETIC INDUCTION:

Electrical Generator:
The EMF generated by Faraday’s law of induction due to relative movement of
a circuit and a magnetic field is the phenomenon underlying electrical
generators. When a permanent magnet is moved relative to a conductor, or
vice versa, an electromotive force is created. If the wire is connected through
an electrical load, current will flow, and thus electrical energy is generated,
converting the mechanical energy of motion to electrical energy.

Electrical transformer:
The EMF predicted by Faraday’s law is also responsible for electrical
transformers. When the electric current in a loop of wire changes, the
changing current creates a changing magnetic field. A second wire in reach of
this magnetic field will experience this change in magnetic field as a change in
its coupled magnetic flux, dΦB/dt. Therefore, an electromotive force is set up
in the second loop called the induced EMF or transformer EMF. If the two
ends of this loop are connected through an electrical load, current will flow.
Application of
Electromagnetic Induction in
Real Life:

The principles of electromagnetic induction are applied in many devices and

systems, including:

 Electrical generators

 Induction motors

 Induction sealing

 Inductive charging

 Transformers

 Wireless energy transfer

 Wireless charger
 FARADAY’S LAW
Faraday’s First Law of Electromagnetic Induction
The discovery and understanding of electromagnetic
induction are based on a long series of experiments
carried out by Faraday and Henry. From the
experimental observations, Faraday concluded that an
emf is induced when the magnetic flux across the coil
changes with time. Therefore, Faraday’s first law of
electromagnetic induction states the following:
Whenever a conductor is placed in a varying magnetic
field, an electromotive force is induced. If the
conductor circuit is closed, a current is induced,
which is called induced current.

Changing the Magnetic Field Intensity in a Closed Loop

Magnetic field intensity in a closed loop

Mentioned here are a few ways to change the magnetic
field intensity in a closed loop:

 By rotating the coil relative to the magnet.

 By moving the coil into or out of the magnetic
field.
 By changing the area of a coil placed in the
magnetic field.
 By moving a magnet towards or away from the coil.
Faraday’s Second Law of Electromagnetic Induction
Faraday’s second law of electromagnetic induction
states that
The induced emf in a coil is equal to the rate of
change of flux linkage.
The flux linkage is the product of the number of
turns in the coil and the flux associated with the
coil. The formula of Faraday’s law is given below:
Δ𝜙
𝜀 = −𝑁
Δ𝑡

Where ε is the electromotive force, Φ is the magnetic

flux, and N is the number of turns.
 CONCLUSION

Electromagnetic induction is a fundamental phenomenon in physics that has had

profound implications in our understanding of electricity and magnetism. It
was first discovered by Michael Faraday in the early 19th century and is a key
principle in the operation of many devices we use in our daily lives. In conclusion,
electromagnetic induction is a process by which a changing magnetic field
induces an electromotive force (EMF) and, subsequently, an electric current in
a conductor. This principle underlies the operation of generators,
transformers, and various electrical devices, making it a cornerstone of
modern electrical engineering and technology.

In summary, electromagnetic induction has played a pivotal role in shaping the

modern world, enabling the efficient generation, transmission, and utilization
of electricity. Its discovery and subsequent development have had a significant
impact on our daily lives, making it one of the most important principles in the
field of electromagnetism.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Wikipedia.co

 Google search engine

 www.youtube.com/knowledgecycle

 www.knowledgecycle.in

 Physics NCERT book for class XII