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Electromagnetic waves

Electromagnetic waves are a form of radiation that travel though the universe. There are seven types of
electromagnetic waves: radio waves, microwaves, infrared light, visible light, ultraviolet light, X-rays, and
gamma rays. From longest to shortest wavelength, they are: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.
To be clear, color is the eye's perception of different wavelengths of electromagnetic light.
Wavelength is the distance from one point on a wave to the same point on the next wave.
Frequency is the number of waves that pass through a point in a second.

Mirror and Lens

The mirror is glass with one side silvery backing produces an image by reflection on only one surface. The lens
is a transparent substance that produces images by refraction in any surface of the two surfaces. Curvature. It can
be plane or curved.
A concave lens is thinner in the middle and thicker at the edges. A convex lens is thicker in the middle and thinner
at the edges. Concave describes shapes that curve inward, like an hourglass. Convex describes shapes that curve
outward, like a football (or a rugby ball).
The characteristics of the image formed by a convex Properties of an Image Formed by Plane Mirror
mirror are:
1. The image formed is a virtual image. 1. The image obtained is virtual.
2. The image is formed behind the convex mirror. 2. The image is laterally inverted.
3. The image formed is smaller than the object. 3. The image is erect.
4. The image is an upright and erect image. 4. The size of the image is the same as the size of
the object.
5. The distance between the image obtained from
the mirror is the same as the distance between
the object from the mirror.

Electric motor

An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Most electric
motors operate through the interaction between the motor's magnetic field and electric current in a wire winding
to generate force in the form of torque applied on the motor's shaft. No matter the type of motor, there are three
basic parts: a stator, a commutator, and a rotor.
The stator generates a magnetic field using the electric current supplied to it. The rotor is attracted to the stator's
magnetic field and begins to rotate. The bearings support the rotor and allow it to rotate smoothly. The brushes
transfer the electrical current from the stator to the rotor.
AC motor is the electric motor that is driven by an alternating current. DC motor is the rotatory electric motor
which converts the DC energy into mechanical energy. It is of two types which are synchronous AC motors and
induction motors.

Electric generator

Electric generator, any machine that converts mechanical energy to electricity for transmission and distribution
over power lines to domestic, commercial, and industrial customers. Generators also produce the electrical power
required for automobiles, aircraft, ships, and trains. There are two fundamental types of generators known as AC
(alternating current) and DC (direct current) generators. While the technique of producing electricity is the same
in both types, AC and DC power become different in terms of their applications – the way in which loads receive
electric power.

AC generator is a mechanical device that converts mechanical energy into AC electrical power. DC generator
is a mechanical device that converts mechanical energy into DC electrical power.

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